FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MACHINES

Chapter 2
Hydraulic pump

Tesfaye M. (MTech.)
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Ethiopian Defence University 1
 Pumping theory and classifications
Upon completing this chapter, you should be able to:

▪ Distinguish between positive displacement and dynamic (nonpositive displacement)

pumps.

▪ Explain the operation of pumps and describe the pumping action of pumps

▪ Understand the difference between fixed displacement and variable displacement

pumps.

▪ Determine the work done and power of the pump

▪ Evaluate the performance of pumps by determining the volumetric, mechanical, and

overall efficiencies.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Hydraulic pumps

▪ A pump, which is the heart of a hydraulic system, converts mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy. The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via a prime mover
such as an electric motor. Due to mechanical action, the pump creates a partial
vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the
inlet line and into the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.

▪ Two classifications of pumps

1. Hydrodynamic or non-positive displacement pumps

2. Hydrostatic or positive-displacement pumps.

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Pumping theory and classifications

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps

▪ This type is generally used for low-pressure, high-volume flow applications. Because
they are not capable of with standing high pressures, they are of little use in the
fluid power field. Normally their maximum pressure capacity is limited to 250–300 psi.

▪ This type of pump is primarily used for transporting fluids from one location to
another. The two most common types of dynamic pumps are the centrifugal and the
axial flow propeller pumps.

▪ Although these pumps provide smooth continuous flow, their flow output is reduced
as circuit resistance is increased and thus are rarely used in fluid power systems.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps
▪ In dynamic pumps there is a great deal of clearance between the rotating impeller or
propeller and the stationary housing. Thus as the resistance of the external system
starts to increase, some of the fluid slips back into the clearance spaces, causing a
reduction in the discharge flow rate.
▪ When the resistance of the external system becomes infinitely large (for example, a
valve is closed in the outlet line), the pump will produce no flow.
▪ Also, since there is a great deal of clearance between the rotating and stationary
elements, dynamic pumps are not self-priming unlike positive displacement pumps.
▪ This is because the large clearance space does not permit a suction pressure to occur
at the inlet port when the pump is first turned on.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps

▪ Thus if the fluid is being pumped from a reservoir located below the pump, priming is
required. Priming is the prefilling of the pump housing and inlet pipe with fluid so that
the pump can initially draw in the fluid and pump it efficiently.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

▪ The three important parts of centrifugal pumps are: the impeller, the volute casing, and
the diffuser

▪ Impeller:- is the rotating part (member) of a centrifugal pump which consists of a

series of ‘curved vanes’. It is mounted on a shaft and driven by means of a prime
mover (Electric Motor, IC Engine, etc.).
▪ Three types of impellers are: open impellers, semi-open impellers, and closed impellers

▪ The fluid has a very high velocity at the outer radius of the impeller 8
 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

▪ The maximum pressure is called the shutoff head because an external circuit valve is
closed, which shuts off the flow. As the external resistance decreases due to the valve
being opened, the flow increases at the expense of reduced pressure.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

Volute Casing or Scroll Casing (Vaneless diffuser )

▪ The kinetic energy of liquid at the outer radius of the impeller is converted into
pressure energy by the diffuser action of the gradually increasing area of volute or
scroll casing.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Casing with stationary guide vanes(diffusers)
▪ The fluid has a very high velocity at the outer radius of the impeller, and, to recover
this kinetic energy by changing it into pressure energy, diffuser blades mounted on
a diffuser ring may be used. The stationary blade passages have an increasing cross-
sectional area.

▪ As the fluid moves through them, diffusion action takes place and hence the kinetic
energy is converted into pressure energy.

▪ diverging passage — wider area → lower velocity → higher pressure.

▪ Diffusion = velocity decrease + pressure increase (kinetic energy → pressure energy)

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

▪ Centrifugal pump impeller with the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet.

▪ For the best efficiency of the pump, it is assumed that water enters the impeller radially, i.e.,
𝛼 = 900 and 𝐶𝑤1 = 0.

▪ Using Euler’s pump equation, the work done per second on the water per unit mass of
fluid flowing

𝑊
E= = (𝑈2 𝐶𝑤2 - 𝑈1 𝐶𝑤1)
𝑚

▪ Where 𝐶𝑤 is the component of absolute velocity in the tangential direction. E is referred to

as the Euler head and represents the ideal or theoretical head developed by the
impeller only.

