pd,l ridhkh

11
C H E M I C A L K I N E T I C S

m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh

m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;djh hkq l=ula o?

............................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................

ld,hg tÈßj m%;sl%shl fyda M, j, ujq, m%udK fyda idkaøK úp,kh ±lafjk m%ia;drhl wkql%uKfhka
m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh ,efí'
m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;djh i,ld n,k ld, iSudjlg wod,j uOHl fõ.hla (𝐚) f,i fyda i,ld n,k fudfyd;la
i`oyd fudfyd;l § iS>%;djh (𝐛 , 𝐜) f,i ,nd.; yel'

m%;sl%shl iEoSfï iy jehùfï iS>;

% djh
aA+bB cC+dD

−∆𝐜𝐀 ∆𝐜𝐂
A ys idkaøKh fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj = C ys idkaøKh fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj =
∆𝐭 ∆𝐭
−∆𝐜𝐁 ∆𝐜𝐃
B ys idkaøKh fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj = D ys idkaøKh fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj =
∆𝐭 ∆𝐭

´kE u ridhksl l%shdj,shl m%udKfha isÿ jk fjki Ok rdYshla f,i i,lk neúka m%;sl%shl m%udKfha isÿ jk
fjkila i`oyd >DK ,l=K Ndú; lrhs'
m%;sl%shdjlg wod, tla tla ix>gl jehùfï yd iE§fï iS>%;djhka w;r wkqmd;h tu ix>gl j,
iafgdhslsfhdñ;sl wkqmd;hg iudk fõ'
fok ,o m%;sl%shdjl § tla tla m%;sls%hlh bj;a jk fyda tla tla M,h iEfok iS>%; d tlsfklg iudk fkdfõ' fï
ksid m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh .Kkfha § my; l%ufõoh [Link] lrhs'
𝟏 ∆𝐜𝐀 𝟏 ∆𝐜𝐁 𝟏 ∆𝐜𝐂 𝟏 ∆𝐜𝐃
∴ m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;djh = − = − = =
𝐚 ∆𝐭 𝐛 ∆𝐭 𝐜 ∆𝐭 𝐝 ∆𝐭

idudkHfhka m%;sl%shd iS>%;djh mol dm−3 min−1 , mol dm−3 s −1 jeks tall j,ska bÈßm;a lrk w;r, jdhquh
moaO;s i`oyd Pa min−1 , Pa s −1 jeks tall o Ndú;d lrhs'

01
 WodyrK .eg¨

1. 0.4 mol dm−3 wdrïNl idkaøKhlska A mj;sk moaO;shla 500 K g r;a lrk úg my; ±lafjk mßÈ m%;sl%shd ùu
wrUhs' ñks;a;= 5 lska ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § moaO;sfha A ys idkaøKh 0.2 mol dm−3 f,i ,enqKs'

2 A (aq) → B (aq) + 3 C (aq)

i. A jeh ùfï, B yd C iE§fï iS>%;djhka mol dm−3 min−1 tallfhka .Kkh lrkak'
ii. m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh fldmuK o?

2. 5 x 104 Pa wdrïNl mSvkhlska A mj;sk moaO;shlg uq`M mSvkh 1 x 105 Pa jk f;la B jdhqj tl;= lrhs' wk;=rej
fuu jdhQka my; ±lafjk mßÈ m%;sl%shd lrùug i,iajk w;r ñks;a;= 2lg miq moaO;sfha uq`M mSvkh 1.4 x 105 Pa
fõ'
A (g) + 2B (g) → 2C (g) + 3D (g)

i. ñks;a;= 2 g miq moaO;sfha tla tla ix>glfha mSvkhka .Kkh lrkak'

ii. A yd B jeh ùfï, C yd D iE§fï iS>%;djhka Pa min−1 tallfhka .Kkh lrkak'
iii. m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh fldmuK o?

3. 127 ℃ ys mj;sk 2 dm3 n`ÿkl 4 x 104 Pa wdrïNl mSvkhlska X mj;sk moaO;shlg S kï >k W;afm%arlh fh§fï
§ my;ska ±lafjk wdldrfha m%;sl%shdjla werUqK's uq`M mSvkh 1 x 105 Pa jk úg .;ù we;s ld,h ñks;a;= 10 ls'

X (g) → 2Q (g) + R (g) + T (s)

i. ñks;a;= 10 g miq moaO;sfha tla tla jdhqfõ wdxYsl mSvkhka .Kkh lrkak'
ii. m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh Pa min−1 tallfhka .Kkh lrkak'

4. 0.2 mol dm−3 idkaøKhlska hq;a A ødjKhlska 50 cm3 m%udKhla iu`. 0.4 mol dm−3 idkaøKhlska hq;a B
ødjKhlska 50 cm3 m%udKhla tljr ñY% lr my; m%;sl%shdj ùug i,iajhs' m%;sl%shdj iïmQ¾Kfhka wjika ùug
ñks;a;= 4 la .;úh'

A (aq) + 2B(aq) → C (aq) + 3D (aq)

i. wjika moaO;sfha tla tla ix>gl j, idkaøKhka .Kkh lrkak'

ii. A, B jeh ùfï, C yd D iE§fï i>%;djhka mol dm−3 min−1 tallfhka .Kkh lrkak'
iii. m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh fldmuK o?

