2OO DEFINITION TERM RELATED IN MATHEMATICS: FINAL PROJECT
1 Integer Numbers that include positive whole numbers, negative whole
numbers, and zero; no fractions or decimals.
2 Whole Number Non-negative counting numbers starting from zero (0, 1, 2,
3, …); no negatives included.
3 Counting Number Natural numbers used for enumeration (1, 2, 3, …); does
not include zero.
4 Rational Number Any number that can be written as a fraction of two
integers, where the denominator is not zero (e.g., ¾, 5, -2.25).
5 Irrational Number A number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction;
has non-terminating, non-repeating decimal digits (e.g., √3, π).
6 Real Number All numbers that are either rational or irrational; includes
every number on the number line.
7 Positive Number A number greater than zero; lies to the right of zero on the
number line.
8 Negative Number A number less than zero; lies to the left of zero on the
number line.
9 Absolute Value The distance of a number from zero on the number line;
always non-negative (written as
10 Additive Inverse A number that when added to the original number results
in zero (e.g., -5 is the additive inverse of 5).
11 Multiplicative Inverse A number that when multiplied by the original
number results in 1 (e.g., ¼ is the inverse of 4); also called reciprocal.
12 Sum The result obtained when two or more numbers are added together.
13 Difference The result obtained when one number is subtracted from
another.
14 Product The result obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied
together.
15 Quotient The result obtained when one number is divided by another
(provided the divisor is not zero).
16 Factor A number that divides another number exactly without leaving a
remainder (e.g., 2 and 3 are factors of 6).
17 Multiple The product of a given number and any integer (e.g., 10, 15, 20
are multiples of 5).
18 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) The largest number that divides two or
more numbers without leaving a remainder.
19 Least Common Multiple (LCM) The smallest positive number that is a
multiple of two or more given numbers.
20 Fraction A number representing part of a whole, written as a numerator
over a denominator (e.g., 2/5).
21 Numerator The top number in a fraction; tells how many parts are being
considered.
22 Denominator The bottom number in a fraction; tells how many equal
parts the whole is divided into.
23 Proper Fraction A fraction where the numerator is smaller than the
denominator (e.g., 3/7).
24 Improper Fraction A fraction where the numerator is equal to or larger
than the denominator (e.g., 9/4).
25 Mixed Number A number that combines a whole number and a proper
fraction (e.g., 2 1/3).
26 Equivalent Fractions Fractions that represent the same value even though
they look different (e.g., ½ and 2/4).
27 Simplest Form A fraction where the numerator and denominator have no
common factors other than 1.
28 Decimal A number with a whole number part and a fractional part
separated by a decimal point (e.g., 3.6).
29 Terminating Decimal A decimal that ends after a finite number of digits
(e.g., 0.25).
30 Repeating Decimal A decimal where one or more digits repeat infinitely
(e.g., 0.333…).
31 Percent A ratio or fraction expressed as a part of 100; denoted by the
symbol %.
32 Ratio A comparison of two quantities by division (e.g., 3:4 or ¾).
33 Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equal (e.g., 2/3 = 4/6).
34 Rate A ratio that compares two quantities with different units (e.g., 60
kilometers per hour).
35 Unit Rate A rate where the second quantity is 1 unit (e.g., $2 per apple).
36 Variable A symbol (usually a letter) that represents an unknown quantity
(e.g., x in 2x + 5).
37 Constant A quantity that has a fixed value and does not change (e.g., 7 in
3y + 7).
38 Algebraic Expression A combination of variables, constants, and
operations (e.g., 4x – 3).
39 Term A single part of an expression, which can be a number, variable, or
product of both (e.g., 5a is a term in 5a + 2b).
40 Coefficient The numerical factor of a term with a variable (e.g., 6 in 6x).
41 Constant Term A term without a variable; has a fixed value (e.g., 9 in 2m
+ 9).
42 Like Terms Terms that have the same variables raised to the same powers
(e.g., 3x and 5x).
43 Unlike Terms Terms that have different variables or the same variables
raised to different powers (e.g., 2x and 3y).
44 Linear Expression An expression where the highest power of the variable
is 1 (e.g., 7n + 2).
45 Equation A mathematical statement that two expressions are equal (e.g.,
3x + 1 = 10).
46 Solution A value that makes an equation true when substituted for the
variable.
47 Inequality A mathematical statement that two expressions are not equal;
uses symbols like <, >, ≤, ≥ (e.g., 2x – 5 > 3).
48 Number Line A straight line on which numbers are marked at intervals,
used to represent numbers visually.
49 Set A well-defined collection of distinct objects or numbers (e.g., the set
of even numbers).
