MODEL QUESTION FOR EXAMS
1. ACHIEVEMENT OF VISION 2020 IN RWANDA
Strong Economic Growth & Poverty Reduction
Rwanda achieved an average GDP growth rate of around 7-8% (close to the 8.5% target),
significantly reducing poverty from 64% (2001) to 38.2% (2020). While the per capita income
target of $960 was not fully met, it rose from $260 (2001) to over $800 (2020), showing strong
progress.
Universal Primary Education Achieved
Rwanda successfully reached near-universal primary school enrollment by 2010, with a 97%
enrollment rate by 2020. Investments in education improved literacy and laid the foundation for
future skills development.
Improved Healthcare & Reduced Child Mortality
Infant mortality dropped significantly due to expanded healthcare access, community-based
health insurance (Mutuelle de Santé), and better maternal care. The under-five mortality rate fell
from 196 deaths per 1,000 live births (2000) to 45 (2020).
Agricultural Transformation & Food Security
Rwanda boosted agricultural productivity through land reforms, irrigation, and crop
intensification programs. Daily calorie intake improved, though the 2,100 kcal target was not
fully met due to population growth.
Debt Relief & Economic Stability
Rwanda secured debt relief under HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries), reducing its debt-to-
GDP ratio from 82% (2000) to around 40% (2020). This freed up resources for infrastructure and
social programs.
Export Growth & Economic Diversification
While the 15% export-to-GDP target was not fully achieved, Rwanda expanded exports in
coffee, tea, and minerals and developed new sectors like tourism and ICT. The service sector
grew, reducing reliance on agriculture.
Environmental Sustainability & Infrastructure Development
Rwanda implemented the National Strategic Environment Plan, promoting reforestation and
banning plastic bags. Infrastructure improved with new roads, energy access expansion, and the
development of Kigali as a modern city.
2. GOALS OF VISION 2050 / OBJECTIVES
Economic Growth and Diversification
Rwanda aims to become a high-income economy by 2050, targeting an annual GDP growth rate
of 8-10% and increasing per capita income above $12,676. The strategy involves shifting from
agriculture to a diversified economy, focusing on manufacturing, services, ICT, and tourism.
Digital transformation is a priority, with Rwanda positioning itself as an African tech and
innovation hub.
Human Capital Development
The vision emphasizes education, skills training (especially in STEM and vocational fields), and
universal access to quality healthcare. Rwanda seeks to empower its youth (70% of the
population) by improving education, healthcare services, and reducing disease burdens like
malaria and HIV/AIDS.
Infrastructure Development
Key objectives include expanding transport networks (roads, railways, aviation), achieving 100%
electricity access through renewable energy, and developing smart cities like Kigali with
modern, sustainable urban planning.
Sustainability and Climate Change
Rwanda is committed to environmental protection, green technologies, and climate resilience.
Efforts include sustainable agriculture, renewable energy expansion, and building climate-
resilient communities to mitigate extreme weather impacts.
Good Governance and Institutional Development
The vision promotes transparency, rule of law, and anti-corruption measures. Decentralization of
governance ensures local communities drive development, while strong institutions maintain
accountability and integrity.
Social Development and Well-being
Rwanda prioritizes inclusive growth, poverty reduction, gender equality, and social protection
programs. Expanding access to housing, clean water, and sanitation aims to improve living
standards for all citizens.
Regional Integration and Global Engagement
Rwanda seeks deeper integration within the East African Community (EAC) to boost trade and
infrastructure projects. Globally, it aims to strengthen partnerships, attract foreign investment,
and enhance its presence in technology and manufacturing sectors.
3. CONDICTIONS RWANDA HAS TO MEET IN ORDER TO ENJOY DEBT
RELEASE UNDER HIPC INITIATIVE
❖ Completion and successful implementation of one year of a participatory PRSP as
evidenced by a joint assessment by the staff of the IMF and the World Bank;
❖ Implementation of an agreed set of social and public sectors reforms, and maintenance
of macroeconomic stability;
❖ Confirmation of the participation of other creditors in the debt relief operation.
❖ Over the next three years, the Government will avoid contracting or guaranteeing any
loans on non-concessional terms.
❖ The external debt units in MINECOFIN and the BNR are being strengthened in order
to ensure the timely reporting of external debt statistics.
❖ The Government has enhanced the monitoring of its external debt through the debt
monitoring committee which includes representatives of MINECOFIN and BNR; its main
functions are to reconcile debt figures, review the debt situation, and provide regular debt
updates of relevant government agencies.
4. ACHIEVEMENT OF URUGAY ROUND CONFERENCE
• Establishment of world trade organization
• Establishment of dispute resolution mechanisms
• General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
• General agreement on trade in service (GATS)
• Trade related in intellectual properties (TRIPS)
• Agricultural Trade
• LiberalisingTrade in Services
5. UNIVERSALISM APPROA CH TO TRADE LIBERALIZATION, REGIONALISM
APPROACH, PROTECTIONS QUATA SYSTEM NON TARIFF TRADE BARRIES
American approach: Globalization
European approach: regionalism
N.B: ANYONE WITH ONE INFO CAN TELL US
6. EAC AND ECOWAS
1. East African Community (EAC)
Founded in 2000
Members: Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo),
South Sudan, Somalia.
Key Institutions:
➢ Common Market (promotes free trade).
➢ Summit of Heads of State (highest decision-making body).
➢ Council of Ministers (implements policies).
➢ Coordination Committee (oversees sectoral committees).
➢ East African Court of Justice (handles disputes).
➢ East African Legislative Assembly (law-making body).
➢ The Secretariat (executive arm).
Objectives:
❖ Economic integration.
❖ Free movement of goods and people.
❖ Common customs and trade policies.
❖ Cultural cooperation.
2. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Founded: 1975 (revised treaty in 1993).
Members: 15 countries, including Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Niger, Mali,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, and Guinea.
Key Institutions:
ECOWAS Commission (executive body).
ECOWAS Parliament (advisory role).
ECOWAS Court of Justice (legal disputes).
ECOWAS Secretariat (administrative functions).
Objectives:
✓ Economic cooperation.
✓ Monetary Union (single currency goal).
✓ Free Trade Area (eliminating tariffs).
✓ Common Customs policies.
✓ Defense cooperation (ECOWAS military interventions).
✓ Free movement of people (via ECOWAS passport).