Electron Configuration

What is Electron Configuration?

- According to the Bohr Model that each electron occupies a specific

energy level
- The Region of space that an electron occupies is called “Orbitals”
- Refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Note: in an electron configuration there is energy levels (shells)

Which are the main layers around the nucleus and within the energy levels
are the subshells/sublevels.

Examples:
Neon (Ne): 1s²2s²2p⁶

Sodium (Na): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹

Sulfur (S): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴

Johann Bebereiner – attempted to group the elements by three based on

their observed properties called Law Of Triad.

Law of Triad – Three elements that are connected to another.

Alexandre – Emile Beguyer De Chancourtois – Arranged elements in the order

using their atomic weight called telluric screw That uses tellurium situated at
the center

John Newlands – proposed that elements can be arranged using atomic

weight with similar properties known as octaves

Dmitri Mendeleev – wrote a book called Principal of Chemistry, arranged the

first 60 elements using their increasing atomic weight

Henry Mosely – was able to determine atomic number for each element and
revised period law
The vertical part of the periodic table (columns) can be also called groups
which also shows the valence electrons.

And the horizontal arrangement (by rows) are called periods.

an element's period is its horizontal row (related to the highest energy

level), its group is its vertical column (elements with similar properties), and
its block (s, p, d, or f) is determined by the orbital where its last electron
resides, defining its section of the table

there are 7 Periods and 18 Groups.

Atomic Radius – when the energy level increases, it can cause a greater
distance between the nucleus and the valence shell.

The shielding happens as the inner electron sheild or repel the valence
electrons from the attractive force from the nucleus

In other words the phenomenon where inner-shell electrons reduce the

attraction between the nucleus's positive charge and the outer (valence)
electrons, weakening the nuclear pull, making valence electrons easier to
remove, and affecting periodic trends like atomic size and ionization energy.

decreases from left to right across a period because increased nuclear

charge pulls electrons closer, and increases down a group as new electron
shells are added further from the nucleus
Ionic Radius – The effect after the changes in the number of their subatomic
particles or the size of an atom after it gains or loses electrons to become an
ion,

Ionization Energy – the required energy to remove an electron from an atom.

Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom

during a chemical reaction.

The Crust – EARTH SCIENCE

The earths geosphere is subdivided into layers.

The Crust – the outermost solid portion of the earth. It is characterized with
various features such as

mountains, volcanoes, valleys, trenches, and more. The earth is 70.9% made
of water and the remaining 29% is land.

The Crust is divided into the continental

And oceanic crust.

Continental Crust

- Found here are the continents, and thickness ranges from 30Km to
50Km WITH mount Everest.

Oceanic Crust
 - Compromises the oceans basins, and its thicknes ranges from 7km to
10km

The Mantle is the layer between the crust and core. It is the longest and
thickest.

Asthenosphere is the weakers layer found below the litosphere

The Core is divided into two. The Outer core is believed to be liquid and
primarily due to its temperature, and

The Inner core is believed to be solid due to its high pressure.

Nature of an Earthquake and

Volcano
Earthquake – The shocking of the ground.

Fault – the fracture or the break on the earths surface.

Active Faults and Trenches causes earthquakes.

2 Types of Seismic Waves

- Body Waves (Primary, Secondary)

- Surface Waves (Love, Rayleigh)

Usually measured by the Magnitude (Strength) and Intensity (Damage)

Magnitude – 1-10

Intensity 1-12
Seismic Waves – are the waves that travel through the Earth and is caused
by earthquakes and more.

Types of Earthquake

- Tectonic Earthquake
- Volcanic Earthquake

Volcanoes – often described as a mountain or hill that contains a crater or

opening on the earths surface.

Types of Volcanoes based on Activity

- Active Volcanoes are Volcanoes that are considered in the state of

frequent eruptions and has erupted within 10,000 years.
- Dormant Volcanoes are Volcanoes with capabilities to erupt In the
future, also known as semi-active.
- Extinct – Volcanoes not expected to erupt ever again, or after 10,00
years without erupting\

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Hwaiian – The Calmest Eruption

Strombolian – Involves bursting of gas bubbles, when bigger it is called gas

slugs.

Vulcanian – involves vicious magma with high gas pressure. This results in an
explosive eruption

Pelean – Includes large amounts of gas, ashes, dust, and lava fragments.

Plinian – involves dissolved gases that are In the magma chamger.

There are 3 Main parts of a Volcano

- Crater
- Vent
- Chamber

Cinder Cone Volcano – The most common type of volcano, a.k.a scoria,
because of the small chunks of scoria found.