02
m%;sls%hdjl iS>%;djh flfrys n,mdk idOl

1. idkaøKh 3. fN!;sl iajNdjh 5. W;afm%arl ,laIK

2. WIaK;ajh 4. mSvkh 6. mj;akd ødjlh

m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;djh flfrys idkaøKfha n,mEu

fndfyda m%;sl%shdj, iS>%;djh tys m%;sl%shl j, idkaøKh jeä lsÍfï § jeä jk w;r we;eï m%;sl%shd j, iS>%;djh
m%;sl%shl j, idkaøKfhka iajdhla; fõ' hï m%;sl%shdjl m%;sl%shl idkaøKh iy iS>%;djh w;r iïnkaO;djh
iS>%;d kshuh ^iS>%;d iólrKh& u`.ska m%ldY l< yel.

iS>%;d kshuh/ iS>%;d iólrKh/ iS>%;d m%ldYkh

ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;dj, m%;sl%shl j, ujq,sl idkaøK hï n,hlg kexùula weiqfrka m%ldY lrkakd jQ
iólrKh iS>%;d kshuh f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuu n,h wod, m%;sl%shlfha fm< f,i y`ÿkajhs .
m%;sl%shdjl iS>%;dj flfrys m%;sl%shlj, idkaøK n,mEu ta ta m%;sl%shlg wod< fm< u`.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

Wod -
A + B → C hk m%;sl%shdj i,luq ,

∴ iS>%;djh = k [𝐀] 𝐱 [𝐁]𝐲 x - A g idfmalaIj m%;sl%shdfõ fm<

y - B g idfmalaIj m%;sl%shdfõ fm<
x + y = m%;sl%shdfõ iuia; fm<

fuys k hkq iS>%;d ksh;h jk w;r th WIAK;ajh yd m%;sl%shdfõ ud¾.h ^hdka;%Kh& u; muKla fjkia jk
m%;sl%shdjg wdfõKsl ksh;hls' k ys tall m%;sl%shdfõ iuia; fm< u; ;SrKh fõ'

𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐋 POINTS

i,ld n,k m%;sl%shdjl iuia; fm< wkqj Y=kH fm<, m<uq fm< yd fojk fm< jYfhka úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< m%;sl%shd
j¾.SlrKh lrhs' (kuq;a, fm< Nd. ixLHdjla jk fyda 2 g jeä jk m%;sl%shd iajNdjfha we;')

𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐋 POINTS

03
Y+kH fm< m%;l
s s%hd

A → B hk m%;sl%shdfõ Ag idfmalaI fm< Y=kH nj i,luq ,

ta wkqj,
R = k [A]0 ∴R=k

tkï m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh A ys idkaøKfhka iajdhla; jk w;r, tys w.h iS>%;d ksh;hg iudk fõ'

m%ia;dßl ksrEmK -

m<uq fm< m%;sls%hd

A → B hk m%;sl%shdfõ Ag idfmalaI fm< 1 nj i,luq,

ta wkqj,
R = k [A]1
∴ R = k [A]

tkï m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh A ys idkaøKhg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'

m<uq fm< m%;sl%shdjl fõ. ksh;hlg we;af;a ld, tallhla (s-1) mu‚' Bg idkaøK tall ke;' tu ksid m<uq
fm< m%;sl%shdjl k ys ixLHd;aul w.h, idkaøKh ksfhdackh jk tall j,ska iajdhla; fõ' ld,fha tall iu`.
muKla th fjkia fõ'

m%ia;dßl ksrEmK -

R = k [A]

𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥

04
4
fojk fm< m%;l
s s%hd
A → B hk m%;sl%shdfõ Ag idfmalaI fm< 2 nj i,luq ,
ta wkqj,
R = k [A]2

tkï m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh A ys idkaøKfha j¾.hg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'

m%ia;dßl ksrEmK -

𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐋 POINTS
by; m%ia;dr j,g wu;rj iS>%;d iólrKhg ,>q fh§fuka ,nd .kakd m%ia;dr o jk w;r tu m%ia;drj,
wkql%uKh u`.ska fm< ,efí'

R = k [A]n i`oyd ,>q fha§fuka ,

log R = n log [A] + log k
↓
y m x + c

log R

wkql%uKh = fm<
log k

log [A]

m%ia;dßl ksrEmK idrdxYh -

05
5
m%[Link] mrSlaIK weiqßka fm< fiùu'

WodyrK .eg¨

X (aq) + Y (aq) + Z (aq) 2A (g) + B (aq) hk m%;sl%shdfõ tla tla m%;sl%shlg wod, fm< fiùug my;
mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk ,§'

0.5 mol dm-3 0.5 mol dm-3 0.5 mol dm-3 c,h (cm3) A (g) 25 cm3 /iaùug
3 3 3
X (cm ) Y (cm ) Z (cm ) .;jk ld,h (s)
10 10 5 25 95.5

10 20 5 15 47.8

20 20 5 5 12.4

20 15 10 5 16.1

10 15 15 10 t1

i. iEu mshjrlu c,h fh§fï wruqK myokak'

ii. X , Y iy Z idfmalaI fm< fidhkak'

