Example 1.

Find the probability of throwing

faced die.
(a) 5, (b) an even number with an ordinary six
Solution. (a) There are 6 possible ways in which the die can fall
and there is only one way
of throwing 5.
Number of favourable ways Ans.
Probability = 66
Total number of equally likely ways
(b) Total number of ways of throwing a die = 6
Number of ways falling 2, 4, 6 =3
3I Ans.
The requiredprobability 6 2
Example 2. Find the probability of throwing 9 with two dice.
Solution. Total number of possible ways of throwing two dice
=6 x6 =36
Number of ways geting 9. ie.,(3 +6), (4 +5), (5 +4), (6 +3) =4.
4 1
The required probability = 36 9 Ans.

Example 3. From a pack of 52 cards, one is drawn at random. Find the probabiliry
getting a king.
Solution. Aking can be chosen in 4 ways.
But a card can be drawn in 52 ways.
 Prol
probau
1629
the required
probability = 524 13 Ans.

In a
class of 12 students, 5 are boys andEXERCISE 61.1
the rest are girls. Find the probability that a student selected
will be a girl. 7
Ans.
12
bag contains 7 red and3black 7
balls. Find the probability of drawing a
Three of the six vertices of aregular
red ball. Ans. 15
1
J. withthree vertices is equilateral. hexagon are chosen at the probability that the triangle
random. Find
1
Ans. 10
10
What is the probability that a leap year, selected at random, will
contain 53 Sundays.
2
(A.M.I.E., Dec. 2009, Summer 2001) Ans.
Fl in the blanks with appropriate correct answer
5. Chance of throwing 6 at least once in four throws with single dice i
671
([Link]., Summer 2000) Ans.
1296
6 Apair of fair dice is thrown and one die shows a four. The probability that the other die shows 5 is.
(A.M.I.E., Summer 2000) Ans. -|
36
1630 Higher Engineering Mathematics
P(AUB) = P (A))+ P(B) - P (A n B)
Example 4. An urn contains 10 black and 10 white balls. Find the probability of drawine
wo balls of the same colour.
10 C
Solution. Probability of drawingtwo black balls = 20
10
C
Probability of drawing two white balls = 20 C
Probability of drawing two balls of the same colour
10x9
10
C, 10
10 C-2.2, 2x1 9
20 C1-2. 20 Ans.
20 C, CC C4 20x 19 19
2x1
Example S. Abag contains four white and two black balls and a second bag contains three
of each colour.A bagis selected at random, and a ball is then drawnat random
from the bag chosen, What is the probability that the ball drawn is white?.
Solution. There are two mutually exclusive cases,
de
() when the first bag is chosen, (i) when the second bag is chosen.
1
Now the chance of choosing the first bag is 2 and if this bag is chosen, the probability of
drawing a white ball is4/6. Hence the probabilityof drawing a white ball from first bag is
1 4 1
2 6
Similarly the probability of drawing awhite ball from second bag is 21,3_-
6 4
1 X

1,1 7
Since the events are mutually exclusive the required probability = 3 + 4 12
Ans.
probability

1631

P(AB) = mm m
(mtn)(m, tn,) mtn m,t n = P (A). P (B)
Proved.
Example 6. An article
manufactured by acompany consists of two parts Aand B. In the process
of mamfacture of
100 are likely to be part A, 9out of 100 are likely to be defective. Similarly, 5 out of
defective in the manufacture ofpart B. Calculatethe probabiliy
that the aSsembled article will not be defortive (assuming that the events
the part Anon-defective and JJnains
that ofB are independent).
Solution. Probability that
part Awill be defective = 9
100
Probability that part Awill not be defective 91
100
Probability that part Bwillbe defective
100
95
Probability that part Bwill not be defective = 100
Probability that the assembled article will not be defective =(Probability that part A willnot be
defective)x (Probability that part B willnot be defective)
Ans.

