Julius Caesar - Act 3 - Scene 1

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place in front of the Capitol in Rome
2.​ Caesar arrives at the Capitol with a throng of senators and a crowd, including
the conspirators.

3.​ Artemidorus tries to give Caesar a letter warning him of the conspiracy, but
Caesar dismisses him, saying that personal matters should be dealt with last.

4.​ Metellus Cimber petitions Caesar to repeal his brother's banishment. Caesar
refuses, emphasizing his constancy and unyielding nature.

5.​ Other conspirators, including Brutus and Cassius, join Metellus in pleading for
Cimber’s brother, creating a distraction.

6.​ Casca is the first to stab Caesar, followed by the other conspirators. Brutus
delivers the final, fatal stab. Caesar’s last words are “Et tu, Brute?” expressing
his shock at Brutus’s betrayal.

7.​ Caesar dies, and the conspirators proclaim freedom from tyranny.
8.​ The crowd flees in panic, creating chaos.
9.​ Brutus addresses the conspirators, urging them to bathe their hands in Caesar’s
blood and walk to the marketplace, symbolizing their role in Caesar’s death as a
noble act.

10.​Antony’s servant arrives, requesting safety for Antony and expressing Antony’s
respect for Brutus.

11.​ Antony arrives and pretends to befriend the conspirators. He shakes their bloody
hands, indicating acceptance of their deed (though false).

12.​Left alone with Caesar’s body, Antony laments Caesar’s death and prophesies
domestic strife and civil war in Rome. (Antony’s soliloquy)

13.​Antony requests to speak at Caesar’s funeral.

14.​Brutus agrees but Cassius is suspicious.
15.​Brutus insists that Antony should not blame the conspirators and should speak
only after Brutus.

16.​Antony reveals his true feelings in a soliloquy, planning to incite the crowd
against the conspirators during his funeral oration.
 17.​This scene is pivotal, marking Caesar’s assassination and setting the stage for
the ensuing conflict and chaos in Rome.

Q & A -​
1.​ Where does this scene take place? What does Caesar tell the soothsayer? Why?
●​ This scene takes place in front of the Capitol in Rome
●​ Caesar tells the soothsayer that he is unharmed though that day was the Ides of
March
●​ Earlier in Act I Scene 2 the soothsayer had warned him about that day i.e the
Ides of March. He had warned him during the Feast of Lupercal

2.​ Who is Artemidorus? Whom does he represent in the play? Why is the schedule
important?
●​ Artemidorus was a school master
●​ He represents the common people / citizens of Rome
●​ His schedule is important as it has information that would affect Caesar
personally. It has a warning regarding his safety and wellbeing

3.​ What does Artemidorus request Caesar to do? Why?

●​ Artemidorus requests Caesar to read his schedule first
●​ as it affects Caesar personally and ‘touches Caesar nearer’
●​ Artemidorus tries to warn Caesar about the threat to his life through the
schedule
●​ Caesar could thus protect himself from the conspirators, arrest and punish them

4.​ Why does Caesar not read Artemidorus’ schedule? What personality trait of
Caesar is revealed then?
●​ Caesar does not read Artemidorus’ schedule as he believes
●​ that as the king, a person who is God’s agent, he should place the public’s
welfare before self
●​ Caesar neglected himself and was in favour of the welfare of the public
●​ Whatever affects Caesar will be addressed last
●​ Also Caesar wanted only official petitions to be put up on the Capitol, not in the
street
●​ The traits that stand out is arrogance and overconfidence, Caesar thinks that he
is the supreme power whom the citizens loved and thus invincible

5.​ Who are the two people who try to warn Caesar? How are their efforts
defeated?
●​ The soothsayer and the schoolteacher, Artemidorus try to warn him
●​ Their efforts are defeated by Decius and Publius

6.​ What duty is assigned to Casca? Why should he be sudden?

●​ Casca was assigned to be the first person to stab Caesar
●​ He had to be sudden / quick because only then no one could stop them from
killing Caesar
●​ It would surprise, stun and terrify the others that they would not react promptly
and thus attempt to save Caesar

7.​ What about Popilius Lena makes Cassius afraid? What did he think Lena was
saying to Caesar? How does Brutus show them that there is nothing to fear?
●​ Popilius Lena had wished Cassius that his enterprise of that day may thrive. He
did not elaborate on what he meant by enterprise. And then he walks towards
Caesar
●​ Thus, Cassius fears that their plot may have been discovered and he is now
moving towards Caesar to warn him
●​ Brutus assures Cassius as he points out that Lena is smiling while talking to
Caesar and Cesar’s expression has not changed.

8.​ What task is assigned to Trebonius? What petition did Metellus Cimber present
to Caesar? In what way does he flatter Caesar?
●​ Trebonius’ task was to distract Antony and take him away from the scene
●​ Metellus Cimber made a petition to repeal the banishment of his brother
●​ He flattered Caesar by kneeling and doing ‘couchings and lowly curtsies

9.​ Why does Caesar reject the petition made by Metellus? Which trait of Caesar’s
character is highlighted in these arguments?
●​ Caesar rejects the petition made by Metellus as he says that he does no wrong.
He means to say that he does not take wrong decisions.
●​ Nor will he be convinced without a good reason
●​ Here he refers to a good reason to repeal the sentence of banishing Metellus’
brother Publius Cimber
●​ The arguments emphasize Caesar’s determination to uphold his judgment and
his resistance to flattery.

10.​ Explain ‘Of whose true-fix’d and resting quality/There is no fellow in the
firmament.’
●​ The reference here is made to the Northern Star
●​ No other star in the sky is as rigid or constant as the North Star.
●​ It is in its permanent place
●​ There are many other shining stars in the sky but none like the Northern Star

11.​ Why does Caesar compare himself to the northern star? What is the occasion
for such a comparison?
●​ Caesar compares himself to the northern star because of its quality to be most
constant and change under no circumstance
●​ He, like the northern star is firm. He would not change his decision about
repealing the banishment of Publius Cimber
●​ Despite the pleading and flattery of Metellus Cimber

12.​Discuss the comparison made by Caesar between the firmament and the world
of men
●​ The sky has countless stars and all shine brightly and are filled with fire
●​ Yet only one star is fixed and firm – the Northern Star which is true fixed and
resting place
●​ Similarly, the world is filled with intelligent people, yet Caesar stand apart
●​ He alone like the northern star is unaffected by the movements of objects
outside him. He cannot be persuaded or attacked (so he believes)

13.​ Why is Caesar stubborn in his attitude towards the conspirators? How does his
stubbornness serve on the dramatic effectiveness?
●​ Caesar is stubborn in his attitude towards the conspirators because they want
him to take back his decision to banish Publius Cimber.
●​ Caesar is proud of the fact that he does not take wrong decisions.
●​ Nor will he be convinced to do something without a good reason
●​ His stubbornness serves as an immediate trigger for the conspirators to stab
him with anger and vengeance

14.​What horrible event is about to take place in a short while? Who was to strike
first?
●​ Julius Caesar will be murdered
●​ Casca was the first to strike

15.​Why is Antony not present on the scene? What would have happened if Antony
were to be present there?
●​ Antony is not present on the scene as Trebonius takes him away outside on some
pretext
●​ Either he would have been terrified and run away from the scene when the
murder took place
●​ Or would have put up a fight against the conspirators and tried to save Caesar
from them
16.​What does Brutus mean when he refers to ‘Fates’? What was the Fates
responsible for? What according to Brutus do men know and what do they worry
about?
●​ Brutus is referring to the three goddesses of destiny when he mentions Fates
●​ These goddesses are responsible for the time of death of people on earth
●​ Men know they will surely die but they don’t know when
●​ Hence, they spend years fearing the impending moment of inevitable death

17.​ What positive deed has Casca done in stabbing Caesar? What does Brutus feel
about it?
●​ Casca has shortened Caesar’s time of fearing the impending moment of
inevitable death by killing him
●​ Brutus thinks it is a good deed by cutting short Caesar’s time of fearing death
●​ They have acted as a good friend or well-wisher to Caesar

18.​What does Brutus ask the Romans to do after he has assassinated Caesar? In
what way is it the fulfillment of Calpurnia’s dream?
●​ Brutus asks the Romans to stoop and bathe their hands in Caesar’s blood
●​ He asks them to shout out the words ‘Peace, Freedom and Liberty’ loudly
●​ Brutus’ order to the Romans is the fulfillment of Calpurnia’s dream. In Act II
Scene 2, Calpurnia dreams of Caesar’s statue bleeding like a fountain with a
hundred spouts and many lusty Romans bathing their hands in his blood.

19.​Discuss the role played by the assassination of Caesar in the storyline of Julius
Caesar.
●​ The assassination of Caesar creates the crisis in the play
●​ It emphasizes the theme of betrayal as Caesar realizes he cannot trust anyone,
including Brutus
●​ It also sets the stage for the downfall of the conspirators and political turmoil in
Rome

20.​Who is Cassius addressing when he says ‘Stoop, then, and wash.’? What does he
mean by this statement?
●​ Cassius is addressing the citizens of Rome when he says ‘Stoop, then, and wash.’
●​ He means to say that all people should wash their hands in Caesar’s blood
●​ He believes that the conspirators have done an honorable act and all citizens
should be a part of it

21.​Explain the following :

 a.​ States unborn - States or nations not yet discovered or known or faraway
lands

b.​ Accents - Languages

c.​ Pompey’s basis - Base or foot Pompey’s statue

22.​What does Brutus want to express when he says, ‘How many times shall Caesar
bleed in sport’?
●​ Brutus is referring to Caesar’s assassination
●​ He wants to say that they (conspirators) have now become famous
●​ And this scene will be enacted many times. Hence Caesar will bleed many times
in imitation of this scene
●​ In later years, people all over the world and from different nations will
commemorate this lofty (important) scene
●​ Through Brutus’ words ‘in sport’ Shakespeare reminds the readers that this
historical moment will be dramatized many times for entertainment

23.​What does Cassius believe ‘the knot of us’ will be called? Why?
●​ The knot of us refers to the band of conspirators
●​ Cassius believes that as often as this tragedy is enacted, so often will the band
of conspirators be remembered
●​ He says that they will be remembered as men who gave liberty to their country
because they got rid of a dictator to establish the republican form of
government

24.​Discuss how the entry of Antony’s servant marks the turning point of the whole
play.
●​ Before Antony’s servant’s entry, Brutus and the conspirators have managed to
appease the crowd
●​ They have convinced them that they had done what was right for Rome and won
them over to their side
●​ Then Antony’s servant comes and asks permission for Antony to speak to them
and be assured of his safety
●​ Brutus gives his permission and assurance that Antony will not be harmed
●​ It is the turning point because Antony uses this opportunity to make Brutus
allow him to speak at the Forum - the same speech that spells doom for the
conspirators
25.​Where does the mighty Caesar now lie? What is meant by ‘this little measure’?
Why is it an irony?
●​ The mighty Caesar now lie lifeless at the foot of Pompey’s statue
●​ This little measure refers to the small place/area occupied by Caesar’s dead
body
●​ It is an irony because when alive, Caesar was revered, feared and mighty. He
brought back huge trophies, victories and conquests and now lay shrunk,
helpless in such a small area of land

26.​Give examples of Caesar’s conquest and glories

●​ Conquest - Victory over Pompey’s sons
●​ Glories (admirations) – He refuses the crown thrice; he places the public over his
personal self

27.​ Whom does Antony address as ‘gentlemen’? What does he plead of them? What
does his request tell us about his character?
●​ Antony addresses the conspirators as gentlemen
●​ He pleads that they kill him too with the same swords they had used to
assassinate Caesar
●​ His requests shows that he is a loyal friend to Caesar and is grieving over his
death

28.​Explain ‘Who else must be let blood, who else is rank’. Why is Antony saying
these words?
●​ Who else must be assassinated (after the killing of Caesar)
●​ Who else has the same status of Julius Caesar
●​ Antony says this because he is not aware of the intentions of the conspirators
●​ He fears that they intend to murder him too

29.​What can be implied by Antony’s expression, ‘the most noble blood of all this
world’?
●​ Antony’s expression, ‘the most noble blood of all this world’ refers to his dear
beloved friend Julius Caesar
●​ This reflects his extreme love and respect for Caesar
●​ He holds Caesar in very high regard and he looks up to him

30.​What does Brutus tell Antony about the conspirators’ feeling for Caesar? Was
Brutus honest? Why?
●​ Brutus tells Antony that the conspirators’ hearts are full of pity and they loved
Caesar
●​ But they loved Rome more
●​ Yes Brutus is honest because he sincerely believed in the general good and the
welfare of the Romans
●​ He saw Caesar as a tyrant and an unworthy ruler
●​ He was also influenced by heavily by Cassius and his manipulative words

31.​ What does Antony mean when he says ‘credit? Why does his credit stand on such
slippery ground?
●​ Antony refers to his reputation as credit
●​ His reputation is unstable as he is befriending the murderers of his friend, Julius
Caesar
●​ When he shakes hands with the conspirators, he appears to be a bad person who
is behaving like a coward or flatterer
●​ He seems to be insincere and not brave

32.​What does Antony mean by ‘That one of two bad ways……or a flatterer?
●​ When he shakes hands with the conspirators and makes friends with them, he
appears to be a bad person who is behaving like a coward or flatterer
●​ He seems to be insincere and not brave

33.​What effect does Antony’s action and words have on the conspirators?
●​ The conspirators are influenced by Antony’s emotional speech
●​ They consider him as harmless and to be their friend at that moment

34.​What mistake does Brutus make by granting Antony’s request? What does
Cassius warn him? What is the consequence of this mistake?
●​ Brutus underestimates Mark Antony’s oratory skill
●​ He gives him a chance to speak after him at the forum at Caesar’s funeral, thus
giving Antony an opportunity to influence the mood of the Romans with his
words
●​ Cassius warns Brutus that the public may be moved by what Antony would speak
at Caesar’s funeral
●​ The public is influenced by Antony’s forum speech and turn aggressively against
the conspirators

35.​How does Antony prove that he can be both a coward and a flatterer?
●​ Antony proves to be a coward and a flatterer by befriending the conspirators,
shaking each one’s hand and praising them excessively

