The Internet and Internet Services

Unit: 8

Prepared By
Krishna Dev Thapa Magar
INTRODUCTION
❑ The computers interconnected by LAN, MAN, and WAN are able to exchange information, within their
networks, i.e. a computer connected to one network is able to exchange information with another
computer connected to the same network.
❑ Internet is defined as an interconnection of networks.
❑ Internet allows computers on different kinds of networks to interact with each other.
❑ Any two computers, often having different software and hardware, can exchange information over the
Internet, as long as they obey the technical rules of Internet communication.
❑ The exchange of information may be among connected computers located anywhere, like military and
research institutions, different kinds of organizations, banks, educational institutions (elementary schools,
high schools, colleges), public libraries, commercial sectors etc.

HISTORY OF INTERNET
❑ Internet has evolved from a research prototype project to a full-grown commercial computer
communication system.
❑ The growth of Internet can be discussed in three steps, as follows:
❑ Internetworking Protocol-_Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in 1970s
❑ Usenet groups and Electronic mail in 1980s
❑ World Wide Web in 1990s

The networking of computers has its origin at the US Department of Defense Advanced ResearchProjects
Agency (DARPA).
❑ During 1970's DARPA developed the ARPANET as a WAN to connect different computers and later to
connect computers on different networks (Internetworking). Internetworking became the focus of
research at ARPA and led to the emergence of Internet. During their research, DARPA set up design
goals for themselves, which included-(1) the ability to interconnect different types of network, (2)
to connect through alternate paths if some path gets destroyed, and (3) to support applications of
various types like audio, video, text etc.
❑ Based on the design goals, a protocol named Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP)
was developed for computer communication (Protocol is a network term used to indicate the set of
rules used by a network for communication). TCP/IP has become the protocol for Internet.
❑ In late 1970s, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) designed a successor to ARPANET, called
NSFNET, which was open for use to all university research groups, libraries and museums. This
allowed scientists across the country to share data and interact with each other for their research
projects. Internet grew exponentially when ARPANET was interconnected with NSF-NET
❑ In 1980s, many Internet applications like electronic mail, newsgroups, file transfer facility and remote
login were developed. The Electronic mail facility allowed users to compose, send, and receive
messages. Users having common interests could exchange messages using forums like Newsgroups.
The Telnet command allowed users to login to a remote computer. The File Transfer Protocol
program was used to copy files from one computer to another on the Internet.
❑ In the early 1990s, a new application World Wide Web (WWW) changed the way in which Inter-net
was used. WWW is a system of creating, organizing, and linking documents, and was created by
British scientist Tim Berners Lee. A protocol based on hypertext was developed that allowed the
documents and content on WWW to be connected via hyperlink.
❑ In 1993, Marc Andreessen at the University of Illinois developed the Mosaic browser. The WWW
along with the browser made it possible to set up number of web pages that may consist of text,
pictures or sound, and with link to other pages. Internet and WWW which are interconnection of
networks, and interconnection of documents and resources, respectively, has wired the whole world
together.
INTERNETWORKING PROTOCOL
❑ TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the Internet.
❑ The TCP/IP protocol has two parts: TCP and IP.
❑ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable transport service, i.e. it ensures that messages
sent from sender to receiver are properly routed and arrive intact at the destination.
❑ TCP converts messages into a set of packets at the source, which are then reassembled back into
messages at the destination. For this, TCP operates with the packet switching technique, which is
described as follows:
❑ The message is divided into small packets.
❑ Each packet contains address, sequencing information, and error control information.
❑ The address is used to route the packet to its destination.
❑ Since multiple users can send or receive information over the same communication line, the
packets can arrive out of order at the destination. The sequencing information in the packet is
used to reassemble the packets in order, at their destination.
❑ The error control information is used to check that the packet arrived at the destination is the
same as that sent from the source (i.e. has not got corrupted).
❑ Internet Protocol (IP) allows different computers to communicate by creating a network of networks.
❑ IP handles the dispatch of packets over the network.
❑ It handles the addressing of packets, and ensures that a packet reaches its destination traveling
through multiple networks with multiple standards.