▪ The flow rate(Q) = 2𝝅𝒓𝟏 𝑪𝒓𝟏 𝒃𝟏 = 2𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝒃𝟐 13

 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

▪ Where Cr is the radial component of absolute velocity and is perpendicular to the

tangent at the inlet and outlet and b is the width of the blade.

▪ For shockless entry and exit to the vanes, water enters and leaves the vane tips in a
direction parallel to their relative velocities at the two tips.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
▪ The work done on the water by the pump consists of the following three parts:
𝐶22 − 𝐶12
1. The part represents the change in absolute kinetic energy of the liquid
2
(external effect)
𝑈22 − 𝑈12
2. The part represents the effect of the centrifugal head or energy
2
produced by the impeller (Centrifugal effect due to radius change)
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
3. The part represents the change in static pressure of the liquid, if the
2
losses in the impeller are neglected.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

Slip Factor

▪ Slip factor (σ) in a pump or centrifugal pump accounts for the difference between
the theoretical and actual tangential velocity of the fluid leaving the impeller. Due
to fluid not perfectly following the impeller blades, some velocity “slips”, reducing the
pump’s energy transfer

▪ β21 is the angle at which the fluid leaves the impeller, and β2 is the actual blade angle

▪ Cw2 and Cw21 are the tangential components of absolute velocity corresponding to the
angles β2 and β21, respectively.

▪ Thus, Cw2 is reduced to Cw21 and the difference ΔCw is defined as the slip.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Slip Factor
𝐶𝑤2′
The slip factor is defined as, Slip factor, 𝜎 =
𝐶𝑤2

▪ According to Stodola’s theory, slip in centrifugal pumps and compressors is due to

relative rotation of fluid in a direction opposite to that of impeller with the same
angular velocity as that of an impeller.

The triangle illustrates how the fluid's

velocity is affected by the impeller's
motion and the slip, which reduces the whirl
component compared to the ideal case. 17
 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

Slip Factor
Figure 2.3 shows the leading side of a blade, where there is a high-pressure region while on the
trailing side of the blade there is a low-pressure region.

Due to the lower pressure on the trailing face, there will be a higher velocity and a velocity
gradient across the passage. 18
 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Slip Factor
▪ For purely radial blades, which are often used in centrifugal compressors, 𝛽2 will be 900
and the Stodola slip factor becomes
𝝅
𝝈=1- , where n is the number of vanes.
𝒏

▪ The Stanitz slip factor is given by

𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝝅
𝝈=1-
𝒏

▪ When applying a slip factor, the Euler pump equation becomes

𝑾
= 𝝈𝑼𝟐 𝑪𝒘𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 𝑪𝒘𝟏
𝒎

▪ Typically, the slip factor lies in the region of 0.9, while the slip occurs even if the fluid is ideal.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
The effect of impeller blade shape on performance
▪ The various blade shapes utilized in impellers of centrifugal pumps/compressors are shown in Fig. 2.5.
The blade shapes can be classified as:

1. Backward-curved blades (𝛽2 < 900 )

2. Radial blades (𝛽2 = 900 )

3. Forward-curved blades (𝛽2 > 900 )

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
The effect of impeller blade shape on performance
▪ As shown in Fig. 2.5, for backward-curved vanes, the value of Cw2 (whirl component at outlet) is
much reduced, and thus, such rotors have a low energy transfer for a given impeller tip
speed, while forward-curved vanes have a high value of energy transfer.
▪ Therefore, it is desirable to design for high values of 𝛽2 (over 900 ), but the velocity diagrams
show that this also leads to a very high value of C2. High kinetic energy is seldom required,
and its reduction to static pressure by diffusion in a fixed casing is difficult to perform in a
reasonable sized casing.
▪ However, radial vanes (𝛽2 = 900 ) have some particular advantages for very high speed
compressors where the highest possible pressure is required. Radial vanes are relatively easy
to manufacture and introduce no complex bending stresses 21
 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
The effect of impeller blade shape on performance

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Illustrative Example 2.1:A centrifugal pump runs at a tip speed of 12m/s and a flow velocity of 1.5m/s. The
impeller diameter is 1.2m and delivers 3.8𝑚3 /min of water. The outlet blade angle is 𝟐𝟖𝟎 to the tangent at
the impeller periphery. Assuming that the fluid enters in the axial direction and zero slip, calculate the
torque delivered by the impeller.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Illustrative Example 2.2:

