How memories form and how we lose them
기억은 어떻게 형성되고 잊혀지는가
Translation
So, before you share that unbelievable or outrageous news item, do a web search to find any additional information or context you
might have missed and what others are saying about it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Today, we are more free than ever from the old media gatekeepers who used to control the flow of information.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
But with freedom comes responsibility: the responsibility to curate our own experience and ensure that this flow does not become a
flood, leaving us less informed than before we took the plunge.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
62
Memo
63
11. How to choose your news
Dictation
► How do you know what’s happening in your world?
► The amount of information just a click away may be limitless, but the time and energy we have to absorb and evaluate it is not.
► All the information in the world won’t be very useful unless you know how to read the news.
► To your grandparents, parents, or even older [ ], this idea would have sounded strange.
► Only a few decades ago, news was broad-based.
► Y
our choices [ ][ ][ ] a couple of [ ] interest magazines and newspaper
of record, and three or four TV networks where [ ] newscasters delivered the day’s news at the same reliable time
every evening.
► But the problems with this system soon became apparent as mass media [ ].
► W
hile it was known that authoritarian countries controlled and censored information, [ ][ ]
[ ] scandals showed that [ ] governments were also misleading the public, often with media
cooperation.
► R
evelations of covert wars, secret assassinations, and political corruption [ ] public faith in official narratives
presented by mainstream [ ].
► T
his breakdown of trust in media gatekeepers [ ][ ] alternative newspapers, radio shows, and cable
news [ ][ ] the major outlets and covering events from various perspectives.
► M
ore recently, the Internet has [ ] the amount of information and [ ], with social media, blogs, and
online video turning every citizen into a [ ] reporter.
► But if everyone is a reporter, nobody is, and different sources may disagree, not only opinions, but on the facts themselves.
► So how do you get the truth, or something close?
► One of the best ways is to get the original news unfiltered by middlemen.
► Instead of articles interpreting a scientific study or a politician’s speech, you can often find the actual [ ] and judge
for yourself.
► For current events, follow reporters on social media.
► D
uring major events, such as the Arab Spring or the Ukrainian [ ], newscasters and bloggers have posted updates
and recordings from the midst of the chaos.
► T
hough many of these later appear in articles or broadcasts, [ ][ ][ ] that these
[ ] versions often combine the voice of the person who was there with the input of editors who weren’t.
► [ ][ ] same [ ], the more [ ] the story, the less you should try to follow it
in real time.
64
Dictation
► In events like terrorist [ ] and natural disasters, today’s media [ ] continuous coverage even when
no reliable new information is available, sometimes leading to incorrect information or false accusations of innocent people.
► It’s easy to be anxious in such events, but try checking for the latest information at several points in the day, [ ]
[ ] every few minutes, allowing time for [ ] details to emerge and false reports to be refuted.
► While good journalism [ ] for objectivity, media bias is often unavoidable.
► W
hen you can’t get the direct story, read coverage in [ ] outlets which employ different reporters and interview
different [ ].
► [ ] [ ] to various sources and noting the differences lets you put the [ ] [ ]
for a more complete picture.
► It’s also crucial to [ ] fact [ ] opinion.
► Words like think, likely, or probably mean that the [ ] is being careful or, worse, taking a guess.
► And watch out for reports that [ ][ ] anonymous sources.
► T
hese could be people who have little connection to the story, or have an interest in influencing [ ], their anonymity
making them unaccountable for the information they provide.
► Finally, and most importantly, try to [ ] news before spreading it.
► W
hile social media has enabled the truth to reach us faster, it’s also allowed rumors to spread before they can be verified and
falsehoods to [ ] long after they’ve been refuted.
► S
o, before you share that unbelievable or [ ] news item, do a web search to find any additional information or
[ ] you might have missed and what others are saying about it.
► T
oday, we are more free than ever from the old media gatekeepers who [ ][ ][ ] the
flow of information.