2000A/L
5Br― (aq) + BrO3− (aq) + 6H+ (aq) 3 Br2 (aq) + 3H2O (l)

hk m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh " iS>%;djh 𝛼 [ Br― (aq) ]x [BrO3− (aq)]y [H+ (aq)]z f,i m%ldY l< yel' fuys [ Br― (aq) ] ,
[BrO3− (aq)] , [H+ (aq)] hkq ms<sfj,ska iS>%;djh uksk wjia:dfõ § m%;sl%shd ñY%Kfha wka;¾.; Br― (aq) , BrO3− (aq)
iy H+ (aq) whk j, idkaøKhka fõ' 1 , 2 iy 3 ;Srej, ms<sfj,ska olajd we;s Br― (aq) , BrO− +
3 (aq) iy H (aq)

whk idkaøKhka ys § ^ § we;s WIaK;ajhl § & m%;sl%shd ñY%Kfhys talSh mßudjla ;=, talSh ld,hl § W;amdokh jk
Br2 (aq) m%udKh my; j.=fõ 4 jeks ;Srefõ olajd we;'

06
6
 1 2 3 4
Br (aq) / mol dm―3
―
BrO3− (aq) / mol dm―3 H (aq) / mol dm―3
+ W;amdokh jQ Br2
(aq) / mol dm―3 S―1
0.010 0.200 0.200 2.40 x 10―6
0.040 0.200 0.200 9.60 x 10―6
0.020 0.400 0.200 9.60 x 10―6
0.020 0.400 0.100 2.40 x 10―6

by; i`oyka m%ldYkfhys olajd we;s x , y yd z ys [Link] .Kkh lrkak' .Kkhg wjYH ish¨ mshjr ±laúh hq;=h'

2007 A/L
wdï,sl KMnO4 iy Tlai,sla wï,h (H2C2O4 ) w;r m%;sl%shdfõ pd,l úoHd;aul mrdñ;s ks¾Kh lsÍu i`oyd isÿ lrk ,o
mÍlaIKhl § " ixjD; n`ÿka ;=, m%;sldrl my; j.=fõ fmkajd we;s mßÈ ñY% lrk ,§' fuu mÍlaIKhka 50℃ § isÿ
lrk ,o w;r " m%;sldrl ñY% lr m<uq ñks;a;= 2 ;=< msg jQ CO2 mßudj 25℃ § yd 1 atm mSvkhl § uksk ,§' 1 - 3
olajd n`ÿka ;=< m%;sl%shd tlu pH [Link] § isÿl, w;r " 4 jk n`ÿk ;=, m%;sl%shdj fjkia pH [Link] § (1.3) isÿ l, nj
i,lkak' ,nd.;a mdGdxl my; j.=fõ olajd we;' (pH w.h 1 hkq 0.1 M H + idkaøKhhs' pH 1.3 hkq, 0.05M H +
idkaøKhhs')

n`ÿka ñY% lrk ,o ødjK

pH CO2 mßudj / cm3
wxlh KMnO4 H2C2O4
1 0.01 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 0.01 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 1.0 9.5

2 0.02 mol dm―3 ; 75.0 cm3 0.02 mol dm―3 ; 25.0 cm3 1.0 29.0

3 0.01 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 0.02 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 1.0 19.5

4 0.01 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 0.01 mol dm―3 ; 50.0 cm3 1.3 10.0

i. KMnO4 iy H2C2O4 w;r isÿjk fuu m%;sl%shdj i`oyd ;=,s; whksl iólrKh ,shkak'
+
ii. MnO4− , C2O2−
4 iy H whk j, idkaøK mo wkqidrfhka (i) ys Tn ,shQ m%;sl%shdfõ fõ.h i`oyd m%ldYkhla by;

j.=fõ § we;s o;a; Ndú;fhka jHq;amkak lrkak'

iii. n`ÿfka wxl 4 i`oyd 0.020 mol dm―3 ; KMnO4 ødjK 50 cm3 Ndú;d lf<a kï m%;sl%shd fõ.h lS .=Khlska jeäfõ
±hs wfmdaykh lrkak'

1992 A/L
2B (aq) + 3C (aq) D (s) + E (aq) + F (aq) hk m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh D (s) l=vd yd ksh; m%udKhla iE§ug
.;jk ld,h uekSfuka msßlaik ,§' B wvx.= ødjKhla iy C wvx.= ødjKhla Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ksh; WIaK;ajfha
§ lrk ,o fï wOHhkfhka ,enqKq o;a; my; olajd we;'

B wvx.= ødjKh / ml C wvx.= ødjKh / ml c,h / ml ld,h / s

15.0 25.0 10.0 18.0
20.0 25.0 5.0 10.1
25.0 8.0 17.0 7.6
25.0 2.0 23.0 30.2

fuu m%;sl%shdjg wod, iS>%;d kshuh fufia ,súh yel' iS>%;dj 𝛂 [B (aq)]x x [C (aq)]y by; o;a; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
X iy Y .Kkh lrkak'

