🌈 Light & Rainbows
- Refraction
- Concept: Bending of light when it changes speed moving between mediums.
- Example: Straw in water looks bent.
- Exam use: Explains why rainbows form and why lenses work.
- Dispersion
- Concept: Splitting of white light into colours because each wavelength refracts
differently.
- Example: Prism creating a rainbow spectrum.
- Exam use: “Which colour bends most?” → Violet.
- Reflection
- Concept: Light bouncing off a surface.
- Law: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
- Example: Mirrors, shiny surfaces.
- Exam use: Ray diagram questions.
- Conduction
- Concept: Transfer of heat/electricity through particles.
- Example: Metal spoon heating in hot tea.
- Exam use: Different from light phenomena — often asked in comparison.
🔬 Newton’s Discovery & Spectrum
- Spectrum
- Concept: Range of colours in white light (ROYGBIV).
- Example: Rainbow in sky.
- Exam use: “Name the seven colours in order.”
- Prism
- Concept: Triangular glass block that refracts and disperses light.
- Example: Newton’s prism experiment.
- Exam use: Diagram-based questions.
- Triangular
- Concept: Shape of prism that allows dispersion.
- Exam use: “Why triangular prism?” → Different angles cause separation of colours.
💡 Refraction
- Medium
- Concept: Substance light travels through (air, water, glass).
- Exam use: “Which medium slows light most?” → Glass.
- Incident ray
- Concept: Incoming ray of light.
- Exam use: Must be drawn with arrow in ray diagrams.
- Refracted ray
- Concept: Bent ray after entering new medium.
- Exam use: Always bends towards normal when slowing down.
- Normal
- Concept: Imaginary line perpendicular to surface.
- Exam use: Used to measure angles.
- Angle of incidence (I)
- Concept: Angle between incident ray and normal.
- Angle of refraction (r)
- Concept: Angle between refracted ray and normal.
👓 Lenses
- Lens
- Concept: Curved glass designed to refract light in a controlled way.
- Types: Convex (converging), concave (diverging).
- Examples: Eyeglasses, cameras, human eye.
- Exam use: “Which lens corrects short-sight?” → Concave.
Reflection
- Plane mirror – flat mirror giving upright reflection.
- Law of reflection – angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
- Incident ray / Reflected ray / Normal – all parts of ray diagrams.
- Exam use: “Draw ray diagram showing reflection in mirror.”
🎈 Pressure in Gases
- Particles – tiny matter units moving randomly.
- Collisions – particles hitting walls cause pressure.
- Pressure – force per unit area.
- Example: Balloon expands when air added.
- Exam use: “Why does tyre burst when overfilled?” → Too much pressure.
🌍 Atmospheric Pressure
- Atmospheric pressure – weight of air above us.
- Altitude – higher altitude = lower pressure.
- Density – fewer particles at high altitude.
- Example: Container crushed when air pumped out.
- Exam use: “Why do mountaineers carry oxygen?” → Low pressure at high altitude.
💧 Pressure in Liquids
- Gravity – pulls liquid down.
- Depth – deeper = more pressure.
- Liquid particles – pressure equal in all directions.
- Example: Dam wall thicker at bottom.
- Exam use: “Why water jet stronger at bottom of dam?”
✂️ Pressure & Surface Area
- Force – push/pull.
- Area – surface over which force acts.
- Pressure – increases with more force or smaller area.
- Examples: Sharp knife, camel’s feet, bed of nails.
- Exam use: “Why do camels not sink in sand?”
🔧 Moment (Torque)
- Distance – from pivot to force.
- Pivot – fixed rotation point.
- Force – push/pull in newtons.
- Moment – turning effect.
- Newton (N) – unit of force.
- Nm (Newton metre) – unit of moment.
- Example: Door handle far from hinges increases moment.
- Exam use: “Calculate moment of 35 N force at 0.8 m.” → 28 Nm.
Balancing (Seesaw Example)
- Lever – simple machine rotating around pivot.
- Moment – turning effect.
- Balanced – when clockwise = anticlockwise moments.
- Example: Seesaw balances when heavier child sits closer to pivot.
- Exam use: “600 N child at 2 m, 400 N child must sit at 3 m.”
FULL TOPIC SUMMARY🔦 Light
- Light travels in straight lines and can be reflected, refracted, or dispersed.
- Reflection follows the law: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
- Refraction happens when light changes speed in different mediums (air, water, glass).
- Dispersion splits white light into a spectrum of colours using a prism.
