SURFACE INTEGRALS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@[Link]

HCMC— 2026.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 1 / 59
OUTLINE

1 SURFACE INTEGRALS OF f (x, y, z) OVER THE SURFACE S (FIRST

KIND)

2 SURFACE INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FIELDS (SECOND KIND)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 2 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) The mass of the thin sheet

If a thin sheet has the shape of a surface S

and the density (mass per unit area) at
point (x, y, z) is f (x, y, z) (for example, kg /m 2)

Find the total mass m of the sheet S

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 3 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) The mass of the thin sheet

We divide the surface S into patches S i j . We

evaluate f (x, y, z) at point (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j ) ∈ S i j ,
multiply by the area ∆S i j of the patch, and
form the Riemann sum. The total mass of
the sheet is approximately equal
m X
X n
m≈ f (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j )∆S i j .
i =1 j =1

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 4 / 59

 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Definition

THE SURFACE INTEGRAL OF f OVER THE SURFACE S

(FIRST KIND)

DEFINITION 1.1
The Surface Integral of f over the surface S
(First Kind) is
Ï m X
X n
f (x, y, z)d S = lim f (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j )∆S i j
m,n→+∞
i =1 j =1
S

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 5 / 59

 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Some properties of 1st Surface Integral
Ï
10 . 1d S = the surface area.
S
Ï Ï
20 . α. f (x, y, z)d S = α. f (x, y, z)d S.
ÏS h i S
30 . f (x, y, z) + g (x, y, z) d S =
S
Ï Ï
= f (x, y, z)d S + g (x, y, z)d S.
S S
Ï
40 . If S = S 1 + S 2 then f (x, y, z)d S =
Ï Ï S

f (x, y, z)d S +
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) f (x, y, z)d S.
SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 6 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y)

SURFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION z = z(x, y)

If Surface S is given by the equation

z = z(x, y), D x y is the projection of surface S
onto Ox y, then
s
∂z 2
¶ µ ¶2
∂z
µ
dS = 1 + + dA
∂x ∂y
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂z ∂z
Ï
I= f (x, y, z(x, y)) 1 + + dA
∂x ∂y
Dxy

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 7 / 59

 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation y = y(x, z)

SURFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION y = y(x, z)

If Surface S is given by the equation

y = y(x, z),D xz is the projection of surface S
onto Oxz, then
s
∂y 2
¶ µ ¶2
∂y
µ
dS = 1 + + dA
∂x ∂z
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂y ∂y
Ï
I= f (x, y(x, z), z) 1 + + dA
∂x ∂z
D xz

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 8 / 59

 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

SURFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION x = x(y, z)

If Surface S is given by the equation

x = x(y, z), D y z is the projection of surface S
onto O y z, then
s
∂x 2
¶ µ ¶2
∂x
µ
dS = 1 + + dA
∂y ∂z
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂x ∂x
Ï
I= f (x(y, z), y, z) 1 + + dA
∂y ∂z
Dyz

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 9 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

EXAMPLE 1.1Ï
Evaluate I = x y zd S, where S is the part of
S
the plane x + y + z = 1 that lies in the first
octant x Ê 0, y Ê 0, z Ê 0.

S : z = 1−x − y
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 10 / 59
Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)
Ï q
I= x y(1 − x − y) 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A =
D
Z1 Z1−x
p p
Ï
= 3 x y(1 − x − y)d A = 3 d x x y(1 − x − y)d y =
D 0 0
Z1 · ¸ y=1−x
p y2 2y
2
y3
= 3 x −x −x dx
2 2 3 y=0
0
Z1 ·
p (1 − x)2 2 (1 − x)
2
(1 − x)3
¸
= 3 x −x −x dx =
2 2 3
p 0
3
= 120
·
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 11 / 59
Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

EXAMPLE 1.2Ï
Evaluate I = (x 2 + y 2 )d S, where S is the
S
part of the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 that lies between
2 planes z = 0, z = 1.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 12 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

SOLUTION. The
p
surface S is defined by the
equation z = x 2 + y 2
x y
⇒ z x′ = p , z ′y = p .
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
The projection of the surface S onto Ox y is
D : 0 É ϕ É 2π; 0 É r É 1.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 13 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

Ï
I= (x 2 + y 2 )d S =
S
v à !2 à !2
u
x y
Ï u
= (x 2 + y 2 )t1 + p + p dA=
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
D
2π 1
Ï p p Z Z
= (x + y ) 2d A = 2. d ϕ r 2 r d r =
2 2

D 0 0
4 ¸1
p
p h i2π r p 1 π 2
·
= 2. ϕ . = 2.2π · = ·
0 4 0 4 2
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 14 / 59
Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