36.​Who speaks the words ‘Here wast thou bay’d, brave hart?’ What is the
comparison implied in the expression? To what custom of the hunters does it
refer?
●​ Antony speaks these words
●​ The word hart is a pun – hart / heart
●​ Brave hart refers to a brave stag (male deer) hunted down by hounds (dogs)
●​ The reference here is that Caesar being a bold man with a brave heart was
hunted down and killed by the conspirators
●​ Just as a stag (hart) is brought to bay when it is hunted down and forced to
faced the hounds (dogs) similarly the brave mighty Caesar had been hunted by
the conspirators and killed

37.​ Who are the hunters in the present crisis? Explain ‘Sign’d in thy spoil, and
crimson’d in thy lethe’.
●​ The conspirators or killers of Julius Caesar are the hunters in the present crisis
●​ Sign’d in thy spoil means they were all marked with his (Caesar’s) blood
●​ Their hands were red with blood after having killed Caesar
●​ Lethe was the river of death in the classical underworld
●​ Anyone who drank its water forgot the past
●​ Here it implies Caesar too has now forgotten all earthly possessions after he lost
his life

38.​In what way was the world ‘the forest of this hart’? Explain ‘this indeed, O world,
the heart of thee’.
●​ Julius Caesar was a great Roman leader (soldier) who roamed the world freely
●​ Just as a stag moves freely in the forest
●​ Caesar loved Rome and he was so great that he was the heart of the world
●​ Antony means to say that he was loved by all

39.​Why does Antony make Cassius suspicious? What does Cassius ask Antony
because of this suspicion?
●​ Antony makes Cassius suspicious because he speaks highly of Julius Caesar
whom he had just assassinated
●​ Cassius asks Antony his true intentions
●​ He asks if they could depend on him and count him in as their friend

40.​Why is Caesar’s spirit ‘raging for revenge’? When and to whom does Caesar’s
spirit appear later in the play?
●​ Caesar’s spirit is raging for revenge because he had been brutally murdered
●​ He is now hunting with Ate, the Greek goddess of mischief and revenge to
avenge his untimely death
●​ Later in the play, Caesar’s ghost appears to Brutus in his tent at Sardis, at night
proclaiming that they would meet again at Philippi
41.​Who is Ate? Why is her name used in the dialogue? What is meant by confines?
●​ Ate is the Greek goddess of mischief and revenge
●​ Caesar has been wrongfully and brutally murdered and he must be avenged.
Hence Antony makes a reference to the goddess of revenge
●​ The word ‘confines’ means regions

42.​‘With a monarch’s voice Cry “Havoc!” – This expression indicates absolute and
authoritative command for destruction. What does this expression foretell about
the things to come?
●​ This expression is a royal command which is a signal for mass slaughter and
plunder
●​ It is a sign of times to come in the political scene of Rome when the powers shift
from the republican to monarchy

43.​What is meant by the dogs of war? What foul deed is referred to and how will it
smell above the earth?
●​ Here war is described as the destructive hunter with fierce dogs
●​ The foul deed referred to here is the brutal murder of Julius Caesar
●​ The foul smell refers to the terrible consequences of the deed that will affect
several men

44.​What would the consequences of these happenings be for the conspirators and
as well as for Antony?
●​ The public will turn against the conspirators
●​ Civil war will follow
●​ The 2nd triumvirate will be formed with Antony, Octavius and Lepidus

45.​What has Octavius’ servant come with? What does he do when he sees Caesar’s
body? What does Antony ask him to do?
●​ Octavius’ servant has come with the message from Octavius that he is coming to
Rome
●​ He is shocked and full of grief when he sees Caesar’s body
●​ Antony asks him to rush back to Octavius and inform him about Caesar’s brutal
murder
●​ He also tells him to give the message that Rome is now a dangerous place and it
is not safe for Octavius to come there yet
●​ He also asks the servant to help him carry Caesar’s body to the marketplace

46.​Explain ‘oration’. What does Antony propose to do?

●​ Oration means Speech
●​ Antony proposes to carry Caesar’s body to the market place
●​ There he intends to address the citizens of Rome at the forum
●​ He intends to incite the citizens with his words and thus avenge Caesar’s murder

47.​Earlier Antony says ‘Over thy wounds now do I prophesy’ Mention any 3 points of
his prophesy.
●​ The three points of his prophesy are :
○​ A curse will light upon the limbs of men
○​ Domestic fury and civil strife will spread all over Italy
○​ There will be blood and destruction all around

48.​How is Antony depicted in this scene?

●​ Antony is depicted as a shrewd statesman. He does not let his emotions get the
better of him. He controls his feelings and first gets to know what the
conspirators intend
●​ He is an excellent orator because though he speaks after Brutus, he manages to
make his point and turn the crowd against the conspirators
●​ Though at the beginning of the play, he’s seen as Caesar’s favourite doing
whatever Caesar asks him to do, in this scene we see him as a powerful, cunning
commander, in charge of the situation
 Julius Caesar - Act 3 - Scene 2

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place at the Forum in Rome / at the Roman Forum
2.​ A large crowd follows Brutus and Cassius as they come to the Forum
3.​ Brutus addresses the Roman crowd, explaining why he and the other
conspirators killed Julius Caesar

4.​ He argues that they did it not out of envy, but for the love of Rome, as Caesar's
ambition would have made him a tyrant

5.​ Brutus appeals to the crowd's sense of logic and patriotism, and they initially
support him, shouting, "Let him be Caesar!"

6.​ Brutus allows Antony to speak, believing that Antony will not incite the crowd
against the conspirators

7.​ Antony begins his famous "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"
speech

8.​ Antony subtly undermines Brutus's claims without directly attacking him,
repeatedly calling Brutus and the other conspirators "honourable men" while
contrasting their actions with Caesar's virtues and benevolence

9.​ He reads Caesar's will, which bequeaths money and public parks to the citizens
of Rome, stirring their emotions and showing Caesar's care for the people

10.​Antony shows the crowd Caesar's wounds, pointing out where each conspirator
stabbed him, especially highlighting Brutus's betrayal

11.​ Moved by Antony's speech, the crowd turns against the conspirators, becoming
enraged and calling for revenge

12.​The citizens set out to find and kill the conspirators, leading to chaos and rioting
in Rome

13.​A servant arrives to give Antony the news that Octavius has arrived and has
gone to Caesar’s house with Lepidus

Importance of this scene -

This scene highlights the power of persuasive speech and the volatile nature of public
opinion
 1.​ This scene is crucial as it marks the turning point in the play, shifting the public's
allegiance (loyalty) from Brutus and the conspirators to Antony and the memory
of Caesar

2.​ Antony's masterful rhetoric showcases his political acumen and ability to
manipulate public opinion, setting the stage for the ensuing conflict and power
struggle in Rome

Critical Comments of the 2 speeches -

Brutus Antony

Tone Rational, calm, and sincere Emotional, ironic, and

manipulative

Style Logical, direct and Clever and strategic, using

straightforward, appealing irony and rhetorical questions
to the crowd's reason and to undermine the conspirators
sense of justice subtly

Content 1.​ Justification for Caesar's 1.​ Praise for Brutus: Antony
and Death: Brutus argues that repeatedly calls Brutus and
Arguments he loved Caesar but killed the conspirators "honourable
him to prevent him from men," using verbal irony to
becoming a tyrant. He cast doubt on their honour
presents the assassination
as an act of patriotism 2.​ Emotional Appeal: Antony
stirs the crowd's emotions by
2.​ Appeal to Logic: He uses highlighting Caesar's
logical arguments to accomplishments, his concern
persuade the crowd, for the people, and showing
stating that Caesar's them Caesar's wounds. He
ambition would have manipulates the crowd's
harmed Rome feelings using simple words
and dramatic visuals
3.​ Appeal to Roman Values: (Caesar's wounds and will).
Brutus appeals to the
citizens' sense of freedom 3.​ Reading of Caesar's Will:
and republicanism, Antony reveals Caesar's will,
emphasizing that his which leaves money and
 actions were for the public parks to the citizens,
greater good of Rome demonstrating Caesar's
generosity and further
turning the crowd against the
conspirators

Impact on 1.​ Swayed by Brutus's 1.​ Antony's speech incites anger,

the Crowd rational arguments, the grief, and a sense of betrayal
crowd supports him by in the crowd. He is effective
shouting, "Let him be in emotionally manipulating
Caesar!" the crowd

2.​ The support is weak, 2.​ The crowd turns completely

conditional and against Brutus and the
short-lived. As it does not conspirators. It is driven by
touch them emotionally, the emotional appeal and the
they are vulnerable and perceived injustice of
are convinced by further Caesar's murder
persuasion from Antony

Purpose / wants to justify the wants to avenge Caesar's

Intention assassination as a noble death and turn the crowd
act for the good of Rome against the conspirators,
paving the way for his rise to
power

Audience Gains initial rational Successfully incites a

Reaction support but fails to secure powerful and emotional
their lasting commitment / response, leading to chaos
loyalty and a call for revenge

Contrasts – in a nutshell -
Rational vs. Emotional Appeal: Brutus relies on logical explanations, while Antony
leverages emotional manipulation.

Direct vs. Indirect Attack: Brutus directly justifies the assassination, while Antony
indirectly condemns the conspirators through irony and suggestion.

Immediate vs. Lasting Impact: Brutus's speech has an immediate but fragile impact,
whereas Antony's speech has a profound and lasting effect on the crowd's sentiments.
Q & A -​

1. Where is Brutus at the beginning of this scene? Whom does he request to be

patient and on what occasion is his speech made? What is the purpose of his
speech?
●​ Brutus is at the Forum in Rome
●​ He requests the Roman citizens to be patient
●​ His speech is made at Julius Caesar’s funeral
●​ The purpose of his speech is to justify Caesar’s assassination, explain to
the citizens their reason for assassinating Caesar and to win them over

2. How important was honour for Brutus? Give one example to justify your answer
●​ Honour was extremely important for Brutus
●​ He was convinced that he had killed his good friend Caesar only for the
honour and welfare of Rome
●​ He did not do it for any personal gain

3. In what way did Brutus’ commitment to honour lead him to the present and the
near future crisis?
●​ Brutus was so committed to the honour and welfare of Rome that he led
the conspirators in the assassination of Caesar
●​ He did not hesitate to betray Caesar who was his good friend
●​ The future crisis is when the people who are reminded by Antony of their
love for Caesar, turn against Brutus and the conspirators
●​ They riot and chase him out of the gates of Roman, stripping him of all
honours

4. ‘Hear me for my cause’ – What is Brutus’ cause? Were his motives genuine?
Justify your answer
●​ Brutus’ cause was the welfare of Rome
●​ He wanted to safeguard Rome’s honour by killing Caesar to curb his
rising tyranny
●​ Brutus believed in his motives and was genuinely sincere about them
●​ He did not have any personal gain in killing Caesar
5. How do the listeners react in the beginning? Is the reaction the same at the end
of the scene? How was their attitude changed?
●​ In the beginning, the citizens are agitated and demand for reasons for
Caesar’s assassination
●​ When Brutus persuades them of the nobility of the conspirators' actions,
the citizens shift their support to Brutus
●​ They cheer him saying ‘Live, Brutus! Live! Live!
●​ They wish to crown him and erect his statue
●​ The scene ends with the mob turning riotous and against the conspirators
●​ The change in their attitude is a result of Mark Antony’s speech at the
forum

6. Explain ‘Censure me in your wisdom’. Who passed censure on him? In what

way has this changed the course of action in the play?
●​ Brutus says these words. He asks the citizens to judge his actions with
their intelligence. In that way they would understand his cause and
reason for killing Caesar
●​ The citizens of Rome passed censure on him
●​ The citizens are influenced by Brutus’ speech at Caesar’s funeral
●​ They find his reason honourable just as he is
●​ They respect him and want to crown him king and erect his statue to
honour him
●​ Their respect, admiration and honour for Brutus is nullified by Mark
Antony’s speech and they turn against him

7. Why does Brutus intend to depart alone? Why are the listeners left behind?
Which error of judgement made by Brutus is revealed by his instruction to the
listeners?
●​ After he finishes his speech, Brutus leaves alone
●​ He had given Antony permission earlier to speak at Caesar’s funeral, only
after he finished his speech
●​ Brutus requests the citizens to stay back and listen to Antony’s speech
●​ Brutus makes an error of judgement by permitting Antony to speak and
requesting the crowd to stay back to listen to Antony
●​ He trusts Antony to speak in a way that would add to their cause
●​ However, Antony using his powerful words, incites the citizens and turns
them against Brutus and the conspirators
8. Explain
a.​ ‘Do grace to Caesar’s corpse, and grace his speech.’
●​ Honour the dead body of Julius Caesar and respect his funeral speech by
Mark Antony

b.​ ….not a man depart

●​ Let not a single man leave this place

9. What explanation had Brutus given in his speech for the murder of Caesar?
What was the reaction of his listeners?
●​ Brutus explains in his speech that Caesar was a tyrant
●​ His death was for the betterment/welfare of Rome
●​ The citizens could live, no longer as slaves but as free citizens
●​ He appeals to their sense of patriotism in his speech
●​ They respect him and want to crown him king and erect his statue to
honour him

10. Who has given Antony permission to speak? Give the conditions under which
Antony was allowed to speak.
●​ Brutus has given Antony permission to speak at Caesar’s funeral
●​ The first condition was that Antony could address the citizens only after
Brutus has spoken to them
●​ Secondly, he would not speak ill of the conspirators

11. State the glories of Caesar that Antony refers in his speech. What does he want
to achieve by his speech?
●​ Caesar had won many wars
●​ He had brought back captives to Rome. The ransoms paid for these
captives had filled the general coffers (public treasury)
●​ Antony wants to show the citizens that Caesar was not as ambitious as
Brutus had said earlier
●​ But Caesar had worked for the welfare and glory of Rome
12. As Antony ascends the platform to speak, what do the citizens feel and say
about Caesar, Brutus and Antony?
●​ The citizens feel that Caesar was a tyrant and Brutus’s speech had
swayed them to feel so
●​ They are anti- Caesar
●​ They are in favour of Brutus because he has convinced them that he had
done an honourable deed
●​ They respect him and want to crown him king and erect his statue to
honour him
●​ They will now listen to Antony speak only because Brutus had told them
to do so

