CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Why study materials science and engineering
1.3 Classification materials
1.4 Atomic structure and Interaction bonding
1.5 The structure of crystalline solids
1.6 Imperfection in Solids
1.7 Materials Structures
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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
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1.2 WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
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APPLICATION
[Link]
Various composite materials
are used in structures such as
the Boeing 777 because of
their strength, and weight
savings. Composites also offer
resistance to fatigue, corrosion
and impact damage.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Why study materials science and engineering
1.3 Classification materials
1.4 Atomic structure and Interaction bonding
1.5 The structure of crystalline solids
1.6 Imperfection in Solids
1.7 Materials Structures
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1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
[Link]
Metals
Composites
Ceramics Polymers
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Why study materials science and engineering
1.3 Classification materials
1.4 Atomic structure and Interaction bonding
1.5 The structure of crystalline solids
1.6 Imperfection in Solids
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1.4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons
make up the nucleus of the atom, which is surrounded by the electrons
belonging to the atom
Proton and neutron, m = 1.67 × 10-27 kg
Electron, m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg 8
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIOM
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ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIOM
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PERIOD TABLE
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Why study materials science and engineering
1.3 Classification materials
1.4 Atomic structure and Interaction bonding
1.5 The structure of crystalline solids
1.6 Imperfection in Solids
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1.5 STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Mạng lưới tinh thể (cấu trúc tinh thể) là mạng lưới không gian ba chiều trong đó các nút
mạng là các đơn vị cấu trúc (nguyên tử, ion, phân tử ...)
a) Mạng tinh thể b) Mặt tinh thể c) Khối cơ bản
* Đặc điểm tinh thể
+ Có hình dạng xác định
+ Có nhiệt nóng chảy xác định, không đổi trong suốt quá trình nóng chảy
+ Có tính di hướng tức là tính chất theo các phương khác nhau là khác nhau
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UNIT CELL
A unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the
three-dimensional pattern of the entire crystal
Unit Cell
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1. Hằng số mạng: a, b, c, , ,
2. Số phối trí: số nguyên tử gần nhất bao quanh mỗi nguyên tử kim loại.
3. Độ đặc khít:
𝑉𝐶 4
𝑃= , 𝑉𝐶 = 𝜋𝑟 3 : thể tích quả cầu nguyên tử
𝑉ô 𝑐ơ 𝑠ở 3
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MILLER INDEX
Miller indices can be used to specify directions and planes in a crystal.
[hkl] a direction in the basis of the lattice vectors
{hkl} all planes that are equivalent to (hkl)
<hkl> all directions that are equivalent to [hkl] symmetry
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MILLER INDEX
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SIMPLE CUBIC (MẠNG LẬP PHƯƠNG ĐƠN GIẢN)
[Link]
1. Số quả cầu trong một ô cơ sở: ? 1
2. Số phối trí của mỗi nguyên tử kim loại bằng: ? 6
3. Độ đặc khít: ? 52%
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BODY CENTRAL CUBIC (BCC): Mạng lập phương tâm khối
1. Số quả cầu trong một ô cơ sở: ? 2
2. Số phối trí của mỗi nguyên tử kim loại bằng: ? 8
3. Độ đặc khít: ? 68%
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FACE CENTRAL CUBIC (FCC): Mạng lập phương tâm diện
1. Số quả cầu trong một ô cơ sở: ? 4
2. Số phối trí của mỗi nguyên tử kim loại bằng: ? 12
3. Độ đặc khít: ? 74%
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HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
(a) a reduced-sphere unit cell (a and c represent the short and long edge lengths,
respectively), and
(b) an aggregate of many atoms
1. Số quả cầu trong một ô cơ sở: ?
2. Số phối trí của mỗi nguyên tử kim loại bằng: ?
3. Độ đặc khít: ?
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DENSITY COMPUTATION
Problem 1: Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure,
and an atomic weight of 63.5 g/mol. Compute its theoretical density, and compare
the answer with its measured density
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STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
1. Single structure
2. Polycrystalline
3. Anomalous
4. Amorphous
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Anomalous
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that have high
energies and short wavelengths—wavelengths on the order of the
atomic spacings for solids
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BRAGG’S LAW
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BRAGG’S LAW
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BRAGG’S LAW
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PROBLEM
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Why study materials science and engineering
1.3 Classification materials
1.4 Atomic structure and Interaction bonding
1.5 The structure of crystalline solids
1.6 Defects in Solids
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1.6 DEFECTS IN SOLID
Defects have a profound impact on the macroscopic properties of materials
Sometimes defects are deliberately created to improve properties of crystal
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POINT DEFECTS
Point defects are the irregularities or deviations from ideal
arrangement around a point or an atom in a crystalline substance.
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VACANCY DEFECT
A vacancy is produced when an atom is missing from its original lattice site.
Perfect Crystal Vacancy – Point Defect
Atom missing from an atomic site
Occur due to imperfect packing during crystallisation
Decrease in density of the substance
Number of vacancy defects depend on temperature
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INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
Interstitial defect
Addition of an extra atom within a crystal structure
Causes atomic distortion
Decrease in density of the substance
Vacancy and interstitials are inverse phenomena
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FRENKEL DEFECT
Occurs only when cations are smaller when compared to the anions.
Combination of vacancy and interstitial atom
No change in the density
For example: AgI and CaF2
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SCHOTTKY DEFECT
caused by a mismatch between the number of cations and anions
Pair of anion and cation vacancies
To maintain electrical neutrality, the number of missing cations
and anions are equal
Decrease in density of the substance
For example, NaCl, KCl, CsCl and AgBr 37
LINE DEFECT
Irregularities or deviations from ideal arrangement in entire row lattice
points.
Interatomic bonds significantly distorted in immediate vicinity of
dislocation line.
Dislocation affects the mechanical properties
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Edge dislocation: Occurs due to absence of extra half plane of atoms
or presence of half plane of atoms.
Screw dislocation: The lattice/atomic planes follow helical (xoắn ốc)
or spiral along the dislocation line
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SURFACE DEFECT
Surface defects are associated with boundaries that are separate
regions of the materials and have different crystal structure.
Two dimensional defect
Change in orientation of the atomic planes and stacking sequence of
atomic planes.
Caused during solidification or mechanical or thermal treatment of
material.
Effect the mechanical properties, electrical resistance and corrosion
resistance.
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GRAIN BOUNDARY
Regions between two adjacent grains.
Slightly disordered
Low density in grain boundaries: high mobility and high diffusivity
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TWIST BOUNDARY
Rotation axis is perpendicular to the boundary plane
Low angle grain boundaries.
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STACKING FAULT
Formed by fault in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals
Low angle grain boundaries.
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VOLUME DEFECTS
1. Percipitates (kết tủa): fraction of a micron in size
2. Voids: trapped gases; decreases mechanical strength
3. Inclusions: foreign particles or large precipitate particles; undesirable;
harmful.
4. Dispersants: may be large precipitates, grains, or polygranular
particles distributed through microstructure.
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