University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics-II
Problem Sheet for Continuity Equation
Q. 1. A sphere of diameter 300 mm falls axially down a 305 mm diameter vertical cylinder that
contains water. If the sphere falls at a speed of 150 mm/s, what is the mean velocity (i) relative to
the sphere (ii) relative to the cylinder wall, of the water in the gap surrounding the midsection of
the sphere? (iii) If the sphere is fixed inside the cylinder and water approaches it with a velocity of
150mm/s, what would be the mean velocity of the water in the gap surrounding the midsection of
the sphere? Compare the result with the previous case and comment on the results.
(i) 4.61m/s (ii) 4.46m/s (iii) 4.61m/s
Q.2. An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971km/hr. The frontal intake area of the jet engine
is 0.80m2 and the entering air density is 0.736kg/m3. A stationary observer determines that relative
to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with a speed of 1050km/hr.
The engine exhaust area is 0558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515kg/m3 Estimate the mass
flowrate of fuel into the engine. (9100kg/hr)
Q.3. Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 1000 ml/s. The
exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2. Arm radius is 100mm. Determine the average
velocity of the water leaving the nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if
(a) the rotary sprinkler head is stationary,
(b) the sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm
Also determine the average absolute velocity of jet leaving the nozzle in each case.
(a) 16.7m/s, -16.7m/s (b) 16.7m/s , -10.42m/s
Q.4. Methane escapes through a small 10-7m2 hole in a 10m3 tank. The methane escapes so slowly
that the temperature in the tank remains constant at 23°C. The mass flow rate of the methane
𝒑𝑨
through the hole is given by 𝒎̇ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 , where p is the pressure in the tank, A is the area
√𝑹𝑻
of the hole, R is gas constant, and T is the temperature in the tank. Calculate the time required for
the absolute pressure in the tank to decrease from 500kPa to 400kPa. (23.87hr)
Q.5. The hypodermic needle contains a liquid serum (ρ = 1g/cm3). If the serum is to be injected
steadily at 6 cm3/s, how fast the plunger should be advanced if a) leakage in the plunger is
neglected and b) leakage is 10% of the needle flow? The syringe is having internal diameter of
2cm and the needle is of 0.8mm diameter. (1.91cm/s,2.10cm/s)
Q.6. A piston is moving up during the exhaust stroke of a four cylinder engine. Mass escapes
through the exhaust port at a rate given by
𝒑 𝒄 𝑨𝒗
𝒎̇ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
√𝑹𝑻𝒄
Where 𝒑𝒄 and 𝑻𝒄 are the cylinder pressure and temperature, 𝑨𝒗 is the valve opening, R is the gas
constant. The bore of the cylinder is 10cm, and the piston is moving upward at 30m/s. The distance
between the piston and the head is 10cm. The valve opening is 1cm2, the chamber pressure is
300kPa, the chamber temperature is 600°C, and the gas constant is 350J/kg. K. Determine the rate
at which the gas density is changing in the cylinder. Assume that the density and pressure are
uniform in the cylinder and the gas is ideal. (293.55kg/m3/s)
Q.7. In a piston and cylinder arrangement, the larger piston has a velocity of 2fp/s and an
acceleration of 5fp/s2. Determine the velocity and acceleration of smaller piston. Diameter of larger
piston is 4in and that of smaller piston is 0.5in. (128ft/s, 320ft/s2)