Newton's Laws of Motion
First Law : A body at rest or in uniform motion will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless some external force is applied to it Second Law of Motion : When a body is acted upon by a constant force, its resulting acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass,
where, a=acceleration, m/s2 F=force, N M=mass of a body, kg Third Law of Motion : It states that to every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Motion : Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
where, S=distance covered by a moving body in time t, m V=Velocity of a moving body, m/s A =acceleration of a moving body, m/s2
V0= initial velocity of a moving body, m/s T=time of movement, s
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Newtons Law of Gravitation: Any two bodies attract each other with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
where, F=force of attraction, N m1=mass of body one, kg m2=mass of body second, kg d=distance between two bodies, m G=Newtonian constant of gravitation
Top Inertia
The inertia of a body may be defined as that property of a body which tends to resist a change in its state of rest or motion. Mass is defined as a quantitative measure of inertia.
Moment of Inertia of Areas
where, Ix=moment of inertia of cross-sectional area about X-axis Iy=moment of inertia of cross-sectional area about Y-axis Iz=moment of inertia of cross-sectional area about Z-axis.
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Moment of inertia of areas Mass moment of inertia (Im) of a body is given by:
Mass moment of inertia for different shapes of body Rectangle
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Triangle
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Circle
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Ellipse
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Circular Cylindrical Shell
where m= mass, r = radius Top
Right Circular Cylinder
where m= mass, r = radius Top
Sphere
where m= mass, r = radius Top
Semicylinder
where m= mass, r = radius Top
Hemisphere
where m= mass, r = radius Top
Rectangular Parallelopiped
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Uniform Slender Rod
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Right Circular Cone
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Elliptical Cylinder
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Hemispherical Shell
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Torus (complete)
Top Spring Constant
(a)
W=kx
where, W=weight applied to a spring X=distance stretched in a spring K=spring constant
(b)
F= kx
where, F=force exerted by spring against W. The minus sign indicates that x and F are in opposite
directions.
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Bouncing
where, r=coefficient of restitution v1=velocity of approach, m/s v2=velocity of separation, m/s H=the height from which a material falls, m H=the height to which material rebounds, m
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Laws of Conservation of Momentum
where, m1=mass of moving body A m2=mass of moving body B v1=velocity of moving body A before collision v2=velocity of moving body B before collision v1=velocity of moving body A after collision v2=velocity of moving body B after collision
r=coefficient of restitution
Density
where, =density, g/cm3 w=weight density, N/cm3 M=mass, g V=volume, cm3 W=weight, N
Liquid Pressure
P = Hpg where, H=liquid height in column, m =density of liquid, kg/m3 g=acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
Pascal's Principle
where, F=force applied to the smaller piston A1=cross-sectional area of smaller piston W=load lifted A2=cross-sectional area of large piston
Surface Tension
where, T=surface tension, dynes/cm F=force, dynes =effective length of surface, cm
Capillary
where, F=force, N T=surface tension, N/cm R=radius of capillary tube, cm =liquid density, g/cm3
g=acceleration due to gravity, cm/s2 h=height to which liquid will rise in capillary tube, cm,
Vibrations 1. Simple Harmonic Motion
where, T=period of a vibration, s n=frequency or vibration per unit time, 1/s
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2.
Spring Pendulum
where, T=period, s M=mass of pendulum K=spring
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3.
Simple Pendulum
where,
l=length of the pendulum g=acceleration due to gravity
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4.
Wavelength
where, V=total distance traveled in one second =length of one wave =number of waves per second
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5.
Speed of sound
where, V=speed of sound at temperature tcC, m/s Vo=speed at 0C, m/s tc=temperature, C.
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6.
Beat Notes N=n2-n1
where, N=beat frequency, i.e., number of beats per second N1, n2=frequencies of two sources producing the sound, vibrations/s
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7.
Doppler Effect
where, No=frequency heard by the observer ns=frequency of the source V=velocity of sound Vs=velocity of source Vo=velocity of the observer
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8.