13. Why did the citizens stay behind to listen to Antony? In what way does he repel
their suspicion in the beginning of his speech?
●​ The citizens stay behind to listen to Antony as Brutus had asked them to
stay back and listen to Antony speak at Caesar’s funeral
●​ Antony begins his speech by praising the conspirators ‘honourable men’
thus preventing them from suspecting him at the beginning of his speech

14. Which evil done by Caesar is said to live on after him? Give examples of the
good done by Caesar.
●​ Caesar’s ambition is the evil that is said to live on after him
●​ Caesar brought laurels back to Rome through conquests
●​ These laurels are captives and wealth to the public treasury
●​ In his will, Caesar has given every citizen of Rome ‘seventy-five drachmas
●​ He has also left for the use of Roman citizens, his gardens, personal
groves and newly planted orchards beside the river Tiber

15. Why does Antony say ‘the noble Brutus’? Why is he not frank in his remarks?
●​ Brutus and the conspirators had put a condition to Antony that he would
be allowed to speak at Caesar’s funeral only if he spoke in their favour
●​ He was not to speak anything against them
●​ Hence, he refers to Brutus as ‘the noble Brutus’ so that the conspirators
don’t suspect his real motives
●​ He is not frank in his remarks because the conspirators could kill him and
he does not wish to antagonise them
16. Why do you admire Antony at this juncture? How did he deal with the crisis he
found himself in?
●​ I admire Antony for his oratory skills and presence of mind
●​ He was calm from the beginning and worked slowly with his actions and
speech to incite and turn the citizens against the conspirators
●​ He does not criticize the conspirators directly but uses his words cleverly
and subtlety to make the crowd think about the cruelty to Caesar
●​ He shows them the deadly wounds on Caesar’s body for effect
●​ He is able to convince the crowd that Caesar was not ambitious or selfish
as portrayed by Brutus as he had selflessly willed each Roman citizen 75
drachmas
●​ He is thus successful in turning the tables on the conspirators without
direct or physical confrontation with them

17. Which testament is referred to by Antony and who are referred to as ‘the
commons’? Why does Antony not want to read the testament?
●​ Antony refers to Juluis Caesar’s will
●​ The Roman citizens are referred to as commons
●​ Antony does not want to read the will as it would reveal how Caesar was
not ambitious, and he had selflessly willed wealth to his people
●​ When they know that they are his heirs, it would inflame them and make
them mad with regret, grief and anger

18. Explain ‘Bequeathing is as a rich legacy / Unto their issue

●​ Leaving something precious as a inheritance/gift to one’s children, which
would be handed down from generation to generation
19. Why according to Antony, would the commons dip their napkins in Caesar’s
blood and beg a hair of his? Why does Antony consider Caesar’s blood sacred?
●​ Once the citizens know about Caesar’s will and how they are his heirs,
they would hail him as the noblest of men
●​ They would revere Caesar by kissing the wounds on his dead body
●​ They would dip their napkins in Caesar’s blood as it would be deemed
sacred blood of a noble man
●​ They would beg for a hair of his as it would make a precious relic which
they would value, cherish and then pass it down as rich legacy from
generation to generation
●​ Antony considers Caesar’s blood sacred as Caesar had been a noble
selfless leader who had the best interests of his citizens, in life and now in
death

20 Besides the testament, which other item does Antony show later to the
. commons? How does that incite the commons?
●​ Besides the testament (will), Antony shows the citizens Caesar’s mantle
●​ Antony describes Caesar wearing the same mantle that he wore the day
he defeated the Nervii
●​ The mantle is now bloodied with several stabs and Caesar lies dead in
that mantle which now covers up his face
●​ Killing of a noble, selfless leader in such a cruel manner, incites the
commons

21. State briefly how Antony cleverly played on the emotions of the common
people? Discuss how they reacted as he desired.
●​ Antony appealed to the emotions of the citizens of Rome
●​ He made a show of the corpse of Julius Caesar in his bloodied mantle
●​ He revealed the content of the will proving that Caesar was not ambitious
as claimed by Brutus
●​ The crowd, which recently wanted to crown Brutus, is now so enraged and
incited that they want to kill him
22. Why are Caesar’s wounds referred to as ‘poor dumb mouths’? If Brutus were
Antony, what would have happened in every wound of Caesar?
●​ The wounds are open gaping wounds on Caesar’s dead body
●​ They resemble open mouths that cannot speak
●​ They cannot cry out to express pain or cruelty suffered by them
●​ If Brutus were Antony, he would have spoken in such a powerful manner
that even the wounds would be incited to speak up, express pain or stir a
civil war (strife)

23. What does Antony indirectly say to indicate that there should be a mutiny?
What does Antony, being satisfied, say after the departure of the mob?
●​ Antony says ‘Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up. To such
sudden flood of mutiny as he is no orator as Brutus is
●​ He says that if Brutus has spoken to them, they would feel enraged
●​ The irony is that with his words he is inciting the mob to rebel against the
conspirators
●​ After the mob departs, the satisfied Antony says that now Mischief has
started its work, let it takes its course and wreak havoc

24 Where does Antony go at the end of the scene? Whom does he join there? What
. happens to Brutus and Cassius?
●​ Antony goes to Caesar’s house
●​ He joins Octavius and Lepidus
●​ Brutus and Cassius have fled the city hurriedly
●​ They are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome
25. Mention, with examples, any three of the tactics used by Antony to make the
common people slaves of passion and resentment? (same as 28)

Antony employs several tactics to incite passion and resentment among the
common people in his speech. Here are three key tactics with examples:
●​ Verbal Irony and Repeated Praise of the Conspirators - Antony
repeatedly refers to Brutus and the other conspirators as "honourable
men,". This is verbal irony. It undermines their credibility (sincerity) and
honour without directly attacking them. Example - "Yet Brutus says he
was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man."
●​ Emotional Appeals and Sadness - Antony appeals to the emotions of the
crowd by vividly describing Caesar's achievements and his love for the
people, as well as showing them Caesar's wounds to evoke sympathy and
outrage. Example - "You all did love him once, not without cause: What
cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?"
●​ Revealing Caesar's Will - Antony uses the dramatic revelation of Caesar's
will to demonstrate Caesar's generosity and care for the people, thus
highlighting the injustice of his murder and turning the crowd against the
conspirators. Example - "Here is the will, and under Caesar’s seal. To
every Roman citizen he gives, To every several man, seventy-five
drachmas."

These tactics effectively stir the crowd's emotions, transforming their initial
support for Brutus into a passionate desire for revenge against the conspirators.
26. Till his death, Caesar’s word was powerful. Mention an incident in which Caesar
overruled the request of all the major conspirators.
●​ An incident in which Caesar's word remained powerful, and he overruled
the request of all the major conspirators, occurs in Act III, Scene 1 The
conspirators, led by Metellus Cimber, petition Caesar to repeal the
banishment of Metellus's brother, Publius Cimber.
●​ Metellus kneels before Caesar, pleading for the repeal of his brother's
banishment. He is soon joined by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators,
who also kneel and support the request.
●​ Caesar firmly refuses the request, emphasizing his constancy and
unyielding nature. He compares himself to the North Star, stating that he
remains resolute and cannot be swayed by pleas or flattery.
●​ This incident showcases Caesar's authoritative and uncompromising
nature.
●​ It highlights his belief in his own steadfastness and his unwillingness to
be influenced, even by those close to him. This refusal and demonstration
of power also set the stage for the conspirators' decision to assassinate
him, as they see no other way to curb his perceived tyranny.
27. Antony says ‘I will do them no wrong’ – Who is Antony referring to? What would
he do instead?
●​ When Antony says, "I will do them no wrong," he is referring to the
conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar. He assures the crowd that
he will not speak ill of them directly, despite his anger and grief.
●​ Instead of openly condemning the conspirators, Antony uses verbal irony
to subtly undermine their credibility and honour. He repeatedly refers to
them as "honourable men" while also quoting alongside the examples of
Caesar's positive qualities and actions. (Example: "For Brutus is an
honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men.")
●​ Antony evokes the crowd’s emotions by highlighting Caesar’s
achievements, his care for the people, and his unjust death. He appeals
to their sense of loyalty and compassion. (Example: "You all did love him
once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then, to mourn for
him?")
●​ Antony shows the crowd Caesar’s wounded body and describes the
betrayal in vivid detail, especially emphasizing the treachery of Brutus,
whom Caesar trusted. (Example: "Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger
through: See what a rent the envious Casca made.")
●​ He reads Caesar’s will, which includes generous bequests to the citizens,
further demonstrating Caesar’s love for the people and inciting the
crowd’s anger against the conspirators. (Example: “Here is the will, and
under Caesar’s seal. To every Roman citizen he gives, To every several
man, seventy-five drachmas.")
●​ By using these tactics, Antony incites the crowd without directly breaking
his promise to "do them no wrong." This strategy ultimately leads the
crowd to turn against the conspirators and seek revenge.
28. Mention the tactics Antony uses to stir the mob to mutiny? To which aspect of
the mob’s behaviour does he appeal? How?

1.​ Praise for Brutus: Antony repeatedly calls Brutus and the conspirators
"honourable men," using verbal irony to cast doubt on their honour
1.​ Emotional Appeal: Antony stirs the crowd's emotions by highlighting
Caesar's accomplishments, his concern for the people, and showing them
Caesar's wounds. He manipulates the crowd's feelings using simple words
and dramatic visuals (Caesar's wounds and will).
1.​ Reading of Caesar's Will: Antony reveals Caesar's will, which leaves
money and public parks to the citizens, demonstrating Caesar's
generosity and further turning the crowd against the conspirators ​
​

1.​ Antony appeals to the mob’s emotions, evoking sympathy for Caesar and
anger at the conspirators. He uses vivid imagery and emotional language
to stir their feelings of betrayal and loss. By showing Caesar’s wounds
and recounting his deeds, Antony makes the crowd feel sorrow for
Caesar’s death and anger towards those who killed him.
1.​
1.​ Antony appeals to the mob’s sense of loyalty to Caesar and their sense of
justice. He portrays the conspirators’ actions as a grave injustice that
must be avenged. By highlighting Caesar’s love for the people and his
generosity, especially through the reading of his will, Antony makes the
crowd feel a personal loss and a desire to right the wrong.
1.​
1.​ Antony controls the mob mentality, inciting collective anger and a desire
for revenge. He knows that once the crowd’s emotions are ignited, they
will act as a unified force. Through his touching speech and dramatic
gestures, Antony turns the crowd’s initial curiosity into a intense desire
for action, ultimately leading them to mutiny against the conspirators.

By skillfully appealing to these aspects of the mob’s behavior, Antony

successfully turns the crowd from supporters of Brutus to avengers of Caesar’s
death, inciting them to mutiny and chaos.
29. What document does Antony have in his hand? Where does he find it? Why
does he say that he does not intend to read it to his audience?
●​ Antony has Caesar’s will (parchment with the seal of Caesar) in his hand
●​ The will was found in Caesar’s closet (private room)
●​ Antony initially says he does not intend to read the will to build suspense
and intrigue among the crowd
●​ By pretending to withhold the contents of the will, Antony manipulates
the crowd’s emotions, making them more eager and insistent to hear it.
This increases their interest in what he has to say
●​ Antony strategically delays reading the will to increase its impact. He
uses anticipation to stir the crowd’s emotions, ensuring that when he
finally does read it, the effect is more powerful and the crowd is fully
roused.
●​ By using these tactics, Antony effectively turns the crowd's curiosity and
suspense into a powerful tool to incite them against the conspirators.
30. Why does Antony mention the names of the conspirators as he shows Caesar’s
mantle to the common people?

Antony mentions the names of the conspirators while showing Caesar’s mantle
to the common people for several strategic reasons:

●​ Personalizing the Betrayal: By naming each conspirator and pointing out

their individual roles in the assassination, Antony personalizes the
betrayal. This makes the act more vivid and shocking for the crowd.
(Example: "Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through: See what a
rent the envious Casca made.")
●​ Highlighting the Brutality: Mentioning the conspirators by name
emphasizes the brutality and treachery of their actions. It shows that
multiple people, including those close to Caesar, turned against him.
(Example: "Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd; And as he
pluck'd his cursed steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it.")
●​ Undermining Their Honor: Although Antony repeatedly calls the
conspirators "honourable men," by naming them in the context of the
murder, he subtly damages their honour and sows doubt about their true
intentions. (Example: "For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel:
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him! This was the most
unkindest cut of all.")
●​ Evoking Emotional Response: By associating each wound with a specific
conspirator, Antony evokes a strong emotional response from the crowd.
The crowd feels the weight of the betrayal more acutely, which fuels their
anger and desire for revenge. (Example: "For when the noble Caesar saw
him stab, Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquish'd
him: then burst his mighty heart.")
●​ Creating a Visual and Emotional Impact: Showing the mantle and naming
the conspirators creates a powerful visual and emotional impact. It helps
the crowd visualize the assassination and feel the horror of Caesar’s
murder, turning their sympathy into rage. (Example:"This was the
unkindest cut of all; For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquish'd him.")

By naming the conspirators and showing Caesar's mantle, Antony personalizes

the betrayal, highlights the brutality, undermines the conspirators' honor, and
evokes a strong emotional response. This tactic effectively turns the crowd
against the conspirators, inciting them to mutiny and seek revenge.
31. What are the common people’s feels towards Antony at this point of his speech?
How do they show their feelings?
At this point in Antony's speech, the common people’s feelings towards him shift
dramatically. Initially unconvinced or neutral, the crowd becomes increasingly
sympathetic and supportive as Antony masterfully manipulates their emotions.
●​ The crowd starts to feel a deep sympathy for Antony, seeing him as a
loyal friend to Caesar who is genuinely grieving the loss of a great leader
●​ They begin to trust him as he presents himself as a fair and honest man,
only reluctantly criticizing the conspirators.
●​ As Antony reveals more about Caesar’s achievements and the betrayal
by the conspirators, the crowd’s feelings turn to outrage and anger.
●​ They are moved by Antony’s depiction of Caesar as a generous ruler who
cared deeply for the people, and they feel anger towards those who
assassinated him.
●​ The crowd’s admiration for Antony grows as they see him bravely
standing up to the conspirators' narrative and honouring Caesar’s legacy.
They begin to view Antony as a new leader and protector of Caesar’s
memory and Rome.

