DATA PROCESSING

Data:
Data is any collection of facts, figures, or information that
can be organized and analyzed to create meaning. This can
include text, numbers, symbols, images, or even spoken
words.
Think of data like a temperature of 37.2°C, a height of 1.75
meters, or a weight of 70.5 kg, these can be combined and
processed in a meaningful way.
…Data
For example, a student's score on a WASSCE exam is a single
piece of data. When combined with the scores of other
students, it can be used to understand overall performance,
identify areas where students excelled or struggled, and make
decisions about future teaching strategies.

Data can be found in many forms, including written reports,

online databases, audio recordings, and even our own
personal experiences.
Form of Data
Data can be classified into various forms based on its characteristics:

1. Alphabetic Data: This type of data consists of letters from the

alphabet (a-z and A-Z). It is used to represent textual information such
as names, addresses, and descriptions. Examples: "John Daodu," "Egbe,
Kogi," "Sunny day“

2. Numeric Data: This type of data consists of numbers (0-9) and is used
to represent quantities, measurements, and other numerical values.
Examples: 100, 3.14, -25
… Form of Data

3. Alphanumeric Data: This type of data is a combination of

alphabetic and numeric characters, and may also include special
characters such as punctuation marks, symbols, and spaces.
Examples: "AB123 CD," "esonegbe@[Link]," "Password123!"
Information

Information is created by processing data. Think of it like refining

raw materials: data is the raw material, processing refines it, and
the final product is information.
Data Processing
Data processing is the preparation of source media that contains

data and the handling of such data according to precise rules of

procedures to accomplish such operations as calculating,

classifying, duplication, merging, recording, retrieving, search,

sorting, summarizing etc.

Data processing takes raw data and transforms it into usable

information that is, it describes how data is converted into a more

meaningful and useful information.

Data Processing Activities
Data processing activities involve a series of steps to transform raw
data into meaningful information:

1. Recording: Capturing data from various sources and storing it

in a format that can be understood by both humans and
machines. Examples A nurse records a patient's vital signs
(temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiration rate) in the
electronic health record (EHR) system. This data is then used
to monitor the patient's condition and make treatment
decisions.
…Data Processing Activities
2. Duplicating: Creating copies of data for backup or distribution.
For instance, a nurse prints out a copy of a patient's medication
administration record (MAR) to take with them on rounds. This
ensures that they have the most up-to-date information about
the patient's medications, even if the EHR system is unavailable.

3. Verifying: Double-checking data for accuracy and correcting

any errors. Before administering medication, a nurse verifies the
patient's identity by checking their wristband and asking them
to state their name and date of birth. This helps prevent
medication errors.
…Data Processing Activities
4. Classification: Organizing data into categories based on shared
characteristics. This is similar to when a nurse classifies patients
according to their level of acuity, such as "critical," "urgent," or
"stable." This helps prioritize care and ensure that the most
critically ill patients receive the attention they need.

5. Sorting: Arranging data in a specific order, such as

alphabetically or numerically. Imagine when a nurse sorts
patient charts alphabetically by last name to make it easier to
find a specific patient's record.
…Data Processing Activities
6. Merging: Combining multiple sets of data into one unified set. This is
like a hospital merges the data from its various departments, such as
the emergency room, intensive care unit, and medical-surgical floors,
to create a comprehensive view of patient care.

7. Searching: Locating specific data within a larger dataset. Think of this

like a nurse searches the EHR system for a patient's lab results to see if
there are any abnormalities.

8. Retrieving: Accessing and extracting specific data from storage. This

is like when a nurse retrieves a patient's discharge instructions from the
EHR system to review with them before they go home.
…Data Processing Activities
9. Calculating: Performing mathematical operations on data to generate
new information. This is like a nurse calculates a patient's body mass
index (BMI) to assess their nutritional status.

10. Summarizing: Condensing large amounts of data into a concise and

understandable format. Imagine a nurse summarizes a patient's
medical history and current condition in a concise report for the
attending physician.

11. Communicating: Sharing processed information with others. This is

like when a nurse communicates a change in a patient's condition to
the physician via telephone or secure messaging system.
Data Processing Method
There are three main ways to process data:

1. Manual Data Processing: This is the oldest and simplest

method, where data is processed by hand without any tools or

machines. Think of manually calculating sums in a ledger or

sorting files alphabetically. It's slow, prone to errors, and labor-

intensive. While still used in some small organizations, it's

largely been replaced by more efficient methods.

