0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 3 views 16 pages Statistics
The document contains various statistical concepts and methods, including frequency distribution, cumulative frequency, and graphical representations such as ogives. It discusses measures of central tendency, including mean and standard deviation, and their calculations. Additionally, it touches on the properties of distributions and the importance of understanding skewness in data analysis.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here .
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Go to previous items Go to next items
Save Statistics For Later
Sere ser Res@rmyr Sh Esa ST ET PRT S VN TOS aay
S ayer AP AIS Sy Re Gres & oe
bot TSS ae = = 4
co eee “Berner PENA 3) 4p ast) ese
we SSS asren}
ya essy Soy WL
, Sor der STS a
Sey BEY A ES. SS)
Sears. WHET VR, ar 7S" i
3h qasae tires Soar (atiitiute) for qerd) Te 2h”
Sse FRR sStuye Se 7a HS
= Qh arte ara Set ( sractha) SS,
hes pS ATE) STA aS
Shas. Fas AmeveciaL' SIFY )
weer SCRE SAO Ufa
ay) Ss sei =
Sas WW Rtas? ST TaveLT
bl a
i
waa
Siyniseree Sa So Der ater
ae anne AEE gh | PB TEST
~yecsr Sh)
TESTE
wer Ter 3) AN
RB -Slonysae 2
> Soaray+ Sa ae Ss) pera st Pass im)
Sean Wale) 2a Wiens fetinsr So SATs en ar
= swrser Sh A viitmitey AS IT
Fs wer Sy -
-ayy-ar Witney ts asst
taf"
ait Reba
Ayer 2 te ESE
4 Beets, ser Curisiss per)e SA wir ser Pr > Bioow
Sr goer See se Gar er Salas BT wieates Aho
ey a) Sey REY oerer Raker ied why kar F Sey |
2. Centinusoss_ a ee = wiry sa So Re er S-toys
aatler WS arn aS Ste N rer aiyes— Snr oq,
para OF 3 EBT PARTE Letina) Real Spe et ai
—~ CE winaih Br SH pe Wafer S° a 3
BS Sr VAR | a Saas Hthies Reg
\
td ASS
Soy Ser g tebe
tenes Read pes andere ee Sefer” WET PS
SU" eailgss ay aor A é
2 Modine gy Gepatinnat soils ;
levy ss, Cobmewatiog) Sy Ses A
var Ofrequencyy Sv eet
Seep, 7 Sete By Sear ~ 101520730 .
ary ii
or hy aie yoy We iva vn
3-U0 | Yo-S0_
> 2
oa
a canes Fucrvnt)
2 ver Ser
3
rates Shir
S :
CST Lf
PLVVVADVE
Frequency atstitpotlor (CS wasway é
we — St oe Bans: Ktmst ser Gueenr
FAL rent = conlense, ages" gar Sai Vem
5 OST wait 4 - Air a> gar RES domme Grr
ae 3) Sa 3* —— 2 asa Ae feuly mak) ans at oF FY
Se tear Tally meskes Sr Fie Sr Wreer ae Spa Sat
BEA oars) al E .
st fea &- ser (rasta) - Rr SBS air Bee dir are we
Shar 35 Br Rea" Rw RW Bo Br Te Bley AAR class wares
ete reer 3] Ra
fe nGeusr Ss (Cumulative. pregency) ,
Ren Oa WA) yer SST whey wr osGerret RRs hyed- a
wears bir sSPsErTs aye or a= ar Wer yy
Ras eBrnesr Bo Bo yar wt 305;
ab Less thon. fess =tiawsr fs
2. Hove. than camplative. reency”
ge Te a nail ae & ages age
"ae Sy yan Se aenn wee S $
\ Spe ares-arer Sy Bae Ses
N Ses.
