III.

21. Heading in hills forest and shrubs and attacking the enemies abruptly is called Guerilla
warfare.
22. Kanakadasa and Purandaradasa
23. Because in Karnataka sandalwood trees widely grown.
24. state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity"
[Link], cotton, jute, tea, coffee, and oilseeds (like groundnut)
[Link] reasons for the increase in the number of divided families are Privacy, personal
happiness, self-contentment, property rights, changing social values, geographical and
social structure, advances in science and technology, industrialisation, urbanisation,
principles of democracy and equality, decline of religious faith and thinking, spread of
materialistic attitude and freedom of women.
27. Anthropology define tribes a group usually restricted to a specific geographical area,
having its own language,cultural harmony and social organisation.
28. Good climate, electricity supply, technical experts, financial assistance, vast market and
infrastructure.
29. Bambo, wood pulp, grass Bagasse, cloth rags and waste.
30. Family peers, religion, School,mass media,neighbourhood.
IV.
[Link] Khilji implemented various reforms in administration. He
abolished religious endowments, Inams (gift) lands and subsidy. He made
taxation from the lower to the higher classes mandatory without any bias. He
regulated markets, so that common people had access to goods at fair prices.
Separate officials called Sahaan-e-mandi were appointed to ensure these
regulations were followed in markets.
32. it drives economic growth by transforming raw materials into finished goods,
creating jobs, and boosting GDP. Key aspects include fostering urbanization, facilitating
infrastructure development, and encouraging technological innovation.
[Link] main hydroelectric power projects in Karnataka, crucial for the state's energy
supply, are the Sharavathi Project (largest), Kali Project (Nagjhari, Kadra, Kodasalli),
Shivanasamudra (first in Asia), Varahi, Bhadra, and Almatti projects
[Link] main effects of the Bhakti movement included fostering harmony between Hindus
and Muslims, promoting social equality by opposing the caste system, and encouraging
the growth of regional literature.
35. France was an agriculture dominated Nation.
In spite of advance in agriculture practices the yield from land was very low.
The farmers where the most affected. Famines were frequent.
As a result there is to be revolt and riots for food.
Industries where under the control of trade unions.
Due to internal strike and interference from authorities the development of these unions
was sluggish.
[Link] aim is to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities,
friendliness and service-mindedness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force
which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies.
These cadets are given various concessions:
• Special provisions for N.C.C. cadets to join defence forces.
• Certain seats are reserved for N.C.C cadets for professional colleges.
• Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
• During training, cadets go on adventures like
• Hiking
• Trekking
• Gliding
• Scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
37., gold mining was begun on a large scale in 1880 by John Taylor, and this is the
reason for the establishment of K.G.F. in 1885. There are four important mines in the
Kolar Gold Fields. They are Nandidurg, Urigaum, Champion Reef and Mysore Mines.
Among these, Champion Reef is the deepest gold mine (3217 mtrs.)
At present, Hutti in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Lots of gold is
produced here. Gold is also produced in Bellara in Tumakuru district and Ajjanahalli
near Sira. Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag
district, Kempinakote in Hassan district etc.
[Link]: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh).
Caves & Temples: Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Elephanta Caves (Maharashtra);
Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Rock Shelters of
Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh); Sun Temple, Konark (Odisha); Group of Monuments at
Hampi, Pattadakal (Karnataka); Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Great Living
Chola Temples (Tamil Nadu).Cities & Architecture: Red Fort Complex, Humayun’s
Tomb, Qutb Minar (Delhi); Jaipur City, Jantar Mantar, Hill Forts of Rajasthan; Historic
City of Ahmadabad, Dholavira: a Harappan City, Rani-ki-Vav (Gujarat); Victorian Gothic
and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
(Maharashtra); Santiniketan (West Bengal); Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
(Karnataka).Other: Mountain Railways of India (Darjeeling, Nilgiri, Kalka-Shimla);
Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara (Bihar); The Architectural Work of Le
Corbusier (Chandigarh); Ramappa Temple (Telangana).
[Link] integration, crucial for Class 9 studies, include secularism, democracy, the
Constitution, national symbols (flag, anthem), and shared cultural heritage. Other vital
factors are economic interdependence among states, national festivals (Independence
Day, Republic Day), a uniform educational system, and the promotion of communal
harmony.

V.

[Link] Written Constitution

Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic

Federal System with Unitary Features

Parliamentary Form of Government

Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Duties

Directive Principles of State Policy

Independent Judiciary

Universal Adult Franchise

Single Citizenship

[Link] period of Shah Jahan is called the golden era of art and architecture because
Mughal architecture reached its highest level of beauty, grandeur, and perfection during
his reign.

He built magnificent monuments like the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid, which
are famous for their fine marble work, delicate carvings, precious stone inlay (pietra
dura), and perfect symmetry.

Art, painting, and decorative designs also flourished under his patronage, making his
period a golden age of Mughal art and architecture.
[Link] main reasons for the Industrial Revolution (which began in United Kingdom)
were:Agricultural Revolution – Improved farming methods increased food production
and population [Link] of Raw Materials – Abundant coal and iron were
essential for machines and [Link] and Wealth – Profits from trade and
colonies provided money to invest in [Link] and Technology – New
machines like the spinning jenny and steam engine increased [Link]
Facilities – Development of roads, canals, and railways helped in moving goods
[Link] Labour Force – Growing population provided workers for [Link]
Government – Political stability encouraged business and industrial growth.

[Link] community,Harmonious relationships,Social unity,Informal system of

44. Old Mangalore port,Kundapura, malpe, hungara katte, padubidre, Bhatkal,

[Link] revenue and jobs in hospitality, [Link] infrastructure like roads,

[Link] play a very significant role in economic development. Bank mobilizes the
savings of the public by offering attractive interest rates and help in the process of
capital formation. Banks provide the convenient way of payment through the cheque
system. Banks give higher rates of interest on fixed deposits. Banks give loans to the
borrowers at the prevailing market rate of interest. They help in the development of
agriculture, industries and services, banks also discounts the bills of exchange. They
also offer demand drafts, credit cards, debit cards. The banks also invest the funds on
securities. The bank plays the major role in the credit creation.