GEOGRAPHY

B Y- Mohd Sarim
CONTENT
• Ocean and seas
• Gulfs and bays
• Straits and canal
• Capitals and currency
• Rivers of India
• Continents
• National and international ports
• Sea routes
WHAT I S M ERC HA NT
N AV Y ?

The merchant navy is the international

commercial shipping industry, which
includes shipping companies that
transport cargo and passengers by
sea. Merchant navy ships can travel to
every continent and ocean, and their
trade routes are an essential part of the
global economy. More than 90% of
goods worldwide are transported by
ship.
OCEANS
The whole body of salt water that covers nearly three fourths of the
surface of the earth.

The names are :

Pacific ocean( largest )
Atlantic ocean( busiest )
Indian ocean( named after a country)
Arctic ocean( smallest )
Southern ocean (newest).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEA AND OCEAN
Seas are smaller than oceans and are usually located where the land and ocean meet. Typically, seas are
partially enclosed by land. Seas are found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by
land. For example, the Bering Sea is part of the Pacific Ocean.

Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Arabian Sea
Bering Sea
Caribbean Sea
Andaman Sea
South China Sea
 G U L F S A N D B AY S

A gulf is a large section of the sea that extends into the land. They are
generally larger and deeper than bays. A bay, on the other hand, is a body of
water partially enclosed by land. Bays are usually smaller and less enclosed
compared to gulfs. The mouth of a bay, where it meets the ocean or lake, is
typically wider compared to that of a gulf.
MAJOR GULFS AND BAYS

Persian Gulf (Middle East): Key for oil and gas transport.
Gulf of Aden (Arabian Sea): Vital for Asia-Europe shipping, but with piracy challenges.
Gulf of Mexico (North America): Significant for oil, gas, and commercial shipping.
Gulf of Guinea (West Africa): Major route for oil, gas, and commodities shipping
San Francisco Bay (California, USA): Key for international trade and commerce, major
ports.
Tokyo Bay (Japan): Largest Japanese bay, important for global trade.
Bay of Bengal (South Asia): Vital for fishing, shipping, and regional trade.
Hudson Bay (Canada): Significant for shipping, trade with Europe and Asia, and resource
exports.
 STRAIT AND CANAL

A canal is a human-made waterway that allows boats and ships to pass from
one body of water to another.
A strait is a natural narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of
water.
 MAJOR STRAITS AND CANALS
Malacca Strait
Joins: Andaman Sea & South China Sea
Location: Indonesia – Malaysia

Palk Strait
Joins: Palk Bay & Bay of Bengal
Location: India-Sri Lanka

Bosporus Strait
Joins: Black Sea & Mar mara Sea
Location: Turkey

Bab-el-Mandeb Strait
Joins: Red Sea & Gulf of Aden
Location:Yemen-Djibouti
Bering Strait
Joins: Bering Sea & Chukchi Sea
Location: Alaska-Russia

Dover Strait
Joins: English Channel & North Sea
Location: England-France

Gibraltar Strait
Joins: Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
Location: Spain-Morocco

Panama Canal: Pacific-Atlantic shortcut

Suez Canal: Mediterranean-Red Sea link
Kiel Canal: North Sea-Baltic Sea route
Panama Canal
US-built (1904-1914)
82 km long
3 sets of locks for level changes
Vital for global trade; 14,000+ ships yearly; 5% of world
maritime trade
Connects Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean Avoids the Cape
Horn route via the via the Strait of Magellan

Suez Canal
190km-long artificial waterway
Connects Mediterranean to Red Sea
Completed in 1869 Key global maritime route
Avoids southern Africa route Shortens travel, lowers costs
Vital for global trade 8% of world maritime trade
I N DI A N STATE S CA PI TA LS
AND UNION TERRITORIES

Union territories

• Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu

• Jammu & Kashmir
• Ladakh
• Chandigarh
• Delhi
• Puducherry
• Lakshadweep
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OF INDIA
A N D C A P I TA L S -

• Afghanistan – Kabul
• Pakistan – Islamabad
• China- Beijing
• Bhutan- Thimphu
• Nepal- Kathmandu
• Bangladesh- Dhaka
• Myanmar -Naypyidaw
• Sri Lanka-Sri Jayawardenepura kotte
C O U N T R I E S T H AT S H A R E B O R D E R
WITH INDIA

• Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north west

• China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north

• Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.