Example 7. The probability that machine Awill be performing an usual function in 5 years
1
time is while the probability that machine Bwill still be operating usefully at the
4'
end ofthe same period, is 3
Find the probability inthefollowing cases that in 5years time :
() Both machines will be performing an usual function.
(i) Neither will b operating.
(üi) Onty machine B will be operating. operating.
(iv) At least one of the machines will be

Solution. P(4 operating usefuly) , s0q

(4) =-;=
4 4
2

P(Boperating usefuly) s0g (8) =1-

usefuly) - P(9).P(B)-HH 12
) P(Both Aand 8 wil perate
-g().g(9)-J-!
2
(i) P (Neither willbe operating)
P(B) ×
(üi) P(Only B will be operating)
of the machines will be operating)
(") P (At least one =|-P (none ofthem operates)
Ans.
consists ofS science and 3engineering
of subjecis one of which
Bxample 8. There are
two groups
consists of3. science
and 5 engineering subjects. An unbiased
other
subjects and the
1632 Higher Engineering Mathematics
die is cast. If mumber 3or number 5turns up, asubject is selected at
the first group, otherwise the subject is selected at random from the random from
Find the probability that an engineering subject is selected ultimatelysecond group.
(A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2000)
Solution. Probability of turning up 3 or 5 =
3
Probability of selecting engineering subject from first group = 8
Now the probability of selecting engineering subject from first group on turning up 3or s
-6-0: . (1)
Probability of not turning up 3or S=1-;=;
3 3

Probability of selectingengineering subject from second group =

Now probability of selecting engineering subject from second group on not turning up 3or 5
25_5
38 12 .. (2)
Probability of the selection of engineering subject =+ [From (1) and (2)
8 12
13
24 Ans.
Example 9. An urn contains nine balls, two of which are red, three blue and four
balls are drawn from the urn at random. What is the probability that black Three
() the three balls are of different colours?
(ii) the three balls are of the same colour?
Solution. (A.M.I.E., Summer 2000)
Un contains 2 Red balls, 3 Blue balls and 4 Black
()Three balls will be of different colours if one ballballs.
is red, one blue and one black ball are
drawn.

Required probability Gx'Gx G 2x3x4

84
2
7
Ans.
(in) Three balls will be of the same colour if either 3
blue
P(3Blue balls or 3 Black balls) = P(3 Blue balls) + P (3 balls or 3 black balls are drawn.
Black balls)
"C,1+4 5 Ans.
C+ 84 84
Example 10. Abag contains 10 white and 15 black balls. Two balls
are
What is the probability that first is white and second is drawn in successio.
black ?
Solution. Probability of drawing one white ball = 10
25
Probability of drawing one black ballwithout replacement
Required probability of drawing first white ball and second=black
15/24
ball
10 15 1
Ans.
25 24 4
Example 11. A committee is to be formed by choosing two boys
and
group offive boys and six girls. What is the probability thatfouraparticular
girls oul boy
named Aand aparticular girl named B are selected in the committee!
probability

1633
Solution. Two boys are to be
the committee. It means that only
selected out of S boys. Aparticular boy Ais to be included in
Number of ways of selection CI boy is to be selected out of 4boys.
similarly a girl B is to be included in the
Then only 3girls are to be committee.
selected out of5 girls.
Number of ways of selection C,

Required probability - 4x 10 4 Ans.

10x15 15
Example 12. 7hree groups of children contain respectively 3girls and I boy: 2girls and 2
boys; I girl and 3 boys. One child is selected at random from each group.
Find the chance of selecting l girl and boys.
Solution. There are three ways of selecting 1 girl and2two boys.
I way :GIrlisselected from first group, boy from second group and second boy from niro
group.