…Data Processing Method

2. Mechanical Data Processing: This method uses devices like

typewriters and mechanical calculators to process data. It's faster
and more accurate than manual processing but still limited in its
capabilities. Examples include older cash registers and early
computers that used punch cards. While faster than manual
methods, this has also largely been replaced by electronic
processing both manual data processing and mechanical data
processing is referred to as conventional data processing.
… Data Processing Method

3. Electronic Data Processing: This is the most common method

today, using computers to process data quickly and accurately.
Computers can handle vast amounts of data and perform
complex calculations, making them essential for everything from
managing financial transactions to analyzing scientific data. This
is what we typically think of when we talk about data processing
today.
Differences between Electronic Data Processing and
Conventional Data Processing:
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Definition:

A Computer can simply be described as a powerful electronic

device which has the capability to accept data as input (via
input devices such as keyboard, mouse, joystick, magnetic
tape, scanner and etc) apply a series of arithmetic and logical
operations on this data (using what is called a processor) and
produce information as an output (through output devices
such as monitor, printer, speaker and etc) at a very high
speed.
… Definition of Computers
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry
out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation).

Computer can also be defined as an advanced electronic device that take

raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the
control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result
(output) and saves output for the future use.

Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of

operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to
perform a wide range of tasks.
… Definition of Computers
From the description above, a computer can be described as an
Input-process-Output (IPO) system as shown below:
Characteristics of Computers
1. Electronic in Nature: Computers function through the
manipulation of electrical signals. Data is represented as electrical
pulses, and all internal operations are carried out electronically. The
core components, like integrated circuits, are inherently electronic.
2. High Speed: Computers execute tasks at incredibly rapid speeds,
measured in nanoseconds (billionths of a second). This allows for
near-instantaneous processing of information. A hospital's patient
database can be searched for a specific patient's medical history in a
fraction of a second, enabling nurses to quickly access crucial
information during emergencies.
… Characteristics of Computers
3. Accuracy: Computers are designed for exceptional accuracy,
minimizing errors to an extremely low probability (e.g., 10^-15).
When calculating medication dosages, software programs
provide precise calculations.
4. Consistency: Given the same input, a computer will always
produce the same output. This ensures reliable and predictable
results.
5. Repetitiveness: Computers excel at performing repetitive tasks
without fatigue or loss of accuracy, unlike humans.
… Characteristics of Computers
6. Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data for extended
periods, allowing for the retrieval of information when needed.
Electronic health records (EHRs) store comprehensive patient
information, including medical history, medications, and test
results.

7. Automatic Operation: Once programmed, computers can

operate autonomously, following a sequence of instructions (a
program) without further human intervention. An automated
medication dispensing system can automatically dispense
prescribed medications to patients at scheduled times.
… Characteristics of Computers
8. Versatility: Computers are versatile machines and are capable of
performing any task as long as it can be broken down into a
series of logical steps. This means that their capability is, once
again, limited only by human intelligence.
Basic Function of Computer
i. Data Processing: The core of a computer's utility lies in its ability to
process data. This involves transforming raw, unorganized data into
meaningful information. Whether it's a spreadsheet program
calculating complex financial models from rows of numbers, a medical
device analyzing patient vital signs to determine a health risk, or a
search engine sifting through billions of web pages to deliver relevant
search results, the computer's processing power is at work. This
function encompasses everything from simple arithmetic operations to
complex algorithms.
 … Basic Function of Computer
ii. Data Storage: A computer's capacity to store information is fundamental
to its operation. This storage occurs on two levels: short-term and long-
term. Short-term storage, like RAM, holds data that is actively being used
by running programs, allowing for rapid access and manipulation. Long-
term storage, exemplified by hard drives or cloud storage, retains data
persistently for future retrieval. For instance, saving a patient's electronic
health record to a database ensures that their medical history is readily
available for future consultations, while a computer's RAM temporarily
stores the data needed for a running analysis of the patient's current vital
signs.
 … Basic Function of Computer
iii. Data Movement (Data Transfer/Communication): Computers are not
isolated entities; they interact with the outside world through data
movement. This function involves transferring data between the computer
and its peripherals, as well as with other computers over networks.
Whether it's downloading a research paper from an online database, a
nurse entering patient data via a keyboard and viewing results on a
monitor, or a wireless medical sensor transmitting real-time patient data to
a central nursing station, data movement is essential for information
exchange. This includes both local transfers, like printing a document, and
remote communications, such as sending emails or accessing cloud-based
resources.
… Basic Function of Computer
iv. Control: Orchestrating all these functions is the control mechanism
within the computer. This function manages and coordinates the
execution of instructions, ensuring that data processing, storage, and
movement occur in a synchronized and efficient manner. The
operating system, for example, acts as a control center, allocating
resources and managing the execution of programs. Similarly, the CPU
interprets and executes instructions from software, directing the flow
of data and the operation of other components. In a medical setting,
this could be exemplified by an automated medication dispensing
system, where a program dictates the precise timing and dosage of
medication delivery.
Uses of Computers
Computer can be used for:

