ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
Department of Computer Applications
Session: 2025-26 | Semester: II | Section: A+B+C
Subject: Cloud Technology | Assignment No. 2
Date of Assignment: 16 March 2026 | Date of Submission: 20 March 2026
ANSWER KEY
Q1. AWS Billing and Cost Management Tools
AWS provides a comprehensive suite of tools to monitor, control, and optimise cloud spending:
• AWS Cost Explorer
– Visualises AWS spending over time with interactive graphs.
– Allows filtering by service, region, linked account, and tags.
– Provides forecasts for up to 12 months based on historical usage.
• AWS Budgets
– Lets users set custom cost, usage, and reservation budgets.
– Sends alerts via email/SNS when thresholds are breached or forecasted to be exceeded.
• AWS Cost and Usage Report (CUR)
– Delivers the most granular billing data available.
– Integrates with Amazon Athena and QuickSight for deep analysis.
• AWS Pricing Calculator
– Estimates monthly costs before deploying resources.
– Useful for planning and budgeting new architectures.
• AWS Trusted Advisor
– Provides recommendations for cost optimisation (e.g., idle EC2 instances, underutilised reserved
instances).
• AWS Cost Anomaly Detection
– Uses machine learning to detect unusual spending patterns.
– Automatically alerts when anomalies are found.
• Billing Dashboard
– Provides a high-level overview of current month's charges, free tier usage, and payment methods.
Q2. Components of AWS Global Infrastructure
AWS Global Infrastructure is designed for high availability, fault tolerance, and low-latency delivery:
1. Regions
A Region is a physical geographic location around the world where AWS clusters data centres. Key
points:
• Each Region is completely independent and isolated from other Regions.
• As of 2025, AWS has 34 launched Regions globally.
• Users choose a Region to store data and run workloads close to their end users.
• Examples: us-east-1 (N. Virginia), ap-south-1 (Mumbai), eu-west-1 (Ireland).
2. Availability Zones (AZs)
An Availability Zone is one or more discrete data centres within a Region, each with redundant power,
networking, and connectivity.
• Each Region has a minimum of 3 AZs, and some have 6 or more.
• AZs are physically separated by a meaningful distance (typically many kilometres apart).
• Deploying across multiple AZs provides high availability and fault tolerance.
• Example: ap-south-1 (Mumbai) has 3 AZs: ap-south-1a, ap-south-1b, ap-south-1c.
3. Edge Locations
Edge Locations are endpoints used by AWS CloudFront (CDN) and other services to cache content
closer to users.
• There are 400+ Edge Locations and 13 Regional Edge Caches globally.
• They reduce latency by serving cached content from the nearest point to the user.
• Also used by AWS Route 53, AWS Shield, AWS WAF, and Lambda@Edge.
• Located in major cities worldwide — far more numerous than Regions.
Q3. Activity 1: Simple Monthly Cost Calculation (AWS Pricing Calculator)
Configuration Used
• EC2 Instance: [Link] (1 vCPU, 1 GB RAM) — Linux, On-Demand, us-east-1
• Storage: 50 GB Amazon S3 (Standard Storage)
• Data Transfer: 100 GB outbound data transfer (to internet, us-east-1)
Estimated Monthly Cost Breakdown
Service Configuration Est. Cost (USD)
EC2 – [Link] On-Demand, Linux, 730 hrs/month ~$8.47
S3 Storage 50 GB Standard Storage ~$1.15
Data Transfer 100 GB outbound to internet ~$9.00
TOTAL — ~$18.62
Calculation Process
1. Navigate to [Link]
2. Click "Create estimate" and add each service separately.
3. For EC2: Select region, instance type ([Link]), OS (Linux), pricing model (On-Demand), and
usage (730 hrs). Calculator shows $0.0116/hr × 730 = ~$8.47.
4. For S3: Select storage class (Standard), enter 50 GB. Rate is $0.023/GB → 50 × $0.023 = $1.15.
5. For Data Transfer: First 100 GB out to internet is $0.09/GB → 100 × $0.09 = $9.00.
6. Click "View Summary" to see the total: ~$18.62/month.
Note: Prices vary by region and are subject to change. The AWS Free Tier may cover [Link] (750
hrs/month) and 5 GB S3 for new accounts.
Q4. Activity 2: AWS Global Infrastructure Demo
1. Number of AWS Regions Worldwide
As of 2025-26, AWS has 34 launched Geographic Regions with 108 Availability Zones. Additionally,
there are announced regions that are coming soon (e.g., in New Zealand, Malaysia, Thailand, etc.).
2. Three AWS Regions in Asia
Region Name Region Code Availability Zones
Asia Pacific (Mumbai) ap-south-1 3 AZs
Asia Pacific (Singapore) ap-southeast-1 3 AZs
Asia Pacific (Tokyo) ap-northeast-1 4 AZs
3. Nearest AWS Region for India
• Nearest Region: Asia Pacific (Mumbai) — Region Code: ap-south-1
• Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
• Availability Zones: ap-south-1a, ap-south-1b, ap-south-1c (3 AZs)
• This is the primary region recommended for Indian users due to data sovereignty, compliance,
and the lowest latency (~5-10 ms within India).
• A second Indian region — Asia Pacific (Hyderabad) [ap-south-2] — was launched in 2022 for
additional redundancy.
Q5. Activity 3: AWS Management Console Clickthrough
How to Log In
7. Go to [Link] and click 'Sign In to the Console'.
8. Enter your Root/IAM username and password.
9. Use the search bar at the top of the console to locate any service.
Purpose of Each Service
Service Full Name Purpose
EC2 Elastic Compute Provides resizable virtual machines (instances) in the cloud.
Cloud Used to run applications, host web servers, and process data
without managing physical hardware.
S3 Simple Storage Object storage service offering industry-leading scalability,
Service durability (99.999999999%), and availability. Used for backup,
static website hosting, data archiving, and media storage.
Lambda AWS Lambda Serverless compute service that runs code in response to
events (e.g., HTTP requests, file uploads) without provisioning
or managing servers. Billed only for execution time.
RDS Relational Managed relational database service supporting MySQL,
Database Service PostgreSQL, MariaDB, Oracle, SQL Server, and Amazon
Aurora. Automates patching, backups, and scaling.
Navigation Path in Console:
• EC2: Services → Compute → EC2 (or search "EC2" in the top bar)
• S3: Services → Storage → S3 (or search "S3")
• Lambda: Services → Compute → Lambda (or search "Lambda")
• RDS: Services → Database → RDS (or search "RDS")
— End of Answer Key —