50 Element A member of a set (e.g., 4 is an element of the set of even
numbers).
51 Plane Figure A two-dimensional shape that lies entirely on a flat surface
(e.g., triangle, circle).
52 Solid Figure A three-dimensional shape with length, width, and height
(e.g., cube, sphere).
53 Polygon A closed plane figure with straight sides (e.g., pentagon,
octagon).
54 Triangle A polygon with 3 sides and 3 angles.
55 Quadrilateral A polygon with 4 sides and 4 angles.
56 Pentagon A polygon with 5 sides and 5 angles.
57 Hexagon A polygon with 6 sides and 6 angles.
58 Heptagon A polygon with 7 sides and 7 angles.
59 Octagon A polygon with 8 sides and 8 angles.
60 Convex Polygon A polygon where all interior angles are less than 180°,
and no sides point inward.
61 Concave Polygon A polygon with at least one interior angle greater than
180°, causing a “dent” in the shape.
62 Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal and all angles equal (e.g.,
square, equilateral triangle).
63 Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides of different lengths or angles of
different measures.
64 Side A straight line segment that forms part of a polygon or shape.
65 Vertex The point where two or more sides of a shape meet (plural:
vertices).
66 Angle Formed by two rays with a common endpoint called the vertex;
measured in degrees.
67 Acute Angle An angle that measures less than 90°.
68 Right Angle An angle that measures exactly 90°; forms a square corner.
69 Obtuse Angle An angle that measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
70 Straight Angle An angle that measures exactly 180°; forms a straight line.
71 Reflex Angle An angle that measures more than 180° but less than 360°.
72 Complementary Angles Two angles whose measures add up to 90°.
73 Supplementary Angles Two angles whose measures add up to 180°.
74 Vertical Angles A pair of opposite angles formed by intersecting lines;
they are equal in measure.
75 Adjacent Angles Angles that share a common vertex and side but do not
overlap.
76 Linear Pair A pair of adjacent angles that form a straight line; their
measures add up to 180°.
77 Parallel Lines Lines in the same plane that never intersect and are always
the same distance apart.
78 Perpendicular Lines Lines that intersect at a right angle (90°).
79 Transversal A line that crosses two or more other lines at different points.
80 Corresponding Angles Angles that lie in the same position relative to the
transversal and the lines it crosses; equal if lines are parallel.
81 Alternate Interior Angles Angles that lie between the two lines and on
opposite sides of the transversal; equal if lines are parallel.
82 Alternate Exterior Angles Angles that lie outside the two lines and on
opposite sides of the transversal; equal if lines are parallel.
83 Same-Side Interior Angles Angles that lie between the two lines and on
the same side of the transversal; supplementary if lines are parallel.
84 Perimeter The total distance around the edge of a plane figure.
85 Area The amount of space inside a plane figure; measured in square
units.
86 Base A side or face of a shape to which a height is drawn; used to
calculate area or volume.
87 Height The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite side or
vertex of a shape.
88 Square A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.
89 Rectangle A quadrilateral with four right angles and opposite sides equal
and parallel.
90 Parallelogram A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel
and equal.
91 Rhombus A parallelogram with four equal sides; opposite angles are
equal.
92 Trapezoid A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
93 Kite A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length.
94 Circle A closed plane figure where all points are the same distance from a
fixed center point.
95 Radius The distance from the center of a circle to any point on its edge
(plural: radii).
96 Diameter A straight line passing through the center of a circle, connecting
two points on the edge; twice the radius.
97 Circumference The distance around the edge of a circle.
98 Pi (π) A constant approximately equal to 3.14159; the ratio of a circle’s
circumference to its diameter.
99 Chord A straight line connecting two points on a circle (the diameter is
the longest chord).
100 Arc A portion of the circumference of a circle.
GRADE 8: ALGEBRA & GEOMETRY
# TERM DEFINITION
101 Exponent A number that tells how many times a base is multiplied by
itself (e.g., 3 in 2³).
102 Base The number that is raised to a power in an exponential expression
(e.g., 2 in 2³).
103 Power The result of raising a base to an exponent; also used to describe
the expression itself (e.g., 8 is the 3rd power of 2).
104 Scientific Notation A way to write very large or very small numbers as a
product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 (e.g., 5.2 × 10⁴).
105 Radical Symbol The symbol √ used to denote a root of a number.
106 Radicand The number under the radical symbol (e.g., 16 in √16).
107 Index The small number to the left of the radical symbol that indicates
the root being taken (e.g., 3 in ∛8 means cube root).
108 Square Root A number that when multiplied by itself gives the original
number (e.g., 5 is the square root of 25).
109 Cube Root A number that when multiplied by itself three times gives the
original number (e.g., 2 is the cube root of 8).