The impeller of a centrifugal pump has outer

diameter of 1.06m and speed is 56m/s. The
blades are backward curved and they make
an angle of 200 with the wheel tangent at the
blade tip. If the radial velocity of the flow at the
tip is 7.5m/s and the slip factor is 0.88.
Determine

(1) the actual work input per kg of water flow

(2) the absolute velocity of fluid at the

impeller. 24
 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Illustrative Example 2.3: A centrifugal pump impeller has 0.3m inlet diameter and 0.6 m
external diameters. The pump runs at 950rpm, and the entry of the pump is radial. The
velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 3.5m/s. The impeller vanes are set
back at angle of 460 to the outer rim. Calculate

1. the vane angle at inlet of a pump

2. The velocity direction of water at outlet

3. The work done by the water per kg of water

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Pump Losses

▪ Eddy losses at entrance and exit of impeller, friction losses in the impeller, frictional
and eddy losses in the diffuser, if provided.

▪ Losses in the suction and delivery pipe. The above losses are known as hydraulic
losses.

▪ Mechanical losses due to friction of the main bearings, and stuffing boxes. Thus, the
energy supplied by the prime mover to impeller is equal to the energy produced by
impeller plus mechanical losses.

▪ A number of efficiencies are associated with these losses.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Pump Losses

• Let 𝜌 be the density of liquid; Q, flow rate; H, total head developed by the pump; Ps, shaft power
input; Hi, total head across the impeller; and hi, head loss in the impeller.

• Then, the overall efficiency 𝜂𝑜 is given by:

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝝆𝒈𝑸𝑯

𝜂𝑜 = =
𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒔

• A hydraulic efficiency may be defined as

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑
𝜂ℎ =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓
𝑯
𝑯𝒊 + 𝒉𝒊
The head H is also known as manometric head.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Pump Losses
▪ IllustrativeExample2.4:The impeller of a centrifugal pump has outlet diameter of
0.370m, runs at 800rpm, and delivers 30l/s of water. The radial velocity at the
impeller exit is 2.5m/s. The difference between the water levels at the overhead tank
and the pump is 14m. The power required to drive the pump is 8hp, its mechanical and
volumetric effectiveness being 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. The impeller vanes are
backward curved with an exit angle of 450 .

Calculate

1. Ideal Head developed with no slip and no hydraulic losses

2. The hydraulic efficiency. 29

 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Pump Losses

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Pump Losses

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Cavitation in pump
▪ Cavitation is caused by local vaporization of the fluid, when the local static pressure of
a liquid falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid.

▪ Small bubbles or cavities filled with vapor are formed, which suddenly collapse on
moving forward with the flow into regions of high pressure.

▪ These bubbles collapse with tremendous force, giving rise to pressure as high as
3500atm.

▪ In a centrifugal pump, these low-pressure zones are generally at the impeller

inlet(upstream), where the fluid is locally accelerated over the vane surfaces.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: centrifugal pump
Cavitation in pump
When cavitation occurs, it causes the following undesirable effects:
▪ Local pitting of the impeller and erosion of the metal surface.
▪ Serious damage can occur from this prolonged cavitation erosion.
▪ Vibration of machine and noise is also generated in the form of sharp cracking sounds
when cavitation takes place.
▪ A drop in efficiency due to vapor formation, which reduces the effective flow areas.

In turbines, cavitation is most likely to occur at the downstream outlet end of a blade on
the low-pressure leading face.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps: Axial flow pump
▪ In an axial flow pump, pressure is developed by flow of liquid over blades of airfoil
section. It consists of a propeller-type of impeller running in a casing.

▪ The advantage of an axial flow pump is its compact construction as well as its ability to
run at extremely high speeds.

▪ The flow area is the same at inlet and outlet and the minimum head for this type of
pump is the order of 20m.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps:
Multiple pump operation
The most common type of pumping station has two or more pumps operating in parallel.
This provides flexibility of operation in coping with a range of flow conditions and allows
maintenance of individual units while other units are in operation.
▪ Discharge of pumps connected in parallel
Q = Q1 + Q2 +…..+ Qn
▪ Head of pumps connected in parallel
H = H1=H2 =….= Hn= constant
▪ Head of pumps connected in series
H = H1+H2 +….+ Hn
▪ Discharge of pumps connected in series
Q = Q1=Q2=…..= Qn= constant
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps:
Multiple pump operation
Design Example 2.5: A centrifugal pump is required to be made to lift water through 105m
heights from a well. Number of identical pumps having their designed speed 900rpm and
specific speed 700rpm with a rated discharge of 5500l/min are available. Determine the
number of pumps required and how they should be connected?

