II.

Technologies and Communication worldwide

1. Technologies

Technologies is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or

services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the

knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation

without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems (e.g. machines) applying technology by taking an input,

changing it according to the system's use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology

systems or technological systems. Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn, and think. It

helps society and determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis.

Technology influence on society

Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world and daily lives. Additionally, technology for

seniors has created amazing tools and resources, putting useful information at our fingertips. Technology plays

an important role in society today. Modern technology has paved the way for multi-functional devices like the

smartwatch and the smartphone. Computers are increasingly faster, more portable, and higher-powered than

ever before. With all of these revolutions, technology has also made our lives easier, faster, better, and more

fun. It has positive and negative effects on the world and it impacts daily lives. We are living in an era where

technological advances are common. The internet and cell phones are some examples. However, with

technological advances, there’s a downside to it all. Technology has changed how we entertain ourselves,

meet each other, and consume all types of media. There is some influence of technologies:
 A. Learning

technology that has had a great impact on society is how it affects learning. It’s made learning more

interactive and collaborative, this helps people better engage with the material that they are learning and have

trouble with. Also, it gets you better access to resources. With the creation of the internet, it gives us access

to information at a twenty-four-hour rate and you have access to almost anything online. In addition, it allows

students to get work done easier. Students can take quizzes and exams more easily, and teachers being able to

hold online classes can be very effective. It also expands the boundaries of the classroom, encouraging self-

paced learning. People can access learning through YouTube and social media. This helps students learn better

than sitting down for lectures and reading from textbooks. These technological advancements made learning

more fun and convenient. Before mobile technology, you had to search through a dictionary to understand the

meaning of a word. Now you can look words up in a dictionary app or quickly search the Internet. Beyond

words, you can search for practically anything on the Internet using search engines like Google and Bing.

Moreover, it lets students can learn at their own pace. It's simple; no child is the same. Every student learns at

his or her own pace. There are many ways that integrating technology into the classroom can help students

learn at a rate that is comfortable to them, and that allows them to retain information. For example, in-

classroom lessons or activities on laptops or tablets allow students to read directions, process information and

complete work at their own pace. This also helps free up the teacher's time so they can give students who may

need extra guidance or assistance the attention they require.

Another way technology has impacted society is through communication, how we talk and

communicate with one another worldwide. Technology brought many new methods of electronic

communication. For example, there are emails, social networking, you can face time a person that lives on the

other side of the world, and here’s video conferencing where you can have conferences electronically. Lastly,

the technological advancements that were made within the health industry have helped keep people safe and

healthy. There are many innovate apps on phones that although people to watch their weight, how many

calories they intake, heart rate and other health properties any time of the day. There’s increased accessibility

of treatment available, there’s the change in healthcare that adds benefits for the elderly, and hospitals using

advanced technology within their surgical rooms.

However, studies show that mobile communication affects people in a negative way when it comes to

being sociable and making face-to-face contact. Mobile technology can decrease communication and relations

between people. There’s less personal time, where you find that you don’t enough time for yourself because

you’re always in contact with someone. Also, it can be distracting from your schoolwork. There is also loss

of privacy, because anyone can find you anywhere, at any time of the day. In conclusion, all of these things

impact how humans act today. Without technological advancements, our way of life would not be as complex.

Technological influences shape the way humans act today.

We live in a capitalist society, which means that a lot of the new advancements that are made in

technology are made by businesses looking to improve their products/services or to improve their ability to

market their products/services. Business strategies have evolved and improved greatly as a result of

technology. One of the most basic elements of running a business -- the hiring process -- has been drastically

improved by technology. These days, the hiring pool has expanded greatly as a result of online job posting

sites, such as Monster, and social media platforms, such as LinkedIn, that can connect employers with high

quality job candidates all over the world. The hiring process isn’t the only business strategy affected in a

positive way by technology. Furthermore, because everything is digital, you can also provide your

organization with access to dashboards that have the most important metrics displayed instead of having to

hold meetings during which you spend time putting up boards or showing slides with outdated statistics.