The computers connected to Internet may be personal computers or mainframes; the computers could have a
slow or fast CPU, small or large memory, connected to different networks having slow or fast speed. TCP/IP
protocol makes it possible for any pair of computers connected to Internet to communicate, despite their
hardware differences.
THE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
❑ Internet is a network of interconnected networks and is designed to operate without a central control.
❑ The architecture of Internet is hierarchical in nature. A brief description of the architecture of Internet is
as follows:
❑ Client (user of computer) at home or in a LAN network is at the lowest level in hierarchy.
❑ Local Internet Service Provider (ISP) is at the next higher level.
❑ An ISP is an organization that has its own computers connected to the Internet and
provides facility to individual users to connect to Internet through their computers.
❑ Local ISP is the local telephone company located in the telephone switching office, where
the telephone of client terminates.
❑ The client calls local ISP using a modem or Network Interface Card.
❑ Regional ISP is next in the hierarchy. The local ISP is connected to regional ISP.
❑ A router is a special hardware system consisting of a processor, memory, and an I/O
interface used for the purpose of interconnecting networks. A router can interconnect
networks having different technologies, different media, and physical addressing schemes
or frame formats.
❑ The regional ISP connects the local ISP's located in various cities via routers.
❑ If the packet received by regional ISP is for a client connected to this regional ISP, then the
packet is delivered; otherwise, packet is sent to the regional ISP's backbone.
❑ Backbone is at top of the hierarchy.
❑ Backbone operators are large corporations like AT&T which have their own server farms
connected to the backbone. There are many backbones existing in the world.
❑ The backbone networks are connected to Regional ISP's with a large number of routers
through high speed fiber-optics.
❑ Network Access Point (NAP) connects different backbones, so that packets travel across
different backbones.
❑ If a packet at the backbone is for a regional ISP connected to this backbone, the packet is
sent to the closest router to be routed to local ISP and then to its destination; otherwise,
packet is sent toother backbone via NAP. The packet traverses different backbones until it
reaches the backbone of regional ISP for which it is destined.
CONNECTING TO INTERNET
To be able to connect your computer to the Internet, we require:
❑ a TCP/IP enabled computer,
❑ web browser software,
❑ an account with an ISP,
❑ a telephone line, and
❑ a modem or Network Interface Card (NIC) to connect the telephone line to the computer.

❑ A modem is a device that connects a computer to Internet.

❑ A Network Interface Card or NIC is a device that is required to connect a computer to Internet via a LAN or
high-speed Internet connection like cable modem or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).
❑ A web browser is a software that allows the user to view information on WWW. WWW is a large-scale, on-line
repository of information that the users search using the web browser.
❑ Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are examples of web browser.
Governing Bodies of Interne Functions

Internet Society (ISOC) ❑ Provides information about Internet

❑ Responsible for development of standards and
protocols related to Internet
Internet Architecture Board (lAB) ❑ Advisory group of ISOC
❑ Responsible for development of Internet
architecture
Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) ❑ Community of network designers, operators,
vendors, and researchers
❑ Responsible for evolution of Internet
❑ Open to all individuals
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) ❑ Reviews standards developed by IETF

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) ❑ Focuses on research towards the future of
Internet(Internet protocol, architecture etc.)
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) ❑ Allots IP address to organizations and individuals

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) ❑ Responsible for domain name registration

World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) ❑ Responsible for development of technologies for

World Wide Web
Internet Connections
❑ Dial-up Access
❑ Dial-up access is a method of connecting to the Internet using an existing telephone [Link]
your computer is connected to the Internet, you cannot receive voice telephone calls on this
telephone line during that time.
❑ In Dial-up access, you are assigned an account on the server of ISP along with some storage space
on the disk of server. For example agoel@[Link] is an account with an ISP named VSNL. You
are also assigned a user-id and password.
❑ We connect to Internet by dialling-up one of the computers of ISP. For this, you use a telephone
number provided by ISP and connect via a 56 Kbps modem. The computer that dials-up is the
client or remote machine, and the computer of ISP is the server or host.
❑ The client enters the user-id and password, and gets connected to the Internet via the ISP.

❑ Leased Line
❑ Leased line is a dedicated phone line that connects a computer (also known as gateway) to
Internet, using special kind of modems. At the other end, the gateway is connected to a large
number of computers, which access the Internet via the gateway.
❑ The gateway forms a domain on Internet, e.g. [Link], which is used to provide connection to
the other computers on the Internet to connect to it.
❑ Leased lines provide reliable and high-speed Internet access.
❑ The entire bandwidth of leased line is reserved for the traffic between gateway and Internet.
❑ Leased lines are generally used by large organizations and universities that have their own
internal network, and have large number of users.
❑ The leased lines are on-line, twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week. The leased lines are
normally provided on a yearly contract basis. The charges for the leased line are fixed based on
many criteria like the bandwidth, number of users etc. The fixed charges do not vary with the
actual usage of Internet.
❑ Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
❑ ISDN is a digital telephone service that can transmit voice, data and control information over an
existing single telephone line.
❑ Internet access is faster using ISDN than Dial-up access.
❑ ISDN is commonly used for business purposes. You are able to connect a computer, a fax
machine or a telephone to a single ISDN line, and also use them simultaneously.
❑ ISDN is costlier than Dial-up connection. It requires a special phone service and modem.
❑ Nowadays, ISDN services are largely being replaced by high speed broadband connection.