Probability of the selection of (Girl +Boy +Boy)

64
Iway : Boy is selected from first group, girl from second group and second boy from tnir
group.
6
Probability of theselection of (Boy +Girl +Bov) -*x=
4 4 4 64
from second group and the girl from
IIlway : Boy is selected from first group, second boy
the third group.
Probability of selection of (Boy+Boy +Girl) = 4 4 4 64
18 62_26 13 Ans.
Total probability 64 64 64 64 32 with
number of children in a family in a region are either 0, 1or 2
Example 13. The probability ofeach child being a
probability 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. The
that afamily has no boy.
boy or girl 0.5. Find the probability
types of families
Solution. Here there are three
() Probability of zerochild (boys) =0.2
Girl
(i) Boy 1

=0.3 x 0.5 =0.15

Probability of zero boy in case II Girl
(ii) Boy 2

1 0
2
1
0.5x=0.167
probability of zeroboy = 3
In this case probability of zero
boy
Considering all the
three cases, the 0.517
Ans.
+0.167 =
=0.2 + 0.15
1694 Higher Engineering Mathematioa
Example [Link] and wife appear inan interview for two vacancies in the same
post. The probability of husband's selection is and that of wife s selection is

What is the probability that

(0 both of themwill be selected. (i) only one aof them will be selected,and
(ii) none of them will be selected ?
1
Solution. P (husband's selection) = 7. P(wife's selection) -
5

()P(bothselected) x 35
(i) P (only one selected) =P (only husband's selection) + P (only wife's selection)
14,1610 2
5*;3s 7
(iin P(none of them will be selected) 6 4 24
Example 15.
=*5 Ans.
problem of statistics is given to three students A, B and C whose chances of
A
13 1
solving it are
2'nd 7 respectively What is the probabilitythat the problemwill be soved?
Solution. The probability that Acan solve the problem =
The probability thatA cannot solve the problem =
Similarly the probability that B and C cannot solve the problem are

:. The probability that 4, B, Ccannot solve the problem

Hence, the probability that the problem can be solved =1 3 29

32 32 Ans.
Example 16.4 student takes his examination in four subjects
a, B. y. 8. He estimates his
4
chances ofpassing ina as 2
4' in y as 6 and in 8 as 3 To qualif,
he must pass in a and at least two other
he qualifies? subjects. What is the probability that
(AMIETE, Dec. 2010)
Solution. P(a) =4
PØ) = PD- P(8) =
There are four possibilities of passing at least 3
two subjects.
()Probability of passing P, yand failing &
6 3 24
() Probabilitiy of passing y, 8and failing ß 52
|-=x* 1_5
63 36
(u) Probability of passing 8, Band failing y- |
23 2 1
512
Probability
1635

(iv) Probability of passing B. y. 8 =x2x2

4 6 3 12
Probability of passing at least two subjects = 5 1 .561
24 36 12 12 72
4 61 61
Probability of passing a and at least two subjects. =-X
Ans.
5 72 90
Exampie 1/. here are 6 positive and 8neonthve mumbers Four numbers are chosen a
random, without [Link] multiplied. What is the probability nar
the product is a positive number ?
Solution. Toget from the product of four numbers, a positive number, the possible
combinations are as follows :
[Link]. Out of6 Positive Qut of 8Negative Positive Numbers
Numbers Numbers

4
6x|= 15
Ix2
1.
6x5 8x7
X = 420
2 2 2 lx2 lx2
8x7x6x5
=70
4 °C,C, = |x l x 2 x 3 x 4
3.
Total = 505

505x4x3x2x1 505
15+420+70 Ans.
14x13x12x11 100
14x13x12x11
Probability =
1x2x3x4
and C three times
3 times in 5 shots, B 2 times in 5 shots
Example 18. A can hit a target
one shot each simultaneously at
the target. What
in 4 shots. All of themfire
is the probability that
(i) At least two shots hit?
() 2shots hit
3

Solution. Probability ofA hitting the target = 5

2
Probability of B hitting the target =
3
Probability of Chitting the target =
hit the target
Probability that 2 shots + P(B) P(C) q(4)
+ P (4) P() q (B)
= P(4) P(B)q(C)

Ans.
6+27+12
45
100 20
100
target
least two shots hitting the the target
()
Probabilityofat
probability of 3 shots hitting
of2 shots + 63
= Probability Ans,
20 100
P(A) P (B) P(C)=
1636 Higher Engineering Mathematics
Example 19.A and Btake turns in throwing two dice, the first to throw 10
being
the prize. Showthat ifA has thefirst throw, their chances of winning awarded
are in the
ratio 12: 11.
Solution. The combinations of throwing 10 from two dice can be (AMIETE, Dec. 2009)
(6+ 4), (4 + 6), (5 +5).
The number of combinations is 3.
Total combinations from two dice 6 x6- 36.
3 1
.:. The probability of throwing 10=p= 36 12

The probability of not getting 10 -

If 4istowin, he should throw 10 in either the first, the third, the fifth,. throwe
Their respective probabilities are P.q'p. p, ...