Essentially, technology has made it easier to collect and analyze massive amounts of data to help improve

your decision making while also making it easy to share reports throughout your organization at any point. In

addition to improving business strategy, technology has also made marketing easier, more effective, and more

cost-efficient. In the days before the Internet, companies were limited to running ads in newspapers and

magazines. If they had the budget, they could run ads on TV or radio as well. As the Internet grew and social

media platforms began popping up everywhere, marketing became much easier, especially for smaller

businesses and startups with limited advertising budgets.

Global or worldwide communication is the development and sharing of information, through verbal and

non-verbal messages, in international settings and contexts. It is a broad field that incorporates multiple

disciplines of communication, including intercultural, political, health, media, crisis, social advocacy, and

integrated marketing communications, to name just a few. Individuals with a degree in global communication

might find employment in advertising and marketing, public relations, international journalism, foreign

service, politics and lobbying, publishing, online media, entertainment, or any other industry with an

international focus. Global communication can also be defined just as any communication can: a message is

sent from one person or group to another anywhere in the world., which can be described as a five-step process:

1. A person or an organization in one country sends a message.

2. The message is encoded.

3. The message travels through a channel or medium.

4. The receiver in another country decodes the message.

5. The recipient receives the message.

When it comes to communicating globally, it is usually in the encoding and decoding that problems occur.

As with any communication, ensuring that the message is received as it was intended is the responsibility of

the sender.
  Example of global communication

One of the most common forms of global communication is an email. A person in one country types a

message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded into packets which are sent across the

internet to the recipient. In another country, the receiver logs in and decodes the message by opening the email,

and retrieves the message. When someone from another country reads your company's web page, this too is

an example of global communication. The message is written and encoded in HTML, uploaded to a server,

which is then accessed across the internet and decoded by a web browser – and perhaps a translation plugin –

before the recipient reads it. In both of these examples, noise can distort the message or make it undecipherable.

In electronic communication, noise can include anything from typos that change the context of a sentence to

a failed internet connection, which could make it appear that you are not communicating anything at all. With

global communication, encoding and decoding the message can be more complicated than when you are

communicating with someone in your own country due to differences in language and culture. If either the

sender or receiver isn't proficient in the language being used to send the message, translation issues can add

noise, distorting the message. Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple

recipients from different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when

there are more layers added to the channel.

Global Communication in business

There are so many different ways communication can fail in a global context, businesses must be diligent

in reducing as many potential errors as possible, especially those related to differences in language and culture.

Before attempting to do business with people in another country, organizations should become familiar with

cultural differences that can arise in different contexts. It may be necessary to hire consultants who are

experienced with that country. For large ventures, like a major product launch in a different country, Debra

Davenport of Purdue University recommends hiring a team of local specialists from that country, including:

 a corporate law firm

 a protocol and etiquette specialist

 a media consultant
  a human resources and labor law expert

 a management consulting firm

 a corporate anthropologist

 a market research firm

Each of these specialists is able to give insights into local laws and customs to help ensure the new venture

doesn't result in unnecessary complications or liabilities that could destroy a company's reputation before they

even get started. Small businesses may not have the budget to bring on a team of specialists. However, they

still need to be familiar with local laws, culture and language. While the advantages of global communication

can be numerous on any case-by-case basis, these can be described in four major benefits for a business:

1. More markets to reach: With just a webpage or smartphone, you can expand your market of potential

customers to nearly everyone in the world.

2. More suppliers to access: If you can legally import products from a country, every manufacturer there

is a potential supplier.

3. More talent to hire: No longer are you limited to the talent pool in your city or town. You can hire

remote workers anywhere in the world.

4. More ideas to harness: If someone in Singapore has figured out a better way to make widgets and to

sell them to millennials, you can adopt those ideas for your business, provided you know about them.

