MULTI SOURCE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN E.

V CHARGING
STATION
1] AJAY SAANJAY PAWAR 2] ASHWIN SANTOSH SONAWANE 3] BHUSHAN HARI JADHAV

MET BHUJBAL KNOWLEDGECITY,NASHIK

ajaypawar9704@[Link] sonawaneashwin477@[Link] bhushanbjadhav4385@[Link]

Abstract— This paper explores the design and In recent years, with the proliferation of low-cost yet
implementation of an Energy Management System powerful microcontroller-based solutions, there has
(EMS) for Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations, been a significant advancement in the development of
utilizing microcontroller technology to optimize intelligent, automated systems for controlling and
energy usage. The proposed system integrates optimizing the operation of EV charging stations.
renewable energy sources, dynamically adjusts Microcontrollers are at the heart of modern EMS,
charging schedules based on real-time energy offering a compact, cost-effective, and efficient way to
availability and demand, and ensures efficient manage power distribution, monitor system parameters,
energy utilization. By addressing challenges like and communicate with other devices and users. These
peak energy demand and renewable energy small-scale computing devices can handle complex
variability, the EMS enhances the sustainability and algorithms in real-time, making them ideal for use in
reliability of EV charging infrastructure. energy management applications where real-time
Simulation and experimental results demonstrate decision-making is essential.
the effectiveness of this system in achieving energy A microcontroller-based EMS in an EVCS can manage
efficiency and reducing environmental impact. various tasks such as load balancing, power flow
Keywords— Energy Management System, EV control, and demand-response operations. The system
Charging Stations, Microcontroller, Renewable can intelligently switch between different energy
Energy Integration, Sustainable Energy, Real-time sources, including grid power, solar power, and energy
Energy storage systems, based on the operational requirements
and availability of energy. By incorporating renewable
I. INTRODUCTION energy sources, the EMS helps reduce the dependence
on conventional power grids, lowers carbon emissions,
and enhances the sustainability of EV infrastructure.
The increasing global focus on reducing carbon The use of energy storage, such as batteries, allows for
emissions and mitigating climate change has led to a the storage of excess energy generated during off-peak
rapid transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) as a hours or from renewable sources, which can then be
viable alternative to conventional combustion engine used during periods of high demand, providing both
vehicles. This shift is not only driven by the need for economic and environmental benefits.
sustainable transportation but also by the demand for
cleaner, more efficient, and cost-effective energy Moreover, the ability to monitor and manage multiple
solutions. As EV adoption surges worldwide, the need charging stations and vehicles simultaneously in real
for an effective and scalable Electric Vehicle Charging time is a key advantage of integrating microcontroller-
Station (EVCS) infrastructure has never been more based EMS. Communication protocols such as IoT
critical. However, this rapid growth in EVs introduces a (Internet of Things) and cloud-based systems enable the
significant challenge—the efficient and reliable transfer of data between the charging stations, users,
management of energy at these charging stations. and grid operators, ensuring seamless operation. Real-
time monitoring of energy consumption, status of the
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, which serve as charging units, and user preferences can be integrated
the central hub for charging EVs, must cater to an ever- into the system to provide users with a better experience
increasing load of vehicles while ensuring the stability and to ensure that the energy distribution is optimized
and reliability of the overall power grid. The design and according to demand.
operation of these stations demand an Energy The proposed Energy Management System for EV
Management System (EMS) to balance the electricity Charging Stations using microcontrollers aims to
demand and supply, optimize the use of renewable address these challenges by presenting an intelligent,
energy sources, and ensure the efficient operation of the scalable, and cost-effective solution. The system will
station. An EMS is responsible for coordinating the focus on optimizing energy consumption through smart
charging process, reducing operational costs, and algorithms, improving the efficiency of power
minimizing energy losses, which directly impacts the distribution, integrating renewable energy, and
sustainability of EV infrastructure. It aims to ensure the ensuring the overall reliability of the charging station.
optimal distribution of electrical power based on real- This EMS will not only benefit the operators by
time conditions, including fluctuations in demand and reducing costs but also contribute to the larger goal of
the availability of renewable energy. transitioning to a greener and more sustainable
transportation ecosystem.
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2. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The following section deals with components used in