A's total probability of winning =

12 12
This is infinte [Link] sum =
23

Bcan win in either 2nd, 4th, 6th... throws.

So B's total chance of winning gp + ptp+

23

Hence A's chance to B's chance = 12 11 -= 12:11

23 23 Proved.
Example 20. A and B throw alternatively a pair of dice. A wins if he
throws 6 before B
throws 7 and B wins if he throws 7 before A throws 6. Find
their respective
chances of winning, ifA begins.
Solution. Number of ways of throwing 6
i.e.
(1+ 5),(2 +4), (3 + 3),(4 + 2), (5 + 1) =S.
Probability of throwing 6= 365 31
36
Number of ways of throwing 7
ie.
(|+ 6), (2+ 5), (3 + 4), (4 + 3), (5 + 2), (6 + 1)
=6
Probability ofthrowing 6=! =, 4, =5
36 6 6

P(A) =Pt9192 Pi t9í 4z P +...

P(B) =41 P: +4í 42 P, +qi g P t..
Probability of A's winning = P, t4,9,P, +q4íp, +...
 Probability

1637
5
P
36 536x6 30
l-442 1 31 5 36
X
61 61
Probability of B's winning 36 6
g, p, + gi 9,P, t
gi P. t ...*
31 X 1
4 P2 36 6 31 36 x 6 31
1-492
-(6)
EXERCISE 61.2
36 x 6 61 61 Ans.

.The probability that Nirmal will

solve a problem is 2 and the probability that Satyajit willsolve it is 3
What is the probability that (a) the 4
problem will be solved (b) neither can solve it.
11 1
Ans. (a) 12 .(b)
2. An urn contains 13 balls numbering 1 to 13. Find the probability that a ball
selected at random is a ball
6
with number that isa multiple of 3or 4. Ans.
13
3. Four persons are chosen at random from a group containing 3 men, 2 women, and 4 children. Show that
the probability that exactly two of them willbe children is 10
21
4. Afive digit number is formed by usingthedigits 0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5without repetition. Find the probability
4
that the number is divisible by 6. Ans.
25
5. The chances that doctor A willdiagnose adiscase Xcorrectly is 60%. The chances that apatient will die
by his treatment after correct diagnosis is 40% and the chances of death by wrong diagnosis is 70%. A
patient of doctor A, who had iscase X, died, what is the chance that his disease was diagnosed correctly.
Ans.
13
moving from it. The probabilities
6. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots on enemy's plane
0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and [Link]. Find the
of hitting the plane at first, second, third and fourth shots are Ans. 0.6976.
probability that the gun hits the plane. performing satisfactorily.
Bach part has probability0.99 of
1. Anelectronic component consists of threeparts. satisfactorily. Assuming that the parts perform
The component fails if two or more parts do not perform
component does not perform satisfactorily.
independently, deternmine the probability that the Ans. 0.000298

removed from a full pack. Out of the remaining 40 cards, 4 are drawn at random. What
8. The face cards are
1000
Ans.
belong to diferent suits? 9139
1S the probability that they
women, 10% of these men and 20% of these
population, 70% are men and 30% man.
Of thecigarette smoking
is the probability that a person seen smoking a 'WILLS' will be a
women smoke WILLS. What
7
Ans.
13
its operation. The reliability of component Cis 80%. To
10. Amachine containsa component
Cthat is vital tocomponent is used in parallel to form asystem S. The
similar
of a machine, a functions correctly. Calculate the reliability of
improve the reliability
provided that one
of these components Ans. 96%
machine will work
the system S.
 2 7 2 11
Example 22. Three urns contains 6red, 4 black; 4 red, 6 black; 5 red, 5 black ball.
respectively, One of the urns is selected at random and aball is drawn from it
Ifthe ball drawn is red find the probability that it is drawn from the first urn
Solution, Let U: the ball is drawn from U,
U,:the ball is drawn from U,.
,:the ball is drawn from U,.
R:the ball is red.
We have to find P (U /R).
By Baye's Theorem,