- Typing report, memos

- Diagnosis of disease
- Playing games
- For security
- Mathematic calculation
- To analyze and predict weather
- To educate
- Playing video and music etc
Application Area of Computer
1. Medicine: Computers have fundamentally transformed healthcare,
impacting everything from administrative tasks to complex medical
procedures. Initially used for appointment scheduling, their role has
expanded significantly. Diagnostic capabilities are enhanced through
databases of diseases and symptoms, and automated analysis of lab
results. Advanced imaging technologies like CAT scans and MRIs
provide detailed internal views, aiding in diagnosis. Moreover,
computers are crucial in patient monitoring, life-support systems, and
assistive technologies for individuals with disabilities.
… Application Area of Computer

2. Banking and Finance: Electronic fund transfers, facilitated by

computers, have eliminated the need for manual paperwork in
banking. The financial world relies heavily on computers for stock and
investment management, with global networks enabling rapid
information updates and creating a 24/7 market. ATMs provide
convenient, computerized banking services.
3. Education: Computers are ubiquitous in education, from early
childhood to higher learning. They support learning through
Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) programs, streamline
administrative tasks like grade tracking and report generation, and aid
in career counseling and aptitude testing.
… Application Area of Computer
4. Science: Scientists were early adopters of computers, leveraging their
ability to analyze large datasets. Computer simulations are used to model
real-world phenomena, enabling predictions in fields like weather
forecasting and storm tracking.
5. Politics: Political campaigns utilize computers for managing donor
information, tracking voter support, and vote counting. Pollsters rely on
computer-assisted analysis to gauge voter preferences.
6. Business: Computers are central to business operations, handling sales
records, inventory management, payroll, and generating financial
documents. Integrated information systems provide real-time access to
business data, supporting decision-making. Computers are also used for
training, engineering, advertising, and manufacturing processes.
… Application Area of Computer
7. Entertainment and Recreation: The entertainment industry relies on
computers for special effects in television and movies, visual displays in
sports arenas, and interactive video games. Computerized synthesizers
allow musicians to create and manipulate a wide range of sounds.
8. Libraries: Computers have revolutionized library services, providing
access to bibliographic information and digital resources. Electronic
libraries offer full-page access to journals, catalogs, and encyclopedias.
Online catalogs provide up-to-date information on resource availability.
9. Product Design and Manufacturing: Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
programs are integral to product development, enabling designers to create
and test product designs in simulated environments, streamlining the
entire manufacturing process.
Classification of Computers:

Computer systems can be categorized in four different ways:

1. By the type of data they process (signal type):

2. By their technological generation (age):

3. By their purpose:

4. By their physical size and processing power:

… Classification of Computers:

a. Classification of Computer by Type of Data Processed or Type of Signal they

Accept

The computing world is all about things that can be counted as

well as things that can be measured.

Computer can be sub-divided into three categories namely:-

1. Digital computer

2. Analog computer

3. Hybrid computer
… Classification of Computers:

a. Classification of Computer by Type of Data Processed or Type of Signal they

Accept
i. Digital Computer:-
This are computer’s that represents data in a discrete or discontinuous
manner using binary system. An example of a digital devices is a digital
watch. Digital computers are so called because they work “by the
numbers”. That is, they break all types of information into tiny units, and
use numbers to represent those pieces of information. The output from a
digital computer’s are usually in the form of a discrete value. This class of
computer are normally found in business environment, and they include
desk calculators, adding machine and most of the computers we have
around.
… Classification of Computers:

a. Classification of Computer by Type of Data Processed or Type of Signal they

Accept

ii. Analog Computer:

This process data on continuous basis. It process data in a

continuous manner using physical variables such as pressure,
temperature e.t.c. The earliest computers were analog systems. This
type of computer is used to measure scientific data, automobile
speed and chemical composition of petroleum. A more
manageable type of analog computer is the old-fashioned slide
rule. Analog watch is also typical example of analog device.
… Classification of Computers:

a. Classification of Computer by Type of Data Processed or Type of Signal they

Accept

iii. Hybrid Computer:-

This class of computer combines the features of both digital and

analog or continuous value or combination of both. This type of
commonly found in highly scientific environment. Example is an
electronic calculating scale used in food stores.
… Classification of Computers:
b. Classification of Computer by Age of Technology (generation):

Under this classification, the growth of computer can be divide into

five distinct generations. Each generation refer to the distinct
technological breakthrough in the development of computer’s.