= SS oo se =r wees S| ABD PS any Rafe |
S wee = . Bor) wR SS ABET AEB Geant)
ee a a sprowaly nfs See wy Syn ye any Sor Sadan vit
D adjacent rectanges) oS wes In Wer KS oa wah
Sa soos! apres graye ar >| Sew = et erst
pase fy Se Biwe S oe IR wit anrGard
2) fa S cree Sh, BYRD swatesaat & Ghats imi aye
3 tinge tng, ae, Ser RT ater Yy ass, fan Socom ae"
ery ayer Der Banh Be he rer sh } Le
ONY Crowe
) Teg
vat Sowers tee ome Ie we manent Soman t
Swi Cvestices of Seq: pougen) ERE Sey SE ae SF
AiWwsr wae Be esatauay (Smeg) SY STS
Noatey- (eres Kelorn) 7S vresEhs GeIMy- war apr Ceseiatic,
AAT Say Ab Ay ager Hake aig TR SSN cadet Stas
( Seasr acre wage Ayo mie Dass exer FST Jao a
ager penne Sor fy ots tex apes Smevth, FH SY MSN
Hate acl si 43)
pectoations)
. ~ 2 agent ase)
. ' (or naa Rr
|e Saes ev cunmiaive, freq Cues (Smtr Ws
&
oo we eee eb DEPELDELEVIVPVVESE RE 4) Garden a Hes adergsT Sg (Ogives or Cummulative freq. Curves)
Garde (Ogives) fa fodad 2didus (cont. variable) ctaies wares (cf) a (sists) ct a
afiza tears dh fen Ra Hes ederes (cf) $ (yous twa) ae Ahret (class boundaries}
feu (Xa 2 we) uss sar me ah
fag ol ea 8 Tg Cnt Font Ts, aes "T We" (less than’) W3 °F Fa" (more than’) FAM, fe
Be re 8a Ga wore 2 sg e Gare ge Te. (i) SF Ye font & Garale (less than’ type
ogive) (i) "S Sar ferme = Garete (‘more than’ type ogive)
(i) ‘3 Wet farm = Gard (Less than type ogive):
fen fie Fae Br Sof. F Adis sent St Curse gern Fret (upper ass boundaries}
1B fegu Use weer FH ai fen Sgt yrus ate flew § Ba feofeus dds ase (smooth free
hand cutve) Ere feats Rie ated Sta Sale fen & Gerdes sts rh Sie fame
ww Garde fa eae Stier age (increasing curve) J, a Ya 3 Aa 26 Gus ee pact ch
(ii) "3 Scr fon = Gare (More than type Ogive):
fen féa Ss tc fam & ct. Sriies aert Ct soso weTA Fhe (lower class boundaries) &
feguuse aoe aus di fer set pus at lent } fea fsafews dt ds wae (smooth free hand
curve) ore had tiated st a Seo fam & Gare wal S i7 fae
Gare fia eet Stir ee (decreasing curve) 3, 84a 3 An Seas Se wae SS we Sa
SS EELS 2.
aa 2 anwes
Tey ee eae be wok 3)
2, Rs ae pay freer SE OIE TS 4
i ae ee aS Se ae 33 ste
S- = Tag S WS a
_ Samra Sr (cfeviin Verge
Ska sieste Set os =r feanarar (Concentrati ony oy San
BI)
MAT Ba Sah fess fe hr amr et |
3 AsRhemarie, Hean. (tats) e- vais Eat Sass Der aiey |
BLP Sie S Ser eatwre axon -- sof
SS OST 723 ~ - an AT hire =e
, Swe For dy ~ Bn?
+—rpdtdual, age ss % albowns-- x0) se
2 Gis kk Lx
~ Ut be vheest - fe eae “=p
rs pen
RA BP jog 8 arene Gq) ay
PS AI Sg ee — egeBG ai SST bees fe
Br N e i
Po & sees! Bre
, Meise ;
_ HSH AERTS (iigiaty defines) Tardy
SSS wis Peer ger wey niet}
PS TES AH opsenvation, w omits Sor |
eS: &.