The common people show their feelings in the following ways:

●​ The crowd’s verbal reactions become more vocal and supportive as
Antony’s speech progresses. They shout their agreement, express their
sorrow for Caesar, and denounce the conspirators. (Example: After
Antony reads Caesar’s will, the crowd reacts with lines like, "The will! The
will! We will hear Caesar's will.")
●​ The crowd starts calling for action against the conspirators, showing their
readiness to seek revenge and support Antony’s cause. (Example: They
begin shouting, "Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay! Let not a
traitor live!")
●​ The crowd displays emotional outbursts, showing their grief for Caesar
and their anger towards the conspirators. They cry and express their
collective sense of betrayal and loss. (Example: "O piteous spectacle! O
noble Caesar!")

By the end of Antony's speech, the common people are deeply moved, feeling
sympathy, trust, outrage, admiration, and a strong desire for action. They
express these feelings through verbal support, calls for revenge, emotional
 outbursts, and physical agitation, signalling their readiness to follow Antony and
turn against the conspirators.

32. What is the significance of Caesar’s mantle? Who were the Nervii?

●​ The mantle symbolizes Caesar’s status and authority as a leader of

Rome. By displaying it, Antony highlights the seriousness of Caesar's
assassination. Antony describes the mantle as the one Caesar wore when
he "overcame the Nervii," linking it to his military triumphs and
leadership.
●​ The mantle serves as a powerful emotional object, linking Caesar’s
physical presence with the memories of his deeds. Seeing the mantle,
especially with its bloodstains, evokes strong emotions from the crowd.
●​ Antony uses the mantle to visually and emotionally highlight the brutality
and treachery of the assassination. Each tear and bloodstain represent a
specific act of betrayal by the conspirators.
●​ The Nervii were the warlike Gallic tribes whom Caesar conquered in 57
B.C. His bravery, tactical prowess and the discipline of his troops
ultimately led to a Roman victory. It was one of his most challenging
battles and this victory was celebrated with great pomp in Rome
●​ Antony references the Nervii to highlight Caesar’s military achievements
and his courage as a leader. The mention serves to remind the crowd of
Caesar’s valour and the glory he brought to Rome.

(The significance of Caesar’s mantle lies in its symbolism as a representation of

Caesar’s leadership, achievements, and the brutal betrayal he suffered. The
Nervii, a fierce tribe, are referenced to highlight Caesar's military prowess and
the glory he brought to Rome. Together, these elements serve to heighten the
emotional impact of Antony’s speech, stirring the crowd to mutiny against the
conspirators.)
33. Why does Antony call Brutus ‘well-beloved’? Describe how the blood flowed as
soon as Brutus stabbed Caesar.

●​ Antony refers to Brutus as "well-beloved" to emphasize the depth of

Caesar's betrayal by someone he trusted dearly. By calling Brutus
"well-beloved," Antony highlights the fact that Brutus was not just a
conspirator but someone who was especially close to Caesar. This makes
Brutus's betrayal seem even more evil and heartbreaking.
●​ Antony uses the term to elicit a stronger emotional reaction from the
crowd. The idea that Caesar was betrayed by someone he loved and
trusted deeply is meant to evoke sympathy for Caesar and outrage
toward Brutus.
●​ By reminding the crowd of the close relationship between Caesar and
Brutus, Antony subtly damages Brutus’s honor. He suggests that Brutus’s
actions were not just politically motivated but deeply personal and
morally wrong.

Description of How the Blood Flowed as Soon as Brutus Stabbed Caesar:

●​ Antony describes how Caesar’s blood flowed out when Brutus, whom he
loved and trusted, delivered the fatal blow. The imagery of the blood
flowing symbolizes the life draining out of Caesar and the ultimate
betrayal by a close friend.
●​ The visual imagery of the blood flowing enhances the dramatic effect of
the scene, helping the crowd visualize the brutality of the act. It also
emphasizes the physical and emotional pain Caesar experienced in his
final moments.
●​ By describing the flow of blood and the specific wounds inflicted by each
conspirator, Antony deepens the crowd’s emotional response. He makes
them feel the gravity of the betrayal and the tragedy of Caesar’s death.

(Antony calls Brutus "well-beloved" to highlight the personal betrayal and evoke
sympathy and outrage from the crowd. His vivid description of Caesar's blood
flowing as Brutus stabbed him dramatizes the act of betrayal and enhances the
emotional impact on the crowd, turning them against the conspirators.)
34 Why is stabbing of Caesar by Brutus ‘the most unkindest cut of all’? How does
. Antony describe it? What does Antony ask the people to do at the end of this
part of his speech?

●​ In his speech, Antony describes Brutus’s stabbing of Caesar as “the most

unkindest cut of all” to emphasize the deep emotional betrayal involved.
●​ Brutus was a close friend and someone Caesar trusted deeply. The stab
from Brutus, whom Caesar loved and respected, represents the most
personal and painful betrayal.
●​ Antony describes how Caesar, upon seeing Brutus stab him, is
overwhelmed by a sense of betrayal and ingratitude. He depicts Caesar’s
heart breaking in response to Brutus’s attack, highlighting the emotional
and physical pain.
●​ At the end of this part of his speech, Antony incites the people to seek
revenge against the conspirators. He does this by stirring their emotions
and anger, pushing them towards action.
●​ By describing Brutus’s stab as the “most unkindest cut,” Antony
effectively deepens the crowd’s sense of betrayal and motivates them to
seek revenge.
 Julius Caesar - Act 4 - Scene 1

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place in a room in Antony’s house in Rome

2.​ Brutus and Cassius have fled Rome

3.​ Antony, Octavius and Lepidus have now gained political power in Rome and join
together to form the Second Triumvirate

4.​ The Second Triumvirate is the joint rule of Antony, Octavius and Lepidus

5.​ Agustus Octavius is Caesar’s great nephew and adopted heir. Lepidus is a
prominent military leader

6.​ They are purging (getting rid of) Rome of the conspirators or the coup which
toppled Caesar

7.​ They are not sparing even their own relatives

8.​ Lepidus is sent to get Caesar’s will so that they can decide how to reduce the
amount of money to be paid to the various beneficiaries in Caesar’s will

9.​ Antony is ruthless and considers Lepidus as an instrument for gaining full power
in Rome

10.​Octavius protests saying that Antony has already made him an equal when he
allowed him to approve the condemned list

11.​Antony explains that they are only using him to do their unpleasant work and to
take the blame for all unpopular decisions

12.​Antony would then force him into retirement without any rewards

13.​Octavius protests again saying that Lepidus is a good soldier

14.​Antony counters his protest by saying that Lepidus is a mere follower and
imitator

15.​Antony makes use of Lepidus as an asset, intends to grab his power and finally
throw him out

16.​It is clear that Antony has no regard for friendship or principles

 17.​Lepidus’ days are numbered and the second triumvirate is weak even before it is
active

Contrasting traits:

Contrasting Traits of:

Brutus Antony

●​ Only Caesar dies in the revolt ●​ All those who pose a threat die when
●​ Brutus is noble and is true to the Antony assumes power
cause i.e. the welfare of ROme ●​ Antony plays with the lives of family
members and friends
●​ He falsifies accounts and cheats the
citizens of their share in Caesar’s will
●​ He does not hesitate to use Lepidus in
this power struggle.

Characterisation in this scene:

Antony:

●​ Is shown in this scene as ruthless and hypocritical

●​ He does not care for relationships, friendship or principles.

●​ He does not spare even the lives of his friends and relations.

●​ He is crafty (cunning) and sends off Lepidus to get Caesar's will to falsify
accounts for his advantage.

●​ Antony who had first taken advantage of the mob now cheats them of their
share in Caesar’s will.

●​ He makes use of Lepidus as an asset, intends to grab his power in the new
triumvirate and finally throw him out

●​ Antony's dismissal of Lepidus shows that Antony has no regard for friendship or
principles. He has an appetite for an open fight for power.

●​ Antony is exploitative and takes advantage of the unfortunate circumstance for

personal gain.
 ●​ His power-hungry, ruthless nature is seen when he permits Publius, his sister’s
son to be killed

●​ He shows unethical behaviour and is seen as a predator, opportunist, and a war

profiteer

Octavius :

●​ He is the young, grand nephew of Julius Caesar and his adopted son and heir.

●​ He defends Lepidus against Antony's criticism.

●​ He says that Lepidus is an experienced and valiant soldier.

●​ Octavius is one of the three leaders involved in purging Rome of those who led
the coup to topple Caesar.

●​ Though only about 20 years old, he is not afraid of Antony.

●​ He is alert and is apprehensive that they are surrounded by enemies.

Q & A -​

1 Where does this scene take place? What has happened in Rome after Caesar’s
death?
●​ This scene takes place in a room in Antony’s house in Rome
●​ The rule over Rome is now in the hands of the Second Triumvirate
consisting of Antony Octavius and Lepidus (three triumvirs)
●​ They are the new tyrants who are discussing the death/punishment of
those who they consider to be enemies of Rome

2 What is the discussion at the beginning of this scene?

●​ Antony, Octavius and Lepidus (the Second Triumvirate) are discussing
about those who they consider enemies of Rome
●​ They are marking these people for death/punishment. Their names are
on a list
●​ Octavius says that Lepidus’ brother should be killed
●​ Lepidus consents on the condition that Anotny’s nephew Publius is also
condemned to death
●​ Antony casually puts a spot against Publius’ name and condemns him to
death
3 What is meant by ‘their names are prick’d?’ Why are these names prick’d? What
does this act reflect about the custom during the Elizabethan times?
●​ Their names refers to those who will be punished or killed
●​ Prick’d means marked or chosen.
●​ These names are of those whom Antony has put on a list to be punished
or sentenced to death.
●​ It reflects the harsh political practices of that time when leaders
eliminated enemies to secure power.

4 What does Octavius ask Lepidus about his brother? What condition does
Lepidus put forward with reference to Antony? What is Antony’s decision?
●​ Octavius asks Lepidus if he will consent to his brother being punished or
killed
●​ Lepidus says yes on the condition that Antony also marks Publius his
nephew (sister’s son) to be condemned to death
●​ Antony readily agrees proving that he does not care for relationships
●​ He would do anything for power and will not spare even the lives of his
relatives for power

5 What does Antony ask Lepidus to do? Why? Which characteristic trait of
Antony is revealed here?
●​ Antony then sends Lepidus to Caesar's house
●​ to get Caesar’s will
●​ so that he can change it and reduce the inheritances Caesar had left to
the public.
●​ This shows Antony's manipulative and cunning nature, as he wants to
alter (change) the will for their benefit.
●​ It is now evident that the second triumvirate is power hungry and greedy.
It has used the mob for its selfish purpose
6 What opinion does Antony hold of Lepidus? How does he plan to deal with him?
●​ Antony thinks Lepidus is a weak and unworthy man.
●​ He calls him ‘a slight unmeritable man, who was meant to be sent on
errands
●​ He plans to use him as a tool
●​ and then discard him without rewarding him when he is no longer
needed.

7 Why is Octavius surprised when Antony describes Lepidus?

●​ Antony calls Lepidus ‘a slight unmeritable man, who was meant to be
sent on errands
●​ He tells Octavius that he plans to use him as a tool
●​ and then discard him without rewarding him when he is no longer
needed.
●​ Octavius is surprised that Antony has taken Lepidus’ opinion on who
should be put to death, even when he thought so poorly of him

8 How does Antony intend to use Lepidus?

●​ Antony wants to use Lepidus as a tool and to run errands for them
●​ He tells Octavius that Lepidus is older and more experienced than young
Octavius, and therefore he was made a member of their triumvirate
●​ Thus, he will be perfect to take the various blames and accusations that
would fall on them during their rule

9 What does Antony compare Lepidus to? Discuss

●​ Antony compares Lepidus to an ass that carried the gold on its back
●​ The ass (donkey) would groan, sweat and do all the hard work during
their rule
●​ Lepidus will be led and driven by Antony and Octavius
●​ Once the work is done, they will remove the gold (i.e being a member of
the triumvirate) and let him go
●​ He would thus look like a fool who is stripped of his power and would live
among the common man as one of them
10 What does Antony discuss with Octavius about Brutus and Cassius?
●​ Antony tells Octavius that Brutus and Cassius are raising (building)
armies to fight against them
●​ Therefore it is necessary for them to march against Brutus, Cassius and
their armies
●​ They must unite their own armies and get more support and resources
from their friends and allies
●​ Antony also thinks that they must discuss how they will reveal to the
senators and the public, the names of those sentenced to death and the
cutting of Caesar’s legacies

11 State the comparison hinted between Brutus and Antony in this scene.
●​ Brutus appears more noble and honourable
●​ He is selfless and only thought of the welfare of the state
●​ Antony is shrewd, cunning, ruthless and power-hungry
●​ As he takes advantage of the situation for his own benefit

12 On a previous occasion, Antony refers to Caesar’s will when talking to the

Roman citizens. Show the contrast between that reference with the one in this
scene.
●​ On a previous occasion, Antony praises Caesar’s will to win the people's
support
●​ He highlights Caesar as a generous leader who has given 75 drachmas to
each citizen
●​ Now, in this scene, Antony plans to change the will to reduce the legacies
meant to the citizens
●​ He reveals his selfish intentions when he says he will see how he can ‘cut
off some change in legacies’

13 What does Octavius say in defence of Lepidus?

●​ Octavius says that Lepidus is a tried and valiant soldier.
●​ He defends Lepidus by calling him a brave and experienced soldier
●​ who has contributed much to their cause of defeating the conspirators
and becoming the new leaders of Rome
14 State any three things that Antony says about Lepidus after he leaves for
Caesar’s house. What does it show of Antony’s character?
●​ Antony compares Lepidus to a horse that needs to be trained
●​ He says that Lepidus only fit to run errands
●​ He mocks him calling him a mere tool who will be thrown away after
being used
●​ This shows Antony's arrogance, manipulation and lack of respect for
others.
●​ It also shows how power hungry he is and will do anything to gain it

15 Why is this scene important?

●​ This scene is important as it shows what is the result of Caesar’s death
●​ Brutus assassinated Cesar to save Rome from his tyranny
●​ But it has given way to a more tyrannical rule of the second triumvirate
(Antony, Octavius and Lepidus)
●​ The triumvirs are bloody, greedy and power-hungry
●​ They do not trust each other and there is a constant struggle for power
●​ Antony has no principles and this is evident when he marks his own
nephew Publius for death or when he plans to get rid of Lepidus. He also
uses the mob to gain power and then he readily cuts them off Caesar’s
legacies
 Julius Caesar - Act 4 - Scene 2

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place in front of Brutus’ tent (at a camp) near Sardis (Asia
Minor)

2.​ Brutus and Cassius meet

3.​ They are now in command of the armies which they have recruited separately in
the various Roman provinces and kingdoms of Asia Minor.