i. First generation computer:-

This generation was characterized by the use of vacuum tubes or
thermionic valve. The use of this tube makes the computer
unnecessarily big, dissipate a lot of heat, very slow and unreliable
when compared with computer’s of later generation. Examples of
this generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC.
ENIAC
… Classification of Computers:
b. Classification of Computer by Age of Technology (generation):

ii. Second generation computer:-

The computer of these generation used the electronic transistors

which proved more reliable, most less and smaller in size than the
computer of the first generation e.g. IBM 7070, IBM 7080, IBM
1600, UNIVAC.
IBM 7074
… Classification of Computers:
b. Classification of Computer by Age of Technology (generation):

111. Third generation computer:-

The computer of these generation was achieved with the use of

integrated circuits (IC), these cause the machine to be faster, more
reliable and lighter in weight.. The technological advancement
substantial decreased the size and cost of the machine. e.g IBM
360.
IBM 360
… Classification of Computers:
b. Classification of Computer by Age of Technology (generation):

iv. Fourth generation computer:

This class of generation is characterized by the use of large scale

integration which contains many component in a very small space.
This further led to the reduction of the physical component of the
computer.
4th Generation computers
… Classification of Computers:
b. Classification of Computer by Age of Technology (generation):

v. Fifth generation computer:-

There are many prediction that in near future, computer

would have been developed which will be able to converse
with people in a human like to mimic human senses, skills
and intelligence.
5th Generation Computers
… Classification of Computers:
c. Classification of Computer by Purpose:

This classification fall into two namely classification by special

purpose and classification by general purpose.

i. Classification by special purpose:

There are many prediction that in near future, computer would

have been developed which will be able to converse with people in
a human like to mimic human senses, skills and intelligence.
… Classification of Computers:
c. Classification of Computer by Purpose:

ii. Classification by general purpose:

These are computer that are not specially designed or built

for any specific job. They solve various types of problem
depending on the program or software loaded into them.
Their main memory is typically RAM, a temporary storage
that loses its content when computer is switch off. It is easy to
change the content of the memory.
… Classification of Computers:
d. Classification of Computer by Size:

Computer can be categorized into four main categories:

i. Super computers:

These are the most powerful computers. They are used for
problems required of complex calculations such as weather
forecast. Because of their size and expense, super computers
are relatively rare. Super computers are used by universities,
government agencies, and large businesses.
… Classification of Computers:
d. Classification of Computer by Size:

ii. Mainframe computers:-

Are also large powerful systems that can handle the processing
needs of thousands users at any given moment. usually slower, less
powerful and less expensive than supercomputers. In mainframe
environment, each user accesses the mainframe’s resources
through a device called a terminal. There are two kinds of
terminals. A dumb terminal does not process or store data, it is
simply an input/output (I/O) device that functions as a window
into a computer located somewhere else.
… Classification of Computers:
d. Classification of Computer by Size:

…Mainframe computers:
An intelligent terminal can perform some processing operations, but it
usually does not have any storage. In some mainframe environments,
however, users can use a standard personal computer to access the
mainframe. A technique that allows many people at terminals to access the
same computer at one time called time sharing. Mainframes are used by
banks and many business to update inventory e.t.c. Mainframe computer
can support hundreds or thousands of users handling massive amounts of
input, output, and storage mainframe computers are used in large
organization’s where many user’s need access to shared data.
… Classification of Computers:
d. Classification of Computer by Size:

iii. Minicomputers:-
They are smaller than mainframe, general purpose computer’s and
give computing power without adding the prohibitive expenses
associated with larger system’s . It is generally easier to use .
Minicomputer usually have multiple terminals.
… Classification of Computers:
d. Classification of Computer by Size:

iv. Microcomputers:-
This type of computer is the smallest general purpose digital
computer. It is single user and a single task oriented system that
supports a wide range of application. Microcomputer’s have
smallest memory and less power, are physically smaller and permit
fewer peripherals to be attached. Microcomputer are more
commonly known as personal computers. There are different
categories of micro-computer. such as desktop, laptop, palmtop,
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA).
Personal Computers (PCs):
Embedded system

Laptop
Palmtop Netbook

Desktop
PDAs Tablet
Personal Computers (PCs):

Personal computer is the smallest type of computer that allows

only one person to use if at a time. It is known as micro-computer
because they are among the smallest computers created for people
to use. Although personal computers are used by individuals, they
can also be connected together to create networks. In-fact,
networking has become one of the most important jobs of personal
computers, and even tiny handheld computers can now be
connected to networks. They come in different shapes, types and
sizes, examples are:-
… Personal Computers

1. Handheld PCs/Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): These

are the most compact of personal computing devices, designed
to fit comfortably in the palm of your hand. A prominent
example is the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), which
encompasses a range of devices from Smartphone and portable
media players to digital cameras. Many modern PDAs offer
seamless connectivity to the internet, intranets, and extranets,
enabling users to access information and services on the go.
Furthermore, a significant number of PDAs incorporate touch
screen technology, providing an intuitive and interactive user
experience.
… Personal Computers