07
7
 1983A/L
0.1 M H2O2 , 0.005 M Na2S2O3 , 1 M KI , 1 M H2SO4 , c,h iy msIaGh Ndú;fhka 300 K WIaK;ajfha§ m%;sl%shd ñY%K
lsym
s hla j.=fõ olajd we;s whqre idok ,§' ta ta ñY%K j,ska ks,a j¾Kh we;s ùug .; jQ ld,h uksk ,§' ,nd.;a
[Link] j.=fõ § we;'

m%;sl%shd 0.1 M H2O2 0.005 M 1 M H2SO4 1 M KI ks,a j¾Kh

c,h mßudj msIaGh ìxÿ
ñY%K mßudj Na2S2O3 mßudj mßudj we;s ùug .;
cm3 ixLHdj
jQ ld,h / s
wxlh cm3 mßudj / cm3 cm3 cm3
1 5.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 25.0 2 12

2 4.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 25.0 2 15

3 3.0 10.0 2.0 10.0 25.0 2 21

4 2.0 10.0 3.0 10.0 25.0 2 31

5 1.0 10.0 4.0 10.0 25.0 2 60

fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a whãka ksoyia jk m%;sl%shdfõ fõ.h (R) , R α [H2O2]n hk iïnkaO;djfhka fokq ,nhs' fuys [H2O2]
hkq yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ idkaøKh fõ'

i. wï, udOHfha § KI iu. H2O2 m%;sl%shd ùfuka whãka ksoyia ùu i`oyd ;=,s; iólrKhla ,shkak'
ii. by; i`oyka o;a;hka [Link] n ys w.h ks¾Kh lrkak'
iii. fuu mÍlaIK j,§ ks,a j¾Kh laIKslj we;s fkdù hïlsis ld,hla .; jQ miq we;s fõ' fuu ksÍlaIKh myod fokak'
iv. WIaK;ajh 300 K § ñY%K wxl (3) ;mamr 15l ld, wka;rhlg miq ks,a j¾Kh we;s lf<ah' tlu m%;sl%shd ñY%K
wxl (3) i`oyd fjkia WIaK;ajhka ys§ ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o ld, fjki myod fokak'

1986A/L
idkaøKh ,Sgrhg ujq, 0.160la jQ Na2S2O3 iy ,Sgrhg ujq, 3.0la jQ HCl c,Sh ødjK Ndú;d lr 300K § m%;sl%shd ñY%K
lsym
s hla idok ,§' ta ta ñY%Kfha iïmQ¾K mßudj ksh; [Link] f.k tau msKsi c,h tl;= lrk ,§' ta ta ñY%Kfha b;d
l=vd ksh; i,a*¾ m%udKhla we;s ùug .;a ld,h uksk ,§' tys m%;sM, my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

m%;sl%shd Na2S2O3 HCl mßudj c,h mßudj ld,h / s

ñY%Kh 3 cm 3
mßudj / cm3 cm

1 12 5 13 21
2 15 5 10 16.6
3 20 5 5 12.5
4 25 5 0 10.0
5 25 4 1 10.1
6 25 3 2 10.2
7 25 2 3 10.1

ñY%Kfha we;s wï, idkaøKh ksh; jk úg Na2S2O3 yd HCl w;r m%;sl%shdfõ fõ.h,

fõ.h 𝛂 [Na2S2O3]m hkqfjka o

ñY%Kfha ;fhdai,af*aÜ idkaøKh ksh; jk úg by; m%;sl%shdfõ fõ.h,

fõ.h 𝛂 [HCl]n hkqfjkao ,nd § we;'

fuys [Na2S2O3] iy [HCl] hkq tajdfha idkaøKh fõ' j.=fõ § we;s o;a; u; m iy n j, [Link] ks¾Kh lrkak'

08
8
 w¾O wdhq ld,h ቀt1⁄ ቁ
2

i,ld n,k m%;sl%shdjl i,ld n,k m%;sl%shlhl idkaøKh tys wdrïNl [Link] isg w¾Ohla olajd wvq ùug .;jk
ld,h hs'

1. Y=kH fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h

𝑪𝒐
𝒕𝟏⁄ = k = iS>%;d ksh;h
𝟐 𝟐𝒌

tu ksid Y=kH fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h wdrïNl m%;sl%shl idkaøKhg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'

2. m<uq fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h

𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑
𝒕𝟏⁄ = k = iS>%;d ksh;h
𝟐 𝒌

tu ksid m<uq fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h Bg wod< ksh;hls' th m%;sl%shl idkaøKfhka iajdhla; fõ'

3. fojk fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h

𝟏
𝒕𝟏⁄ ∝
𝟐 𝑪𝒐

tkï fojk fm< m%;sl%shdjl w¾O wdhq ld,h wdrïNl m%;sl%shl idkaøKhg m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'

09
9
ix>Ügk jdoh

m%;sl%shdjla isÿ ùug kï m%;sl%shl wKq úiska ;Dma; l< hq;= idOl my; mßÈ fõ'

1. ix>Ügk isÿ jk mßÈ wKq tlsfkl yuq úh hq;= h'