110 Perfect Square A number whose square root is an integer (e.g., 36 is a
perfect square because √36 = 6).
111 Perfect Cube A number whose cube root is an integer (e.g., 64 is a
perfect cube because ∛64 = 4).
112 Polynomial An algebraic expression with one or more terms (e.g., 3x² +
2x – 5).
113 Monomial A polynomial with only one term (e.g., 4y³).
114 Binomial A polynomial with exactly two terms (e.g., 2x + 7).
115 Trinomial A polynomial with exactly three terms (e.g., x² - 5x + 6).
116 Degree of a Polynomial The highest power of the variable in the
polynomial (e.g., degree 3 for 2x³ + 4x).
117 Leading Term The term with the highest degree in a polynomial (e.g., 5x⁴
in 5x⁴ - 3x² + 1).
118 Leading Coefficient The numerical coefficient of the leading term (e.g., 5
in 5x⁴ - 3x² + 1).119 Polynomial Addition Combining like terms of two or
more polynomials to get a new polynomial.
120 Polynomial Subtraction Subtracting the terms of one polynomial from
another by distributing the negative sign and combining like terms.
121 Polynomial Multiplication Multiplying each term
| 121 | Polynomial Multiplication | Multiplying each term of one polynomial by
each term of another and combining like terms.
| 122 | FOIL Method | A technique for multiplying two binomials: multiply First
terms, Outer terms, Inner terms, Last terms, then combine like terms.
| 123 | Factoring | Rewriting a polynomial as a product of simpler expressions
(e.g., x² - 4 = (x-2)(x+2)). |
| 124 | Greatest Common Monomial Factor (GCMF) | The largest monomial
that divides each term of a polynomial evenly. |
| 125 | Difference of Two Squares | A polynomial of the form a² - b², which
factors into (a – b)(a + b). |
| 126 | Perfect Square Trinomial | A trinomial that is the square of a binomial
(e.g., x² + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)²). |
| 127 | Quadratic Expression | A polynomial of degree 2 (e.g., 3x² - 2x + 4). |
| 128 | Linear Equation in One Variable | An equation with one variable where
the highest power is 1 (e.g., 4x – 1 = 11). |
| 129 | Linear Equation in Two Variables | An equation of the form Ax + By =
C, where A and B are not both zero (e.g., 2x + 3y = 6). |
| 130 | Slope | A measure of the steepness of a line; calculated as rise over
run (change in y divided by change in x). |
| 131 | Y-Intercept | The point where a line crosses the y-axis; has an x-
coordinate of 0 (written as (0, b)). |
| 132 | X-Intercept | The point where a line crosses the x-axis; has a y-
coordinate of 0 (written as (a, 0)). |
| 133 | Slope-Intercept Form | The equation of a line written as y = mx + b,
where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. |
| 134 | Standard Form | The equation of a line written as Ax + By = C, where
A, B, and C are integers and A is non-negative. |
| 135 | Point-Slope Form | The equation of a line written as y – y₁ = m(x – x₁),
where m is the slope and (x₁, y₁) is a point on the line. |
| 136 | System of Linear Equations | A set of two or more linear equations
with the same variables (e.g., 2x + y = 5; x – y = 1). |
| 137 | Consistent System | A system of equations that has at least one
solution. |
| 138 | Inconsistent System | A system of equations that has no solution
(lines are parallel and never intersect). |
| 139 | Dependent System | A system of equations that has infinitely many
solutions (lines are the same). |
| 140 | Independent System | A system of equations that has exactly one
solution (lines intersect at one point). |
| 141 | Solution of a System | An ordered pair (x, y) that makes all equations
in the system true. |
| 142 | Substitution Method | A way to solve a system by solving one
equation for a variable and substituting it into the other equation. |
| 143 | Elimination Method | A way to solve a system by adding or subtracting
equations to eliminate one variable. |
| 144 | Function | A relation where each input (x-value) has exactly one
output (y-value). |
| 145 | Domain | The set of all possible input values (x-values) for a function.
|
| 146 | Range | The set of all possible output values (y-values) for a function.