Bet
ar eae GY ott Aer ATER sor soem BSS)
a: Nar ar Bt Shenton gar Onissin i SS- F go usr a sr ay acer
S You Mensur sets aets Sar Sy wo
wee 38S See a RS Te SS faarse Bit Sh
ST Wear it
Soars fren MARES Cassymetiicat | [Link]) te fea
| Regt amr assy Shy
Medfan & @ Nora, oe Se
ee ae Gt Aes S'S Sr. writ apes
Swe FP aNE Bw Se ese 8 St EERE ROTTS
al S Rar BUST ws aM e-em Giorg a Pensa.
Sos seniesi- . Svan)
as saae ian oa 2 tear niGerd) (a)
anes stench RGU PH Be ger BR 2 rag ub baie
INS 3 “Hr ter Sign i vine 2 sere Se 4]
(yt (gy
| Cae coer St Set the
ASS eae ae eee Cae)
1 & as 3? offre en\ae ao
PB Asse ds pepe ee eS]
4
I
' eantss ST Bsr away y
D+ Vr ATMS obsewation. Qo wre SI HST |
GVBSSy~ 2)3 orsenation. a Wir 2a- we 32597 Chsewasle
ww Aas
Uses!~
Tes Be vhs (roctfonat arr 3)
jeer ser ary SES SS Gar ww west S| Sesses ~ tet! Sa?
eres FS reed Was yest BUS “sasr S& sf sr
eh plese Ke aS AK WI S gercet x
Der Bar posiiively Skeweck: 3} Ast oss Sr srs wT :
eae pees Boe nis Baar SA Aalbar aye ate,
BS Ger ara Sy |
a =a5 S°famrer SL mine ety vatabie & sepesarMoce)
| exer a ;
“ror wear 3) ~ we 8 Sak wets 4
a fey SNBS ST TT MM
Sorsar Dy 37 BIW IVE Bi
Rix Spe Bay ee SE ay per dai Gs aS
& bh Ae-} > ota + fb he
wien PAT SS Hee S > (gt)
ena sar & 13S prey 304 SrS-eaem. sony bet dtd]
prraarl a ee Sor dot Goes wer 2 esse: Z
peat SS ay oS Serer SF Sse
ay Ware was eG GIST STE oT, }
. SMe n ae Cy hartge 200)”
, WR ncoS ee WS Gu des Hrs ted
Gen ry x’
= pndPteg (b-togx) a
, WE wGome a se SSNS AmPIOA, (+ |= puleye]
. Hose tes Gal sG ystss Ans ay obsv-. 3 orbs yd,
b RS
5 ems pEg wer fee. obs Tres (zon) Be Bt GH zee
WS) Yas SS: Que Parser SSH GN martes. 3 eenie
> SB) tea Re Ay ose Ems (nem methemat! denpesen) Bem
we oH cash wry’ SS)
Nooimorifc, Hean 4)
Bf or a Geszar (Redjaccals) & oy ierkoe reg Guscer Sad)
FSET SS2h pyar eat Ss mat Crates) my come) BY Biers aah Crus!
Seco) aot Bae a VY
>
> He _
y
5
y
Jue
72 Case 06 freq
Reis
Ae
=B/x)
da Bea BON (dF Gr ers od |
+ faa our nar or vise& eat oB ajeyel- & aysqr Be
eeu Qy Wrasse
oi
aS Teegr TI} wywieyaa’ dy
2 oe ober Trae SR, oF fiwer Js unre a Qasr a Teer!
EBs each mM FEB VE Sh aahioar Aher Fy
, SAL Nata ;Statistical Poperstion , Guali. Quart! char
: Preq. Table
* Sample | q Bist , Freq.