► B
ut with freedom comes responsibility: the responsibility to curate our own experience and [ ] that this flow does
not become a flood, leaving us less informed than before we took the [ ].
65
How to choose your news
뉴스를 고르는 방법
Translation
How do you know what’s happening in your world?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
The amount of information just a click away may be limitless, but the time and energy we have to absorb and evaluate it is not.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
All the information in the world won’t be very useful unless you know how to read the news.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
To your grandparents, parents, or even older siblings, this idea would have sounded strange.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Only a few decades ago, news was broad-based.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Your choices were limited to a couple of general interest magazines and newspaper of record, and three or four TV networks where
trusted newscasters delivered the day’s news at the same reliable time every evening.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
But the problems with this system soon became apparent as mass media spread.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
While it was known that authoritarian countries controlled and censored information, a series of scandals showed that democratic
governments were also misleading the public, often with media cooperation.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Revelations of covert wars, secret assassinations, and political corruption undermined public faith in official narratives presented by
mainstream sources.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
This breakdown of trust in media gatekeepers lead to alternative newspapers, radio shows, and cable news competing with the
major outlets and covering events from various perspectives.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
More recently, the Internet has multiplied the amount of information and viewpoints, with social media, blogs, and online video
turning every citizen into a potential reporter.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
But if everyone is a reporter, nobody is, and different sources may disagree, not only opinions, but on the facts themselves.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So how do you get the truth, or something close?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
One of the best ways is to get the original news unfiltered by middlemen.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Instead of articles interpreting a scientific study or a politician’s speech, you can often find the actual material and judge for yourself.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
66
Translation
For current events, follow reporters on social media.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
During major events, such as the Arab Spring or the Ukrainian protests, newscasters and bloggers have posted updates and
recordings from the midst of the chaos.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Though many of these later appear in articles or broadcasts, keep in mind that these polished versions often combine the voice of
the person who was there with the input of editors who weren’t.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
At the same time, the more chaotic the story, the less you should try to follow it in real time.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
In events like terrorist attacks and natural disasters, today’s media attempts continuous coverage even when no reliable new
information is available, sometimes leading to incorrect information or false accusations of innocent people.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
It’s easy to be anxious in such events, but try checking for the latest information at several points in the day, rather than every few
minutes, allowing time for complete details to emerge and false reports to be refuted.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
While good journalism aims for objectivity, media bias is often unavoidable.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
When you can’t get the direct story, read coverage in multiple outlets which employ different reporters and interview different
experts.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tuning in to various sources and noting the differences lets you put the pieces together for a more complete picture.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
It’s also crucial to separate fact from opinion.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Words like think, likely, or probably mean that the outlet is being careful or, worse, taking a guess.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And watch out for reports that rely on anonymous sources.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
These could be people who have little connection to the story, or have an interest in influencing coverage, their anonymity making
them unaccountable for the information they provide.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Finally, and most importantly, try to verify news before spreading it.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
While social media has enabled the truth to reach us faster, it’s also allowed rumors to spread before they can be verified and
falsehoods to survive long after they’ve been refuted.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
67
How to choose your news
뉴스를 고르는 방법
Translation
So, before you share that unbelievable or outrageous news item, do a web search to find any additional information or context you
might have missed and what others are saying about it.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Today, we are more free than ever from the old media gatekeepers who used to control the flow of information.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
But with freedom comes responsibility: the responsibility to curate our own experience and ensure that this flow does not become a
flood, leaving us less informed than before we took the plunge.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
68
Memo
69
12. Your online life, permanent as a tatto
Dictation
► A
ll right, so let’s take four subjects that obviously [ ][ ]: big data, tattoos, immortality and the
Greeks.
► Right?
► Now, the issue about tattoos is that, without a word, tattoos really do shout.
► So you don’t have to say a lot.
► And tattoos tell you a lot of stories.
► If I can ask an indiscreet question, how many of you have tattoos?
► A few, but not most.