❑ Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

❑ DSL is a broadband connection that allows connecting to Internet over the existing telephone
lines. It does not affect your telephone voice services. DSL uses the modem provided by ISP.
❑ The data transmission speed of DSL ranges from 128Kbps to 8.448 Mbps.
❑ Originally, telephone lines were designed for carrying human voice and the whole system worked
according to this requirement. All frequencies less than 300 Hz and above 3.4kHz were
attenuated, since 300 Hz to 3.4kHz is the range for human speech to be clearly audible. When
using DSL, a different kind of switch is used that does not filter the frequencies, thus making
entire frequency available. DSL uses frequency beyond 3.4 kHz for Internet access.
❑ Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), a variant of DSL, provides high-speed delivery of download data (from
Internet to user), than that for upload (from user to Internet), since most users download much
more than they upload. Figure 10.4 shows an ADSL modem
❑ The bandwidth of connecting wire is divided into three bands--(1) 0-25kHz for regular tele-phone,
(2) 25kHz-200kHz for user to Internet (upload), and (3) 250kHz-1MHz for Internet to the user
(download). The available bandwidth for each direction for Internet is divided into channels of 4
kHz.
❑ DSL is almost ten times faster than Dial-up access and is an always-on connection.
 ❑ Cable Modem
❑ The user can connect to the Internet via a cable modem through cable television. The cable
modem provides two connections- one for television and other for computer.
❑ The cable modem sends and receives data through the coaxial cable which connects the cable
modem to the cable service provider. Coaxial cables allow transmission of Internet data, audio,
and video, and control over its several channels simultaneously. The user can access the Internet
and watch television at the same time.
❑ Like DSL, cable modem provides high-speed Internet connection. However, while using cable
modem, the bandwidth is shared by many users. If many users access the Internet simultaneously
then the available bandwidth for each of the user reduces.

INTERNET ADDRESS
❑ A computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address in order to communicate across the
Internet.
❑ Internet Protocol (IP) address is assigned uniquely to every computer connected to the Internet. IP
address is provided by the ISP whose services you use to connect your computer to the Internet.
❑ IP address is a string of numbers consisting of four parts, where each part is a number between 0 and
255. An IP address looks like [Link]. Since IP addresses are numeric, it is difficult to remember
everyone’s IP address. So, instead of numeric IP address, domain name is used.
❑ Domain name is a text name (string of words) corresponding to the numeric IP address of a computer
on the Internet. Domain names are used for the convenience of the user. A domain name combines a
group of hosts on the Internet (e.g. Yahoo, Google, MSN etc.), and a top level domain. Some examples
of top-level domain are as follows:
❑ com--for commercial organizations,
❑ edu- for educational institutions,
❑ net for gateways and administrative hosts,
❑ org--for non-profit organizations
❑ co--for companies, and
❑ ac- for academics
❑ Additionally, top-level domain is also provided based on the two-letter Internet country code. For
example, in for India, uk for United Kingdom, au for Australia etc. E
 ❑ In order to translate numeric IP address that identifies a computer on the Internet to a domain name
that is convenient for the user to remember, a mapping is needed between the IP addresses and
domain names.
❑ Domain Name System (DNS) server is a computer having a database that stores the IP addresses and
their domain names, Whenever a user uses the domain name, DNS translates it into its corresponding IP
address, to access the computer on Internet. For example, DNS translates [Link] to the IP address
of the computer that houses Google.

INTERNET SERVICES

World Wide Web (WWW)