|
| 147 | Linear Function | A function whose graph is a straight line; can be
written as f(x) = mx + b. |
| 148 | Scatter Plot | A graph that uses dots to show the relationship between
two sets of data. |
| 149 | Correlation | A measure of how closely two sets of data are related. |
| 150 | Positive Correlation | A relationship where as one variable increases,
the other also increases. |
| 151 | Negative Correlation | A relationship where as one variable increases,
the other decreases. |
| 152 | No Correlation | A relationship where there is no clear pattern
between the variables. |
| 153 | Similar Figures | Figures with the same shape but different sizes;
corresponding angles are equal and sides are proportional. |
| 154 | Congruent Figures | Figures that are exactly the same in shape and
size; all corresponding sides and angles are equal. |
| 155 | Scale Factor | The ratio of corresponding side lengths of similar
figures. |
| 156 | Pythagorean Theorem | For a right triangle, the sum of the squares of
the legs equals the square of the hypotenuse (a² + b² = c²). |
| 157 | Hypotenuse | The longest side of a right triangle, opposite the right
angle. |
| 158 | Leg | Either of the two shorter sides of a right triangle, which form the
right angle. |
| 159 | Volume | The amount of space inside a solid figure; measured in cubic
units. |
| 160 | Surface Area | The total area of all the faces or surfaces of a solid
figure. |
| 161 | Prism | A solid with two congruent, parallel bases (polygons) and
rectangular lateral faces. |
| 162 | Pyramid | A solid with one polygonal base and triangular faces that
meet at a single vertex. |
| 163 | Cylinder | A solid with two congruent, parallel circular bases
connected by a curved surface. |
| 164 | Cone | A solid with one circular base and a curved surface that tapers
to a single vertex. |
| 165 | Sphere | A solid where all points are the same distance from a fixed
center point (e.g., a ball). |
| 166 | Mean | The average of a set of data; calculated by summing all values
and dividing by the number of values. |
| 167 | Median | The middle value of a set of data when ordered from least to
greatest; if even, the average of the two middle values. |
| 168 | Mode | The value that appears most frequently in a set of data; there
can be one mode, multiple modes, or none. |
| 169 | Measures of Central Tendency | Values (mean, median, mode) that
describe the center of a data set. |
| 170 | Interquartile Range (IQR) | A measure of spread for data; calculated as
Q3 – Q1 (difference between the third and first quartiles).
GRADE 9: ADVANCED ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY & STATISTICS
# TERM DEFINITION
171 Quadratic Equation An equation of degree 2, written in the form ax² + bx
+ c = 0 (a ≠ 0).
172 Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation ax² + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c
are constants and a is not zero.
173 Quadratic Term The term with x² in a quadratic equation (ax²).
174 Linear Term The term with x in a quadratic equation (bx).
175 Constant Term The term without a variable in a quadratic equation ©.
176 Root A value that makes a quadratic equation true; also called a solution
or zero.
177 Zero of a Function An x-value where the function’s output is zero (f(x) =
0); corresponds to the x-intercept of the graph.
178 Factoring Method Solving a quadratic equation by factoring it into two
binomials and setting each equal to zero.
179 Completing the Square A method to solve a quadratic equation by
rewriting it as a perfect square trinomial.
180 Quadratic Formula A formula used to solve any quadratic equation: x =
[-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / (2a).
181 Discriminant The part of the quadratic formula under the radical (b² -
4ac); tells how many real roots the equation has.
182 Parabola The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function.
183 Vertex The highest or lowest point on a parabola.
184 Axis of Symmetry A vertical line that divides a parabola into two mirror-
image halves; passes through the vertex.
185 Maximum Value The y-coordinate of the vertex when the parabola opens
downward.
186 Minimum Value The y-coordinate of the vertex when the parabola opens
upward.
187 Quadratic Function A function of the form f(x) = ax² + bx + c (a ≠ 0); its
graph is a parabola.
188 Rational Expression A fraction where the numerator and/or denominator
are polynomials (e.g., (x+1)/(x²-4)).
189 Simplifying Rational Expressions Reducing a rational expression to
lowest terms by canceling common factors.
190 Multiplying Rational Expressions Multiplying numerators together and
denominators together, then simplifying.
191 Dividing Rational Expressions Multiplying by the reciprocal of the divisor,
then simplifying.
192 Adding Rational Expressions Combining expressions by finding a
common denominator, then adding numerators.
193 Subtracting Rational Expressions Combining expressions by finding a
common denominator, then subtracting numerators.
194 Rational Equation An equation containing one or more rational
expressions (e.g., 1/x + 2 = 5).
195 Similar Triangles Triangles with corresponding angles equal and
corresponding sides in proportion.
196 Trigonometric Ratios Ratios of the sides of a right triangle: sine
(opposite/hypotenuse), cosine (adjacent/hypotenuse), tangent
(opposite/adjacent).
197 Angle of Elevation The angle between the horizontal line and the line of
sight when looking up at an object.
198 Angle of Depression The angle between the horizontal line and the line
of sight when looking down at an object.
199 Probability A measure of how likely an event is to occur; ranges from 0
(impossible) to 1 (certain).
200 Sample Space The set of all possible outcomes of a probability
experiment