4.​ They will join at Sardis and go on their way to meet Antony and Octavius.

5.​ Brutus (with his servant Lucius) and his friend Lucilius greets Titinius and
Pindarus who come from Cassius' camp located nearby.

6.​ Titinius and Pindarus represent Cassius

7.​ Brutus tells them that he is not happy with Cassius.

8.​ Lucilius confides to Brutus that Cassius is less friendly than he has been.

9.​ When Cassius meets Brutus, he accuses Brutus of having wronged him

10.​Brutus denies the allegation and urges Cassius to keep calm in front of their
soldiers

11.​Both the generals (Brutus and Cassius) order their subordinates to lead off the
armies so that they do not see their generals quarrelling. This would also
prevent division within the armies

12.​They retire to the privacy of Brutus' tent to sort out their differences

Q&A-
1 Where does this scene take place? Why are Brutus and Cassius there?
●​ This scene takes place in front of Brutus’ tent at a Camp
●​ near Sardis (Asia Minor)
●​ Brutus and Cassius are leading their respective armies
●​ They are meeting at Sardis and will proceed together to meet Antony
and Octavius

2 Who are Lucilius and Titinius? What information does Lucilius convey to
Brutus?
●​ Lucilius is a loyal friend and officer in Brutus’ army
●​ Titinius is a soldier who works for Cassius
●​ When Brutus asks Lucilius if Cassius is nearby, he informs Brutus that
Cassius will be arriving soon and had sent his servant Pindarus to convey
his greetings to Brutus

3 Who is Pindarus? What grievance does Brutus have against Cassius, which he
voices to Pindarus?
●​ Pindarus is Cassius’ faithful servant
●​ When Brutus reads the letter which Cassius has sent through Pindarus,
Brutus is unable to control his anger
●​ He tells Pindarus that his master Cassius has either changed or is under
the influence of bad officers and doing certain wrong things (taking
bribe..)
●​ He says that if Cassius was here, he would discuss these wrongs with him
opening

4 How does Pindarus defend Cassius?

●​ Pindarus being a faithful servant, defends his master Cassius when
Brutus accuses him of doing wrong things
●​ He tells Brutus that he is confident of his master Cassius being upright
and would always be found deserving of respect
5 Why was it inappropriate of Brutus to complain about Cassius to Pindarus?
●​ It was inappropriate of Brutus to complain about Cassius to Pindarus as
he did so in the presence of many soldiers and subordinates
●​ It was improper to complain to a servant about his master’s behaviour
as it was against the Roman code of conduct
●​ Brutus’ here seems implusive, restless and uncertain about the battle
against Antony and Octavius

6 Explain ‘In his own change……..Things done undone.’

●​ Earlier Brutus had trusted Cassius completely
●​ Now he feels cheated and betrayed
●​ Brutus says that Cassius has changed his behaviour and is friends with
bad officers
●​ This makes Brutus regret killing Caesar and wishes he could undo the
killing

7 Give two reasons to explain why the Cassius did some things or did not do other
things?
●​ Cassius killed Caesar because he was jealous of him. His gain was
personal
●​ He did not kill Caesar for the welfare of the state
●​ He was not sincere and real in his intentions

8 What does Pindarus say about his master to Brutus? How did Cassius receive
Lucilius?
●​ Pindarus says that his master Cassius will come because he was full of
regard and honour
●​ Cassius received (welcomed) Lucilius with enough courtesy and regard

9 What is meant by ‘hot friend cooling’? Who is Brutus referring to?

●​ Brutus is referring to Cassius
●​ Hot friend cooling means a good friend whose feelings are growing weak
for the other friend. He has become distant
●​ Here Brutus refers to Cassius as the good friend whose feelings for him
(Brutus) are growing weak
10 What according to Brutus happens when love begins to decline? What is said
about sincere friendship?
●​ According to Brutus, when love begins to decline, it becomes an enforced
ceremony or unnatural formality
●​ It becomes fake and pretentious (only for show)
●​ In sincere friendship, there are no tricks. It is honest and true
●​ And when love between two friends diminish, the friend shows politeness
that is forced

11 Explain how men who are insincere in their friendship may be compared to a
horse.
●​ Some horses are very spirited when their master hold and leads them
●​ But these horses drop their heads and fail to prove their spirit in times of
need
●​ False friendships are like the fake spirit of these horses
●​ With this comparison, Brutus wants to say that Cassius had shown a lot
of promise as a true friend but when Brutus expected to honour that
friendship, he felt Cassius had let him down

12 Whom is Brutus referring to as an insincere friend? What has happened to their

relationship now? Why?
●​ Brutus is referring to Cassius as an insincere friend
●​ Their friendship has soured/ gone bad
●​ Brutus has realised that Cassius has tricked him into killing Caesar
●​ Not for the good of Rome but for his personal gain or jealousy

13 Compare the relationship between Brutus and Cassius to that between Antony
and Octavius
●​ In this scene Brutus and Cassius are against each other
●​ Their friendship has soured
●​ They are constantly fighting and have become weak in power
●​ On the contrary, Antony and Octavius show that they are united as they
wait on the plains of Philippi, with their armies
●​ They appear to be stronger than Cassius and Brutus
14 Which ‘sober form’ of Brutus is referred to by Cassius? What wrongs does it
hide? How does the sober form hide the wrongs?
●​ Cassius refers to Brutus’ serious face and grave appearance as sober
form
●​ His serious appearance hides the wrong that he did to Cassius
●​ He had ignored Cassius’ letter where he had asked Brutus to be lenient
with Lucius Pella (who was charged for taking bribes)
●​ Brutus’ sober form hides his feelings

15 Earlier, what does Brutus say about wrongs done by him? How is it an irony?
●​ Brutus calls the Gods to judge him if he has done wrong, even to his
enemies
●​ He means to say that he has not harmed Cassius or anyone, not even his
enemies
●​ This is an irony as Brutus though he sounds like a noble man, he has
wrongfully killed Caesar who trusted him completely

16 Which two armies are referred to in this scene? Why should they perceive
‘nothing but love’?
●​ The armies referred to in this scene are the armies of Brutus and Cassius
●​ Brutus wants them to put up a united front to fight Octavius and Antony
●​ They are leaders and as leaders they should not fight against each other
●​ Such an act would demoralize their armies

17 Explain ‘enlarge your griefs, and I will give you audience?’ Why does Brutus
want to give audience to Cassius in the privacy of his tent?
●​ Brutus tells Cassius to tell him all his complaints in detail and he, Brutus
would listen to him patiently
●​ Brutus wants Cassius to discuss in the privacy of his tent as the soldiers
would not hear them
●​ For if they saw their respective leaders arguing, they would lose courage
to fight Octavius and Antony
18 How are the fortunes of Brutus and Cassius compared to those of Antony and
Octavius in the earlier scene?
●​ The fortunes of Brutus and Cassius are worsening while Antony and
Octavius, are coming up stronger that in the previous scene
●​ Antony and Octavius, along with Lepidus, form a powerful triumvirate
and aggressively kill/eliminate political opponents.
●​ In contrast, Brutus and Cassius struggle with both internal conflicts and
external challenges.
●​ Brutus openly shows his frustration with Cassius, revealing cracks in their
alliance.
●​ Their troops seem discouraged and their military position is weak.
●​ This growing conflict foreshadows further instability, unlike the unified
and determined front of Antony and Octavius.
●​ The scene reflects the shifting power dynamics in the play, with Antony
and Octavius gaining strength as Brutus and Cassius lose influence and
face internal divisions.
 Julius Caesar - Act 4 - Scene 3

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place inside Brutus’ tent at a camp in Sardis

2.​ This scene is called the Quarrel Scene

3.​ Brutus and Cassius have a heated discussion inside Brutus' tent in Sardis.

4.​ Cassius is upset because Brutus disgraced Lucius Pella for bribery and ignored
Cassius' letters that asked him to be lenient with Lucius Pella

5.​ He criticizes Brutus for being strict with petty things while there were more
serious issues like the impending battle with Antony and Octavius

6.​ Brutus accuses Cassius of taking bribes and giving posts (positions) to
undeserving/incapable people.

7.​ He reminds Cassius that they had assassinated Caesar for justice thus he implies
that Cassius is unworthy of that cause.

8.​ Cassius angrily declares that he would kill Brutus for such an accusation if they
were not old friends.

9.​ Brutus mentions that Cassius failed to send gold to pay his legions. Cassius
denies this, blaming a messenger for miscommunication.

10.​Cassius offers his breast to Brutus' dagger. Brutus calms Cassius and they
reconcile by shaking hands.

11.​Brutus informs Cassius that Portia is dead. She took her life by swallowing
burning coals due to her anxiety over Brutus' absence and Antony and Octavius'
growing power.

12.​Messala reports that Antony and Octavius are advancing toward Philippi and
have executed senators, including Cicero.

13.​Cassius advises waiting for the enemy at Sardis to weaken their supply lines.

14.​Brutus fears that the locals will turn hostile towards their cause and join the
enemy

15.​He thus, insists on advancing to Philippi. Cassius reluctantly agrees.

 16.​After dismissing others, Brutus instructs soldiers to sleep near his tent and asks
Lucius to play music.

17.​Alone and unable to sleep, Brutus reads. The ghost of Caesar appears, calling
itself Brutus' "evil spirit" and warning him that they will meet at Philippi.

18.​The ghost vanishes after repeating "at Philippi" three times.

Q&A-
Where does this scene take place? What has Cassius done with respect to
Lucius Pella that has upset Brutus?

●​ The scene takes place inside Brutus’ tent at the military camp near Sardis
●​ Cassius has written a letter to Brutus favouring Lucius Pella
●​ For the same Lucius Pella whom Brutus had punished for taking bribes from the
Sardians

What had Cassius just complained of, to make Brutus say, ‘You wronged
yourself’? Explain the meaning of Brutus' words.

●​ Cassius complained that Brutus had ignored his letters in which he had pleaded
with Brutus to pardon Lucius Pella
●​ Brutus had wronged him by punishing Lucius Pella for accepting bribes, despite
Cassius' letter requesting him to be lenient
●​ Brutus' words imply that Cassius has damaged his own honour by defending
corruption

What advice does Cassius give Brutus? Do you think that Cassius was being
practical?

●​ Cassius advises Brutus to be more flexible

●​ He feels at this difficult time (war) it is not suitable to criticize and punish small /
petty offences
●​ Cassius was being practical, as a rigid stance on corruption might weaken their
support in times of war.

What does Brutus accuse Cassius of when he said, ‘Let me tell you yourself...’?
How did Cassius react to this?

●​ Brutus accuses Cassius of having an itching palm

●​ According to Brutus, Cassius took bribes to give official posts and positions to
undeserving candidates
●​ Cassius feels deeply insulted to be accused by Brutus of having an itching palm
●​ He swears by the Gods that had it not been Brutus who humiliated him so, he
would have killed the one who accused him like this
In the argument which continues between these two, Brutus accuses Cassius of
other faults. Point out two of these faults and say how Cassius reacts to
these accusations. Do you think Brutus is being fair to Cassius?

●​ Brutus accuses Cassius of being corrupt and misusing his powers to avoid
punishment
●​ He says Cassius is greedy and has refused to give him money to pay his troops
●​ He says that Cassius is no more a capable soldier (older in practice, abler….)
●​ Cassius responds angrily and swears by the Gods that had it not been Brutus
who humiliated him so, he would have killed the one who accused him like this
●​ I think that Brutus is too harsh, as Cassius has always been loyal to him

When Brutus says, ‘The name of Cassius honours this corruption, And
chastisement doth therefore hide his head,’ what sort of corruption is he
referring to? What has been the reaction of Cassius to this accusation?

●​ Brutus is referring to Cassius taking bribes and selling official post and positions
to undeserving people
●​ He says that Cassius is favouring and protecting corrupt officers like Lucius Pella
from punishment.
●​ Cassius is very upset and swears by the Gods that had it not been Brutus who
humiliated him so, he would have killed the one who accused him like this

What does the Ides of March signify to them? For which purpose did Brutus say
that Julius bled ‘for justice' sake’?

●​ The Ides of March (March 15) is the day when the conspirators assassinated
Caesar
●​ Brutus believed that Caesar had become tyrannical
●​ Hence his assassination would lead to the betterment of Rome. Caesar had to
bleed to rid Rome of corruption
●​ And now Cassius in being corrupt, was behaving like Caesar
●​ His behaviour contradicted their very cause.

Give two examples from this scene to indicate that Brutus was really angry with
Cassius.

●​ Brutus speaks angrily to Cassius and accused him of greed and corruption
●​ He calls him a madman and waspish
●​ He misinterprets Cassius’ words saying that he was claiming to be a better
soldier
●​ He refuses to take Cassius’ excuses and calls him dishonourable.

Explain briefly the bitter irony involved in the quarrel over money between
Brutus and Cassius.

●​ Brutus is angry because Cassius had not listened to his request for money
●​ He had needed this money to pay his soldiers
●​ The irony lies in Brutus needing money got through corruption to fund an army
to fight for justice.

State briefly how the disagreement between Cassius and Brutus was resolved.

●​ When Cassius asks Brutus to stab him with his own dagger, Brutus tells him to
sheathe his dagger
●​ Brutus admits that he is in a bad mood (ill tempered)
●​ They then hold each other’s hands and express regard for each other
●​ Cassius requests Brutus to love him enough to bear his rash humour which his
mother gave him

Give the meaning of ‘You shall digest the venom of your spleen, though it so
split you.’ What does Brutus say he will use Cassius for?

●​ The statement means ‘You shall swallow the poison of your own anger and even
burst with it and suffer deeply
●​ Brutus says that he will use Cassius for his mirth and laughter when he is waspish
●​ In other words, he says that he finds Cassius anger amusing and would use him
for fun and entertainment whenever he is in bad temper

Give two examples of the taunts which Brutus had indulged in earlier that make
Cassius say, ‘It is come to this.’