P(U, IR) = P(U))P(R IU,)

P(U) P(RIU,)+ P(U,)P(R/U,) +P(U,)P(RIU,) .. (1)
Since the three urns are equally likely to be selected P(U)= P (U)
=P (U)=
6
Also P (R/U)= P (a red ball is drawn from un I) =
10
P (R/ U,) = P (a red ball is drawn from urn Il) = 4
10
5
P(R/U,) =P (a red ball is drawn from urn
III) = 10
1,66
. From (1), we have P(U, IR) = 33 10 2
|X 6 Ans.
X 4,1, 5
3 10 3 10 3
Example 23. In a boltfactory, machines A, B and 10
and 40% of the total. If their output5, C manufacture respectively 25%, 3)70
4 and 2 per cent are defective bolS.
bolt is drawn at random from the product and is found A
probability that it was manufactured by machine B? to be defective. What is the
Solution. A:bolt is manufactured by machine A.
B:bolt is manufactured by machine B.
C: bolt is manufactured by machine C.
 25 30T f farart

Probability

1641
P(A) =
The probability of drawing a 0.25, P(B) - 0.35, P()- 0.40
Similarly, P(D/B) = 0.04 anddefective bolt manufactured by machine Ais P(DA) - 0.05
By Baye's theorem P(D/) -0.02

P(BI D) = P(B)P(D B)
P(A)P(DlA) +P(B)PD/B)+ P(C)P(D/)
0.35x 0.04
0.25 - 0.41| Ans.
Example 24. An insurance companyx0.05 +0.35 x0.04 +0.40x0.02
insured 2000 scooter drivers 4000 car drivers and 6000
truck drivers. The probability of accidents are 00 003 and 0.15 respectively One of he
insured persons meets with anaccident, What is the probability that he is a sconoter arve
(AMIETE, Dec. 20O09)
Solution. Let E,, E,, E, and Abethe events defined as
E, person chosen is a scooter driver follows :
E, person chosen is a car driver
E, - person chosen is a truck driver, and
A=perSon meets with an accident.
We have,
nE,) = 2000, r(E,) =4000, nE,) =6000
Totalnumber of persons =2000 +4000 +6000 = 12000.
Therefore,
2000 1 4000 6000 1
P(E,)= 12000 and P(E,) = 12000 3
and P(E)=
12000 2
6
It is given that
P(AIE,) = Probabiity that a person meets with an accident given
that he is a scooter driver
= 0.01.
Similarly, P(AIE,) = 0.03 and P(A/E,) =0.15
the person meets with an accident, what is the
We are required to find P(E/A) i.e., given that
probability that he was a scooter driver.
By Bayes' rule, we have
P(E)P(AlE)
P(E,/A) =P(E)P(A/E) + P(E,)P(A/ E,)+PE,)P(A/ E,)

Lxo.01
6
Ans.
l+6+45 52
x0.01+x0.03 +x0.15
3 2
6
EXERCISE 61.3
two are normal &fair. Acoin is selected
one istwo headed and Ithe other to be hcad what is the probability
of
Abag contains 3coinstimes
which
succession. Ifall
the four times it appcars
in
at random and tossed 4 was selected.
that the two headed coin (AMIETE, JUne 2010) Ans. 9
on a certain flight will not turm up.
reservations

the people who make can accommodate only 10. What is the probability
2 knowsthat 13% of sell12tickets which
(AMIETE, JUne 2010)
An airline policy is to
accommodated?

their day is
Consequently who turns up
on a given
cveryone
a