❑ WWW also called as Web, is a large scale, online store of information. It is a system of creating,
organizing, and linking of documents. Information is stored on WWW as a collection of documents that
are interconnected with each other via links. The interconnected documents may be located on one or
more than one computer, worldwide, thus, the name world wide web.
❑ The features of WWW and terms linked to WWW are given below-
❑ The documents on web are created in hypertext format. Hypertext facilitates linking of
documents.
❑ The language used to create a hypertext format document is Hyper Text Markup Language
(HTML). HTML allows the designer of the document to include text, pictures, video, images,
sound, graphics, movies etc., and also to link contents on the same document or different
documents using a hyperlink.
❑ The hypertext format document is transferred on the Web using Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol(HTTP).
❑ A single hypertext document is called a Web page.
❑ A group of related web pages is called a Web site.
 ❑ The first web page or main page of a website is called Home page.
❑ The web pages are stored on the Internet on the Web Server. Web servers are host computers
that can store thousands of web pages.
❑ The process of storing a web page on a web server is called uploading.
❑ The process of retrieving a web page from a web server onto the user's computer is
downloading.
❑ The web pages stored on web server on the Internet, can be viewed from the user's computer
using a tool called Web browser.
❑ Every web page is identified on Internet by its address, also called Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).
❑ A web portal is a web site that presents information from different sources and makes them
available in a unified way. A web portal enables the user to search for any type of information
from a single location, i.e. the home page of the web portal. A web portal generally consists of a
search engine, e-mail service, news, advertisements, and an extensive list of links to other sites
etc. [Link] and [Link] (google) are popular web portals.
❑ Web Browser
❑ Web Browser (or browser) is a software program that extracts information on user request from
the Inter-net and presents it as a web page to the user. It is also referred to as the user interface
of the web. Some of the popular web browsers are-_-Internet Explorer from Microsoft, Mosaic
browser, Google's chrome, and Netscape Navigator from Netscape Inc. Some of the browser
icons are shown in Figure 10.8.
❑ Browsers are of two types-_graphical browser and text-based browser.
❑ Graphical browsers provide a graphical user interface where the user can jump from one web
page to the other by clicking on the hyperlink (displayed in blue colour with underline) on a web
page.
❑ Internet Explorer, Chrome and Mosaic are examples of graphical browsers.
❑ Text browsers are used on computers that do not support graphics. Lynx is a text browser.
❑ The process of using browser to view information on the Internet is known as Browsing or
Surfing. During browsing, the user can navigate from one web page to another using URLs,
hyperlinks, browser navigation tools like forward and back button, bookmarks etc.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
❑ A web page on the Internet is uniquely identified by its address, called URL. URL is the address on the
Internet at which the web page resides. The user uses this address to get a web page from the Internet.
❑ The general form of URL is protocol://address/path
❑ where,
❑ protocol defines the method used to access the web page, e.g., http, ftp, news etc.
❑ address is the Internet address of the server where the web page resides. It contains the
service ([Link]) and the domain name (e.g. [Link]), and
❑ path is the location of web page on the server.
❑ To access documents on WWW, the HTTP protocol is used.
❑ An example of a URL is, [Link] where, http is the protocol,
[Link] is the address, and main page is the path.

Internet Search Engines

❑ Internet Search engines or Search engines are specific web sites that help the users to find information
stored on the Internet. Search engines (a) search the Internet based on some important words
(keywords) or combinations of words.
❑ Some of the common and well-known search engines are [Link], [Link] and
[Link].
❑ Using the Search Engine: The user uses the search engine as follows:
❑ Enter the address of search engine, for example [Link]
❑ Enter the word, or combinations of words, or symbols with words, based on which the Internet is
to be searched.
❑ Working of Search Engine: The search engines work as follows:
❑ Search engines maintain a data repository of words along with the URL's at which these words are found.
❑ When the user uses the search engine to search for a word or group of words, the search engine checks its data
repository and returns a list of URLs that satisfy the search.
❑ To narrow down the scope of search, the search engines also provide different criteria for search.
❑ Sites like [Link] are metasearch engines. Such sites do not maintain their own data repository but send
the search request to other search engines. The search results are collected from different search engines and
displayed to the user.
Electronic Mail
❑ Electronic mail (E-mail) is an electronic message transmitted over a network from one user to another.
E-mail is a text-based mail consisting of lines of text, and can include attachments such as audio
messages, pictures and documents.
❑ The features of e-mail are as follows:
❑ E-mail can be sent to one person or more than one person at the same time.
❑ Communicating via e-mail does not require physical presence of the recipient. The recipient can
open the e-mail at his/her convenience.
❑ Since messages are transmitted electronically, e-mail is a fast way to communicate with the
people in your office or to people located in a distant country, as compared to postal system.© E-
mail messages can be sent at any time of the day.
❑ A copy of e-mail message that the sender has sent is available on the sender's computer for later
reference.
❑ In addition to sending messages, e-mail is an ideal method for sending documents already on the
computer, as attachments.
❑ E-mail has features of the regular postal service. The sender of e-mail gets the e-mail address of
the recipient, composes the message and sends it. The recipient of e-mail can read the mail,
forward it or reply back. The recipient can also store the e-mail or delete it.
❑ E-mail Address
❑ To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address. The e-mail address contains all information
required to send or receive a message from anywhere in the world.
❑ An e-mail address consists of two parts separated by @ symbol (spelled as at)- the first part is
user_name and the second part is host computer name. Thee-mail address may look like
❑ abcdgoel@[Link] where, abedgoel is the user_name,[Link] is the host computer
name (domain name) i.e. the mailbox where finally the mail will be delivered.
❑ gmail is the mail server where the mailbox "abcdgoel" exists.
E-mail Services
❑ There are two kinds of e-mail services-_-Application-based e-mail, and Web-based e-mail.
❑ Application-based e-mail is installed onto the user's computer. The mail is stored on the user's
computer. For using an application based e-mail, the user uses a program such as Microsoft
Outlook, Outlook Express etc. The user must have an e-mail account on the Internet mail server
with a domain name (e.g. [Link]), which is provided by the ISP whose services the user is using
to connect to the Internet. The user also has an e-mail address (create e-mail address by adding
your username to e-mail server's domain name. E.g. aagoe/@[Link]), which identifies the user
uniquely on the e-mail server.
❑ Web-based e-mail or Webmail appears in a web browser's window. A web-based e-mail can be
accessed by the user from any Internet-connected computer anywhere in the world. Web-based
e-mail is not stored on the user's computer. Many free web-based e-mail services are available.
Hotmail, yahoo, and gmail provide free e-mail accounts. An example of web-based e-mail
addressis ashima1234@[Link].