► W
hat happens if Facebook, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn, cell phones, GPS, Foursquare, Yelp, Travel Advisor, all these things you
[ ][ ] every day [ ][ ] to be electronic tattoos?
► And what if they provide as much information about who and what you are as any tattoo ever would?
► W
hat’s [ ][ ][ ] over the past few decades is the kind of coverage that you had as a
head of state or as a great celebrity is now being [ ][ ] you every day by all these people who are
Tweeting, blogging, following you, watching your credit scores and what you do to yourself.
► And electronic tattoos also shout.
► A
nd as you’re thinking of the 590[ ] of that, it’s getting really hard to hide from this 591[ ], among
other things, because it’s not just the electronic tattoos, it’s facial [ ] that’s getting really good.
► So you can take a picture with an iPhone and get all the names, although, again, sometimes it does make mistakes.
► B
ut that means you can take a typical bar scene like this, take a picture, say, of this guy right here, get the name, and download
all the records before you [ ] a word or speak to somebody, because everybody turns out to be absolutely
plastered by electronic tattoos.
► And so there’s companies like [Link] that now have about 18 billion faces online.
► Here’s what [ ][ ][ ] company.
► T
here are other companies that will place a camera like this - this has nothing [ ][ ][ ]
Facebook - they take your picture, they tie it to the social media, they [ ][ ] you really like to wear
black dresses, so maybe the person in the store comes up and says, “Hey, we’ve got five black dresses that would just look
great on you.”
► So what if Andy was wrong?
► Here’s Andy’s theory.
70
Dictation
► What if we flip this?
► What if you’re only going to be [ ] for 15 minutes?
► W
ell, then, because of electronic tattoos, maybe all of you and all of us are very close to [ ], because these tattoos
will live far longer than our bodies will.
► A
nd if that’s true, then what we want to do is we want to [ ][ ] four lessons from the Greeks and one
lesson from a Latin American.
► Why the Greeks?
► Well, the Greeks thought about what happens when gods and humans and immortality mix for a long time.
► So lesson number one:
► Sisyphus. Remember?
► H
e did a horrible thing, [ ] for all time to roll this rock up, it would [ ][ ] down, roll back
up, roll back down.
► It’s a little like your [ ].
► O
nce you get that electronic tattoo, you’re going to be rolling up and down for a long time, so as you go through this stuff, just be
careful what you post.
► M
yth number two: Orpheus, wonderful guy, charming to be around, great partier, great singer, loses his [ ],
charms his way into the underworld, only person to charm his way into the underworld, charms the gods of the underworld, they
[ ] his beauty on the condition he never look at her until they’re out.
► So he’s walking out and walking out and walking out and he just can’t resist.
► He looks at her, loses her forever.
► With all this data out here, it might be a good idea not to look too far into the past of those you love.
► Lesson number three: Atalanta. Greatest runner.
► She would challenge anybody.
► If you won, she would marry you.
► If you lost, you died.
► How did Hippomenes beat her?
► Well, he had all these wonderful little golden apples, and she’d run ahead, and he’d roll a little golden apple.
71
Your onlie life, permanent as a tatto
당신의 인터넷 생활은 지워지지 않는 문신과 같습니다
Dictation
► She’d run ahead, and he’d roll a little golden apple.
► She kept getting [ ], He eventually won the race.
► J ust remember the [ ] as all these little golden apples come and reach you and you want to post about them or
tweet about them or send a late-night message.
► And then, of course, there’s Narcissus.
► Nobody here would ever be accused or [ ][ ][ ] Narcissus.
► But as you’re thinking about Narcissus, just don’t fall in love with your own [ ].
► Last lesson, from a Latin American:
► This is the great [ ] Jorge Luis Borges.
► W
hen he was [ ] by the thugs of the Argentine military junta, he came back and said, “Oh, come on, how else can
you [ ], [ ] [ ] with death?”
► The interesting thing, the original thing, would be to threaten somebody with immortality.