° Graphical representation — “Brege rang
SA CIV,
© Quamites. — Quomitlies’ oye:
+ Dedies,
Meas 8 + Peicenfies
ASASvrES OB Central tendancy o—
*) Ratihematic Mean. 8% Hean ge (BT Iect Methee! ) ft
Tocivfducl safes ¢- 3 = (nas == = + mn) = a he
Réscrete sotess % = Warot---frm & fed oe
7
aofnows sSefese K = FP -
sass x 26 * & Where xf- mid valves
SEP =
T=N 8 Aas sTrievet-
8) Shot cot Method ¢ z.b a \ 6
THA Soiees, K =Ht Sax , A=TAssomed New
TrAPRPAUGL Seniess X Te Sei AK= Deviation Fran ASS ;
Fisaete sexiest K = A+ = Robe d=xa
N
cmifrums sotese- = 74 Voce
aa : 2B
S)Siep-Deviation. Method & f a! =xR
a or el K =SxoTt
RSeacte safes + XK = A+ Zhen dk he
ComingswxS SSNESS X = Av Zoe xy aC= mid Pais 08
= Zr? el i =
ePHoperiies of MMe- 5 Res intewat
A: Algebrate, Sum og deviation of a set Of Values BOM thet WM.
FS aways Zoid: Ty a] Gr) T=}2)-- Ps the Bred dist. then:
z gE Of-X) =O 5 whee KR the AH -
i ES = =e? > =
Zz pnd — 2g =y SbPU Bet
t a
Zphe — zppd
°
Qs The Sum of S]Uvies 6 the deviations VBS set of Velves 7
: mm
nidimum When taken. ebotT MSO,
>° Hean. OB The Composite sores t- .
Se TI ANH LOS tm / $a
“a Wythe = PR, a el
weignred bean? 5B he? _
yostgnrgameans 5,2 ZB phee
£ wi : ~s Mecifan wh B i
MSS, urgrapesidatay Obsttare ous = (api) Bem pe
=> wWhenob™>axeeven= (2 antl (+) 2
Cyyiem ee
2 i n rs
iy Fine snein= Zehr
0 I 6 ater then AL
2) Ncas de
) Mase of FreUSEE = i “see ZerpCtece than ogt-e) just gre’
W) THe Corvespnchy veliteopg H Ie OO
2) Contfruews Seviesi- MedPon = +be(-€) »
Continuces Senne: e(e
e Fn set O8 obser Aes
highest Bren
eM iory +
bode: Treltviduad seniers mast occunty Vale
=— ‘Piscrere Serie, = Variable. hawfrs
Cortinuns SON Mo = xoY Be-bo x) fv
Mode = gMectleun-—2 Mean Pre)
DrSpensicon
Range — Xmax — Xmihr. ‘
Hean Pevfation = MBa=+ Zz,
HQ= ego ine-Al 7 epee
SFarcranat Aevieton = > 7
ctandanret Hovis = oe dpe gene )7- egrav
a
Vesiier = 2
Jence =o? L 6Plare) > = ye Hr —
cosy of Clots Com
Je-al
Quantic. Deve tens % pore me > POWEN een ch
Ppa me + Fogr PExe nO 7 CF Correspercla CON a) + Quen
—e— fo PEEL G Clare cente
CH iellin Og los
ve
qnot cdeviatier bet 3a Mk
Tntex Gucsttive eviedion
ClEGIRR the MIVA eviction.
THOS) OS _( Na— ar (ast)
2
bet® Ma ancl
or @ = @-%
2, eo
Coegpicient of USPOrsiwnr
y toaseck LPO Range * a
ay 11 11 Quasitite, Heviaton = aaa) [> = 43-%
Gat@)/2, Baty
SW Mean. Aewiation = Nean Devi atten
= Deen = ale
is Talent Gea! -
avg prom voniohs fe
7
Vit 7 Stanclond Seulotion, mprandl asiot- pevieHone.