How E-mail Works

❑ The e-mail works on the client-server model.
❑ E-mail clients are the users who wish to use the e-mail facility. The basic functionality of the client
includes- create new e-mail, display and store received e-mails, address list of contacts etc. Both, the
sender of e-mail and the recipient of e-mail are e-mail clients.
❑ E-mail server is a combination of processes running on a server with a large storage capacity-a list of
users and rules, and the capability to receive, send, and store emails and attachments. These servers are
designed to operate without constant user intervention.
❑ The e-mail client interacts with the e-mail server to send or receive e-mail. Most email servers pro-vide
email services by running two separate processes on the same machine-Post Office Protocol 3(POP3)
and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Some e-mail servers also run another process on the
machine--Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
 ❑ SMTP is used to send e-mail from the client to server and from one server to another server.
❑ POP3 is used by client for application based e-mail to access mail from the server.
❑ IMAP is used by client for web-based e-mail to access mail on server.
❑ The e-mail client-server work as follows:
❑ The client connects to e-mail server when the user wants to send, check or receive e-mail. The
client connects to the server on two TCP/IP ports-(1) SMTP on port 25, and (2) POP3 on port 110 or
IMAP on port 143.
❑ SMTP server accepts outgoing email from client (sender e-mail client). Next, the SMTP server
checks the e-mail address at which e-mail has to be delivered (recipient e-mail client). If the
recipient e-mail client resides on the same SMTP server, then the e-mail is sent to the local POP or
IMAP server, otherwise, the e-mail is sent to another SMTP server so that it reaches the recipient
e-mail client's SMTP server.
❑ POP3 stores e-mail for a client on a remote server. When the client gets connected to server,
thee-mail messages are downloaded from POP3 server to client's computer.
❑ IMAP also stores e-mails on a remote server. However, the e-mail messages are not downloaded
to the client's computer. The user manipulates the e-mail messages directly on the e-mail server.
❑ The POP3/IMAP and SMTP are linked by an internal mail delivery mechanism that moves mail
between the POP3/IMAP and SMTP servers.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

❑ FTP is an Internet tool used for copying files from one computer to another. It gives access to
directories or folders on remote computers, and allows software, data and text files to be transferred
between different kinds of computers. Using a FTP program or a web browser, the user can log onto an
FTP host computer over Internet and copy files onto their own computer.
❑ The goals of FTP are as follows:
❑ FTP promotes sharing of files, articles, and other types of data.
❑ FTP encourages indirect use of remote computers.
❑ Heterogeneous systems use different operating systems, character sets, directory structures, file
structures, and formats. FTP shields users from these variations and transfers data reliably and
efficiently.
❑ Universities and software companies use FTP host computers to provide visitors with access to
data.
How FTP Works?
❑ FTP works on the client-server model. FTP client is a program running on the user’s computer that
enables the user to talk to, and get files from remote computers. FTP server is the remote computer or
the host computer from which files are accessed by the FTP client.
❑ The FTP client-server works as follows:
❑ The FTP client gives the fip command with the address of FTP server, using a URL. For example,
ttp://[Link].
❑ When the FTP client gets connected to FTP server, the user enters the User Login and password.
A user can login to a FTP server even if they don't have an account on the FTP server. For this, the
user uses the anonymous login, where the User Login is anonymous and password is the e-mail
address of the FTP client.
❑ FTP server verifies the User Login and password to allow the FTP client to access its files.
❑ FTP client looks in the directory for files in the FTP server.
❑ FTP client gets the requested file(s) and quits.
❑ Some of the commands used for fip are get filename (retrieve file from server), mget filename
(Retrieve multiple files from server), put filename (copy local file to server), mput filename (copy
multiple local files to server) and is (list files in current remote directory located on the server).