Intensity of sound
where, E=intensity of sound at any distance d, microwatts/cm2 or decibels Eo=intensity of sound at unit distance, decibels
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9.
Vibrating Strings
where, V=velocity of sound, m/s N=frequency or number of waves passing by per second
=length of one wave or wavelength F=tension in a rope or string, N M=mass of string per unit length, kg/m L=distance between two consecutive nodes, m
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10.
Sound Wave Through Gas
where, V=wave velocity, cm/s P=gas pressure, dynes/cm2 =gas density, g/cm3 K=proportionality constant
Top Lappace's Equations
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Heat Equation
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Wave Equation
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Bassel's Equation
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Legendre's Equation
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Poisson's Equation
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Linear Equation
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Quadratic Equation
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Cubic Equation
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Quartic Equation
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Polynomial Equation of nth degree
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Equation of Straight Line
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Circle
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Ellipse
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Ellipsoid
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Sphere
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Cone
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Elliptic Paraboloid
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Hyperbolic Paraboloid
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Circular Cylinder
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Hyperbolic Cylinder
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Parabolic Cylinder
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Intersecting Planes
Thermodynamics
First Law
Second Law
Work, Energy and Power
Energy: The capacity to do work is called energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. It is converted from one form to another. Energy = mc2
where m = mass c = speed of light Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. It is generally denoted by Ek. Its S.I. unit is J and its dimension is [ML2T-2]. Hence,
Potential Energy (P.E.): Potential energy is the energy possessed by a condition or virtue of its position or state or configuration. It is generally denoted by Ep. Its S.I. unit is J and its dimension is [ML2T-2] Hence,
Power: The time rate at which work is done is called power or work done per second is called power. It is generally denoted by P. Its S.I. unit is watt and its dimension is [ML2T-3]. Hence,
Work: Work is said to be done only when a force produces motion. Work done in moving a body is equal to the force exerted on the body and the distance moved by the body in the direction of force. It is generally denoted by w. Its S.I. unit is J and its dimension is. Hence, W = Force x Distance = F. x S.
Trigonometric identities.
Identities Pythagorean Identities:
start x2 + y2 = 12
out
with
the
unit
circle
x = cos and y = sin
cos2 + sin2 = 1 (1 of 3 Pythagorean identities)
divide cos2/cos2 1 + sin2/cos2 = 1/cos2 +
by sin2/cos2 =
cos2 1/cos2
tan2 + 1 = sec2 (2 of 3 Pythagorean identities)
divide cos2/sin2 cos2/sin2
unit + +
circle
equation sin2/sin2 1 = =
by
sin2 1/sin2 1/sin2
cot2 + 1 = csc2 (3 of 3 Pythagorean identities)
Fundamental tan = sin/cos
Identities
cot = cos/sin
cot = 1/tan
csc = 1/sin
sec = 1/cos
cos2 + sin2 = 1
tan2 + 1 = sec2
cot2 + 1 = csc2
Using Identities to generate new equations
start cos2 subtract sin2
with + from unit
the sin2 circle equation
Pythagorean = and take square
identity: 1 root
cos = (1 - sin2)
subtract sin divide cos2 cos2/cos2 1 (1 sec divide cos2 cos2/sin2 cot2 (cot2 by by
cos2
from =
unit
circle
equation
and (1-
take
square
root cos2)
cos2
from + + + + =
unit
circle sin2
equation
and
take = = = = +
square
root 1 1/cos2 sec2 sec tan2)
sin2/cos2 tan2 tan2) (1
sin2
from + + + +
unit
circle sin2
equation
and
take = = =
square
root 1 1/sin2 csc2
sin2/sin2 1 1)
csc
csc
(cot2
1)
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Rules of logarithm functions and their graphs.
April 6th, 2011
logbb because b1 = b
logb1 because b0 = 1
logee2x because e2x = e2x
2x
logbbx because bx = bx
elogee2x because logee2x = logee2x
e2x
logex = logx / loge
the inverse of y=logbx is by=x
3 (
points 1/b
that
always ,
exist
in -1
log )
( (b,1)
When Logarithm When 0 < b < 1
>
1:
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