Meo x ATS =
Roney Scions 7 (
Mec Se WW mead be Hehgnit SI) AS WHS Body GIS el (Maan
Deion taey ar Shey Stem WF Beaten’ Stem 5
linen Sag fy any Gash sary WS sppatger? Bt Ren
Sw) A aa [Cantotency) SO TEAS EH! :
Seine By Reps wir Hts Gare: ie
| Desslote, measures s+
saat Sa) (PRE PSIG,
| RRSAMY Bicpoio.g MS Wadi Rs WIS nt
Sas & as que Sir Sad as Wa Ree vase Baer St WE
HESS ASAT feo ST Sas Earn ade Sar Ss
SA we ao)
Hepoin’ ger pBeanr t Fangs Cater)
Quarnrite Heview{ ov s
Nedéna Deviotlen
, rgndard Aewraion « ao
}) Bective mensune = ey guy Rs BILE
H 5 So Ar Se VES (RAID WT ySteg 2 re pe
emee Br CoeRAGES. Caria Sh ear te ater FE a
= Skeet Sr Saray Sin Fem? ew are
SusrCensisiency WT prAtassr Lucnialsid ty) ac ase SS) ae ‘
Sey |
woies! = )CoeRR: O5 VostiaH ,
Brepars\on & Relative, Hess
Deoegt OF ”
BeRange:- Range Aigparsion BAS VMS, mae TEs wry RK
| AS eee SS NS WS Ra oe Reng
ne Sor Xy R= bS br Anax— Xhin- a
} aren REE Range. SMW Tass (exter f
wets: S$ (extreme values) Z var dy :
goss Greer ess voy So FHT Re fost
Remeniisr Es = ) |
Does tree Mpa Swale Per So wy see
SRok ars BY PR) easy Dera
2) fen wa We Loaveme tated) 3° SOs Gaver yates aer3y
D axa Ws ase Ba Range were AS aT }
vsesi-
ams BETS
Vd heats op Range! - . /
gt Ql conto Pe done
sk the. 5 ' - P u a =
eS ese he. quesity Of Proctuct wstihoot Iso Y> Inspection
R eng anime. bole Inthe. quatity Control met! el -
Tn Prepaiing a art chart» Pang el eae 4 Pa pen Sit: oa
loot epee 3S 5 Jags an. Trop: Pore +
as re FMF qualify ¢ enremit Wr EZ
Qo qe cs Sr ey ey pan Ree or ares °
~aiseures Duar Reater 4 ifm Re Renge eS
lant S My pre choot. Pet pest = Welty Gf TeaAAs frr ened -SeB~
Semf-smey qaaithe Ranger ~ Ka Guys Guawite C2 vi 3 -
> gamone dad ness ar vir Pw 3) Ws Hea Soy. MAT
yp Sewn & wanes) Qs (Heat = Ha)
b @ = G2 os
=
p Heist v
2 OH Sr vysy (Calculaie) BIH ITS wT DI a Ng at
B> tee Exe pn a ge or a a> Compurali caw ANNES eB ats aay
» VUE ronge, VAs VIO A Lecas e ar S- BYd jiems 47
ay TICE EH =e
bp th extreme values S Wb : "
: digly Skew ect Pa) Pe syn VILA SD |
Rateni- eve oF Copen end elogses) EW) gaat Fy
» Ase. gor vibtent- 3 nuns Pad)
& NEIast ist
» piorgs af vrs anak So-. SP ristios
Now erat © parser sor Bh) Ss
yey ,
pts arr S| wore Sy
Hean Seviesignt— i ~ :
» Foo ator yaiey ae (Neon Moole Hecliom) P&S Ure West
» catty SE Shr ait ayer & faa fem) ( aksolule Hovicdicns) or
Pray Res aVuarrzy (adcaluladeviction) Sor 3]
hPet = [xa :
P Lara |
HAoté 1 ° .
