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The document outlines the design calculations for a surface condenser in a thermal power plant, detailing thermodynamic principles, condenser conditions, cooling-water loop specifications, and required areas for heat exchange. It also includes calculations for a second problem involving steam flow and cooling-water flow in a different setup, as well as psychrometric analysis for a wet cooling tower. Key results include the required heat transfer area, number of tubes, and outlet temperatures for the cooling systems.

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priyanshu
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5 views3 pages

All Solutions

The document outlines the design calculations for a surface condenser in a thermal power plant, detailing thermodynamic principles, condenser conditions, cooling-water loop specifications, and required areas for heat exchange. It also includes calculations for a second problem involving steam flow and cooling-water flow in a different setup, as well as psychrometric analysis for a wet cooling tower. Key results include the required heat transfer area, number of tubes, and outlet temperatures for the cooling systems.

Uploaded by

priyanshu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Problem 1: Surface Condenser for a 100 MW Thermal Power Plant

1. Thermodynamic Basis
Net power output: W_net = 100 MW
Assume cycle efficiency η_th = 36%
Heat input Q_in = W_net / η_th = 100 / 0.36 ≈ 277.8 MW
Heat rejected Q_reject = Q_in - W_net ≈ 177.8 MW

2. Condenser Conditions
Condenser pressure: P_cond = 0.06 bar abs
Saturation temperature T_sat = 31 °C
Latent heat h_fg ≈ 2390 kJ/kg
Steam mass flow m_s = Q_reject / h_fg = 177800 kW / 2390 kJ/kg ≈ 74.4 kg/s

3. Cooling-Water Loop
Water inlet 20 °C, outlet 30 °C => ∆T = 10 K
Mass flow m_w = Q_reject / (c_p ∆T) = 177.8e6 / (4.18e3*10) ≈ 4250 kg/s

4. Log-Mean Temperature Difference


∆T_hot = 31 - 30 = 1 K, ∆T_cold = 31 - 20 = 11 K
LMTD = (11 - 1)/ln(11/1) ≈ 4.17 K

5. Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient


h_steam ≈ 8000 W/m²K, h_water ≈ 2500 W/m²K
Fouling R_f ≈ 1e-4 m²K/W, tube conduction ≈ negligible
U ≈ 3200 W/m²K

6. Required Area
A = Q_reject / (U × LMTD) = 177.8e6 / (3200*4.17) ≈ 13300 m²

7. Tube Layout
Tube OD 25 mm, length 6 m => area per tube = π*0.025*6 ≈ 0.47 m²
Number of tubes = A / per-tube area ≈ 13300 / 0.47 ≈ 28300
4 passes => ≈ 7075 tubes per pass, shell ≈ 4.5 m dia

8. Pressure Drops: Steam side ≈ 0.005–0.01 bar, Water side ≈ 0.1–0.2 bar
Problem 3: Surface Condenser with 1500 t/h Steam, 88% Dryness, 40 °C

1. Steam Flow & Duty


Total mix flow = 1500 t/h = 416.67 kg/s
Vapor flow m_vap = x * m_mix = 0.88 * 416.67 = 366.67 kg/s
Latent heat h_fg ≈ 2407 kJ/kg
Duty Q = 366.67 * 2407 ≈ 882.1 MW

2. Cooling-Water Flow
Inlet 30 °C, outlet 38 °C => ∆T = 8 K
m_w = Q / (c_p ∆T) = 882.1e3 / (4.18*8) ≈ 26392.5 kg/s
Make-up (2% evaporation) = 0.02 * m_w = 527.85 kg/s

3. Air Leakage
Energy: m_w c_p ∆T = m_vap h_fg + m_air c_p,a (T_sat - T_a)
Solve => m_air ≈ 34.75 kg/s

4. Number of Tubes
Tube ID ≈ 22.5 mm => area = π*(0.0225)^2/4 ≈ 3.97e-4 m²
Vol flow = m_w/ρ = 26.3925 m³/s, u=2 m/s
Tubes N = V_dot/(u A_tube) ≈ 26.39/(2*3.97e-4) ≈ 33.3 ≈ 34

5. Tube Length
LMTD ≈ 4.17 K, U=2600 W/m²K
Surface A = Q/(U LMTD) = 882.1e3/(2600*4.17) ≈ 81.4 m²
L = A/(N π d_o) = 81.4/(34 π*0.025) ≈ 31.8 m
Problem 4: Wet Cooling Tower (30°C water, 1.2 kg/kg air)

1. Given Data
m_w/m_da = 1.20, T_w,i = 30°C
Air in: 20°C, φ=60%; Air out: 28°C, φ=90%

2. Psychrometrics
Inlet: p_sat,20=2.338 kPa, p_v1=1.403 kPa, w1=0.00873
Outlet: p_sat,28=3.778 kPa, p_v2=3.400 kPa, w2=0.02124
∆w = 0.02124 - 0.00873 = 0.01251 kg/kg_da

3. Energy Balance
∆h_air = 1.005*(28-20) + 2440*0.01251 = 8.04 + 30.55 = 38.59 kJ/kg_da
Q = 1.20*4.18*(30 - T_w,o) = 5.016*(30 - T_w,o)
5.016(30 - T_w,o) = 38.59 => T_w,o ≈ 22.13°C

4. Range & Approach


Range = 30.00 - 22.13 = 7.87°C
Inlet wet-bulb ≈ 15.20°C => Approach = 22.13 - 15.20 = 6.93°C

5. Evaporation Fraction
∆w = 0.01251 kg/kg_da = 1.04% of circulating water

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