Terminal Network (Telnet)

❑ Telnet uses the telecommunication network facility that allows a computer to access the contents of
another computer (also called host computer).
❑ A telnet program allows the user to access or edit files, or, issue or execute commands on the host
computer. Telnet is different from FTP.
❑ While FTP allows transfer of files from the host computer, Telnet allows access to the computing facility
of the host computer but does not allow transfer of files.
❑ Telnet is widely used by libraries, to allow visitors to look up information, find articles, to access the
computer of your office from home, etc.
❑ To start telnet, the user gives a command to log to the host computer, for example telnet
[Link].
News
❑ News includes tens of thousands of newsgroups. Each newsgroup is focused to a specific topic for
discussion.
❑ People who are interested in the topic, post their articles or views on it for others to read.
❑ People can read articles and also respond to articles.
❑ The name of the newsgroup suggests the specific topic handled by it.
❑ For example, prefix of comp indicates that the newsgroup is about computers, and soc indicates a
newsgroup about social issues and socializing.
❑ To participate in a newsgroup, newsreader software like Microsoft Outlook Express is needed.
❑ Newsreader software allows the user to read articles that have been posted on a newsgroup.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

❑ IRC allows users to communicate in real time by typing text in a special window.
❑ This means that other users with whom you chat are present online on their computers.
❑ It is an instant sending and receiving of message, unlike e-mail where the receiver may not be on-line
when the e-mail message is sent.
❑ There are several IRC channels, where each is a discussion room for a user group or for discussion on a
subject.
❑ A message sent by à user to IRC channel is received by all the users who have joined the channel.
❑ Many chat rooms are set up in Web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser window,
without running special chat software. This is also called web-based chat.
Uses of Internet
❑ Some uses of the Internet are listed below:
❑ E-Commerce (auction, buying, selling products etc.).
❑ Research (on-line journals, magazines, information etc.)
❑ Education (-learning courses, virtual classroom, distance learning)
❑ E-Governance (online filing of application (Income Tax), on-line application forms etc.)
❑ On-line ticket booking (airplane tickets, rail tickets, cinema hall tickets etc.)Online payments
(credit card payments etc.)
❑ Video conferencing
❑ Exchange of views, music, files, mails, folders, data, information etc.
❑ Outsourcing jobs (work flow software)
❑ Social networking (sites like facebook, linkedin, twitter, orkut)
❑ E-Telephony (sites like skype)

INTRODUCTION OF IoT
❑ Today, Internet application development demand is very high. So IoT is a major technology by which we
can produce various useful internet applications.
❑ Basically, IoT is a network in which all physical objects are connected to the internet through network
devices or routers and exchange data.
❑ IoT allows objects to be controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure.
❑ IoT is a very good and intelligent technique which reduces human effort as well as easy access to
physical devices.
❑ This technique also has autonomous control feature by which any device can control without any
human interaction.
❑ “Things” in the IoT sense, is the mixture of hardware, software, data, and services.
❑ “Things” can refer to a wide variety of devices such as DNA analysis devices for environmental
monitoring, electric clamps in coastal waters, Arduino chips in home automation and many other.
❑ Examples include Home Automation System which uses Wi-Fi or Bluetooth for exchange data between
various devices of home.
APPLICATIONS
There are many advantages to having a device based on IoT. Mckinsey Global Institute reports that IoT business
will reach 6.2 trillion in revenue by 2025. There are lots of applications are available in the market in different
areas.
❑ Personal Home Automation System: Home Automation system is the major example in this area.
Wemo Switch Smart Plug: It is the most useful devices which connected home devices in the Switch, a
smart plug. It plugs into a regular outlet, accepts the power cable from any device, and can be used to
turn it on and off on hit a button on your smartphone.
❑ Enterprise: In the enterprise area many applications are there Like environmental monitoring system,
smart environment etc. Nest Smart Thermostat: It is connected to the internet. The Nest learns
automatically your family’s routines and will automatically adjust the temperature based on your
activities, to make your house more efficient. There is also a mobile app which allows the user to edit
temperature and schedules.
❑ Utilities: smart metering, smart grid, and water monitoring system are the most useful applications in
the various utility area.
❑ Energy Management: Advanced Metering Infrastructure is the major example in this area.
❑ Medical and Health Care: Remote health monitoring and emergency notification system are examples
of IOT in the medical field. Health patch Health Monitor: It can be used for the patient who can’t go to
doctors, letting them get ECG, heart rate, respiratory rate, skin temperature, body posture, fall
detection, and activity readings remotely.
❑ Transportation: Electronic toll collection system is the most useful example in this area.
❑ Large scale deployment: There are various large projects ongoing in the world. Songdo (South Korea),
the first of its kind fully wired Smart City, is near completion. Everything in this city is planned to be
wired, connected and turned into a data stream that would be monitored by an array of computers
without any human interaction.
Wearable computing
❑ Wearable computing is the use of a miniature, body-borne computer or sensory device worn on, over,
under or integrated within, clothing.
❑ Constant interaction between the user and the computer, where the computer “learns” what the user
is experiencing, at the time he or she is experiencing it, and super-imposes on that experience
additional information, is an objective of current wearable computing design.
❑ According to a 2013 market research report, there are currently four main segments in the wearable
technology marketplace:
❑ fitness, wellness and life tracking applications (e.g. smart clothing and smart sports glasses,
activity monitors, sleep sensors) which are gaining popular appeal for those inclined to track
many aspects of their lives;
❑ infotainment (smart watches, augmented reality headsets, smart glasses);
❑ healthcare and medical (e.g. continuous glucose monitors, wearable biosensor patches) and
❑ industrial, police and military (e.g. hand worn terminals, body-mounted cameras, augmented
reality headsets).