Sfanaasict Devine ter Mean cates) Se a> Peay (Aut
Se sequence Se VeraTy (Heap) BT Spyere SSS KG Aspen
Sar yg 3 tamer eater ES ee WS Wats Ba Sw AMT S|
2A = fee) = (ithe SKewyesg nOneen
= s rs
AEG Tae: eH Coyne) aatt (133 3 Goer
TIES SE BQ aera Se yews (shape) F 4 oan ar
Sowa Aerators) a
Tah 8) ey, Boop aRGe Bo a2 aes “es a
: pani SPE
4) he 3
D Mean veda nis Neen. SHE
Mean d Nocle ¢ Medfoms
AA eon 5 Nealon fone ar ex 3s\ eee lar
Ay RS EO ate aes crentenn TE SS pom S
i Bat Ser pete FA un SH UT mes
| TRG Sar aL s Sor
ee
Vex ig PEST =
ea at we ser Xe pa Se
— bes Baty SHY AT
Dalgety
7 SR ar & Reve
TWRSS 525]
af 3 joan
5 pear Healer 3
Se ere = est UT
oe wes Pecuees a oe
pyarees Se RAMEY Bor S| THT SS Sei
—aarssy |
é
f
ie ;
i Hode . Mecuy Sa I VMAS S ane feo aoe :
[ stosnen BE EE one Bera BA Sa viists |
| BiSregee segs ton te ae oe rss Sw
| Gar der Pe oo VE re ver ud Sext ay
REN Ga wae Ue wer She Re BS Swe Te Yet oh
aed wes assh A> . .
— ver utr we der V0 ars a HediasY Se Brae GA uk
eS Sek
Hean< Me clio Hocle. |
sascy. BA) ames Steer Taberebat vfar & Pa \ eg e
Sa tetemnad famer Re sdusase Ss, War set ferns
We wie ynts ae ca fH Mey Weg tet BH Be Sas
Li
I
t™ Wea whe33}h — mmr ee - Re Ser ost oa,
fara a ws SRY UR Ga ERS Seg
ENTY Mean = fleclfan. =Hocle
Veale of Skewness:-
THETET Cpbslote Heaswre
a) Sk = Hean—Nedfan
) Se = Hean — Note.
DS = (As-Hediom)— ( Hedion~o)
2 RPT BUT ( Relative Neasues) Corctes *
ae wT oan 8) SIS" Seer ost Fl F
Sk Sse SSA wail ayer Pur SU SS =)
Re coche: of skewness Sv for AST ae tes Pw. Hy (Pwre)
Sag eee Be per age Be ary SY TEENS Se WTR (Sycependéf}
Wer
7
1
> ase
rancid Deviation. Stas agar sy |
) axPIEF" qeppiclenti— AS stgerer (Hedle)) Shee Se |
Hean=Nwle
a
) Ra AN nis coges
rwyay Sa 3 fensy al
Seconcl_cocpficien :
? zs t Hean~ Nel fan
Spe
peqair Wad’ Bo SH BHAT WONT +
ed Shas. & fore Sera)
ST |
=
away3a 3 Rade War - SS" he Siew SID |
esse a BM coepiidenr (os z
Spasness, Sb Bar Fre ye | BSc ea fase" Qucstley
Hafan rr am WW Ls Sa Extreme -
yelue ar = G J Tawa) Carbs Is ystes ea SP |
Spe Lakh = 2xQo- ate
Fa-a, ae
fea Korge Thr 134348 Seay Bay
Moment CoxBh- Of Skewnest wkélyer Samer ar te 3 Praise HR
Hor Bar Homers BABE TA poments ep) Be ewe
a faurset ety wes Bay TF
ath centrabvoment
y= ZOEK) LLY
N=Totat obgy-
Ay = Birghcertratmomots = 9
iy, = Del Cente et mann = Verlenoe mcagurt Sispersies
—— NL THE — Almolure pre Aouncay SEeONES
SEN go
By = tee NE SOR ake Ceoesy) FO? tS
— ys O thon ZB, =O ;
ae et ee quan dls sir tp
=
taaen ais :
Sarna ~ AES Qarsar Bre 8 tow oF | :
Vis VB) ts 24s
Ste vag © forth |
wness gy S-PSHES VA PI VT SHUMeRost her Hiss
v Sosy Rpt Skewed. Wrasayr
Nexo Ss LeRr skeved SarTsa
¥YSo —S symmenicat -
Kwttosis:—