- Lenses use refraction to focus or spread light — used in eyes, cameras, glasses.
🌀 Forces and Motion
- Balanced forces mean no change in motion; unbalanced forces cause movement or
change in speed.
- Gravity pulls objects down; friction resists motion.
- Force diagrams use arrows to show direction and size of forces.
- Moments (turning effects) depend on force × distance from pivot.
- Levers rotate around a pivot; balance happens when moments are equal.
💨 Pressure
- Gas pressure comes from particles colliding with container walls.
- Liquid pressure increases with depth due to the weight of liquid above.
- Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude because air becomes less dense.
- Surface area affects pressure: small area = high pressure, large area = low pressure.
🚗 Speed and Graphs
- Speed = distance ÷ time
- Units: m/s (scientific), km/h (everyday use)
- Distance/time graphs show movement trends: upward slope = moving, flat line =
stationary, downward slope = returning.
ORANGE WORDS & MEANINGS
| Word | Meaning | Example / Use |
|---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------
-------------------------------------------|
| Refraction | Bending of light when it changes speed in a new medium | Straw
looks bent in water |
| Dispersion | Splitting of white light into colours | Prism creating a
rainbow |
| Reflection | Bouncing of light off a surface | Mirror image
|
| Conduction | Transfer of heat or electricity through a material | Metal spoon
heating in tea |
| Spectrum | Range of colours in white light (ROYGBIV) | Rainbow or
prism experiment |
| Prism | Triangular glass block that splits light | Newton’s light
experiment |
| Triangular | Shape of the prism used for dispersion | Prism geometry
|
| Medium | Substance light travels through (air, water, glass) | Light slows in
glass |
| Incident ray | Incoming ray of light | Hits mirror or glass
|
| Refracted ray | Bent ray after entering a new medium | Bends toward
normal |
| Normal | Imaginary line perpendicular to surface | Used to measure
angles |
| Angle of incidence | Angle between incident ray and normal | Measured
with protractor |
| Angle of refraction | Angle between refracted ray and normal | Shows
bending amount |
| Lens | Curved glass that refracts light | Eyeglasses, cameras
|
| Plane mirror | Flat mirror giving upright reflection | Bathroom mirror
|
| Particles | Tiny units of matter moving randomly | Gas particles in
balloon |
| Collisions | Particles hitting each other or container walls | Cause
pressure |
| Pressure | Force per unit area | Balloon inflates with more
air |
| Altitude | Height above sea level | Higher altitude = lower
pressure |
| Density | How tightly packed particles are | Dense air = more
pressure |
| Gravity | Force pulling objects toward Earth | Water pressure
increases with depth |
| Depth | Distance below surface | Deeper water = more
pressure |
| Force | Push or pull acting on an object | Measured in newtons
|
| Area | Surface over which force is spread | Smaller area = higher
pressure |
| Distance | Length from pivot to where force acts | Longer lever =
more turning effect |
| Pivot | Fixed point around which rotation happens | Centre of seesaw
|
| Moment | Turning effect of force | Moment = force × distance
|
| Newton | Unit of force | 1 N = force to move 1 kg at 1
m/s² |
| Nm (Newton metre) | Unit of moment (force × distance) | 600 N × 2 m =
1200 Nm |
| Lever | Simple machine that rotates around a pivot | Seesaw, door
handle |
| Balanced | Equal and opposite moments or forces | Seesaw not
moving |
| Unbalanced | Forces or moments that cause movement | Rock
pushed by wind |
| Speed | How fast something moves | Speed = distance ÷
time |
| m/s | Metres per second — scientific unit of speed | 5 m/s = 5 metres
every second |
| km/h | Kilometres per hour — everyday unit of speed | Car speed = 60
km/h |
| Distance/time graph | Graph showing how distance changes over time |
Upward slope = moving, flat = stationary |
| Stationary | Not moving | Flat line on graph
|
| Rest | Another word for stationary | Object at rest = speed is
zero |
| Resultant force | Net force after combining all forces | Rock moves if
resultant force is not zero |
| Friction | Force resisting motion | Keeps rock from sliding
|
| Air resistance | Force pushing against falling object | Slows parachute
fall |
| Weight | Force due to gravity | Pulls object downward
Formula : Pressure= force ÷area Force=pressure ×area
Area=force ÷ pressure (N/cm2)
Speed =distance÷time time=distance ÷speed distance
=speed×time (m/s) or( km/hour)
Moment= force×distance distance=moment÷force force =
monent÷dstance (Nm)