●​ Brutus accuses Cassius of being greedy. He claims that Cassius’ name has
become a shield for corruption
●​ The two examples of taunts are
●​ Must I give way to your rash choler
●​ Shall I be frightened when a madman stares?
●​ Go show your slaves how choleric you are

Under what conditions had Cassius made the statement that he was a better
soldier than Brutus? How accurate is Cassius' assessment of himself as a
soldier? Give reasons for your answer.

●​ When Brutus complains about Cassius, he responds by calling himself a soldier

●​ Older in practice and abler than Brutus himself
●​ He is fairly correct in saying so as he is more experienced in battlefield
strategies

What is meant by ‘vaunting’? How could Cassius prove his vaunting at this
point of time?

●​ Vaunting means boasting.

●​ Cassius could challenge Brutus and emerge winner by demonstrating his military
leadership
While Brutus and Cassius are arguing, a strange visitor enters the scene. Who is
he? What is the purpose of his visit? How does Brutus react to his arrival?

●​ A poet
●​ The poet asks the two generals Brutus and Cassius to be more amicable
●​ He says ‘Love and be friends
●​ Brutus tells him to go away, saying, Saucy fellow, hence

In what state is Cassius? Why is his heart richer than gold?

●​ Cassius is emotional and disturbed by Brutus’ accusations

●​ Brutus claims that Cassius had denied him certain sums of gold
●​ To this Cassius says that he had not denied him and is now offering his dagger to
Brutus to kill him to prove his sincerity and goodness of heart
●​ He is ready to die if Brutus thinks him to be dishonourable.
●​ His heart is ‘richer than gold’ because he values honour over wealth.

Who is Pluto? Why is Cassius' heart compared to Pluto's mine?

●​ Pluto is the ancient Roman god of the underworld and known for his wealth
●​ As he is the god of the underworld, he is associated with mines
●​ Cassius says his heart is richer/ more valuable than Pluto’s wealth
●​ He means to say that he is true and sincere

When did Cassius deny gold to Brutus? Why did the latter need the gold? What
explanation does Cassius give for not giving the gold?

●​ Cassius denies Brutus gold/ money when Brutus needed funds to pay his
soldiers.
●​ Cassius says that he did not deny Brutus the gold
●​ And he calls the messenger a for conveying the message wrongly to Brutus

What reply does Brutus give Cassius?

●​ Brutus criticizes Cassius for his greed and says that he will not tolerate
corruption
●​ Then Cassius offers his dagger to Brutus to kill him to prove his sincerity and
goodness of heart
●​ Brutus tells Cassius to put his dagger back and not be angry anymore
●​ He compares himself to a lamb who get angry only for a short time and cools
down immediately (flint bears fire…)

What is the dramatic importance of this dialogue? In what way does it

influence the subsequent course of action in the play?

●​ The dialogue highlights the discord between the two generals, Cassius and
Brutus
●​ It shows their fractured partnership (alliance)
●​ The argument foreshadows their downfall and eventual defeat.

Where has Portia gone? Why is Brutus so abrupt as to wave aside the thought
of Portia? What does it show us of his nature?

●​ Portia is dead. She has committed suicide by swallowing live coals

●​ Brutus dismisses thoughts of her death for the present as he wants to focus on
the current crisis and prepare for the approaching war
●​ His response to Portia’s death shows his stoic nature.

Who is Messala? What is the ‘self-same tenor’ of which Messala speaks?

●​ Messala is a soldier and friend of Brutus and Cassius

●​ The message of the ‘self-same tenor’ is that young Octavius and Mark Antony
are approaching Phillipi
●​ With a powerful army to attack them

What other news does Messala give just after this extract?

●​ Messala tells Brutus about Portia’s death

●​ He also says that Octavius, Antony and Lepidus had declared a hundred
senators as against the law
●​ And had put them to death for acts of treason

What does Brutus come to know (from the letters he received) about Octavius
and Antony? Where does Brutus plan to meet the enemy?

●​ Brutus learns that Antony and Octavius have combined their forces and have
come up with an army that has mighty power
●​ They have put to death a hundred senators for acts of treason. Cicero was one of
the senators put to death by Antony and Octavius
●​ Brutus plans to meet the enemy at Philippi.

What does Brutus mean by ‘Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe’?

●​ Cassius suggests that it would be better if the enemy marched towards them
instead of Brutus and Cassius’ army moving forward to attack them
●​ Brutus replies that now their (Brutus and Cassius’) combined forces are at their
maximum strength as they have the support of all possible friends
●​ He believes their army is strong and ready for battle.
●​ That time was most appropriate to fight for their cause

Give two arguments of Brutus to indicate that his military strength is in an

advantageous position.

●​ Brutus argues with Cassius that their forces are at their peak. They are at their
maximum strength as they have the support of all possible friends (allies)
●​ In marching towards Phillipi, they would cut out the chances of Antony and
Octavius acquiring more help from those people living in the areas between
where they were now and Phillipi
●​ The people living in those areas were forced by Brutus to support him and they
would gladly leave him and support Antony if he spoke to them

Brutus says, ‘The enemy increaseth every day.’ State how it increases every
day.

●​ The enemy, Antony and Octavius are gaining strength by adding support to their
combined forces
●​ This support is from their friends/allies who help them
●​ This kind of support is increasing day by day

‘There is a tide in the affairs of men.’ What comparison is made between the
voyage of life and the voyage on sea?

●​ Brutus says life on earth is like a journey on the sea

●​ There is a tide in the life of the humas just as there is tide in the ocean
●​ Life’s opportunities are like the ocean tides and one must act when the moment
arises

According to Brutus, ‘On such a full sea are we now afloat.’ How is this
statement valid?

●​ This statement is most appropriate right now according to Brutus

●​ Because this seems the most opportune moment for their armies to wage to war
●​ Brutus believes they must seize the opportunity or face failure

To whom does Brutus speak when he thinks he sees someone? What is the
setting of the scene during this time?

●​ He speaks to the ghost of Julius Caesar

●​ It is late at night, inside Brutus’ tent in Sardis
●​ Brutus is in his tent at night time with Varro and Claudius asleep and at one side
Lucius had been playing music on his lyre and had fallen asleep

What is the ‘apparition’ referred to in the extract? Why is it said to be

‘monstrous’?

●​ It is Julius Caesar’s ghost.

●​ It is ‘monstrous’ because it is ominous
●​ It seems to be a manifestation of Brutus’ guilty conscience. It looks even more
terrifying because he is very disturbed

What does Brutus wonder about the apparition? What is the effect of the
apparition on Brutus?
●​ Brutus wonders if it is real or this apparition is some god, angel or devil
●​ It makes his blood turn cold and hair stand on end
●​ He is very disturbed but remains resolute

What does the apparition say to Brutus?

●​ The apparition calls itself Brutus’ evil spirit

●​ It says it would meet him again at Philippi
●​ This apparition highlights Brutus’ disturbed state of mind

Who else was present at the scene? Did they see the apparition?

●​ Varro, Claudius and Lucius are present inside Brutus’ tent at Sardis
●​ They are asleep and do not see the apparition
●​ This suggests that it could have been a product of Brutus’ imagination because
he is at present filled with guilt
 Julius Caesar - Act 5 - Scene 1

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place at another part of the battlefield in Philippi

2.​ Octavius and Antony with their forces, wait for Brutus, Cassius and their forces

3.​ Octavius is surprised that Brutus and Cassius challenge them openly rather than
wait for them on the hills

4.​ A messenger arrives to inform Octavius and Antony that the enemy is advancing
(in full strength of forces)

5.​ Antony instructs Octavius to cover the battlefield from the left

6.​ Octavius disagrees and tells Antony firmly that he will take the right side, while
Antony should cover the left. (Right side symbolizes authority and leadership)

7.​ This disagreement points out to the weakening of the Antony-Octavius alliance

8.​ When Brutus and Cassius arrive, a battle of words arises between Antony and
Octavius / Brutus and Cassius

9.​ Antony accuses Brutus of hypocrisy in Caesar’s assassination

10.​He blames the conspirators for the cowardly way that they killed Caesar

11.​Cassius accuses Antony of using deceit in his meeting with the conspirators
(after Caesar’s assassination)

12.​Cassius tells Messala that it is his birthday that day and he fears it would also be
the day of his death

13.​Though not a believer in omens (reference: his belief in Epicurus’ philosophy), he

has now changed his mind

14.​He tells Messala how two great eagles had flown above them as they marched
from Sardis

15.​They had now flown away

16.​They were now replaced by crows, ravens and kites – omens that seem to be a
foreshadowing/foretelling their defeat
 17.​Cassius asks Brutus what he would do if they are defeated

18.​Brutus says that he does not believe in suicide and thinks one should have
patience to live through anything that the gods have destined for them

19.​He also says that he would not allow himself to be captured and taken to Rome
in chains

20.​Brutus and Cassius bid an emotional farewell to each other ( i.e. in case they
don’t speak to each other again)

21.​They go into battle with a defeated, negative attitude.

Characterisation in this scene:

Cassius:

●​ Cassius who has been manipulating Brutus, is now become dependent on Brutus’
leadership

●​ He’s developed a closer bond with Brutus. He agrees to everything that Brutus
decides

●​ In this scene, we meet a Cassius who has is feeling depressed and sentimental

●​ He exhibits fear of defeat which may lead to his death (he mentions of birth and
death on the same day)

●​ Earlier he did not believe in omens (A1S3) but in this scene he says he believes in
omens.

●​ The crows, ravens and kites that have replaced the two eagles cause him to
believe that the gods are telling him symbolically about defeat and his death

Brutus:

●​ Brutus comes across as confident and sure of what he is doing

●​ He is seen preparing mentally for defeat

●​ Brutus as a thinker opposes suicide but as a noble Roman soldier has to uphold
his Roman honour

●​ He suggests ending his own life when he expresses that he cannot bear the
thought of returning to Rome as a prisoner in chains.
 ●​ He is resigned to his fate which makes him wish Cassius a ‘forever and forever’
farewell

Q & A -​

1. Who does Octavius refer to as enemy? What warning has the enemy given?
From where would they come to Philippi?
●​ Octavius refers to Brutus and Cassius as enemy
●​ The warning given by the enemy was that Cassius and Brutus have
declared war against Octavius and Antony. They are marching towards
them.
●​ Brutus and Cassius are coming from Sardis

2. Explain ‘Answering before we do demand of them’

●​ Octavius says these words
●​ Octavius says that Brutus and Cassius have launched an attack even before
being provoked in war

3. Explain ‘I am in their bosoms’

●​ Antony says that he knows the intentions of Brutus and Cassius
●​ As he is aware of what is going on in their hearts (in their minds)

4. Why did Brutus decide to march to Philippi from Sardis?

●​ Brutus decides to march to Philippi from Sardis to attack the armies of
Octavius and Antony
●​ He is confident that their own armies (his and Cassius’) were at their best
(optimum)
●​ Also, Antony would add new soldiers from the territories that lay between
Sardis and Philippi if he was allowed to march towards them
●​ Brutus had forced these territories to support him and Cassius
●​ And these territories would readily join Antony if he spoke to them
●​ Thus, Brutus marches to Philippi to cut off Antony and Octavius’ chance of
increasing the strength of their forces
5. What did Octavius hope that the enemy would do? What according to him was
the enemy’s intention?
●​ Octavius hoped the enemy (Brutus and Cassius) would meet them at the
plains of Philippi
●​ This was contrary to Antony’s opinion that the enemy would not come down
but remain in the hills/upper regions
●​ According to Octavius, the enemy’s intention was to attack them at Philippi
●​ And the enemy had accepted their challenge even before they had
attacked them

6. What does Antony believe that the enemy planning? What is Antony sure of?
Why?
●​ Antony believed that the enemy was planning to put on a show of courage
to impress Antony and Octavius (armies)
●​ Antony was sure that they were full of fear and the bravery was superficial
●​ He thinks that Brutus and Cassius would rather be in another place than on
this battlefield as they were not brave in reality

7. Whose offensive tongue does Cassius speak of? What had the tongue said to
offend Cassius?
●​ Cassius speaks of Antony’s tongue as offensive
●​ Antony called them ‘villains’ as they had stabbed Caesar without a warning
●​ They had stabbed him on the ides of March with their vile daggers
●​ He further accuses them of fawning like curs and flattering Caesar while
Casca ‘like a cur’ had struck his neck from behind
●​ These accusations of Antony offends Cassius
8. Give a brief explanation of the earlier episode that Cassius refers to when he
reminds Brutus that he only has himself to thank for the present situation. What
is the present situation?
●​ Earlier Cassius wants to kill Antony along with Caesar
●​ Brutus had made the fatal error of judgment by rejecting Cassius’
suggestion and allowing Antony to live
●​ Also Brutus had allowed Antony to address the public at Caesar’s funeral
even when Cassius thought it was not a good idea
●​ This is the episode that Cassius refers to when he reminds Brutus that he
has none but himself to thank for the present situation
●​ A situation where Antony now lives and has the power to attack and defeat
them

9. How does Cassius describe Octavius?

●​ Cassius describes Octavius as a peevish (childish) schoolboy
●​ Unworthy of being killed with Brutus’ sword

10. What does Octavius mean by ‘the cause’?

●​ By ‘cause’ Octavius means ‘confrontation’
●​ Octavius urges them to stop talking and start fighting
●​ He was to fight till he had avenged Caesar’s death by killing the
conspirators
●​ Or die in the act of doing so (he would be killed by the enemies)

11. Explain ‘..or till another Caesar…sword of traitors’.

●​ Octavius draws his sword to kill the conspirators and avenge Caesar’s
death
●​ He refers to himself as the another Caesar
●​ And if he is killed by the conspirators, that would increase the number of
persons (from his family) slaughtered by them
12. Is Octavius successful in his task of vengeance? How does the play end?
●​ Yes he does avenge Caesar’s death
●​ The play ends with the death of Cassius and Brutus
●​ Cassius kills himself after being defeated in the first battle at Philippi
●​ Brutus too kills himself after the second battle