2. m%;sls%hl M, njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug wjYH nkaOk ì`oSu yd nkaOk ;ekSu isÿ lsÍug Wmldß jk ÈYdk;shlska
hqla;j wKq ix>Ügkh úh hq;= h'
3. tla;rd Yla;s ndOlhla blaujd hEug ;rï m%udKj;a Yla;shlska hqla;j wKq ix>Ügkh úh hq;= h' Bg wjYH
wju Yla;sh m%;sls%hdfõ ils%hk Yla;sh hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'

ix>Ügk ÈYdk;sh

m%;sl%shdjl § wKq tlsfkl iu`. ix>Ügkh jk kuq;a ta ix>Ügkj,ska fndfyduhla m%;sls%hl wxY=kaf.a we;s
nkaOk ì`o fyda ÿ¾j, lr fyda kj nkaOk we;s lsÍug ys;lr fkdfõ' tneúka, wjYH M,h iE§ug kï m%;sls%hl
wKq .eáh hq;af;a WÑ; ÈYdk;shlska hq;=j h'

Wod - i)
2 BrNO (g) Br2 (g) + 2 NO (g)

wKqj, fm<.eiau:

Br mrudKq folg tlsfkl

iuÕ m%;sls%hd l< yels w;r
NO wKqjlg fjka úh yels h'

wKqj, fm<.eiau:

Br mrudKq WÑ; f,i

osYdk; ù ke;'

Wod - ii)
CH2 = CH2 (g) + HCl (g) CH3CH2Cl (g)

ys;lrnj Tõ ke; ke; ke;

10
ils%hk Yla;sh (Ea )

il%shk Yla;sh hkq M, ksmoùu i`oyd ix>Ügkh jk wKq j,g ;sìh hq;= wju Yla;sh hs'
fõ. ix>Ügk wdlD;shg wkqj fï Yla;sh iemfhkafka wKqj, pd,l Yla;sfhks' wKq ix>Ügkh ùfï § pd,l
Yla;sh" úNj Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh jk w;r th nkaOk ì`o fy<d mrudKq m%;sixúOdkh lrhs'
m%;sls%hl wKq ksheÈhl wKql pd,l Yla;sj,g fnda,aÜiaudka jHdma;shla we;'
ta w;ßka il%shk Yla;shg jvd jeä Yla;shlska hq;a m%;sls%hl wKqj,g muKla m%;sls%hd lr M, iE§ug yelshdj
we;'
ils%hk Yla;sh, ì`ojeàug Ndck jk ridhksl nkaOkj, iajNdjh u; /`§ mj;sk w;r th m%;sls%hlj, yd
M,j, tka;e,amsj,ska iajdhla; fõ'

Wod -
𝐀𝐁 + 𝐂 → 𝐀 + 𝐁𝐂 (∆𝐇 < 𝟎) 𝐏𝐐 + 𝐑 → 𝐏 + 𝐐𝐑 (∆𝐇 > 𝟎)

fuys A --- B --- C yd P --- Q --- R hkq ta ta m%;sl%shd j, il%sh ixlS¾Khka (wia:dhS wKql fmdl=re) fõ' fuys wdhq
ld,h b;d wvq jk neúka laIKslj M, fyda m%;sl%shl njg ì`o jeàu isÿ fõ'

iM, ix>Ügk

ix>Ügk jdofha tk lreKq wkqj fmkS hkafka ish¨ ix>Ügk M, we;s fkdlrk njhs' wjYH M,h iE§ug kï m%;sls%hl
wKq WÑ; ÈYdk;shlska hq;=j .eáh hq;= w;r, tajdfha Yla;sh m%;sl%shdfõ il%shk Yla;sh blaujd ;sìh hq;= h' tn`ÿ
ix>Ügk iM, ix>Ügk hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'
iM, ix>Ügk ixLHdj uq`M ix>Ügk ixLHdjg iudkqmd;sl jk w;r iM, ix>Ügk ixLHdfõ jeä ùu;a
iu`. m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj jeä fõ'

m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh i|yd úúO idOl j, n,mEu ix>Ügk jdohg wkqj meyeÈ,s lsÍu

1. idkaøKh
idkaøKh jeä lsÍfï § talSh mßudjla ;=< we;s m%;sls%hl wKq .Kk jeä fõ' túg tall ld,hla ;=< isÿjk
iuia; .egqï .Kk jeä ùfuka iiïNdù f,i iM, .egqï iS>%;djh o by< hhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i m%;sls%hd
iS>%;djh o by< hhs'

2. mSvkh
jdhquh moaO;shl we;s jdhqjla mSvkh jeä ùfï § P = cRT wkqj, tys idkaøKh by< hhs' túg by; lS mßÈ
m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh by< hhs'

11
 3. WIaK;ajh
WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍfï § ´kEu m%;sls%hdjl iS>%;djh jeä fõ'
Bg fya;=j WIaK;jh jeä lSÍfï §,
① m%;sls%hl wKqj, p,s; fõ.h jeä jk ksid tall ld,hla ;=< isÿjk .egqï .Kk jeä fõ' túg iiïNdù
f,i iM, .egqï .Kk o by< [Link] m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh jeä fõ'

② isÿjk .egqï i|yd iyNd.S jk m%;sls%hl wKqj, Yla;sh o by< neúka tajdg ils%hk Yla;sh wNsnjd
hdug we;s wjia:dj by< hhs' túg m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh o by< hhs'

4. fN!;sl iajNdjh
m%;sls%hl wKqj, .egqï isÿúh yels mDIaG j¾.M,h jeäjk úg m%;sls%hd iS>%;djh jeä fõ'

