Science
Alexie Gail Quevenco
c. pound (lb)
CH1: Basic Principles in Doing Science (Lesson 1-1) d. gallon (gal)
Main Idea
● Science is both a body of knowledge and a process
Physical English Unit Equivalence
involving specific skills and attitudes, called science (symbol)
process skills, essential for effective scientific Quantity
inquiry.
Length inch (in) 12 in = 1 ft
Essential Science Process Skills
foot (ft) 3 ft = 1 yd
1. Observation yard (yd) 5,280 ft = 1 mi
● Gathering information using senses (sight, mile (mi)
smell, hearing, touch, taste).
● It is the first step to understanding the Mass or weight ounce (oz) 16 oz = 1 lb
natural world and answering scientific pound (lb) 2000 lb = 1 ton
questions. english ton
2. Inference
Volume or ounce (oz) 8 oz = 1 c
● Logical explanation or interpretation of Capacity cup (c) 2 c = 1 pt
observations based on prior knowledge and pint (pt) 2 pt = 1 qt
reasoning. quart (qt) 4 qt = 1 gal
● Helps make sense of data and form gallon (gal)
generalizations.
2. Metric System:
a. millimeter (mm)
Observation Inference b. meter (m)
c. gram (g)
Miguel adds a teaspoon of a The white substance that d. liter (L)
white substance from a Miguel added to his coffee
glass jar to his black coffee. was salt.
The drink becomes salty. Physical metric Unit Equivalence
Quantity (symbol)
Clara hears loud sirens from A fire broke out in one of the
her room. She sees black buildings or houses near Length millimeter (mm) 10 mm = 1 cm
smoke billowing from a Clara's residence, and fire centimeter (cm) 100 cm = 1 m
distance. trucks are scrambling to put meter (m) 1000m = 1 km
it out. kilometer (km)
Simeon wakes up from his It must have rained while he Mass or weight milligram (mg) 1000 mg = 1 g
siesta and notices that the was sleeping or someone gram (g) 1000g= 1 kg
grass in the front lawn is must have watered the lawn kilogram (kg) 1000 kg = 1 t
wet. metric ton (t)
Volume or milliliters (mL) 1000 mL = 1 L
3. Prediction
Capacity liters (L) 1mL= 1 cm'
● An educated guess about future outcomes cubic centimeters 1000 L= 1 m3
based on current data and patterns. (cc or cm'3) 1,000,000 cm'= 1
● Used to anticipate events and plan cubic meters (m'3) m'
experimental steps
Measurement
The International System of Units (SI) is the global standard,
Measurement quantifies physical quantities by expressing a
including base units like:
number (magnitude) with a corresponding unit (e.g., 24.8 cm
● Meter (m) for length
for length).
● Kilogram (kg) for mass
● Second (s) for time
Two major systems of units:
● Mole (mol) for amount of substance
1. English System:
● Kelvin (K) for temperature
a. inch (in)
● Ampere (A) for electric current
b. foot (ft)
● Candela (cd) for luminous intensity
AGC | 1
Accuracy in measurement means using reliable, well-calibrated
instruments that give consistent, true results.
Scientific Models and Representations
● Simplified tools to understand complex ideas
or systems.
Types of models:
1. Physical models: Tangible, scaled-up or scaled-
down replicas (e.g., molecule models, architectural
models).
● Diagrams and illustrations: Visual
representations including sketches,
flowcharts, timelines, block diagrams, and 5. Pie Chart: Illustrates parts of a whole or percentage
concept maps to show processes and distribution.
relationships. Effective communication relies on clarity and proper use of
● Purpose: Enhance visualization, clarify labels and legends.
concepts, guide experiments, and
communicate ideas. Understanding Scale, Proportion, and Quantity
1. Quantity: Amount or number of something
Data Interpretation and Communication measurable or countable.
Organizing data using tables and different types of graphs 2. Scale: Size or magnitude relative to the original or the
helps in detecting patterns and presenting results clearly: range used to describe a parameter (e.g., model size
1. Table Graph: or time span).
2. Bar Graph: Compares quantities across categories. 3. Proportion: Comparison of sizes or amounts
between parts or relative to the whole.