 I M P O RTA N T C O U N T R I E S C A P I TA L S
COUNTRY CAPITAL CURRENCY
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso
Australia Canberra Australian Dollar
Austr ia Vienna Euro
Bhutan Thimpu Ngultrum
Brazil Brasilia Real
Cambodia Phnom Pehn Rial
Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
China Beijing Chinese Yuan
Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone
Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound
Finland Helsinki Euro
 RIVERS OF INDIA
• River: Ganga • River: Brahmaputra
• Origin: Gangotri Glacier • Origin: Himalayan Glacier in Tibet
{Uttarakhand} Enters India in Arunachal Pradesh

• Length: 2,525 km • Length: 916 km

• End: Merges with Ganga and ends in Bay of
• End: Bay of Bengal Bengal

• River: Yamuna • River: Chambal

• Origin: Yamunotri Glacier • Origin: Tributary of Yamuna river,
{Uttarakhand} Starting at Madhya Pradesh
• Length: 1,376 km • Length: 1024 km
• End: Merges with Ganga at Allahabad • End: Joins Yamuna river in UP
{Triveni Sangam – Kumbh Mela} {Uttar Pradesh}
LONGEST RIVERS OF INDIA

1. Ganga [2525 km]

2. Godavari [1464 km]
3. Krishna [1400 km]
4. Yamuna [1376 km]
5. Narmada [1312 km]
6. Indus [1114/3180 km]
7. Brahmaputra [916/2900km]
8. Mahanadi [890 km]
9. Kaveri [800 km]
10. Tapti [724 km]
I N D I A N P O RT S
Cochin Port- It is located on the south-western coast of Willington Island, in Kerala, India. It is
the second-largest natural seaport in India. It is also called a natural gateway for the industrial
and agricultural market in South-west India. It is one of the major centers for shipbuilding.
From Kochi Port spices, tea, and coffee are exported. Coromandel
Ennore Port- Ennore port is located on the Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. It is recognized as India’s
first corporatized port. It is about 24 km away from Chennai port and ranks 12th on the
major seaports list. From Ennore port iron ore, petroleum, coal, and chemicals are exported.
Haldia port- It is located on the banks of the Hugli river, West Bengal, India. It is mainly used
to share the export work with Kolkata Port and relieves some pressure from Kolkata Port.
From Haldia port jute, steel, iron ore, etc are exported.
Kolkata Port- It is located in West Bengal and is the only riverine major port in India. The
Kolkata Port and the Haldia port together makes the twin dock systems, from the eastern and
western side of the Hugli river respectively. The major quantity of Jute is exported from
Kolkata Port and things like iron ore, tea, coal, steel, etc are also exported.
Kandla Port- It is located in the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, India. It is known as a Tidal port and it
is constructed after the partition. The Kandla Port is used to relieve the pressure on Mumbai
Port. It is a well-known port because it is also acknowledged as trade free zone.
New Mangalore Port- It is located in Karnataka, India. It is deep water and an all-weather port.
Mangalore Port is the only major port in Karnataka. It majorly deals with exporting iron ore.
Mormugao Port- It is located in the estuaries of River Juari in Goa, India. It is also a natural
harbor and it was awarded the status of a major port in 1963. The Marmagoa port is also a
leading exporter of Iron ore.
Mumbai Port- It is located in Maharashtra, India. Earlier it was located by the navies of Shivaji. It
is the largest natural port and the busiest port in India. The port consists of three were docks,
namely, Prince’s Dock, Victoria Dock, and Indira Dock. From Mumbai Port textile, manganese,
machinery, leather, chemical products, etc are exported.
Jawaharlal Nehru port- It is located on the Eastern shore of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is the
largest artificial port and the largest container port in India. This port is also called Nhava Sheva
port because the villages of these names existed in that area. From Jawaharlal Nehru port textile,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, carpets, etc are exported.
Paradip Port- It is located at the junction of the Mahanadi river and the Bay of Bengal in Odisha,
India. It is the first major port after the commencement of Independence. From Paradip port
iron ore, iron and aluminium are exported. The majority of the export business is done with
Japan.
Chennai port- It is located in Tamil Nadu. It is the largest port on the eastern coast of India and
the second largest port after Jawaharlal Nehru port. It is also an artificial port. From Chennai
port rice, textile, leather, goods, etc are exported.
Tuticorin Port- It is located in the Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, India. The earlier name of the
port was V.O. Chidambaranar Port. It is an artificial port and it is famous for pearl fishery.
Tuticorin is also known as Pearl City because of the pearl fishery in the Bay of Bengal. From
Tuticorin salt, fertilizer, petroleum, coal, etc are exported.
Vishakhapatnam Port- It is located between Chennai port and Kolkata Port in Andhra Pradesh,
India. It is the second-largest port by volume of cargo handled and it is also a natural harbor. Fr
Vishakhapatnam port coal, alumina, oil, and coals are exported.
F A Q S R E L A T E D T O S E A P O RT S
IN INDIA