5. ødjlfha iajNdjh
ÿiai%dù;djfhka by< ødjlj, wKqj, p,k fõ.hka wvqjk neúka .egqï iS>%;djh wvq ùu ksid m%;sls%hd
iS>%;djh o wvq fõ'

6. W;afm%arl
W;afm%arlhla hkq,
Y=oaO ridhksl úm¾hdihlg Ndckh fkdfjñka m%;sl%shdjl fõ.h jeä lrk øjHhls'
th W;afm%aß; fkd jQ m%;sl%shdfõ fifuka isÿ jk fõ. ks¾K mshjr u`.yßñka m%;sl%shdjg wvq il%shk Yla;sfhka
hq;a úl,am ud¾.hla imhñka (m%;sl%shdfõ il%shk Yla;sh wvq fkdlrhs) l%shd;aul jk w;r" tkhska ta WIaK;ajfha
§ u jeä m%;sl%shd iS>%;djla olajhs'
iucd;Sh yd úIucd;Sh hkqfjka uQ,l
s jYfhka W;afm%arl foj¾.hls'
idudkHfhka W;afm%arl ndysr øjH fõ' tfy;a" iuyr úg m%;sl%shdfõ § iEfok M,hlg W;afm%arlhla f,i l%shd
l< yels h' tjekaklg iajhx W;afm%arlhla hehs lshkq ,nk w;r" tu ixisoaêh iajhx W;afm%arKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
W;afm%arl fhoSu u`.ska m%;sl%shdjl ;dm ridhksl o;a;, iu;=,;
s ;d ksh; fjkia fkdfõ' m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;dj, iS>%;d
ksh;h iy hdka;%Kh muKla fjkia fõ'
W;afm%arlhla iys;j isÿ jk m%;sl%shdjl § we;eï úg m%;sl%shlj, idKaøKfha jeä ùu m%;sl%shd fõ.h jeä
fkdlsÍug bv we;'
ksoiqkla f,i" ødjK udOHfha by< idkaøKhlska hq;a m%;sl%shl iys;j isÿ jk m%;sl%shdjla u" ishqïj l=vq lrk
,o >k W;afm%arlhl w,am m%udKhla fhdod isÿ lrk úg W;afm%arl mDIaGh iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;sl%shl wxY=j,ska
jeiS hhs' fuúg W;afm%arlh tys Wmßu YlH;djfhka l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk neúka ødjK idkaøKh ;jÿrg;a
jeä lsÍu m%;sl%shd fõ.h flfrys n,mEula fkd lrhs'

𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐋 POINTS

12
m%;sls%hd hdka;%Kh

´kE u ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl § nkaOk ì`§u yd kj nkaOk iE§u isÿfjhs'

idudkHfhka nkaOk ì`§u, ;ekSu yd m%;sixúOdkh ùu ixlS¾K jk w;r ;ks mshjrlska isÿ ùug ;rï ir,
fkdfõ'
tla mshjrlska muKla isÿ jk ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla ;ks mshjr m%;sls%hdjla fyj;a uQ,sl m%;sl%shdjla hkqfjka
ye`Èkafõ'
mshjr follska fyda jeä .Kklska wkql%ñlj isÿ jk ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla nyq mshjr m%;sl%shdjla fyj;a ixlS¾K
m%;sl%shdjla hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'
nyq mshjr m%;sl%shdjla isÿ jk mshjr wkql%uhg m%;sl%shd hka;%Kh hehs lshkq ,efí' hka;%Khl tla tla mshjr
uQ,sl m%;sl%shdjla fõ'
nyq mshjr m%;sls%hdjl,
tla mshrjl § iE§ miq mshjrl § jeh jk úfYaIhla w;rueÈhla kï fõ'
tla mshjrl § Ndú;d ù miq mshjrl § mqk¾ckkh jk úfYaIhla W;afm%arlhla kï fõ'
´kE u m%;sl%shdjl hdka;%Kh mÍlaIKd;aulj ks¾Kh l< hq;= h'

m%;sls%hdjl wKql;djh yd fm<

m%;sl%shdj isÿ ùug wjYH m%;sl%shlfha$m%;sl%shlj, wju wKq" mrudKq fyda whk ixLHdj f,i uQ,l
s m%;sl%shdjl
wKql;dj w¾: oelafõ'
th m%;sl%shdjg wod< ridhksl iólrKfha m%;sl%shlj, iafgdhslsfhdñ;sl ix.=Klj, ftlHhg iudk h'
wKql;dj hkq ffioaOdka;sl ixl,amhls' th Y+kH" RK" [Link]" wkka; fyda l,ams; úh fkdyelsh'
uQ,l
s m%;sl%shdjl wKql;djh, m%;sl%shd fm<g iudk fõ'
nyq mshjr m%;sl%shdjl fõ.h ks¾Kh lrkafka fifuka u isÿ jk mshjrhss' th fõ. ks¾K mshjr fõ'

uQ,sl m%;sl%shd i`oyd WodyrK -

1. wï,-Niau m%;sl%shd fndfyda úg isÿjkafka ;ks mshjrlsks'

H3O+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) → H2O (l) + NH4+ (aq)

2. N2O4 ys úfhdackh nkaOk ì`§fï ;ks mshjrls'

N2O4 → 2 NO2

3.