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Pumping theory and classifications

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Hydrostatic(Positive Displacement) Pumps
▪ As the name implies, a positive displacement pump ejects a fixed amount of fluid into the
hydraulic system per revolution of pump shaft rotation. Such a pump is capable of
overcoming the pressure resulting from the mechanical loads on the system as well as
the resistance to flow due to friction.
▪ These pumps have the following advantages over nonpositive displacement pumps:
1. High-pressure capability (up to 12,000 psi) and Small, compact size
2. High volumetric efficiency
3. Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range
4. Great flexibility of performance (can operate over a wide range of pressure
requirements and speed ranges) 38
 Pumping theory and classifications
Hydrostatic(Positive Displacement) Pumps
▪ There are three main types of positive displacement pumps: gear, vane, and piston.
▪ Vane and piston pumps can be of either fixed or variable displacement.
▪ A fixed displacement pump is one in which the amount of fluid ejected per revolution
(displacement) cannot be varied. In a variable displacement pump, the dis placement
can be varied by changing the physical relationships of various pump elements. This
change in pump displacement produces a change in pump flow output even though pump
speed remains constant.
▪ The pump’s ability to vary displacement (flow rate) is controlled by an internal
mechanism, such as a swashplate or piston, which adjusts based on system demand,
independent of the driving source. The choice of driver depends on the application,
efficiency requirements, and available power. 39
 Pumping theory and classifications
Hydrostatic(Positive Displacement) Pumps

▪ Pumps Produce Flow, Not Pressure: Pressure results from system resistance to flow.

▪ Positive Displacement Pumps: Open discharge(pump’s output (discharge line) is not

connected to any significant resistance, such as a load, actuator, or restriction (e.g., a
valve, cylinder, or motor)) or Blocked discharge (Infinite resistance, pressure rises
until failure unless relieved).

▪ Pressure Relief Valve: Limits max system pressure by diverting flow to the tank when a
set pressure is reached.

▪ Variable Displacement, Pressure-Compensated Pumps: Reduce flow as pressure

increases. At max pressure, flow drops to zero, eliminating need for relief valve.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Hydrostatic(Positive Displacement) Pumps
▪ Positive displacement pumps can be classified by the type of motion (either rotary or
reciprocating) of internal elements are essentially three basic types:
1. Gear pumps (fixed displacement only by geometrical necessity): external gear pumps,
internal gear pumps, lobe pumps, and screw pumps
2. Vane pumps: Unbalanced vane pumps (fixed or variable displacement) and balanced
vane pumps (fixed displacement only)
3. Piston pumps (fixed or variable displacement): axial design and radial design
▪ In addition, vane pumps can be of the balanced or unbalanced design. The unbalanced
design can have pressure compensation capability, which automatically protects the
pump against overpressure. 41
 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
▪ The fluid is trapped between the housing and the rotating teeth of the gears. Oil
chambers are formed between the gear teeth, the pump housing, and the side wear
plates. The suction side is where teeth come out of mesh, and it is here that the volume
expands, bringing about a reduction in pressure to below atmospheric pressure.

▪ Fluid is pushed into this void by atmospheric pressure because the oil supply tank is
vented to the atmosphere.

▪ The dis charge side is where teeth go into mesh, and it is here that the volume
decreases between mating teeth. Since the pump has a positive internal seal against
leakage, the oil is positively ejected into the outlet port.
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Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump

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 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate

▪ The volumetric displacement of a gear pump can be found by calculating the volume of a
hollow cylinder of outside diameter Do and inside diameter Di, where the length of the
cylinder is L.
𝝅 𝟐
𝑉𝐷 = (𝑫𝒐 − 𝑫𝟐𝒊 )L
𝟒

▪ The theoretical flow rate using metric units

𝑸𝑻 (𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒎𝒊𝒏) = 𝑽𝑫 (𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒓𝒆𝒗) × N(𝒓𝒆𝒗Τ𝒎𝒊𝒏)

▪ The clearance between gear & hosing is around 0.0025mm,hence leakage(called pump
slippage,) and leads to deviation of actual flow rate from theoretical flow rate 44
 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate

▪ This internal leakage, called pump slippage, is identified by the term volumetric
efficiency, 𝜂𝑣 , which equals about 90% for positive displacement pumps, operating at
design pressure:

𝑸𝑨
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑸𝑻

. 45
 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
▪ The higher the discharge pressure, the lower the volumetric efficiency because internal
leakage increases with pressure.

