ONTENT
▪ Architectural Styles
▪ Computing Models
▪ Hardware Component
▪ Software Component
ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
1. Layered Architecture:
▪ In Layered architecture, different components are organized in layers. Each layer communicates with its adjacent layer
by sending requests and getting responses. The layered architecture separates components into units. It is an efficient
way of communication. Any layer can not directly communicate with another layer.
▪ A layer can only communicate with its neighboring layer and then the next layer transfers information to another layer
and so on the process goes on.
▪ The advantage of layered architecture is that each layer can be modified independently without affecting the whole
system. This type of architecture is used in Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
Object-Oriented Architecture:
• In this type of architecture, components are treated as objects which convey information to each
other. Object-Oriented Architecture contains an arrangement of loosely coupled objects. Objects
can interact with each other through method calls.
• Objects are connected to each other through the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism or
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) mechanism. Web Services and REST API are examples of
object-oriented architecture.
Data Centered Architecture:
• Data Centered Architecture is a type of architecture in which a common data space is present at
the center. It contains all the required data in one place a shared data space.
• All the components are connected to this data space and they follow publish/subscribe type of
communication. It has a central data repository at the center. Required data is then delivered to the
components.
For example Producer-Consumer system. The producer produces data in common data space and consumers
request data.
Event-Based Architecture:
• Event-Based Architecture is almost similar to Data centered architecture
just the difference is that in this architecture events are present instead of
data. Events are present at the center in the Event bus and delivered to the
required component whenever needed.
• In this architecture, the entire communication is done through events.
When an event occurs, the system, as well as the receiver, get notified.
Data, URLs etc. are transmitted through events.
• The components of this system are loosely coupled that’s why it is easy to
add, remove and modify them. Heterogeneous components can
communicate through the bus.
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS
1. Minicomputer Model –
• The minicomputer model is a simple extension of the centralized time-sharing
system. distributed computing system based on this model consists of a few
minicomputers (they may be large supercomputers as well) interconnected by a
communication network.
• Each minicomputer usually has multiple users simultaneously logged on to it.
For this, several interactive terminals are connected to each minicomputer. Each
user is logged on to one specific minicomputer, with remote access to other
minicomputers.
• The network allows a user to access remote resources that are available on
some machine other than the one on to which the user is currently logged.
• The minicomputer model may be used when resource sharing (such as sharing
of information databases of different types, with each type of database located
on a different machine) with remote users is desired
2. Workstation Model
• The workstation model consist of network of personal computers, each with its own
hard disk and local file system and interconnected over the network. These are
termed as diskful workstation.
• This is an ideal situation for an educational department or a company office where
individual workstations are scattered across the campus.
• These workstation are connected in suitable network configuration using the star
topology. Each workstation can also work as standalone single user system.
• The idea of the workstation model is to interconnect all these workstations by a
high-speed LAN so that idle workstations may be used to process jobs of users
who are logged onto other workstations and do not have sufficient processing
power at their own workstations to get their jobs processed efficiently