► And that, of course, is what we are all now threatened with today because of electronic tattoos
72
Translation
All right, so let’s take four subjects that obviously go together: big data, tattoos, immortality and the Greeks.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Right?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Now, the issue about tattoos is that, without a word, tattoos really do shout.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So you don’t have to say a lot.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And tattoos tell you a lot of stories.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
If I can ask an indiscreet question, how many of you have tattoos?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
A few, but not most.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
What happens if Facebook, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn, cell phones, GPS, Foursquare, Yelp, Travel Advisor, all these things you deal
with every day turn out to be electronic tattoos?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And what if they provide as much information about who and what you are as any tattoo ever would?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
What’s ended up happening over the past few decades is the kind of coverage that you had as a head of state or as a great
celebrity is now being applied to you every day by all these people who are Tweeting, blogging, following you, watching your credit
scores and what you do to yourself.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And electronic tattoos also shout.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And as you’re thinking of the consequences of that, it’s getting really hard to hide from this stuff, among other things, because it’s
not just the electronic tattoos, it’s facial recognition that’s getting really good.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So you can take a picture with an iPhone and get all the names, although, again, sometimes it does make mistakes.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
But that means you can take a typical bar scene like this, take a picture, say, of this guy right here, get the name, and download all
the records before you utter a word or speak to somebody, because everybody turns out to be absolutely plastered by electronic
tattoos.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And so there’s companies like [Link] that now have about 18 billion faces online.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
73
Your onlie life, permanent as a tatto
당신의 인터넷 생활은 지워지지 않는 문신과 같습니다
Translation
Here’s what happened to this company.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
[Company sold to Facebook, June 18, 2012...] There are other companies that will place a camera like this - this has nothing to do
with Facebook - they take your picture, they tie it to the social media, they figure out you really like to wear black dresses, so maybe
the person in the store comes up and says, “Hey, we’ve got five black dresses that would just look great on you.”
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So what if Andy was wrong?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Here’s Andy’s theory.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
[In the future, everybody will be world famous for 15 minutes.] What if we flip this?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
What if you’re only going to be anonymous for 15 minutes?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Laughter) Well, then, because of electronic tattoos, maybe all of you and all of us are very close to immortality, because these
tattoos will live far longer than our bodies will.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And if that’s true, then what we want to do is we want to go through four lessons from the Greeks and one lesson from a Latin
American.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why the Greeks?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Well, the Greeks thought about what happens when gods and humans and immortality mix for a long time.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So lesson number one:
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sisyphus. Remember?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
He did a horrible thing, condemned for all time to roll this rock up, it would roll back down, roll back up, roll back down.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
It’s a little like your reputation.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Once you get that electronic tattoo, you’re going to be rolling up and down for a long time, so as you go through this stuff, just be
careful what you post.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
74
Translation
Myth number two: Orpheus, wonderful guy, charming to be around, great partier, great singer, loses his beloved, charms his way
into the underworld, only person to charm his way into the underworld, charms the gods of the underworld, they release his beauty
on the condition he never look at her until they’re out.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
So he’s walking out and walking out and walking out and he just can’t resist.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
He looks at her, loses her forever.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
With all this data out here, it might be a good idea not to look too far into the past of those you love.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson number three: Atalanta. Greatest runner.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
She would challenge anybody.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
If you won, she would marry you.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
If you lost, you died.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
How did Hippomenes beat her?
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Well, he had all these wonderful little golden apples, and she’d run ahead, and he’d roll a little golden apple.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
She’d run ahead, and he’d roll a little golden apple.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
She kept getting distracted, He eventually won the race.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Just remember the purpose as all these little golden apples come and reach you and you want to post about them or tweet about
them or send a late-night message.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
And then, of course, there’s Narcissus.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nobody here would ever be accused or be familiar with Narcissus.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
But as you’re thinking about Narcissus, just don’t fall in love with your own reflection.
▶ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
75