2. Palmtop PCs: Palmtop computers are characterized by their

extremely small size, being only slightly larger than a typical
calculator. This design prioritizes maximum portability, making
them ideal for users who require basic computing functions on
the move.
… Personal Computers

3. Tablet PCs: The tablet PC represents a relatively recent

advancement in portable computing, offering the full
functionality of a notebook computer in a lighter and more
versatile form factor. Tablets utilize a stylus or digital pen,
allowing users to interact directly with the screen through
tapping or handwriting. Many models also feature built-in
microphones for voice input and may include a fold-out
keyboard for traditional typing. These devices run specialized
versions of standard software applications and can be easily
integrated into network environments, making them suitable
for a wide range of tasks.
… Personal Computers

4. Notebook/Laptop PCs: Notebook computers, also commonly

known as laptops, are portable computers that resemble
traditional notebooks in their design. They are designed to fit
easily into a briefcase, making them convenient for travel and
mobile work. These devices can operate on both alternating
current (AC) power and batteries, providing flexibility for
different usage scenarios. Their hinged design features a thin
monitor and a keyboard, and they fold up for easy storage when
not in use. Due to their portability, laptops are categorized as
mobile computers
… Personal Computers

5. Netbooks: Netbooks are small, lightweight, and affordable

laptops primarily designed for web browsing and email
communication. They are optimized for internet connectivity
and offer a balance between portability and functionality for
users who primarily need basic online access.
… Personal Computers

6. Desktop PCs: Desktop computers are the most prevalent type

of personal computer, designed for stationary use on a desk or
table. These systems are widely used in homes, schools, and
offices, serving a wide range of purposes. Modern desktop
computers are powerful and versatile, capable of handling tasks
such as communication, multimedia creation, gaming, and
productivity. They are indispensable tools for learning, work,
and entertainment, providing a robust and reliable computing
experience.
… Personal Computers

7. Embedded system: An embedded system is a miniature,

specialized computer functioning as the "brains" behind a single
task within a larger device. Unlike a general-purpose computer,
it's dedicated to controlling a specific operation, such as
regulating temperature in a thermostat, managing engine
functions in a car, or operating a microwave's heating cycle. This
"brain" is integrated directly into the device, operating invisibly
and efficiently to perform its designated function, often with
limited resources and in real-time. Essentially, embedded
systems are the silent, dedicated controllers that power many of
the everyday devices we rely on. E.g remote control.
Component of a Computer System

A computer system can be divided into three components namely:

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Human ware/people wares

1. Hardware

Hardware are the physical parts of the computer that we can

touch, feel and see. The hardware of the computer comprises of
system unit and peripheral.

a. System unit:

This is the part of the computer where all of the processing

activities take place. It contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
the motherboard, power supply unit, floppy disk drive, hard disk,
control cards, intercommunications wires and processor chips.
… Hardware
… System unit
Device found inside System Unit:

This is the part of the computer where all of the processing

activities take place. It contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
the motherboard, power supply unit, floppy disk drive, hard disk,
control cards, intercommunications wires and processor chips.

i. Motherboard: This part of computer tie everything in the

computer together. A motherboard allows all the parts of your
computer to receive power and communicate with one another.
… Hardware
… System unit
ii. Disk drives:- Are devices which are used to read /write information or
to a magnetic disk. We have two types of disk drive namely:- The hard
disk drives/ floppy disk drives.
iii. Harddisk:- The harddisk is inside the computer. It is non–removable.
A harddisk can store much, much more information than the floppy
disk and it is faster.

iv. Power Supply Unit: A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains
AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal
components of a desktop computer. Modern personal computers
universally use switched-mode power supplies.
… Hardware
… System unit
v. Fan:- is a device that keeps the overall computer or a computer device
cool by circulating air to or from the computer or component.
vi. Heat sink:-A heat sink is a piece of metal that sits on top of a
computer chip such as a CPU and draws power away from
components by letting it rise through a series of fins.
vii. Bus: is an electronic pathway through which data can be transferred.
viii. RAM:- A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written
in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data
inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such
as hard disks and magnetic tape).
Computer Memory

The memory digital computer consists of a number of cells in

which data is stored. Normally, only one character (a byte) of data
is stored in a given cell.