13
 nyq mshjr m%;sl%shd i`oyd WodyrK -

1. O3 j, ú>gkh

1 mshjr : O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O (g)

2 mshjr : O3 (g) + O (g) → 2O2 (g)
iuia; m%;sl%shdj : 2O3 (g) → 3O2 (g)

2. I − yuqfõ H2O2 j, ú>gkh

1 mshjr : H2O2 (aq) + I − (aq) → IO− (aq) + H2O (l)

2 mshjr : H2O2 (aq) + IO− (aq) → I − (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g)
iuia; m%;sl%shdj : 2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

3.

hdka;%Kh weiqßka m%;sl%shdjl fõ. kshuh ks¾Kh lsÍu

nyq mshjr m%;sls%hdjl, w;rueÈ fyda W;afm%arl, iuia; m%;sls%hd fõ. kshufhys we;=<;a fkdfõ'

WodyrK .eg¨

1) 2A(g) + B(g) D(g) + 2E(g) hk m%;sls%hdj my; mshjr fol Tiafia isÿ fõ'
A(g) + B(g) D(g) + X(g) (fiñka)
X(g) + A(g) 2E(g) (fõ.fhka)
m%;sls%hdjg wod< iS>%;d iólrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'

14
2) P(g) + 3Q (g) R (g) + 2S(g) hk m%;sls%hdj my; mshjr fol Tiafia isÿ fõ'
P(g) + 2Q (g) A(g) + S(g) (fiñka)
A(g) + Q (g) R (g) + S(g) (fõ.fhka)
m%;sls%hdjg wod< iS>%;d iólrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'

3) 2A(g) + B(g) C(g) hk m%;sls%hdj my; wdldrfha hdka;%Khlska isÿjk nj i,ld m%;sls%hdjg wod< iS>%;d
iólrKh fokak'
A(g) + B(g) X(g) (fõ.fhka)
A(g) + X(g) C(g) (fiñka)

4) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) hk m%;sls%hdj my; wdldrfha hdka;%Khlska isÿjk nj i,ld m%;sls%hdjg wod< iS>%;d
iólrKh fokak'
I2(g) 2I(g) (fõ.fhka)
2I(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g) (fiñka)

15
 ñY% .eg¨

1) 3A (g) + B (g) D (g) + 2C (g) hk m%;sl%shdj my; mßÈ mshjr 2 lska isÿ fõ'
A (g) + B (g) D (g) + X (g) ^fiñka& ∆H = (—)
X (g) + 2A (g) 2C (g) ^fõ.fhka& ∆H = (—)

i. m%;sl%shdjg iS>%;d iólrKh fokak'

ii. fuu mshjrhka iqÿiq Yla;s uÜgï igykl we`o olajkak'
iii. Q (s) kï W;afm%arlh fh¥ úg fuys hdka;%Khg my; mßÈ fjkia fõ'

Q (s) + B (g) R (g) ^fiñka& ∆H = (—)

R (g) + 3A (g) D (g) + 2C (g) + Q (s) ^fõ.fhka& ∆H = (—)

fuu f;dr;=re u; m%;sl%shdjg kj iS>%;d iólrKh ,shd olajd ta weiqßka wod, f;dr;=re by; Yla;s uÜgï igyfkau
we`o olajkak'

2) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ; ∆H < 0 hk m%;sls%hdj i|yd my; hdka;%Kg fhdackd lr we;' iuia; m%;sls%hdfõ
2
fõ. m%ldYkh R = K[NO2(g) ] [O2(g) ] f,i olajd we;'

I. mshjr – NO(g) + O2(g) NO3(g) fõ.fhka isÿfõ' idkaøKfha iu;=,s;;d ksh;h K c fõ'
II. mshjr – NO3(g) + NO(g) 2NO2(g) fifuka isÿfõ' iS>%;d ksh;h K 2 fõ'

i. m%;sls%hdfõ hdka;%Kh § we;s fõ. m%ldYkh yd tlÕjk nj ikd: lrkak' (hdka;%Kh weiqßka § we;s fõ.
m%ldYkh ,[Link]')
ii. by; m%;sls%hdj i|yd Yla;s me;slv w|skak' I mshjfrys yd 2 mshjfrys ixl%uK wjia:d ms<sfj<ska TS – I yd
TS – II f,iska olajkak'
iii. moaO;sh ;=< [NO(g) ], [NO3(g) ] iy [NO2 ] idkaøK ld,h;a iuÕ úp,kh jk wdldrh m%id:dßlj lgq igyka
lrkak'
iv. tla;rd wjia:djl § by; m%;sls%hdfõ wdrïNl iS>%;djh 6.4 × 10−3 moldm−3 s −1 fõ' tu wjia:dfõ § NO(g) yd
O2(g) j, idkaøK ms<sfj<ska 0.4 moldm−3 yd 0.2 moldm−3 úh' m%;sls%hdfõ iS>%;d ksh;h fidhkak'

16
 Pat Paper Structured Essay

2015A/L

a) wdrïNl iS>%;d uekSfuka my; m%;sl%shdfõ pd,lh wOHhkh l< yel'