the project. Table 1 shows the components and
specification

TABLE I. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

The system employs a DC motor to simulate mechanical
USED
operations, such as cooling or actuator control. The
motor operates on a DC supply, typically between 6V
COMPON REQUI and 12V, and supports speed control through Pulse
SPECIFICATION
ENTS REMEN Width Modulation (PWM) signals generated by the
TS microcontroller. Its simplicity, reliability, and ease of
length of belt : 80 inch width of 1 control make it a suitable choice for demonstrating
ATmega328p physical movements within the system.
belt : 5 inch material : resin
5.5 volt, 16*2 LCD 1 A step-down transformer is used to convert high-voltage
LCD Display
Communication I2C protocol AC mains (230V) to low-voltage AC (commonly 12V or
DC motors 24 V ; 30 rpm 1 9V). This component ensures the safe operation of the
system by providing an appropriate input voltage for
Ai- 5.7, output- +5V, 1
Transformer Secondary Voltage- 12V subsequent rectification and regulation stages. The
transformer is designed with laminated iron cores to
Voltage Input voltage range 7V- 35V 1 minimize eddy current losses and insulated windings for
Regulator electrical safety.
(IC 7805) Output voltage range 5.2V-4.8V
Filter 25V, 1000uF 1
The IC 7805 voltage regulator is incorporated to provide
Solar panel 14Watt 1 a stable 5V DC supply to the microcontroller and other
Connectors As
components. Operating with an input voltage range of
-
Required 7V to 35V, the IC delivers a regulated output with a
maximum current rating of 1.5A. It is equipped with
protection features, including thermal shutdown, short-
circuit prevention, and overvoltage protection, ensuring
The ATmega328P microcontroller is the core reliable operation under varying load conditions.
component of the system, selected for its high
performance and power efficiency. It is an 8-bit AVR Filter capacitors are used to smooth the rectified DC
microcontroller operating at a clock frequency of up to voltage from the transformer-rectifier stage. Electrolytic
20 MHz. With 32 KB of flash memory, 2 KB SRAM, capacitors, typically ranging from 100µF to 1000µF,
and 1 KB EEPROM, it provides sufficient storage for minimize ripple voltage and provide a stable DC supply
program execution and data management. The for sensitive electronic components. These capacitors are
microcontroller features 23 general-purpose I/O pins, placed strategically in the circuit to enhance the overall
10-bit ADC, PWM channels, and communication efficiency and reliability of the power supply.
protocols such as UART, SPI, and I2C, making it ideal
for embedded applications. In this project, it manages A 14W solar panel serves as the primary renewable
input sensing, energy management, and output control. energy source, converting sunlight into electrical energy
through photovoltaic cells. The panel, consisting of
A 16×2 LCD module is utilized for displaying real-time monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon cells, delivers
system parameters, including solar power generation, a maximum power output of 14W under standard test
battery status, and operational states. This alphanumeric conditions (irradiance of 1000 W/m² and cell
display supports two lines of 16 characters each and temperature of 25°C). It typically provides an output
operates using the HD44780 controller. It features voltage of 12V with a corresponding current of
adjustable contrast, backlighting for low-light visibility, approximately 1.2A under optimal sunlight conditions.
and supports both 4-bit and 8-bit interfacing modes, This solar panel not only charges the system’s battery but
making it compatible with various microcontroller also powers the microcontroller and other components,
systems. promoting sustainable energy practices.

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3. SOLAR DESIGN 4. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

a solar pv system design can be done in three steps:

Load estimation Load estimation of number of pv
panels Estimation of battery bank Base condition:
1 car+ 1 emargancy vehicle (9 watts each), central
battery unit 5(9 watts each) for 6 hrs a day.
The total energy requirement of the system (total
load)
I.e total connected load to pv panel system = no. Of
units × rating of equipment = 5× 9 + 2 × 9 = 63 watts
Total watt-hours rating of the system = total
connected load (watts) × operating hours = 63× 6 =
378 watt-hours
Actual power output of a pv panel = peak power Project aims to design an efficient energy management system
for an electric vehicle (EV) charging station. This system
rating × operating factor = 10 × 0.75 = 7.5 watt
utilizes an ATmega 328P microcontroller, which acts as the
The power used at the end use is less (due to lower central controller, managing the charging process and
combined efficiency of the system = actual power monitoring various parameters. A 16×2 LCD display is
incorporated to provide real-time information on the charging
output of a panel × combined efficiency = 7.5 × 0.81
status, power usage, and other system metrics. The system is
= 6 watts (va) = 6 watts powered by a 14W solar panel, which contributes to a
Energy produced by one panel in a day = actual power sustainable energy model, promoting renewable energy use. A
DC motor is used in the system to simulate or control aspects
output × 6 hours/day (peak equivalent) = 24.3 ×6=
of the station, possibly related to adjusting the power flow. To
145.8 watts-hour ensure the microcontroller and other components receive
Number of solar panels required to satisfy given stable power, an IC 7805 voltage regulator is employed,
estimated daily load : = (total watt-hour rating (daily accompanied by filter capacitors to mitigate voltage
fluctuations. The combination of these components enables
load)/(daily energy produced by a panel) =378/145.8
effective energy management, optimizing power flow and
= 2.592 = 2 (round figure) enhancing the overall efficiency of the charging station. This
(note that our requirement only 1 panel because ev project serves as an example of how renewable energy and
efficient system management can work together in the context
discharging that can give the supply load maintaining
of EV charging infrastructure.
) Inverter size is to be calculated as : total connected
load to pv panel system and ev vehicle discharging =
5w+9w=14w