The size of a computer memory is measured in Kilobytes (KB),

Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), Terabyte (TB) etc.
8 bits = 1 bytes

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte

1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte

1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte

1024 gigabytes = 1 terabyte

… Computer Memory

We have same types of memory which include:- RAM, ROM

1. RAM:- This means Random Access Memory which implies

information can be access at random. Information in RAM can be
read and written into. The RAM is volatile i.e. it losses its content
when computer is switch off

2. ROM (Read Only Memory):- This memory cannot be written

on but it can only be read from . It is non-volatile in that its
contents remain whether or not the computer is switch on.
… Computer Memory
Types of ROM includes:-

1. PROM – this is a programmable read only memory which is

unavailable for modification. -

2. EPROM - this type of memory, erasable programmable read

only memory can be programmed and erase.
… Hardware
… System unit
x. CPU (Central Processing Unit): This can be referred to as the
brain of computer system. It is the actual part of the computer
that does the thinking and the processing. In a microcomputer
it is packed inside a single chip called microprocessor.

CPU consists of the following sections:- -

i. Register

ii. Control unit (CU )

iii. Arithmetic and Logical (ALU)

… Hardware
… System unit
a. Register:- This is the temporary working area. The following
are functions of register:

i. It serves as a link between the control unit and all

other devices.

ii. Main memory stores data to be worked upon

iii. It stores result of processing for on ward transmission to

output/auxiliary storage

iv. It stores programs being executed

… Hardware
… System unit
b. Control Unit (CU):- The control unit directs and coordinates
the operations of the entire computer. It is considered as the
nerve centre of the computer. It works by fetching the required
instruction from the main memory, interprets the instruction
and finally causes the instruction to be send to the appropriate
hardware device.
… Hardware
… System unit
c. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): This section performs
arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division -,+,*,/. Respectively. It also perform
logical operations such as comparing two numbers that is when
you have to say one number is greater, less or equal, less or
equal to another.
… Hardware
b. Peripherals
These are the devices attached to system unit. We can sub divide
peripheral into three categories.
- Input device

- Output device

- Auxiliary device
… Hardware
b. Peripherals
i. Input devices: These are devices used to send data and
instructions (programs) into the computer for further
processing or they are devices which allows data/instructions to
be fed into the computer by the users.

Some of the common input devices are keyboard, mouse, touch

pad, light pen, joystick, scanner, digital camera, disk drive,
CD ROM drive:
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
1. Keyboard:

Keyboard is use to feed users data

into the system for necessary
action or processing. It is a text base
input device that allows the user to
input alphabets, numbers and
other characters.

It consists of a set of keys mounted

on a board.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
The QWERTY keyboard layout is the dominant or standard English
language keyboard layout or the organization of the
letters on a keyboard.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
Section/area of Keyboard:

i. Function keys: There are twelve function keys labeled F1, F2, F3,
. . . , F12. The functions assigned to these keys differ from one
software package to another. These keys are also user
programmable keys.

ii. Typing keys/alphanumeric keys: It consists of keys for English

alphabets, 0 to 9 numbers, and special characters like + -
/ * ( ) etc.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

iii. Numeric Keypad: Numeric keypad is located on the right side

of the keyboard and consists of keys ,having numbers (0 to 9)
and mathematical operators (+ - * /) defined on them. This
keypad is provided to support quick entry for numeric data.

iv. Cursor Movement Keys: These are arrow keys and are used to
move the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow (up,
down, left, right).
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

v. Special-function Keys/computer keys: These keys have

special functions assigned to them and can be used only for
those specific purposes.
Functions of some of the important keys are defined below:
1. Enter key: It is similar to the 'return' key of the typewriter and is
used to execute a command or program.
2. Spacebar key: It is used to enter a space at the current
cursor location
 … Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

3. Backspace key: This key is used to move the cursor one position to
the left and also delete the character in that position.
4. Delete key: It is used to delete the character at the cursor position.
5. Insert key: is used to toggle between insert and overwrite mode
during data entry
6. Shift key: This key is used to type capital letters when pressed along
with an alphabet key. Also used to type the special characters
located on the upper-side of a key that has two characters
defined on the same key
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

7. CapsLock Key: CapLock is used to toggle between the capital

lock feature. When 'on', it locks the alphanumeric keypad {or
capital letters input only.

8. Tab key: Tab is used to move the cursor to the next tab position
defined in the document. Also, it is used to insert indentation
into a document.

9. Ctrl key: Control key is used in conjunction with other keys to

provide additional functionality on the keyboard.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

10. Alt key: Also like the control key, Alt key is always used in
combination with other keys to perform specific tasks.

11. Esc key: This key is usually used to negate a command. Also
used to cancel or abort executing programs.

12. Home key:

… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
. .. Section/area of Keyboard:

13. End key

14. Pgup key:

15. Pgdn key:

16. Scroll lock

17. NumLock:

18. Prntscn key

… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
2. Mouse

The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on

the screen and select in order to perform one or more actions.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
… Mouse

It can be used to select menu commands, size windows, start

programs, etc.

The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the
left one being used most frequently.