Composite Volcano – a.k.a stratovolcano because it is characterized by

conical and concave shapes, it also has side vents.
Sheild Volcanoes – The longest with broad and low and gentle slopes just like
a sheild.

Lava Domes – a type of volcano that is smaller in size, circular, and mound
shaped.

Continental Drift Theory

- Alfred Wegener Proposed the theory

- He suggested that the earths surface was divided into 20 sections
called TECTONIC PLATES.

Plate Boundaries – the area where plates collide or move away from each
other

Divergent Boundary – where plates move away from each other, the
movement is outward.

Convergent – occurs with plates that collide, inward movement. Where

mountains are found.

Transform – plates that move side to side from another.

Typhoon – is a type of tropical cyclone rotating storm system that forms over
warm ocean water

M-aritime (Moist)

C-ontinental (Dry)

E-quatorial ( Hot)

T-ropical (Warm)

P-olar (Cold)

A-rtic (Very Cold)

Air Mass – Vast expanse of air.

Weather Front – the boundary or transition zone

Stationary Front – is formed when two air masses that are unable to push
against each other.

Cold Front – is formed when cold air replaces warm air

Warm Front – Formed when there is an active movement of warm over cold
air.

Occluded Front - a complex weather front formed when a faster-moving cold

front overtakes a warm front, lifting the warm air entirely off the ground,
trapping it between two cold air masses

Weather Disturbance – Change in atmospheric conditions

Weather – Day to day condition of the atmosphere in a particular place.

Types of Weather Disturbance

Monsoon

- Northeast (Amihan)
- Southwest (Habagat)

Intertropical Convergence Zone

- Where trade winds from the 2 hemispheres intersect

Terrential Rain

- Heavy rain that lasts long.

Flash Floods

- Rapid flooding of low-laying areas.

Storm – strong winds with heavy rain

Thunderstorm – prescense of lightning and thunder

Tornado – Warm and Cold air rotate.

Hurricane – Atlantic and North Pacific

Cyclone - South Pacific and Indian

Typhoon – Northwestern Pacific

Typhoon – a storm system that forms in the nrthwest pacific ocean.

Also called a tropical cyclone which undergoes a process called cyclogenesis

Philippine Tropical Cyclone Classification

1 – Super Typhoon

2 – Typhoon

3 – Severe Tropical Cyclone

4 – Tropical Storm

5 – Tropical Depression

Note: water has to be 26 degrees Celsius to form a typhoon.

Formative Stage – the tropical cyclone starts as a low pressure system

Immature Stage – there is a continuous drop of low-pressure system

Mature Stage – the circulation area broadens maximum wind speed attained.

Decaying Stage – a.k.a dissipating stage, the storm slowly vanished.

Parts of a Typhoon

Eye – Calmest

Eyewall – Heavy Rainfall, Strong Winds.

Rain Bands – Heaviest Rainfall – Tail of the typhoon.

Feeder Bands – important for the typhoon to grow.

Development Stages:

Tropical Disturbance

Depression

Tropical Storm

Tropical Cyclone

Coriolis Effect – the curving path of fluid due to the earths rotation
Northern Hemisphere – Right (Clockwise)

Southern Hemisphere – Left (Counter-Clockwise)

The Northwest Pacific - has the most typhoon occurrence on earth.

Orography – studies the topography of a mountain

Sierra Madre – 540 KM OR 340 MI

The Temperature of the ocean water is a key factor in the strength of a

typhoon.

PAGASA TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNING SIGNALS AS OF MARCH 2022

Storm Signal #1

Precautionary Measures

Check the stability of your home and reinforce is necessary

Tune in to the radio or TV for weather news and updates

Monitor PAGASA’s latest Severe Weather Bulletin Watch.

Suspend classes in kindergarten levels only.

Storm Signal #2

Precautionary Measures

Stock up on food, water, and batteries for wireless radios and flashlights.

Stay inside a concrete structure

Make sure all cellphones are fully charged

Suspend classes in kindergarten, grade school, junior, and senior high

school.
Storm Signal #3

Precautionary Measures

Evacuate from low-laying areas to higher grounds

Get updates on the latest tropical cyclone development

Everybody is advised to stay in a safe and sturdy house.

Stay away from coasts and riverbanks.

Suspend classes at all levels including graduate school.

Storm Signal #4

Precautionary Measures

Stay In safe houses or evacuation centers

Cancel travels and outdoor activities

Keep listening to news about the typhoon

Suspend classes at all levels including graduate school,

Storm Signal #5

Precautionary Measrues

Cancel travels and outdoor activities.

Stay safe in houses or evacuation centers

Suspend classes at all levels including graduate school.