Page 9
5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Wind or solar power cannot be the sole source of
electricity in a stable base-load grid, but they can reduce
the use of conventional energy sources. The
environmental benefits of the wind-solar DC GRID
system in this study were assessed in terms of avoided
emissions. Given that a conventional thermal power
plant emits a certain amount of pollutant per kWh of
generated electricity, the wind-solar DC GRID system
can be considered to cause an avoidance of emissions,
since it generates the electricity with nearly zero
pollutant emissions. Although there are manytypes of
emissions related to electricity production, CO2
emission was considered, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides. CO2 is the largest component of the emissions
from conventional electricity production and may be
considered as the greatest environmental impact caused
by the established power industry. The amount of CO2
The block diagram illustrates a renewable energy produced by conventional diesel fuel is 0.6kg for 1kWh.
management system designed to integrate solar, wind, Hence, the reduction of CO2 from energy saving of
and grid power sources to supply energy to an electric 0.427GWh would be 331 tons/y, sulfur dioxide and
vehicle (EV) load. The system incorporates CT nitrogen oxides would be 1.5 ,0.74 tons/y annually.
(Current Transformer) and PT (Potential Transformer)
sensors to measure the current and voltage from each
energy source. These inputs are sent to a 7. EXPECTED OUTCOMES
microcontroller, labeled 328p, which serves as the
1. Enhanced Renewable Energy Utilization
central control unit. The microcontroller processes the
data and manages the flow of energy between the 2. Reduced Operational Costs
sources and the load, ensuring efficient utilization of
renewable energy and grid power. 3. Improved Energy Efficiency

The 16x2 display is included as a user interface to 4. Increased Grid Independence

present real-time data, such as the status of the energy 5. Insights for Future Research and Development
sources and the EV load. Relays (R1, R2, R3) are
connected to the microcontroller, enabling it to control 6. Environmental and Community Impact
the distribution of energy based on predefined logic or
priority. Another CT sensor (CT4) monitors the current
flowing to the EV load for system regulation and safety.
A dedicated power supply is included to provide the
necessary voltage and current for the microcontroller
and other electronic components. The system
prioritizes the use of renewable energy from solar and
wind sources while incorporating the grid as a backup
to ensure continuous power availability for the EV load.
This setup highlights the integration of renewable
energy sources with intelligent control and monitoring
for sustainable and reliable energy management.

Page 10
8. CONCLUSION
The present worldwide trends concern energy [Link]
security and sustainable development across the power-systems/.
globe. The role of renewable energy has therefore
become ever more significant. The developed world [9] Souliotis, M. (2013). Application Aspects of DC GRIDPV/T
is already on the track for walking out from the fossil Solar Systems. University of Patras. Physics Department.
fuel era and involving mainly the areas of renewable [10] Léna, G. (2013). Rural Electrification with PV DC GRID
energy technologies and energy efficiency. Through Systems. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power
this study an insight into the energy situation and Systems Programme. IEA-PVPS T9:13.
renewable energy potential of Indiawas given. It was
identified that Indiahas economically feasible power [11] American Wind Energy Association. "Wind Power Your
generation potential of wind and solar energy. Using Home." Wind Energy
HOMER simulation software, a grid tied wind-solar [Link]://[Link]/wind-at-work
DC GRIDpower generation system was modeled for consumers/windpoweryour home/.
a selected location in the almarj area of India
(MARJU), located on the coastal belt near Benghazi.
Through the simulation process, installation of 10
numbers of 100kW wind turbines and 150kw solar
PV array was identified as economically most
feasible design to supply average load connected to
grid where payback period of the design is 2.6 years.

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