The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the
left one being used most frequently.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
Mouse Actions

i. Left click : Used to select an item

ii. Double click :'Used to start a program or open a file.
iii. Right click : Usually used to display a set of commands.
iv. Drag and drop : It allows you to select and move an item from
one location to another. To achieve this place the cursor over an
item on the screen, click the left mouse button and while
holding the button down move the cursor to where you want to
place the item, and then release it.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
3. Scanner

Scanner is an input device used for direct data

entry from the source document into the
computer system.

It converts the document image into digital

form so that it can be fed into the computer,
capturing information like this reduces the
possibility of errors typically experienced
during large data entry.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
4. Joystick

The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a

direction the stick is moved.

It typically has a button on top that is used to select the option

pointed by the cursor.

Joystick is used as an input device primarily used with video games,

training simulators and controlling robots.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
5. Light Pen
It is a pen shaped device used to select objects
on a display screen.
It is quite like the mouse (in its functionality)
but uses a light pen to move the pointer and
select any object on the screen by
pointing to the object.
Users of Computer Aided Design (CAD)
applications commonly use the light pens to
directly draw on screen.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Input devices)
6. Touch Screen

It allows the user to operate/make

selections by simply touching
the display screen. Common examples
of touch screen include information
kiosks, and bank ATMs (Automated
Teller Machines).

Touch screen can be referred to as

input and output device.
… Hardware
… Peripherals
ii. Output devices:

An output device is a piece of computer equipment that receives data

from one source and converts it into another form.

Depending on their function, output devices can transform data into

various other forms such as audio, visual or physical copy.

Output devices may also perform more than one form conversion
in some instances.

Output devices allow users to better interact with computer equipment.

They convert data signals into things that people can better understand,
such as images or sounds.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
Examples of Output devices:

1. Monitor:

A monitor is a display device that users often pair with

desktop computers. A monitor connects to the desktop
computer to provide users with visual output.

The computer device generates a user interface through the

operating system, and the monitor allows the user to see it.

Monitors can also often connect to other devices such as

laptops or tablets to provide an additional or larger
viewing surface.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)

The computer device generates a user interface through the

operating system, and the monitor allows the user to see it.

Monitors can also often connect to other devices such as laptops or

tablets to provide an additional or larger viewing surface.

We have different types of monitors

… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)

3. Computer speakers:

Computer speakers allow users to

listen to audio that electronic
devices provide.

Computers can generate audio in a

number of ways, such as playing a
locally stored file or streaming music
from over the internet.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
2. Printers:

A printer takes an image (softcopy)

from a computer device and displays it on

a paper document (hardcopy).

It provides the user with a physical copy of the document or image they
are viewing on their desktop computer, laptop or smartphone.

In addition to being able to print things on paper, specialized printers are

now capable of printing three-dimensional objects, taking specifications
and dimensional input from a computer and converting it into an object.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
4. Projector
A projector is a visual display output
device. It takes an image from an electronic
device and displays it on a screen.
For example, a user can connect a projector to a computer or DVD player
to display movies on a large screen. or wall.
People also use projectors when giving presentations to others
or when teaching.
Projectors make it easier for large audiences to see an image that would
otherwise appear on a much smaller device.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
5. Headphones:

Headphones perform a similar function as computer speakers in

that they allow users to listen to audio from an electronic device.

Headphones typically connect to a single device through either a

wired or wireless connection.

This device then transmits the audio signal through to the

headphones, allowing the user to listen to the audio
directly in their ears.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
6. GPS:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and it's a technology

that allows computers to determine a specific location on the
Earth's surface.

Using satellites and computer systems, users can employ GPS

technology to do things like getting turn-by-turn
navigation directions while they're driving. GPS technology acts as
an output device in that it outputs the user's exact location.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
7. Braille reader:

A Braille reader, also known as a Braille display, is a device that

helps people with blindness read text on a computer display.

This electronic device uses special software to convert text on the

screen, then converts this into Braille.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
8. Sound card:

Computers use sound cards to convert data into audio signals. They
do this by translating input data into vibrational patterns.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
9. Video card:

A video card takes data and converts it into a visual image. It then
passes along the visual information to a visual display such as a
computer monitor or electronic screen.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Output devices)
9. Plotter:

A plotter is a computer hardware

device much like a printer that is

used for printing vector graphics.

Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or another

writing tool to draw multiple, continuous lines on paper rather than
multiple dots, like a traditional printer.
… Hardware
… Peripherals (Auxiliary Storage)
Auxiliary Storage:
Auxiliary storage (also called secondary
storage) is non-volatile memory that
computers use to store data permanently.
While your "primary storage" (RAM) is
like the desk you are currently working
on—it's fast but gets cleared off when you
turn your computer off—auxiliary storage
is like your filing cabinet. It holds
everything long-term, even when the
power is off.
Examples:
Hard Disk Drives (HDD), External Hard Drives, Magnetic Tape,
Floppy Disks, Solid-State Drives (SSD), USB Flash Drives (Thumb
drives), SD and MicroSD Cards, NVMe M.2 Drives, Optical Storage,
CD-ROM / CD-RW, DVD-ROM / DVD-RAM.
… Component of a Computer System
2. Human ware/peoplesware:
This refers to the user of the computer
hardware and software. It is about the
individual that uses the computer for
productive or entertainment purposes.

Both Computer hardware and Computer

software are complimented by the works Examples of humanware include:
Computer manager, system analyst,
of humanware to produce a fully system administrator, software
engineer, hardware engineer,
functional computer system.
technician, cleaner, etc
… Component of a Computer System
3. Software
Software is the set of instruction that tells the computer what to do
and when to do it. The computer used this instruction to
manipulate data, and enhance the proper functioning of the
hardware components.

Software monitors how hardware is utilized. The interaction

between the input and output devices is controlled by software
called BIOS (Basic Input Output Software)

There are two types of software namely; system software and

application software.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
a. System software:

This refers to set of programs that facilitate the operational use of

the hardware systems by coordinating them. It consists of programs
that start up the computer and perform some utility functions such
as checking band getting the computer ready for use.

System software are basically operating system, utility software,

language translator, device drivers, middleware and shell and
windowing systems.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
i. Operating System:
is a program that acts as intermediary between the application programs
and the computer hardware e.g Windows 10, UNIX, Linux, Ubutu Mac OS
etc.
Functions include:
- resource sharing
- memory management

- file management

- facilitate booting
- manages multitasking.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
Types of operating system:

1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) – is a specialized

operating system designed to handle time-critical tasks with
precision and efficiency. It is used in defense systems,
networked multimedia systems, medical sciences applications
etc.

2. Single-user, single task: As the name implies, this operating

system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can
effectively do one thing at a time.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
Types of operating system:
3. Single-user, multi-tasking: This is the type of operating system
most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today.
4. Multi-User O.S: A multi-user operating system allows many
different users to take advantage of the computers resources
simultaneously.
5. Distributed O.S: A distributed operating system manages a
group of independent computers and makes them apepar to be
a single computer.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
Types of operating system:

6. Embedded O.S: Embedded operating systems are designed to be

used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to
operate on small machine like PDAs with less autonomy.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
ii. Utility software:

Utility programs is also known as Service program. They are

specialized programs designed to perform some specific task such as
formatting, coping, sorting, merging, dumping, editing, file
organization and maintenance.

The are system software which provides useful services to the user of
computer system by providing facilities for performing common tasks
of routines such as sort, record, sorting a file or coping a disk. E.g disk
cleanup, disk defragmentation, onscreen keyboard, antivirus etc
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
iii. language translator:

A translator is a computer program that performs the translation of

a program written in a given programming language into a
functionally equivalent program in a different computer language,
without losing the functional or logical structure of the original
code. That is, it is software that translates program writeen in lower
or higher level language to machine language. The three types of
translators are assemblers, compilers and interpreter.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
iii. language translator:
a. Assembler: This program converts assembly language,
mnemonics code which is a low-level programming language to
machine language. Assembly language is also called symbolic
machine code.
b. Interpreters: This is a computer program that directly executes
i.e perform instructions written in a high level language in to a
machine language program. An interpreter is system software
that translates and executes each program instruction before
executing and translating the rest.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
iii. language translator:

c. Compiler: A compiler is a computer program (or a set of

programs) that transforms source code written in a high level
language to machine language. The only difference between
compiler and interpreter is that, the interpreter executes task
line by line while the compiler executes task once.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
b. Application Software

Application software is a computer program designed to help user

perform a certain type of tasks. Some application packages offer
considerable computing power by focusing on a single task, such as
word processing, graphics and a database program while others
integrate several functions in a single packages.

The following are application packages with examples:

i. Word processing packages: e.g Ms. Word, word star, word

perfect, page maker, professional writer, word editor etc.
… Component of a Computer System
… Software
ii. Spreadsheet packages: e.g Ms. Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, super calc.,
Quarto Pro, Symphony, Multi Plan etc.

iii. Database Management System (DBMS): e.g Oracle, Dbase, Fox

Pro, Paradox, Rbase, Ms. Access etc

iv. Graphics packages: Ms. Publisher, Coreldraw, Photoshop etc

v. Web browser packages: Chrome, Opera, Moxilla firefox, Safari,

Crazy browser etc

vi. Media packages: Windows player, DVD player, GOM, VLC,

Nero, etc