Characteristics of wearable computing

Many wearable technologies currently under development, or on the market, have appealing characteristics that
could contribute to broad consumer adoption. For example, they:
❑ have a visual appeal;
❑ can be seamlessly integrated with the wearer’s clothing, body or linked to a smart phone;
❑ can be customized and adapted to the needs of the user and provide feedback;
❑ can supplement the user’s own physical or mental abilities;
❑ are relatively low cost for the benefit derived;
❑ are versatile and have a wide variety of personal and workplace applications; and
❑ are relatively simple for a consumer to set up and operate.
How wearable computing differs from mobile computing
❑ Many wearable devices can be out and operating all the time, whereas smart phones are often either in
your hand, in a pocket or a bag.
❑ This distinction may be fleeting with new ways to mount smart phones on the body.
❑ However, for the moment, some wearable devices can amplify privacy risks in the mobile environment
by collecting images, audio and video in unobtrusive, or covert, ways and by creating the potential to
gather this personal information in situations where a more obvious camera device would not be
socially acceptable.

Electronic commerce
Electronic commerce, known as ecommerce, is the buying and selling of goods or services electronically on the
internet. It can also refer to other online activities, such as auctions, ticketing and banking.
The most common examples include:
❑ Retail: Retail ecommerce is when a product is sold directly to a customer.
❑ Wholesale: Wholesale ecommerce is when products are sold in bulk often to a retail company who, in
turn, sells them to its customers.
❑ Physical products: Physical product ecommerce refers to any products that affect inventory and must
be physically shipped.
❑ Digital products: Digital product ecommerce refers to products purchased as downloadable goods—
such as books, templates or courses.
❑ Dropshipping: Dropshipping ecommerce is when a product is sold by one company that outsources its
manufacturing and shipping to another company.
❑ Subscription: Subscription ecommerce is when a customer has a recurring purchase of a product or
service—weekly, monthly, yearly, etc.—that automatically charges them and replenishes the product.
❑ Services: Service ecommerce refers to services purchased and often priced by the time spent on
providing the service.
❑ Crowdfunding: Crowdfunding ecommerce is when money is collected as product capital in advance of
a product being available.
Types of ecommerce
Ecommerce is an essential part of many businesses that rely on the sale of physical products or services online.
Here are the main kinds of ecommerce:
❑ Business-to-consumer (B2C): B2C is the most common kind of ecommerce. When shoppers buy
something from an online store, they are involved in business-to-consumer ecommerce.
❑ Business-to-business (B2B): B2B is when businesses sell raw goods or parts through e-commerce to
other companies that will then use those materials to create their own products.
❑ Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): C2C ecommerce is when consumers sell to other consumers. Sites like
eBay and Craigslist are examples of this kind of ecommerce.
❑ Consumer-to-business (C2B): C2B ecommerce is when consumers sell their products or services to
businesses.
❑ Business-to-administration (B2A): B2A ecommerce refers to transactions between businesses and
public administration, which includes areas such as Social Security, employment and legal.
❑ Consumer-to-administration (C2A): C2A ecommerce refers to transactions between consumers and
public administration, where consumers pay for services like taxes and legal document preparation.