13. What omens has Cassius seen? What was his opinion of omens earlier?
●​ Cassius sees two huge eagles perched on their main standard (ensign)
●​ These eagles were eating hungrily from the hands of their soldiers
●​ Cassius believes that the eagles are a sign of victory
●​ They had accompanied the army right up to Philippi and had flown away
that morning.
●​ In their place, birds of ill omen like crows, ravens and kites were now
hovering (flying) overhead. Cassius believes that these birds are ill omen
and they indicate approaching defeat and death
●​ Earlier he strongly believed in Epicurus and his views
●​ Epicurus, a Greek philosopher said that omens were not to be trusted as
they were mere superstitions
●​ However now he believes that these omens foretell the future

14. Explain ‘As we were sickly prey: their shadows seem/ a canopy most fatal’. What
Do these lines signify?
●​ The birds of prey (crows, ravens and kites) are hovering over our armies
●​ As if they were animals about to die
●​ The shadows of these birds are like a deathly canopy (covering) over the
soldiers
●​ These lines signify Cassius now believes in omens. He finds these signs
ominous. His fear of defeat and death is evident
15. How can it be concluded that Cassius was prepared for a possible defeat?
●​ The previous morning, Cassius had seen two large eagles perched on their
on their main standard (ensign)
●​ These eagles were eating hungrily from the hands of their soldiers
●​ They had flown away that morning.
●​ In their place, birds of ill omen like crows, ravens and kites were now
hovering (flying) overhead.
●​ Cassius believes that these birds are ill omen and they indicate
approaching defeat and death
●​ Thus, we can conclude that Cassius was prepared for a possible defeat

16. How does Brutus console Cassius when he speaks of suicide?

●​ Brutus consoles Cassius by saying that he found it ‘cowardly and vile’ to
commit suicide
●​ Instead, he wishes to be patient
●​ and wait for the fates destined to them
●​ by the gods who guide all destinies on earth

17. Why does Cassius ask Brutus if he would be contented to march through the
streets of Rome?
●​ When Cassius fears imminent defeat, he feels the only way to escape
capture and humiliation is committing suicide
●​ However, Brutus opposes the idea and says that it is a cowardly and vile
act
●​ He says he is ready to face his destiny bravery
●​ Then Cassius reminds him of the Roman practice of parading prisoners of
war through the city streets
●​ And asks Brutus if this practice was acceptable to him in case they are
defeated by Antony and Octavius
18. Discuss how Brutus bears a great mind
●​ When Cassius fears imminent defeat, he feels the only way to escape
capture and humiliation is committing suicide
●​ However, Brutus opposes the idea and says that it is a cowardly and vile
act
●​ He says he is ready to face his destiny bravery
●​ At the same time he believes he is too honourable to suffer humiliation of
being paraded through the city streets as a prisoner
●​ These thoughts prove that Brutus bears a great mind

19. What had begun on the ides of March? How are the words of Brutus prophetic?
●​ A mutiny in Rome followed Caesar’s assassination which took place on the
ides of March
●​ Brutus while parting with Cassius says ‘Whether we shall meet again I know
not’
●​ This statement turns out to be prophetic as Brutus does see Cassius again,
but a dead Cassius

20. Do Cassius and Brutus meet again? Justify

●​ No Cassius and Brutus do not meet again
●​ Cassius commits suicide in a part of the battlefield at Philippi
 Julius Caesar - Act 5 - Scene 2

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place on the battlefield in Philippi

2.​ Signals are given for the battle to begin

3.​ The plain of Philippi is alive with troop movement

4.​ Brutus sends Messala with a message to Cassius to attack the enemy
immediately

5.​ His judgement to attack immediately is based on his belief that Octavius and his
army are timid and lacked fighting spirit

6.​ A sudden attack would surprise the army and was enough to defeat them

7.​ Brutus thus commits an error by giving the order for battle too soon

Characterisation in this scene:

Brutus:

●​ He is seen as an active general of the combined army of conspirators

●​ He gives orders firmly

●​ He seems to foresee victory to his side

●​ The usually calm Brutus is now seen as an impulsive commander giving orders
for the battle too soon. This proves fatal and drives him to his defeat

Q & A -​
1.​ Where does this scene take place? What is meant by ‘these bills’? What is
referred to as ‘legions on the other side’?
●​ In the battlefield at Philippi
●​ Written orders
●​ Troops on the other side of the battlefield led by Cassius

2.​ What instructions does Brutus give? To whom are these instructions given?
●​ Brutus sends instructions to Cassius through Messala
●​ To attack Octavius army at once
3.​ Brutus hopes to have advantage at this juncture. What indications has he
perceived in this regard?
●​ Brutus has noticed ‘cold demeanour’ in Octavius’ wing
●​ Which means that he perceives that Octavius and his army are timid and lacked
fighting spirit
●​ And a sudden attack would be an advantage to him and his army

4.​ What warning did Octavius give to Brutus the previous night? How was the
warning taken?
●​ Octavius warns Brutus about drawing out his sword against the conspirators
●​ He says that he would avenge Caesar’s death
●​ Or fight until he, another Caesar is killed by the traitors/conspirators
●​ Brutus denies being a traitor (having the hands of a traitor)

5.​ What changes do you notice in Brutus’ character in this scene?

●​ seen as an active general of the combined army of conspirators
●​ he is confident of his victory and gives orders firmly
●​ The usually calm Brutus is now seen as an impulsive commander giving orders
for the battle too soon. This move proves fatal and drives him to his defeat
 Julius Caesar - Act 5 - Scene 3

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place at another part of the battlefield in Philippi

2.​ Antony’s forces have defeated the army led by Cassius

3.​ Cassius returns with Titinius (following their retreating troops)

4.​ Cassius is desperate and very angry (kills the ensign-bearer who was running
away with the standard)

5.​ Brutus’ troops rejoice for having defeated Octavius

6.​ They loot the enemy instead of coming to help Cassius’ men (one of the reasons
why Antony can defeat Cassius)

7.​ Cassius sends Titinius towards the soldiers to see check who they are while he
and Pindarus wait behind at a distance

8.​ He asks Pindarus to climb the hill and watch Titinius

9.​ When Pindarus reports that he sees Titinius alighting from his horse among the
soldiers who shout joyously, Cassius mistakenly concludes that Titinius has been
captured by the enemy

10.​ The reality is that Titinius meets some friends who want to tell Cassius the happy
news that Brutus had defeated Octavius

11.​ Cassius had once saved Pindarus’ life and hence he asks him to repay that debt
by following his command

12.​ He commands Pindarus to stab him and dies with the words ‘Caesar, thou are
revenged’

13.​ Pindarus having stabbed Cassius on his command, flees

14.​ Titinius returns with Messala bringing the news that Brutus has defeated
Octavius, only to find Cassius dead

15.​ Messala leaves to report Cassius’ death to Brutus

16.​ Titinius grieves over Cassius’ death and blames himself for it

17.​ He then takes Cassius’ sword and kills himself

 18.​ When Brutus arrives, he mourns Cassius’ death

19.​ He is does not weep for Cassius. Instead postpones his grieving

20.​ After brief arrangements for Cassius’ funeral, Brutus orders his troops into battle
again before night falls

Characterisation in this scene:

Cassius:

●​ In this scene, the usually strategic manipulator Cassius is seen as a moody,

nervous individual

●​ He comes as an insecure general who sends out his officer to check the situation

●​ When he hears the report Pindarus gives him, he is devastated as he has allowed
his best friend Titinius to be captured by the enemy

●​ He becomes a victim of his own feelings and misunderstanding and kills himself

●​ Titinius killing himself for Cassius shows that Cassius was a great friend

●​ Brutus speaks very little but means much when he says that Rome will never be
able to produce a man like Cassius. He calls him ‘the last of all Romans’. This
shows his love and respect towards Cassius

Irony in this scene

1.​ Cassius is a shrewd judge of character and situation. Yet when he fears defeat
and safety of his own life, he misjudges the situation and kills himself (instead of
being stoic).

2.​ Cassius is never portrayed as a noble man all through the play. However, in his
death, the love and respect his friends have for him becomes evident. Titinius
commits suicide out of love for Cassius. Brutus says that Rome will never be able
to produce a man like Cassius. He calls him ‘the last of all Romans’.

3.​ When Brutus defeats Octavius, he does not rush to help Cassius. This indirectly
causes Cassius’ death. The soldiers of the honorable Brutus indulge in
dishonorable/shameful acts looting and plundering.
Q & A -​

1. Where does this scene take place? Who was the coward? Why did Cassius slay
the coward?
●​ This scene takes place in another part of the battlefield at Philippi
●​ The coward refers to a soldier from Cassius’ own army
●​ The cowardly soldier was running away from the battlefield with the
ensign. Hence Cassius slayed him.

2. What did Titinius say about the error committed by Brutus? What were the
immediate consequences of the error?
●​ The error committed by Brutus was that he gave the command to attack
too early and without full preparation
●​ The consequence was that though Brutus was able to defeat Octavius,
●​ Antony’s army had surrounded Cassius’ army from all sides

3. On what errand does Cassius send Titinius? What does Cassius tell Pindarus to
do for him?
●​ Cassius sends Titinius on his own horse to that point where some troops
were stationed
●​ Titinius was to check whether the troops were their friend or foe
●​ He had to report back to Cassius as soon as possible – i.e hurriedly with
that information whether the troops were their friend or foe
●​ Cassius asks Pindarus to climb the hill and watch Titinius and report all
that he saw there

4. What report does Pindarus return with? How does his report seem to confirm
Cassius’ fears? How does he interpret the report?
●​ Pindarus returns with the report that Antony’s army are in their tents
●​ And that they should run away (fly further off)
●​ Cassius earlier feared that they had attacked too soon
●​ And this decision of Brutus would be disadvantageous to them
5. What does Cassius think aloud while Pindarus is away? Why is the day important
to Cassius?
●​ Cassius thinks aloud after Pindarus climbs the hill to check on Titinius
●​ He says that that particular day was his birthday
●​ Due to the current situation (battle and his being surrounded by Antony’s
army) , that this day would also be the day he would die
●​ This day was important as it was also the day he was born

6. Who are Titinius and Pindarus? What errands are they sent on, by Cassius?
●​ Titinius is a friend of Cassius and Brutus
●​ Pindarus is Cassius’ servant
●​ Titinius is sent towards the soldiers to see check who they are while
Cassius and Pindarus wait behind at a distance
●​ Then Cassius asks Pindarus to climb the hill and watch and tell him all that
was happening to Titinius

7. Explain what Titinius means when he says ‘even with a thought’. Why does
Titinius have to go?
●​ When Titinius says ‘even with a thought’, he means he will be back as
quick as the speed of thought
●​ Cassius has asked Titinius to ride quickly to the troops at a distance and
bring back information whether the troops were friends or foes
●​ So Titinius speeds towards the troops

8. What action does Cassius take as he gets Pindarus’ report? How does the
outcome affect Pindarus?
●​ Pindarus reports that he sees Titinius is surrounded by soldiers mounted
on horses
●​ They were moving towards Titinius at a great speed
●​ As soon as Cassius hears Pindarus’ report, he assumes that Titinius is
captured by the enemies
●​ Cassius commits suicide with the help of Pindarus
●​ Pindarus is greatly troubled (distraught) and flees where no Roman would
ever see him
9. How does Brutus react when he sees Cassius dead?
●​ Brutus is horrified to see Cassius dead
●​ He feels that this was the doing of Julius Caesar who is still powerful, even
though dead

10. What does Cassius mean when he says ‘I swore thee’? What had Pindarus
promised to do? What does Cassius now ask is he now asked to do?
●​ Cassius had made Pindarus swear that he would be loyal and obedient to
Cassius if he spared his life
●​ Pindarus had promised to do whatever Cassius asked of him
●​ Now Cassius asks him to kill him with his own sword

11. What has made Cassius so desperate? Was Cassius noble in taking the final
decision about himself? Justify
●​ After sending Titinius to check on the troops nearby, Cassius asks Pindarus
to climb on a hill and report what he sees
●​ When Pindarus reports that he sees Titinius surrounded by soldiers who
are cheering loudly,
●​ Cassius assumes that Titinius has been captured and he would now be
defeated by Antony
●​ He is now resigned to fate and decides to commit suicide
●​ We can call him noble because he prefers death rather than being
captured and paraded as a prisoner of war on the streets of Rome

12. Why does Pindarus find it difficult to keep his oath to Cassius?
●​ Pindarus had earlier promised Cassius to do whatever Cassius asked of
him
●​ This was because Cassius had spared his life when he was captured in
Parthia
●​ Now Cassius asks him to kill him with his own sword
●​ This was not an easy task for a servant to stab his master
●​ and hence he finds it difficult to keep his promise to Cassius
13. What is the evil influence that drives Cassius towards self-destruction?
●​ The evil influence that drives Cassius to commit suicide was the spirit of
Julius Caesar
●​ As it was mighty yet
●​ Cassius is depressed and a depressed person doubts easily. Here Cassius
doubts about gaining victory
●​ His depression made him readily believe in the false report of Pindarus
●​ He assumes that Titinius was captured and now his (Cassius’) defeat was
inevitable
●​ The dreadful assumption makes him commit the horrible mistake of
committing suicide

14. Who is Messala? What does he see when he arrives at Cassius’ tent? Where has
he and Titinius come from?
●​ Messala is a friend of Brutus and Cassius
●​ He sees Cassius dead
●​ They are returning from the troops whom Titinius had gone to check
●​ They come back with the good news that Brutus has defeated Octavius

15. Where has Pindarus gone? What has made him go away?
●​ After assisting his master Cassius to commit suicide, Pindrus the servant is
now a free man
●​ He flees far awy from the country where
●​ He may never have to meet another Roman

16. What report is Messala going to give Brutus? What is the quality of that
message compared to?
●​ Messala is going to Brutus with the news of Cassius death
●​ The news would be heartbreaking for Brutus and make him weak
●​ For he had lost his closest friend and ally
●​ The message is compared to sharp pointed poisoned darts/ arrows
●​ As it would pierce and wound Brutus on hearing it

17. What has Brutus sent for Cassius through Titinius? What does Titinius do with it?
●​ Brutus had sent a wreath for Cassius to be placed on his head
 ●​ Titinius follows Brutus’ instructions and places the wreath on the head of
dead Cassius

18. How did Cassius misinterpret the shouts of victory?

●​ Cassius misinterpreted the shouts of victory to be jubilant cries of soldiers
capturing Titinius

19. Describe how Titinius pays his respect to the dead Cassius. / How does Titinius
react when he is alone with Cassius’ body?
●​ Titinius places a wreath on the head of dead Cassius
●​ As per Brutus’ instruction
●​ He grieves over his friend’s dead body and blames himself for Cassius’
suicide
●​ He says that he greatly admired/regarded Cassius
●​ And he would now do the Roman honour of committing suicide (if
defeated)
●​ He then stabs himself with Cassius’ sword

20. What does Titinius mean when he says ‘misconstrued’? What had been
misconstrued? Why?
●​ Titinius says that Cassius misunderstood or interpreted the cheers wrongly
●​ The shouts and cheers of soldiers surrounding Titinius was misinterpreted
by Cassius
●​ His anxious, depressed mind thought that Titinius was captured by the
enemy and now his defeat was inevitable

21. What does the ‘garland’/ wreath symbolize? Why did Brutus send it?
●​ The garland/wreath was a sign of victory
●​ Brutus sends it to convey their victory over Octavius in the battle

22. How does Titinius show his regard? What does Brutus say when he arrives?
●​ Titinius shows his regard (respect) by placing the wreath on the head of
dead Cassius
●​ Brutus says, ‘Are yet two Romans living such as these?’ The last of all the
Romans, fare the well!’
23. This scene shows the beginning of the end of the conspirators. What reason does
Brutus give for what he saw? Explain how his reason is proved to be true in his
own case later.
●​ Cassius one of the main conspirators commits suicide in this scene
●​ It is surely the beginning of the end of the conspirators as Titinius, Cassius
friend too ends his life
●​ Brutus feels that even after his death, Julius Caesar is ‘mighty yet’
●​ His spirit is roaming about to avenge his murder
●​ It is guiding/directing the swords of the conspirators into their own bowels
●​ This reason is proved true in his case later because he too takes his own
life with the words ‘Caesar, now be still…..’