Barriers in Global Communication

We communicate with people throughout each and every day. We communicate through conversation, our

expressions and body language, social media, email, telephone, etc. We rely on our communication skills to

further our friendships, plan vacations, repair marriages, order dinner, purchase a car, express our opinions,

ask for help, negotiate deals, accept job offers, etc. Communication barriers can have a significant impact on

people’s personal and professional lives. This is particularly evident now when people around the globe have

been faced with social distancing restrictions. When we are limited to communicate using digital tools and

technologies, communication barriers have an even bigger impact. There is some barriers in global

communication:
 A. Language

Language is needed for any kind of communication, even people with speech impairments communicate

with sign language and brail. Communication becomes difficult in situations where people don’t understand

each other language. The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to

communication. Language barriers are the most common communication barriers which cause

misunderstandings and misinterpretations between people. Most of the people in the world do not speak

English or, even if they use, it is their second or third language. If the speaker and receiver do not use same

language and words, there is no meaning to the communication. Not using the words that other person

understands makes the communication ineffective and prevents message from being conveyed. Difference in

language is the most obvious barrier to communication as two people speaking two different languages cannot

communicate with each other. For example, an American goes to China. The person does not understand

Chinese and most people in China do not understand English. So, when the person speaks, the communication

is worthless as the other Chinese person doesn’t understand it. Moreover, the choice of word used in describing

anything must be considered before communicating. The words used by a particular person to show their

agreement on something can be taken as sarcasm which is negative in nature. Words with two meanings,

homonyms, homographs, homophones should always be avoided as it doesn’t send the proper meaning and

can be interpreted in any way. So, the message will not be sent as intended which acts as a type of language

barrier in communication.
 B. Culture

Culture is all socially transmitted and shared behaviors, manners, customs, rituals, beliefs, ideas, arts,

knowledge, values, morals and ideals that are learned in a group of the same nationality, religion or ethnicity.

It is handed down from generation to generation, slowly evolving, and creating many subcultures in the

process. Cultural diversity can make communication difficult, especially in the workplace, where

a misunderstanding can cause costly problems. When people from different cultures work together, several

factors can become barriers. We’ll be taking a look at these factors first, and then dive into how to overcome

them in a global team. Different cultures have different meaning of words, behaviors and gestures. Culture

also gives rise to prejudices, ethnocentrism, manners and opinions. It forms the way people think and behave.

When people belonging to different cultures communicate, these factors can become barriers. The way you

communicate is affected by the culture you were brought up in.

The opposite is also true. Culture is, to a large extent, determined by the way we communicate.

Different cultures have different meaning of words, behaviors and gestures. Culture also gives rise to

prejudices, ethnocentrism, manners and opinions. It forms the way people think and behave. When people

belonging to different cultures communicate, these factors can become barriers. The way you communicate is

affected by the culture you were brought up in. The opposite is also true. Culture is, to a large extent,

determined by the way we communicate.

Psychological barriers belong to the latter group and can seem impossible to overcome unless we understand

their underlying causes. The psychological barrier of communication is the influence of psychological state

of the communicators which creates an obstacle for effective communication. Communication is highly

influenced by the mental condition that the communicators are in and is disturbed by mental disturbance. If

the people involved in communication are not emotionally well, they won’t be able to communicate properly.

Every person’s mind is unique and communication does not work like that in machines or in numbers. The

people who are involved in the communication matter as much as the message e.g. If your boss doesn’t trust

you, he/she will only send selective information, which makes the communication ineffective. When a

person’s mind is distracted or preoccupied with other things, the person is not able to form proper message,

listen to what others tell him/her, interpret the message as required and give proper feedback. The

communication will face problems and becomes ineffective. Retention of information is the capacity of the

memory of the brain to store information and the way brain stores information in memory. Brain does not

store all the information it comes across, but only the ones it deems useful for future. So, half the information

is lost in the retention process. Similarly, brain also loses information that is old and not taken as useful with

time. Extracting the information is also a process in the formation of message. Here, the brain tries to

remember the required information, the fragments of which have already been lost. Moreover, anyone who

isn’t in a good mood is likely to talk less or talk negatively. A preoccupied mind is not good at communicating.

For example, when a person is angry, he/she might say things they regret later. Even when listening to someone

else speak, an angry person might easily misinterpret the message. Various other emotions like fear,

nervousness, confusion, mistrust and jealousy affect communication process.

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