E-governance
❑ E-governance is the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in government
operations to achieve public ends through the introduction of digital means across various stand-alone
systems between Government-to-Citizens (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B), and Government-to-
Government (G2G) and facilitate their integration for delivering public services.
❑ It works towards responding to the demands of citizens for transparency and accountability, being felt
more inclusive, and getting the opportunity to restore their trust in their governments.
❑ The aim of the e-governance facilitates and improves the quality of governance and ensures people’s
participation in the governing process through electronic means like e-mail, websites, SMS connectivity,
and others.
It has the following main applications:
Government To Citizen (G2C)
•E-Citizen
Under e-citizen integrated service centers are created. The purpose of these centers is to provide various
customer services. It offers services like issue of Certificates, Ration Cards, Passports, Payment of Bills and
taxes etc. These centers will become one-stop Government Shops for delivery of all services.
•E-Transport
The transport aspects that can be easily e-governed include: Registration of motor vehicles, Issue of driving
licenses, Issue of plying permissions (Permits), Tax and fee collection through Cash and Bank Challans and
Control of Pollution.
•E-Medicine
It involves linking of various hospitals in different parts of the country, thus providing better medical
services to the citizen.
•E-Education
E-Education constitutes various initiatives of educating the citizen and the Government with the various
Information Technologies.
•E-Registration
E-Governing the registration and transfer of the properties and stamp duty to be paid thereon brings
substantial reduction of paper work and reduces the duplicating of entries. Further the transparency in
work increases and the overall time of process registration reduces.

Consumer To Government (C2G)

•E-Democracy
The e-democracy is an effort to change the role of citizen from passive information giving to active citizen
involvement. In an e-democracy the Government informs the citizen, represents the citizen, encourages the
citizen to vote, consults the citizen and engages the citizen in the Governance.
The concept of e-debate is similar to chat over the Internet, wherein not only the citizens but also the political
leaders contesting the elections participate.
The citizens give their feedback about the various policies of the parties and particularly the manifesto of the
party.
Government To Government (G2G)
•E-Secretariat
Secretariat which is the seat of power has a lot of valuable information regarding the functioning of the
State. The cross-linking of various departments and exchange of information amongst various
components simplifies the process of Governance.
•E-Police
E-Police will help to build citizen confidence.
There will be two databases: one, of police personnel and the other of criminals.
The database of personnel will have the records of their current and previous postings. This will help to
track policemen specialized in certain geographical regions and skills.
The second database will be of criminals. This database has to be upgraded to national database for its
total utility. By just typing the name of a criminal a police officer will be able to know the details of his
past activities, including his modus operandi and the area of operation. Further, a database like this will
help tap the criminals easily as all the police stations will have simultaneous access to their record.
•E-Court
In fact such a system will help to avoid all the appeals to High Courts and Supreme Court, for the Judges
can consider the appeals from an intranet wherein the case remains in the same district court but the
Higher Court gives their decision online based on the recorded facts of the case.
Such a step will not only help the citizens but will also reduce the backlog of cases. Further the use of IT in
the areas like recording of court proceedings, high resolution remote video to identify fraudulent
documents, live fingerprints scanning and verification, remote probation monitoring, electronic entry of
reports and paper work will further speed up the court proceedings.

Government To Business (G2B)

•E-Taxation
This constitutes the various services that a business house needs to get from the Government, which
includes getting licenses etc. In a similar scenario, it can also flow from a business house to the
Government as in the case of procurements, from such business houses by the Government. This will
become a B2G service.
Smart City
❑ A smart city uses information and communication technology (ICT) to improve operational efficiency,
share information with the public and provide a better quality of government service and citizen
welfare.
❑ The main goal of a smart city is to optimise city functions and promote economic growth while also
improving the quality of life for citizens by using smart technologies and data analysis. The value lies in
how this technology is used rather than simply how much technology is available.
❑ A city’s smartness is determined using a set of characteristics, including:
❑ An infrastructure based around technology
❑ Environmental initiatives
❑ Effective and highly functional public transportation
❑ Confident and progressive city plans
❑ People able to live and work within the city, using its resources
❑ Simply, a smart city uses a framework of information and communication technologies to create,
deploy and promote development practices to address urban challenges and create a joined-up
technologically-enabled and sustainable infrastructure.
GIS
❑ A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can
help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships.
❑ GIS technology is a crucial part of spatial data infrastructure, which the White House defines as
“the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire,
process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data.”
❑ GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be expressed in many different
ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code.
❑ Many different types of information can be compared and contrasted using GIS. The system can
include data about people, such as population, income, or education level. It can include information
about the landscape, such as the location of streams, different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds
of soil. It can include information about the sites of factories, farms, and schools, or storm
drains, roads, and electric power lines.