24. What does Brutus say about Cassius at the end of this scene?
●​ Brutus says that Rome will never be able to produce a man like Cassius.
●​ He calls him ‘the last of all Romans’.
●​ This shows his love and respect towards Cassius

25. Discuss how Brutus reacts to Cassius’ death.

●​ Brutus is deeply saddened by Cassius’ death
●​ But he cannot weep for him yet
●​ Instead postpones his grieving
●​ After brief arrangements for Cassius’ funeral, Brutus orders his troops into
battle again before night falls
●​ Once again Brutus shows how stoic he can be (just as he had dealt with
the grief of Portia’s loss)

26. Explain the factors that cause Brutus’ death in the later scene.
●​ After Cassius and Titinius commit suicide, Brutus feels weak. On the
personal front, he had lost his wife Portia
●​ He now has very few friends remaining
●​ He has been seeing visions of Julius Caesar of late
●​ He felt death was near
●​ These factors also lead Brutus to commit suicide in the later scene
27. What instructions does Brutus give to his friends?
●​ Brutus instructs his friends to carry the body of Cassius to Thasos
●​ There he would mourn Cassius’ death properly
●​ To Lucilius, young Cato, Labeo and Flavius, he says that they should
proceed to the battlefield to fight again before night falls
 Julius Caesar - Act 5 - Scene 4

Plot -
1.​ During the battle, Brutus enters with young Cato, Lucilius and others

2.​ Brutus tells them to be brave

3.​ Young Cato affirms his loyalty to Brutus and Rome

4.​ Young Cato is then killed by the enemy on the battlefield

5.​ Lucilius (Brutus’ officer) is captured by Antony’s soldiers

6.​ Lucilius is loyal to Brutus and pretends to be Brutus (to give Brutus time to
re-group the troops or flee from the scene)

7.​ When Antony comes to the scene, Lucilius tells him that Brutus is alive and he
will never allow himself to be captured by the enemy

8.​ Antony recognizes Lucilius and he orders his soldiers to treat him well

Points to Ponder:
●​ Brutus may have lost the battle eventually, but he has won the respect and
loyalty of his friends (Lucilius risks his life and pretends to be Brutus in the
enemy camp to give him time to either re-group or flee)

●​ In the previous scene, Pindarus proves his loyalty to Cassius by assisting him to
commit suicide (Pindarus is against this act)

●​ Titinius proves his loyalty by killing himself right beside Cassius

●​ Antony wisely recognizes loyalty in Lucilius and though he is from the enemy
camp chooses to treat him well. By enlisting such loyal individuals, Antony
secures a trustworthy and dedicated group within his camp.
Q & A -​

1. Who is young Cato? What reference was made in the scene earlier about his
father?
●​ Young Cato is Brutus’ brother-in-law
●​ He is also the son of the brave Roman General Marcus Cato who served
under Pompey
●​ Earlier in the scene Marcus Cato has been called ‘A foe to tyrants, and my
country’s friend

2. How is young Cato’s death like that of Titinius?

●​ Titinius kills himself to prove his devotion and loyalty to Cassius
●​ Young Cato on the other hand charges towards the enemy as a soldier of
Brutus’ army and is killed on the battlefield
●​ Thus his death is like that of Titinius as he proves his devotion and loyalty
towards Brutus
●​ Both Titinius and young Cato die bravely

3. Why do the enemy soldiers not kill Lucilius? Why did Lucilius want to be killed?
How does he escape death?
●​ The enemy soldiers do not kill Lucilius because he is as noble as Brutus
●​ Antony comments that he is a prize no less in worth (his worth is as that of
Brutus)
●​ Lucilius wants to be killed as he prefers death to becoming a captive of the
enemy
●​ He escapes death as Antony recognizes that he is not Brutus but a loyal
Roman soldier from Brutus’ army

4. Explain Lucilius’ statement ‘Only I yield to die: There is so much that then wilt kill
me straight’.
●​ Lucilius means to say that he will surrender to the enemy soldiers only on
one condition
●​ That they kill him immediately
●​ And there are a lot of reasons why he wants to be killed.
●​ Firstly, to fool the enemy by making them think that they have captured
Brutus
●​ And it would also give time to Brutus to either re-group his army or flee
from the battlefield to safety
5. Who discovers Lucilius’ pretense? How does that person react?
●​ Antony discovers that Lucilius is pretending to be Brutus
●​ Antony is impressed with Lucilius’ sense of loyalty towards Brutus
●​ He thinks highly of Lucilius and considers him noble
●​ He asks his soldiers to take care and respect this honorable man who is not
less worth than Brutus
●​ The soldiers are ordered to treat him with kindness as Antony would rather
have noble men such as Lucilius as friends than enemies

6. Why does Lucilius say that Brutus is safe?

●​ Lucilius says that Brutus is safe because Brutus has not yet been captured
by the enemies
●​ However, Brutus later commits suicide so that he will not be captured alive
by the enemy

7. Who is killed when Lucilius is captured? Who has captured Lucilius? What have
they done with him?
●​ Young Cato is killed when Lucilius is captured
●​ Lucilius himself gets captured by the enemies
●​ He offers money to the enemy soldiers and asks them to kill him
●​ The soldiers capture him thinking he is Brutus. Lucilius pretends to be
Brutus (he calls himself Brutus)

8. ‘The gods defend him from so great a shame!’ What ‘shame’ is being referred to
in this statement?
●​ This statement is made by Lucilius
●​ He prays that the gods protect Brutus from getting captured by the enemy
●​ The shame refers to being captured by the enemy and taken as a prisoner
of war
●​ The Romans considered it most shameful to live as slaves to enemies

9. What happens on the battlefield at the end of Act V Scene 4?

●​ Antony emerges victorious in the battlefield
●​ Brutus and his army become weak
●​ Brutus loses many of his friends and allies
10. What are the two objectives for which Lucilius impersonates as Brutus?
●​ The two objectives for which Lucilius pretends to be Brutus are to fool the
enemy by making them think that they have captured Brutus
●​ It would also give time to Brutus to either re-group his army
●​ Or flee from the battlefield to safety
 Julius Caesar - Act 5 - Scene 5

Plot -
1.​ This scene takes place in another part of the battlefield in Philippi

2.​ Brutus and a handful of his friends are sitting on a rock, resting

3.​ Brutus believes that he is doomed

4.​ Caesar’s ghost has appeared again the previous night

5.​ Brutus asks Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to help him end his life

6.​ None of them oblige

7.​ Strato takes his leader’s hand, then holds the sword on which Brutus falls

8.​ Antony, Octavius, Messala, Lucilius and the army enter the scene

9.​ Strato tells them about the way Brutus died

10.​ Lucilius praises and thanks the dead Brutus for being true to himself

11.​ Octavius offers service to all who served Brutus

12.​ He takes Strato as his servant on Messala’s recommendation

13.​ Antony pays tribute to Brutus by praising his honesty, nobility and love for Rome

14.​ Octavius takes command/charge and gives orders for Brutus’ body to be kept in
his tent for the night while their victory is celebrated

15.​ The conspirators are defeated, Ceasar is avenged.

16.​ Brutus wins more honour in his death than Octavius and Antony in their victory

Points to Ponder:
Some instances where loyalty is evident in Act V
●​ Brutus is Caesar’s friend yet he kills him due to his loyalty to Rome (earlier)
●​ Similarly, Strato respects Brutus, yet he helps Brutus to end himself due to his
loyalty to Brutus
●​ Young Cato and Lucilius risk their lives for Brutus.
●​ Titinius shows his loyalty to Cassius by killing himself when he sees Cassius dead
Q & A -​

1. Who is Volumnius? What favour does Brutus expect from him? Why?
●​ Volumnius is a friend of Brutus and Cassius
●​ They had gone to school together and are old friends
●​ Fearing the approaching defeat, Brutus wishes Volumnius to do him a
favour
●​ Volumnius is to hold the sword by its handle and Brutus would run into it
●​ Brutus preferred dying than being captured and taken a prisoner by
Octavius and Antony
●​ Volumnius is one of the few loyal friends left with him. The others were
either dead or taken prisoners

2. The ghost of Caesar appears twice to Brutus. What did the ghost tell Brutus in
Sardis? What does it mean here in Philippi?
●​ The ghost of Caesar had met Brutus once at Sardis and once at Philippi
●​ At Sardis, Caesar’s ghost tells Brutus that he would see him again at Philippi
●​ It means that Brutus’ end is near

3. Who refuses to kill Brutus at his request? What does Volumnius say for not
agreeing to Brutus’ wish?
●​ Clitus and Dardanius refuse to kill Brutus at his request
●​ Volumnius says, ‘Shall I do such a deed?’
●​ Dardanius is appalled at the suggestion of helping Brutus to kill himself

4. Explain ‘Thou seest the world, Volumnius, how it goes; Our enemies have beat us
to the pit.’
●​ Brutus tells these words to Volumnius
●​ He tells now that Voluminous himself has seen how things have worked on
the battlefield,
●​ Volumnius is aware of the current situation
●​ When the enemies have defeated them and driven them to take the
ultimate step
●​ Which is death either at the hands of the enemies or die by committing
suicide
5. Discuss the misfortunes enumerated by Brutus to Volumnius
●​ Brutus tells Volumnius about the repeated appearance of Caesar’s ghost
●​ He says that the appearance means doom for them
●​ Their enemies have driven them to the edge and are now at a stronger
position in the battle

6. What recent event has prompted Brutus to say, ‘I found no man but he was true
to me.’?
●​ Brutus asks Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to assist him in killing himself
●​ But none of them are ready to help him
●​ Therefore, he says that he has met only men who are loyal to him
●​ They have been faithful to him in all circumstances
●​ His statement refers to all the loyal people in his life

7. Who finally serves Brutus before Octavius and Mark Antony arrive on the scene?
●​ Strato, Brutus’ servant assists Brutus to end his life before Octavius and
Mark Antony arrive on the scene

8. What do Antony and Octavius say at the end of the scene?

●​ Antony calls Brutus the noblest Roman among all the conspirators
●​ The other conspirators had killed Caesar because they were envious of him
●​ Brutus on the other hand killed Caesar because he believed in ending
Caesar’s tyranny for the general good of all the Romans
●​ Octavius says that because of Brutus’ good qualities, he would honour him
all military honours
●​ He orders that Brutus’ body would be placed in his tent that night and as
per tradition the weapons would be arranged around his body
●​ This shows that Brutus has earned more respect and honour in his death
9. Who, according to Antony, was the noblest Roman of them all? Who does Antony
refer to when he says ‘all’?
●​ According to Antony, Brutus was honourable, selfless and most virtuous
●​ He was the noblest Roman of them all.
●​ Antony means all the conspirators when he says ‘all’
●​ The conspirators being Cassius, Casca, Cimber (Metellus), Cinna, Decius
Brutus, Ligarius and Trebonius

10. Explain ‘He only,……made one of them.’

●​ He only refers to Brutus who had joined the other conspirators
●​ While the other conspirators had personal motives to kill Caesar,
●​ Brutus was the only one with an honourable intention
●​ Which was freeing Rome from the tyranny by killing Caesar

11. By referring to the Elizabethan way of thinking, state in which way was the
noblest Roman, a perfect human being.
●​ According to Elizabethans, the human body has four elements -earth, fire,
air and water
●​ A man’s nature is determined by the presence of the main element in him
●​ For example – excess of fire element in a man will make him hot-tempered
●​ The perfect human nature has a balance of all of the four elements
●​ According to Antony, all the four elements were in balance in Brutus and
hence Brutus was a perfect human being

12. What does Octavius order regarding the funeral of the noblest Roman? Does he
deserve such a burial? Justify.
●​ Octavius orders that Brutus’ body should be placed in his tent that night
and as per tradition the weapons would be arranged around his body
●​ On account of his good qualities, Brutus’ body would be treated with
respect and given all military honours
13. How does this play highlight the idea that disloyalty and conspiracy do not
succeed?
●​ Except for Brutus, all the conspirators had some personal motive to
assassinate Caesar
●​ They kill him in a gruesome manner with the reason that they are freeing
Rome from the tyranny of Caesar
●​ However, they are either killed by the mob or Antony and Octavius’ men
●​ The main conspirators Cassius and Brutus lose the battle and choose to
commit suicide instead of being paraded on the streets of Rome as captives
●​ Their betrayal of Caesar for a supposed noble cause does not succeed
proving that being disloyal to a person who trusts you does not pay