EXAMPLE Ï
1.3
x
Evaluate d S, where S is the part of
x2 + y 2
S
the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 that lies in the
octant x É 0, y É 0, z É 0.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 15 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

SOLUTION. Since S is the part of the sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 where x É 0, y É 0, z É 0 then
the surface
p
S is defined by the equation
z = − 9 − x2 − y 2
x y
⇒ z x′ = p , z ′y = p .
2
9−x − y 2 2
9−x − y 2

The projection of the surface S onto Ox y is

3π
D :πÉϕÉ ; 0 É r É 3.
2

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 16 / 59

Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

v
u à !2 à !2
x u x y
Ï
I= t1 + + p dA=
x2 + y 2
p
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
D

3π/2 Z3
x 3 r cos ϕ 1
Ï Z
= · d A = 3. dϕ · p r dr =
x2 + y 2 r2
p
9 − x2 − y 2 π
9−r2
D 0

3π/2 Z3 3π/2 Z3
cos ϕ dr
Z Z
= 3. dϕ p d r = 3. cos ϕd ϕ p =
9 − r 2 9 − r 2
π 0 π 0
h i3π/2 h r i3 π 3π
= 3. sin ϕ . arcsin = −3. arcsin 1 = −3 · = − ·
π 3 0 2 2

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 17 / 59

 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Suppose that S is defined by G(x, y, z) = 0.

DEFINITION 2.1
S is called a smooth surface if G(x, y, z) has
continuous partial derivatives G x′ ,G ′y ,G z′ and
G x′2 +G ′2 ′2
y +G z ̸= 0 over S.

DEFINITION 2.2
S is called an oriented surface, if at every point
M (x, y, z) on S we can determine a unit normal vector
so that
→
−
n (M ) = (n 1 (x, y, z), n 2 (x, y, z), n 3 (x, y, z))

varies continuously over S

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Let S : G(x, y, z) = 0. The unit normal vector

of S is
→
− 1
n =q · (G x′ ,G ′y ,G z′ )
(G x′ )2 + (G ′y )2 + (G z′ )2

Case 1: The surface S : z = z(x, y) and the

unit normal vector →
−
n has the upward
orientation. Then S : G(x, y, z) = z − z(x, y) = 0
and
→
− 1
n =q · (−z x′ , −z ′y , 1)
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 19 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Case 2: The surface S : z = z(x, y) and the

unit normal vector →
−
n has the downward
orientation. Then S : G(x, y, z) = z(x, y) − z = 0
and
→
− 1
n =q · (z x′ , z ′y , −1)
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

DEFINITION 2.3
Let E be a subset of R3. A vector field in R3 is a
→
−
function F that assigns to each point (x, y, z)
→
−
in E a three-dimensional vector F (x, y, z)

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Problem: Find the rate of flow of a fluid

through the surface S in units of mass per
unit time.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 22 / 59

 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Suppose that S is an oriented surface with

unit normal vector → −
n , and imagine a fluid
with density ρ(x, y, z)(kg /m 3), and vector
field →
−
v (x, y, z)(m/s) flowing through S .
Then the rate of flow (mass per unit time)
per unit area is
→
−
³ ´
2
ρ. v (kg /(m .s)) = P (M i ),Q(M i ), R(M i )

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 23 / 59

 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

If we divide S into small patches S i , then S i

is nearly planar. So we can approximate the
mass of fluid per unit time crossing S i in the
direction of the normal vector →
−n by quatity
< ρ.→
−
v (M i ), →
−
n (M i ) > .AS i .
Therefore, the total mass of the fluid per
unit time crossing S in the direction of the
normal vector →−
n is approximately equal
n
< ρ.→
−
v (M i ), →
−
X
m≈ n (M i ) > .AS i .
i =1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 24 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Suppose that the unit normal vector of S at

M i is
→
−
³ ´
n (M i ) = cos α(M i ), cos β(M i ), cos γ(M i ) .

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 25 / 59

 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Then
< ρ.→
−
v (M i ), →
−
n (M i ) >= P (M i ) cos α(M i )+

+Q(M i ) cos β(M i ) + R(M i ) cos γ(M i )

and n h
P (M i ) cos α(M i )+
X
m≈
i =1
i
+Q(M i ) cos β(M i ) + R(M i ) cos γ(M i ) .AS i .
This is the Riemann sum of the surface
integral of Vector Field.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 26 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Definition

Suppose that
→
− ³ ´
F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a
continuous vector field defined on an
oriented smooth surface S. The unit
normal vector of S is →−n = (cos α, cos β, cos γ),
where α, β, γ is the angle between → −
n and
Ox,O y,Oz respectively. Then the surface
→
− →
−
integral of F over S (or flux of F across S ) is
Ï Ï h
→
− i
I= F ·d S = P cos α+Q cos β+R cos γ d S
S S
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 27 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Suppose S : z = z(x, y) and the unit normal

vector → −
n has upward orientation. Then S :
G(x, y, z) = z − z(x, y) = 0 and
→
− 1
n =q · (−z x′ , −z ′y , 1) =
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2