A (aq) + 5B (aq) + 6C (aq) 3D (aq) + 3E (aq)

A , B iy C ys wdrïNl idkaøKh fjkia lrñka § we;s WIaK;ajhl § isÿ lrk ,o mÍlaIK y;rl my; j.=fõ
úia;r lr we;' ld,h ( t/s ) iu. A ys idkaøKfha fjki [∆A]0 uek we;'

mÍlaIKh [A]0 [B]0 [C]0 [∆A]0 t/s wdrïNl iS>%;dj

mol dm―3 mol dm―3 mol dm―3 mol dm―3 (R) / mol dm―3 S―1

1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.040 50 R1 = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.096 60 R2 = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.128 40 R3 = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.080 25 R4 = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

i. wdrïNl iS>%;djhka R1 , R2 , R3 iy R4 .Kkh lr j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ii. A , B iy C hk tla tla m%;sl%shlhg idfmalaIj fm< ms<sfj,ska a , b iy c f,i yd fõ. ksh;h k f,i o f.k
a , b iy c .Kkh lr" tu [Link] Ndú;fhka m%;sl%shdj i`oyd fõ. m%ldYkh ,shd olajkak'

iii. m%;sl%shdfõ iïu; fm< i`oyka lrkak'

iv. m%;sl%shdfõ fõ. ksh;h k .Kkh lrkak'

17
 b)
I.
i. ;j;a mÍlaIKhl § idkaøKh [A]0 = 1.0 x 10―3 mol dm―3 , [B]0 = 1.0 mol dm―3 iy [C]0 = 2.0 mol dm―3

fõ kï " m%;sl%shdj i`oyd fõ. m%ldYkh" fõ.h (Rate) = k1[A]1 f,i ±laúh yels nj fmkajkak' ^ k1 hkq
fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a § m%;sl%shdfõ fõ. ksh;h fõ'&

ii. by; I ys i`oyka m%ldYkh jHq;amkak lsÍfï§ Ndú;d l< Wml,amk^h& i`oyka lrkak'

II. by; (b) (i) mÍlaIKfha § A ys idkaøKh [A] ld,h (t) iu`. my; olajd we;s iólrKhg wkqj fjkia fõ'
2.303 log[A] = - k’t + 2.303 log [A]0 ([A]0 hkq A ys wdrïNl idkaøKh fõ')
m%;sl%shdfõ w¾O cSj ld,h (t ½ ) , 0.693 / k’ [Link] fokq ,nk nj fmkajd " by; (a) (iv) iy (b) (i) ys o;a;
Ndú; fldg t ½ .Kkh lrkak'

2016 A/L
a) 227℃ ys oS A jdhqfjka ujq, 0.010 la f¾pkh lrk ,o 1.0 dm3 ixjD; oDV Ndckhla ;=< >k W;afm%arlhl
iaj,am m%udKhla yuqfõ ;enQ úg th my; ±lafjk wdldrhg úfhdackh fõ'
A (g) B (g) + C (g)
A (g) ys idkaøKh ld,h;a iu. uksk ,§' m%;sM, my; ±lafjk m%ia:drfha fmkajd we;'

18
 i. m%;sl%shdfõ fm< iy iS>%;d ksh;h ms<sj,ska a iy k f,i .ksñka by; m%;sl%shdj i`oyd iS>%;d m%ldYkh ,shkak'

ii. fya;= olajñka a ys w.h kS¾Kh lrkak'

iii. 227℃ ys § iS>%;d ksh;h k .Kkh lrkak'

iv. wdrïNfha § mej;s A (g) ys m%udKfhka wvla úfhdackh ù we;s úg Ndckh ;=< mSvkh .Kkh lrkak'
W;afm%arlfhys mßudj fkdi,ld yeßh yels nj Wml,am kh lrkak'

19
b) >k W;afm%arlhla yuqfõ X jdhqj my; ±lafjk ridhksl iólrKh wkqj úfhdackh fõ'
W;afm%arlh
X (g) 2Y (g) + Z (g)
∆

f¾pkh lrk ,o Ndckhla ;=<g X jdhqfjka ujq, 1.0 la we;=<;a lrk ,§' jdhqfõ wdrïNl mßudj V0 f,i uek
we;' W;afm%arlfhka l=vd m%udKhla ^ mßudj fkdi,ld yeßh yel & we;=<;a lsÍfuka m%;sl%shdj wdrïN lrk ,§'
W;afm%arKh lrk ,o m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;d ksh;h k1 iy X g idfmalaIj m%;sl%shdfõ fm< b fõ' m%;sl%shdfõ wdrïNl
iS>%;djh R0 f,i uek we;' Ndckh m%idrKh ùug bv yeÍfuka moaO;sfha mSvk ksh; [Link] mj;ajd .kakd ,§'
moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh o ksh; [Link] mj;ajd .kakd ,§'

I. b , k1 iy V0 mo wkqidrfhka R0 i`oyd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'

II. X (g) ys 50% l m%udKhla jeh jQ úg m%;sl%shdj isÿjk Ndckfha mßudj fo.=K jQ nj iy m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;djh
0.25 R0 jQ nj ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' m%;sl%shdfõ fm< b .Kkh lrkak'

20