1-1 Work and energy

Work (W)
Is the product of multiplying the force and the displacement at
the same direction of force

𝐖 = 𝐅 𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉

Work is measured by unit :

Joule (J) is equivalent to : N.m = kg.m2/s2

Joule (J)
Is the work done by a force of 1N to move a body a
displacement of 1m at the same direction of the acting force

Work dimensional formula is

M L2 T-2

Work is a scalar quantity

Bec : it’s the product of multiplying two vector quantities

Factors affecting work

 Force acting
Work done is directly proportional to acting force

𝐖𝛂𝐅
 Displacement
Work done is directly proportional to Displacement

𝐖𝛂𝐝

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 1

Effect of angle of inclination on the work done
1) (θ) = zero
 Direction of force is the direction of
displacement
W=Fd cos (0) = 1
 The work done is maximum
2) 90° > θ > zero
 Direction of force makes an angle θ
to displacement direction
 W = F d cos θ
 As (θ) increases, the work done decreases
3) (θ) = 90
 Direction of force is perpendicular (normal)
to direction of displacement
 W = zero cos (90) = zero
 There’s no work done
4) 180° > (θ) > 90°
 Direction of force makes an angle θ
more than 90 ° to displacement
 W = F d cos θ (cos θ= -ve)
 The work done is negative
5) (θ) = 180°
 Direction of force is opposite to
displacement direction
W=-Fd cos (180) = -1
 The work done is maximum (has negative sign)

Example :
In the opposite figure
Find the work done by the person
who pull the wagon

Answer :
𝐖 = 𝐅 𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐖 = (𝟓𝟎)(𝟑𝟎)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎)
𝐖 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐉

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 2

Remarks
1) Calculating the Work graphically
When (θ) = zero
The work = the area below curve in (force-displacement) graph
Work = length x width
Work = force x displacement

2) When representing a graphical relation

Between work done and (θ)
The graph can be represented as

Solved example
A car of mass 1800 kg moves with a velocity 20 m/s , if the car driver
increases the car velocity to 25 m/s during 2 seconds , Find the work done
by the car engine during such period
Answer
𝐯𝐟 −𝐯𝐢 𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟎
𝐚= = = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬𝟐
𝐭 𝟐

𝐅 = 𝐦 𝐚 = (𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎)(𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍
𝐝 𝐯𝐟 +𝐯𝐢 𝐝 𝟐𝟓+𝟐𝟎
= = 𝐝 = 𝟒𝟓 𝐦
𝐭 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝐖 = 𝐅𝐝 = (𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎)(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐉

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 3

(A) Choose the correct answer
1) Dimensions of work …….
 M.L.T-1  M.L.T-2
 M.L2.T-2  M.L-1.T-2
2) Joule is equivalent to ….
 N.m  N/m
 N.m2  N/m2
3) The work is max. when direction of force acting makes an angle to the
displacement ….
 0°  90°
 180°  270°
4) Work is negative when direction of displacement is … direction of force
 the same  normal to
 opposite to  undeterminable
5) Work done on a body is negative when force acting …… direction of
displacement
 in the same  opposite to
 normal to  makes angle less 90°
6) The figure represents a person pulls a box by a force 40 N , so the work
done by the person to pull the box a distance of 2 m is …….
 80 J
 40 J
 69.28 J
 20 J
7) In the opposite fig. the work done by the person
who pull the wagon is ……
 750 J
 1500 J
 1299 J
 800 J
8) Work done to accelerate a body of weight 200 N by 2 m/s2 to cover a
displacement of 10 m in same direction of acting force is …. (g=10 m/s2)
 200 J  100 J
 400 J  800 J
9) The work done by the braking force on the car to stop it ….
 is positive  is negative
 is zero  may be positive or negative

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 4

10) The opposite graph represents the relation between work done by a
force and the angle between direction of force and direction of
displacement, the work done by that force at the point (x)
 3500 J
 1.4 J
 17.1 J
 0.714 J
11) By increasing the angle of inclination of a force acting on a body and its
displacement , then the work done by the force …
 increases  deceases
 doesn’t change  undeterminable
12) If work done by a force on a body to move it from rest a displacement
5 m during 2 sec is 100 J then the weight of the body is …. (g = 10 m/s2)
 80 N  40 N
 20 N  100 N
13) The fig. below , a small box is placed on a smooth horizontal plane and is
affected by a force (F) . If the work to displace the box 20 m is 1000 J then
the value of acting force is
 2000 N
 1000 N
 200 N
 100 N
14) The graph represents the relation between a force acting on a body and
displacement that the body moves with by the effect of the force , the
work done by that force = ….
3J
 33 J
 48 J
 45 J
15) A person is pushing a truck but cannot move it ; the force exerted by the
person on the truck ….
 is equal to zero  doesn’t do work
 doing positive work  doing negative work
16) By increasing angle between direction of force and displacement from
30° to 60° , the work done by the force …..
 Increases  decreases
 doesn’t change  vanishes

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 5

 17) The opposite figure represents the relation between work done on a
body and the displacement it covers by the effect
of constant horizontal force , so the magnitude of
the force = …..
1N
2N
5N
 10 N
18) Two equal masses (X) and (Y) are placed on a horizontal surface , Each of
them is affected by two forces (FX) and (FY) respectively . The opposite
graph represents the relation between work done on each mass and
𝐅𝐗
displacement covered , so the ratio = ……
𝐅𝐘
𝟏

𝟐
𝟐

𝟏
𝟑

𝟏
𝟑

𝟐
Problems
1) A force of 100 N acts on a body so it moves a distance 2.5 m .
calculate the work done by the force if
a) The force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion
b) Direction of force is inclined to displacement by 60°
c) The force acting in the same direction of motion
(0 – 125 J – 250 J)
2) A force acts on a body of mass 20 kg to change its velocity from
10 m/s to 40 m/s in 3 sec. calculate the work done by the force
(1.5x104 J)
3) A force of 200 N affects on a static object of mass 50 kg. Calculate
the work done during 5 sec
(1x104 J)
4) A body of mass 50 kg starts motion from rest till its velocity reaches
5 m/s after 5 sec calculate the work done
(625 J)

PHYSICS --- Secondary "1" 6