1. How many seaports are there in India?

Ans. There are 13 major seaports in India and more than 180 minor seaports.

2. Which is the main port on the East coast of India?

Ans. Paradip Port is the main port on the East Coast of India and Chennai port is the
largest port on the eastern coast of India.

3. Which is the oldest port in India?

Ans. Kolkata Port is the oldest port in India. It is the only riverine port in India.
CONTINENTS

A continent is one of Earth's seven main

divisions of land.

The continents are, from largest to

smallest: Asia, Africa, North America,
South America, Antarctica, Europe, and
Australia.
I M P O RTA N T P O RT S I N A S I A

• Shanghai Port, China

• Singapore Port, Singapore
• Jebel Ali Port, UAE
• Busan Port, South Korea
• Tokyo-Yokohama-Kawasaki Port, Japan
• Colombo Port, Sri Lanka
• Port Klang, Malaysia
I M P O RTA N T P O RT S I N E U RO P E

• Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands

• Port of Antwerp, Belgium
• Port of Hamburg, Germany
• Port of Felixstowe, United Kingdom
• Port of Barcelona, Spain
• Port of Le Havre, France
I M P O RTA N T P O RT S I N A M E R I C A S

• Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach, USA

• Port of New York and New Jersey, USA
• Port of Houston, USA
• Port of Vancouver, Canada
• Port of Manzanillo, Mexico
• Port of Santos, Brazil
I M P O RTA N T P O RT S I N A F R I C A
AND OCEANIA
• Port Said, Egypt
• Mombasa Port, Kenya
• Port Elizabeth, South Africa
• Port of Brisbane, Australia
• Port of Sydney, Australia
• Port of Wellington, New Zealand
M A J O R S E A RO U T E S

MUMBAI TO TOKYO

• Arabian Sea
• Laccadive Sea
• Indian Ocean
• Bay Of Bengal
• Andaman Sea
• Strait Of Malacca
• South China Sea
• Philippine Sea
• North Pacific Ocean
M U M BA I TO N E W YO R K

• Arabian Sea
• Gulf Of Aden
• Red Sea
• Gulf Of Suez
• Suez Canal
• Mediterranean Sea
• Strait Of Gibraltar
• North Atlantic Ocean
I N D I A T O E U RO P E

• ARABIAN SEA
• GULF OF ADEN
• BAB EL MANDUB STRAIT
• RED SEA
• SUEZ CANAL
• MEDITERRANEAN SEA
• STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR
• NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
• ENGLISH CHANNEL
• NORTHERN SEA
• KOLKATA TO ROTTERDAM
Depart from Kolkata --Bay of Bengal -- Indian Ocean --Arabian sea-- Gulf of Aden -- Bab-El-Mandeb
strait --Red sea -- Suez canal -- Mediterranean sea --Gibralter strait -- North Atlantic Ocean -- English
channel -- Strait of Dover -- North sea -- Rotterdam.

• MUMBAI TO SHANGAI
Depart from Mumbai port-- We will go in the south in Arabian sea -by passing by the western states of
India - we will be in Indian Ocean - we will move in the east then through-- Malacca strait -- We will
reach South china sea we will further proceed in the north- east in south China sea then by passing through
Taiwan we will reach -- East China sea-- Shanghai Port.

• EUROPE TO NORTH AMERICA

[Link] sea— Strait of Gibraltar
[Link] sea— English Channel— Atlantic Ocean— (Caribean Sea— Panama Canal—Pacific Ocean—
(Western Side))
T H A N K YO U

- THE STEADY ANCHOR