= (cos α, cos β, cos γ)

q
d S = 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï
I= [P cos α +Q cos β + R cos γ]d S
S
 
Ï
(−z x′ ) (−z ′y ) 1
= P q +Q q +R q dS =
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2
S
Ï
(−z x′ ) (−z ′y )
= P (x, y, z(x, y)) q +Q(x, y, z(x, y)) q


Dxy 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )

1 q
R(x, y, z(x, y)) q . 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A

1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2
Ï h i
= P (x, y, z(x, y))(−z x′ ) +Q(x, y, z(x, y))(−z ′y ) + R(x, y, z(x, y)) dA
Dxy
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 29 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

If the unit normal vector → −

n of S has
downward orientation then S :
G(x, y, z) = z(x, y) − z = 0 and
→
− 1
n =q · (z x′ , z ′y , −1)
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2

= (cos α, cos β, cos γ)

q
d S = 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï
I= [P cos α +Q cos β + R cos γ]d S =
S
 
Ï
z x′ z ′y (−1)
= P q +Q q +R q dS =
1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2
S
Ï
z x′ z ′y
= P (x, y, z(x, y)) q +Q(x, y, z(x, y)) q


Dxy 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )

(−1) q
R(x, y, z(x, y)) q . 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A

1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2
Ï h i
= P (x, y, z(x, y)).z x′ +Q(x, y, z(x, y)).z ′y + R(x, y, z(x, y))(−1) d A
Dxy
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 31 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

EXAMPLE 2.1Ï
Evaluate I = F · d S, where
S
F(x, y, z) = x i + y 2j + z 2k and S is the
2

hemisphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z Ê 0 with
outward orientation.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2026. 32 / 59

 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

9 − x 2 − y 2 . The unit normal vector →

−
p
S:z= n
has upward orientation with respect to Oz
(z Ê 0). The projection of S onto Ox y is D x y .
−x −y
z x′ = p , z ′y = p
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï h i
I= P (x, y, z(x, y))(−z x′ ) +Q(x, y, z(x, y))(−z ′y ) + R(x, y, z(x, y)) d A
Dxy

Ï "
x y
= x2 · p + y2 · p +
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
Dxy
Ï
(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) d A = (9 − x 2 − y 2 )d A =
¤

Dxy

Z2π Z3
81 81π
= d ϕ (9 − r 2 )r d r = · 2π = ·
4 2
0 0
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

DEFINITION 2.4
→
− ³ ´
If F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a
∂P ∂Q ∂R
vector field in R3 and , , exist, then
∂x ∂y ∂z
the divergence of F is the function of three
variables defined by

∂P ∂Q ∂R
di v F = + + (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

→
−
Note. If F (x, y, z) is the velocity of a fluid (or
gas), then d i v F represents the net rate of
change (with respect to time) of mass of
fluid (or gas) flowing from the point (x, y, z)
per unit volume.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

THEOREM 2.1
Let Ω be a simple solid region and let S be the
boundary surface of Ω. Let F be a vector field
whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives on an open
region that contains Ω. Then
Ó Ñ
F · dS = ± d i v FdV (2)
S Ω

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

′′
+′′ if the unit normal vector of surface S has
the outward orientation of the solid Ω, ′′−′′ if
the unit normal vector of surface S has the
inward orientation of the solid Ω.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

→
− ³ ´
Let F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) . If
P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) have continuous
partial derivatives on region Ω then
Ó Ñ
F · dS = ± d i v FdV
S Ω

∂P ∂Q ∂R
Ñ µ ¶
=± + + dV
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ω

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

EXAMPLE 2.2
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem, evaluate
I= F · d S, where
S ³ ´
F(x, y, z) = y − x, z − y, x − z and S is the
outward surface of the cube
−1 É x É 1, −1 É y É 1, −1 É z É 1.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the outward surface of the cube,

then S is the closed surface and its unit
normal vector has outward orientation. By
the Divergence Theorem, we have
Ï Ñ
I= F · dS = + d i v FdV =
S Ω
Ñ h i
=+ (y − x)′x + (z − y)′y + (x − z)′z dV =
Ω
Ñ
= (−1 − 1 − 1) dV = −3 × 23 = −24.
Ω
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

EXAMPLE 2.3
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem, evaluate ³ ´
I= F · d S, where F(x, y, z) = y, x y, −z and S
S
is the inward surface of the solid defined by
x 2 + y 2 É 4, 0 É z É x 2 + y 2 .