These concepts help in creating accurate models and
understanding the magnitude of natural phenomena.
Summary
● Mastering these science process skills—observation,
inference, prediction, measurement, modeling, data
interpretation, and communication—is fundamental to
performing valid scientific investigations.
● Using standard units and accurate tools ensures
reliable results.
● Clear representation and communication of data are
key to sharing and understanding scientific
3. Line Graph: Shows changes over time. knowledge.
CH 1-2: The Scientific Method and Scientific Investigation
Scientific Investigation
- requires key elements:
1. aim/problem
2. methods
3. materials
4. results/data
5. and conclusions.
Scientific Method
- is a systematic, logical approach for investigating
4. Scatter Plot: Displays relationships between two problems in science, consisting of six steps:
numerical variables.
1. Observation
- Gather initial data using senses or prior
knowledge.
2. Question
- Ask specific questions to define the
problem.
3. Hypothesis
- Make testable predictions, identifying
variables:
● Independent variable (manipulated) CH 3-1: Concentration of Solutions
● Dependent variable (measured)
● Controlled variables (kept constant) SOLUTION
- is a homogeneous mixture of solute (substance
4. Experiment dissolved) and solvent (substance that dissolves).
- Design and conduct fair experiments to test - Solutions can be classified by:
the hypothesis. - Degree of saturation:
5. Analyze Results - unsaturated
- Organize and interpret data to find trends or - saturated
relationships. - supersaturated
6. Conclusion
- Summarize findings, confirm or revise - Physical state of solute and solvent:
hypotheses. - solid
The scientific method maintains - liquid
- objectivity - gas mixtures
- reproducibility - Concentration expresses the amount of solute in a
- reliability given volume or mass of solvent/solution
- Example: Effect of sunlight on plant growth demonstrated Common expressions:
applying all steps. - mass percent (% by mass)
- volume percent (% by volume)
CH 2-1 to 2-2: Particle Model of Matter & Changes in Matter Examples:
Matter exists as - Nichrome wire as an alloy (solid solution) with known
- solid percentage composition.
- liquid - Saturated sucrose or sodium chloride solutions hold
- gas maximum solute at a given temperature.
- each defined by particle arrangement and motion. - Changes in temperature affect solubility; heating can dissolve
more solute.
1. Solids
● Particles tightly packed, definite shape and
volume, incompressible, lowest kinetic
energy.
2. Liquids
● Loosely packed particles, definite volume but
shape of container, moderate kinetic energy.
3. Gases
● Particles widely spaced, no definite shape or
volume, highly compressible, highest kinetic
energy.
- Particle energy increases with temperature, causing state
changes.
Physical Changes
- Changes in size, shape, or state without altering
chemical composition (e.g., melting, evaporation,
freezing).
Chemical Changes:
- Substances alter composition (not covered in detail
here).
Changes of State with Heat Scientific Notation
- Melting (solid to liquid) Definition: A way to express very large or very small numbers
- Evaporation (liquid to gas) conveniently as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and
- Sublimation (solid to gas) a power of 10.
- Freezing (liquid to solid)
- Condensation (gas to liquid) General form:
- These changes result from particle movement and energy Rules:
changes. ● Move the decimal point to right of the first non-zero
digit.
● Count places moved = exponent (positive if moved
left, negative if moved right). Examples:
Examples • 123.45 has 5 significant figures
Operations with scientific notation: • 0.004560 has 4 significant figures (4560)
● Multiplication: multiply coefficients, add exponent • 1500 (without decimal) has 2 significant figures
● Division: divide coefficients, subtract exponents Other examples:
● Addition/subtraction: exponents must be the same ● Number 123.45 has 5 significant figures.
before combining coefficients ● Number 0.004560 has 4 significant figures (4560) -
leading zeros not counted.
● Number 1500 (without decimal) has 2 significant
figures.
● Number 1500. (with decimal) has 4 significant figures.
● Number 0.030 has 2 significant figures (3 and trailing
zero after decimal).
Significant Figures
● Definition: The number of meaningful digits in a
measurement, indicating its precision.
Rules:
● Non-zero digits are always significant.
● Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
● Leading zeros are NOT significant.
● Trailing zeros are significant only if there is a decimal
point.