Programming An Introduction
Language:-A medium of communication is known as Language
Or
A language in computer science is a set of rules and symbols used to communicate instructions to a computer.
Program:- A sets of instructions called the programs
Programming:- Programming is the act of creating a set of instructions (code) that tells a computer what to do.
Why programming is important
To create software and apps
To make websites
To solve mathematical problems
To control machines and robots
Compiler:- A compiler is a program that translates the entire source code at once into machine language
before execution.
Example: -
C, C++
Errors are shown after compilation.
Interpreter:- An interpreter is a program that translates and executes code line by line.
Example: -
Python, JavaScript
Errors are shown line by line.
IDLE :- IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) is a software used to write, edit, and run Python
programs. Example:-
It provides an editor, output window, and debugging tools.
Python IDLE is commonly used by beginners.
Programming Language:- A programming language is a set of rules and symbols used to write instructions for
a computer to perform tasks. Example:- Python, C, Java
Machine Language:- Machine language is the language directly understood by the computer, written in binary form
(0s and 1s).Example:- It is very fast but difficult for humans to understand.
High Level Language:- A high level language is a programming language that is easy to read, write, and understand
by humans. Example: Python, Java, C++
Low Level Language:- low level language is a language that is close to machine language and difficult for humans
to understand. Example: Assembly language, Machine language
PYTHON:-
Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world today (used by Google, NASA, Instagram,
YouTube, AI companies, etc.).
Easy to read – looks almost like English
Very beginner-friendly
Used for: Games, websites, mobile apps, robots, data science, artificial intelligence, automation,
scientific calculations
Fun fact: Python was named after Monty Python comedy show (not the snake!)
2. Who Created Python & When?
Created by Guido van Rossum (Dutch programmer)
First released in 1991
Guido worked at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Netherlands
As of January 2026: Latest stable version is Python 3.14 (released October 2025). Python 3.15 is in
pre-release/alpha stage.
3. Key Features of Python (Make students repeat these!)
High-level language (far from machine language)
Interpreted (runs line-by-line – easier to find mistakes)
Platform independent (same code runs on Windows, Mac, Linux)
Simple & readable syntax (less curly braces & semicolons)
Case-sensitive (Age ≠ age)
Free & open-source
Huge community & libraries
4. How Computer Works – Analogy (Very Important!)
Use the textbook pasta recipe analogy – it’s excellent!
Input → Process → Output
Stage Pasta Example Computer Example
Input Ingredients (water, pasta…) Data we give (numbers, name…)
Process Boiling, stirring, simmering Computer calculations & instructions
Output Ready tomato pasta Result on screen (sum, message…)
5. Two Ways to Use Python (IDLE)
Mode When to use? How it works Good for…
Type → Enter → See result immediately (>>> Experiments, learning
Interactive Testing small ideas quickly
prompt) basics
Writing longer, reusable
Script / File Write whole program → Save as .py → Run (F5) Real projects, homework
programs
Steps for Interactive Mode:
1. Start → All Programs → Python 3.14 → IDLE
2. See >>> prompt
3. Type: print("Hello Students!") → Enter
Steps for Script Mode:
1. File → New File
2. Write code
3. File → Save As → [Link] (example: [Link])
4. Run → Run Module (or press F5)
6. Important Parts of IDLE Window
Title Bar → Name of file / Python version
Menu Bar → File (New, Open, Save), Edit, Run, Help (F1 for help!)
>>> Prompt → Only in interactive mode
Status Bar → Shows cursor position, version info
7. Rules for Variable Names (Very Common Exam Question!)
Variable = named box to store data
Valid rules:
Start with letter (A–Z, a–z) or underscore _
Can have letters, digits (0–9), underscore
Case-sensitive (marks ≠ Marks)
No spaces, no special characters (@, #, $, etc.)
Cannot be Python keyword (if, else, print, for, class…)
Examples
Valid Invalid Why Invalid?
student_age student age Space not allowed
total_marks2025 2025marks Starts with number
_price price@shop Special character
MyClass else Keyword
Common student mistake: Writing my name = "Rahul" → error (use my_name or myName)
8. Basic Data Types in Python (Table for Blackboard)
Type Full Name Stores what? Examples Function to convert
int Integer Whole numbers 5, -42, 0, 1000 int()
float Floating point Decimal numbers 3.14, -0.5, 7.0 float()
str String Text / characters "Hello", 'Agra', "123" str()
bool Boolean True / False (logic) True, False bool()
important: input() always gives string → convert before math!
9. input() and print() – Most Used Functions
input() → Ask user for value
name = input("What is your name? ")
age = int(input("Your age? ")) # convert to number!
print() → Show on screen
print("Hello", name)
print("You are", age, "years old")
Escape sequences (teach with examples):
Code Meaning Example code Output
\n New line print("Line1\nLine2") Line1 Line2
\t Tab space print("Name:\tRahul") Name: Rahul
Comma in print() → adds space automatically
print(a, b, c) # 10 20 30
print(a, "\t", b) # 10 20
0. Common Errors & How to Fix (Show These!)
NameError: variable not defined → forgot to assign value
TypeError: can't add string + number → use int() or float() Example: a = input() → a + 5 → error → fix: int(a) +
5
Forgetting quotes around text → print(Hello) → error
11. Practice Questions for Students (From Book + More)
1. Print your school name, address, principal name in 5 lines using \n.
2. Take two numbers from user and print their sum.
3. Take length & breadth → print area & perimeter of rectangle.
4. Convert temperature: Fahrenheit to Celsius → C = (F - 32) × 5/9
5. Take student name, class, marks → print nicely formatted report.