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the inward surface of the solid Ω

then S is the closed surface and its unit
normal vector has inward orientation. By
the Divergence Theorem, we have I =

Ñ Z2π Z2 Zr 2
− (0 + x − 1)dV = − d ϕ r d r (r cos ϕ − 1)d z =
Ω 0 0 0

Z2π Z2 Z2πµ ¶
2 32
= − d ϕ r.(r cos ϕ − 1).r d r = − cos ϕ − 4 d ϕ =
5
0 0 0
= 8π.
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

EXAMPLE 2.4
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem, evaluate
³ ´
2 2
F · d S, where F(x, y, z) = x , y , 2z and S is
S
the inward surface of the solid defined by
0 É z É 4 − x 2 − y 2.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the inward surface of the solid Ω

then S is the closed surface and its unit
normal vector has inward orientation. By
the Divergence Theorem, we have
Ñ
I =− (2x + 2y + 2)dV =
Ω
Z2π Z2 Z 2
4−r

= −2 d ϕ r d r (r cos ϕ + r sin ϕ + 1)d z =

0 0 0
Z2π Z2
= −2 dϕ r.(r cos ϕ + r sin ϕ + 1)(4 − r 2 )d r = −16π.
0 0
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

DEFINITION 2.5
→
− ³ ´
If F = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a vector
field in R3 and the partial derivatives of
P,Q, R all exist, then the curl of F is the vector
field in R3 defined by
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
¶ µµ ¶ µ ¶
cur l F = − i+ − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
(3)

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Note. Particles near (x, y, z) in the fluid tend

to rotate about the axis that points in the
direction of cur l F(x, y, z), and the length of
this curl vector is a measure of how quickly
the particles move around the axis.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

THEOREM 2.2
Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth
surface that is bounded by a simple, closed,
piecewise-smooth boundary curve C . Let
→
− ³ ´
F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) be a
vector field whose components have
continuous partial derivatives on an open
region in R3 that contains S . Then
I Ï
F · dr = cur l F · d S (4)
C S
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

I I
F · dr = P (x, y, z)d x +Q(x, y, z)d y + R(x, y, z)d z =
C C
¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯
Ï ¯¯ ¯
∂ ∂ ∂
Ï ¯
= cur l F · d S = ¯dS
¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯
¯
S S ¯¯
P Q R ¯
¯

∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R
Ï ·µ ¶ µ ¶
= − cos α + − cos β+
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
S

∂Q ∂P
µ ¶ ¸
+ − cos γ d S.
∂x ∂y
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

EXAMPLE 2.5
Using
I Stokes’ Theorem, evaluate
I= 3yd x + 3xd y + 3xd z, where C is the
C
curve of intersection of the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the plane z = 1. Orient C to be
counterclockwise when viewed from above.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Since the orientation of the curve C is

counterclockwise then we orient S : z = 1
upward. The unit normal vector of S is
→
−
n = (0, 0, 1) = (cos α, cos β, cos γ). By Stokes’
Theorem, we have
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯ ¯ 0 0 1 ¯
Ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂ ∂ ∂ ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂
¯ Ï ¯
I= ¯dS = ¯dS
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯ ¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯
¯ ¯
S ¯¯ S ¯¯
P Q R ¯ 3y 3x 3x ¯
¯ ¯
Ï h i
I= (0 − 0) × 0 + (0 − 3) × 0 + (3 − 3) × 1 d S = 0.
S
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

EXAMPLE 2.6
Using
I Stokes’ Theorem, evaluate
I= 2yd x − xd y + xd z, where C is the curve
C
of intersection of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and
the plane z = y + 1. Orient C to be
counterclockwise when viewed from above.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Since the orientation of the curve C is

counterclockwise then we orient
S : z − y − 1 = 0 upward. The unit normal
vectorµ of S is ¶
→
− 1 1
n = 0, − p , p = (cos α, cos β, cos γ).
2 2
By Stokes’ Theorem, we have

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

1 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯ ¯
¯ 0 −p p ¯
Ï ¯¯ 2 2 ¯¯
¯
¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯ Ï ¯
∂ ∂ ∂ ¯dS
¯
I= ¯dS =
¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z
¯ ¯ ¯
∂x ∂y ∂z ¯¯
¯ ¯
S ¯¯ S
P Q R
¯ ¯
2y −x x ¯
¯ ¯
¶ µ
1 1 i
Ï h
I= (0 − 0) × 0 + (0 − 1) × − p + (−1 − 2) × p d S =
2 2
S
Ï p p Ï q
= − 2d S = − 2 1 + (z x′ )2 + (z ′y )2 d A =
S Dx y
p Ï p Ï
=− 2 1 + 02 + 12 d A = −2 d A = −2π.
Dx y Dx y
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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