▪ Too high a pressure not only produces excessive leakage but also can damage a
pump by distorting the casing and overloading the shaft bearings. This brings to mind
once again the need for overpressure protection.

▪ High pressures occur when a high resistance to flow is encountered, such as a

large actuator load or a closed valve in the pump outlet line.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
▪ The higher the discharge pressure, the lower the volumetric efficiency because internal
leakage increases with pressure.

▪ Too high a pressure not only produces excessive leakage but also can damage a
pump by distorting the casing and overloading the shaft bearings. This brings to mind
once again the need for overpressure protection.

▪ High pressures occur when a high resistance to flow is encountered, such as a

large actuator load or a closed valve in the pump outlet line.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
External Gear Pump
▪ Example: A gear pump has a 75-mm outside diameter, a 50-mm inside diameter, and a
25-mm width. If the volumetric efficiency is 90% at rated pressure, what is the
corresponding actual flow rate? The pump speed is 1000 rpm.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
▪ This external gear pump uses spur gears (teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear),
which are noisy at relatively high speeds. To reduce noise and provide smoother
operation helical gear is used but limited to low pressure less than 200psi.
▪ Internal gear pump: Internal gear, spur gear, crescent seal, housing. Gears rotate, draw
fluid around crescent seal, discharge when teeth mesh. Often includes built-in safety
relief valve.
▪ Lobe Pump: Similar to external gear pump, but lobes don’t contact (externally driven)
and higher volumetric displacement than other gear pumps.
▪ Gerotor Pump: Inner rotor drives outer rotor; one less tooth on inner rotor forms
pumping chambers. Simple (two moving parts), seals via rotor contact, high
displacement.
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Pumping theory and classifications

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Pumping theory and classifications

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Screw Pump: Axial flow, positive displacement with three precision-ground screws. Two idler rotors
seal fluid in stages, driven by central power rotor. Non-pulsating flow, quiet, efficient; no radial loads or
thrust bearings needed. Rated up to 500 psi (123 gpm) or 3500 psi (88 gpm) for high-pressure designs.

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Pumping theory and classifications
Vane pumps

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Vane pumps
▪ The rotor, which contains radial slots, is splined to the drive shaft and rotates inside a
cam ring. Each slot contains a vane designed to mate with the surface of the cam ring
as the rotor turns.
▪ Centrifugal force keeps the vanes out against the surface of the cam ring.
▪ During one-half revolution of rotor rotation, the volume increases between the rotor
and cam ring. The resulting volume expansion causes a reduction of pressure. This is
the suction process, which causes fluid to flow through the inlet port and fill the void.
▪ As the rotor rotates through the second half revolution, the surface of the cam ring
pushes the vanes back into their slots, and the trapped volume is reduced. This
positively ejects the trapped fluid through the discharge port. 54
Pumping theory and classifications
Vane pumps

55
 Pumping theory and classifications
Vane pumps

From geometry, we can find the maximum possible eccentricity:

This maximum value of eccentricity produces a maximum volumetric displacement:

Substituting the expression for 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 yields

The actual volumetric displacement occurs when 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = e:

56
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pressure-Compensated Vane Pump

▪ Some vane pumps have provisions for mechanically varying the eccentricity called
variable displacement pump. System pressure acts on cam ring via hydraulic piston
(right), pushing against a spring-loaded piston (left).

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Pressure-Compensated Vane Pump

▪ If the discharge pressure is large enough, it overcomes the compensator spring force
and shifts the cam ring to the left. This reduces the eccentricity, which is maximum
when discharge pressure is zero. As the discharge pressure continues to increase, zero
eccentricity is finally achieved, and the pump flow becomes zero.

58
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pressure-Compensated Vane Pump

▪ When the pressure reaches a value called 𝑝𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 , the compensator spring force
equals the hydraulic piston force. As the pressure continues to increase, the
compensator spring is compressed until zero eccentricity is achieved.

▪ The maximum pressure achieved is called 𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 , at which point the pump is
protected because it produces no more flow. As a result, there is no power wasted and
fluid heating is reduced.

▪ Pressure-compensated vane pump and gear pumps are hydraulically unbalanced pumps.

59
 Pumping theory and classifications
Balanced vane pump

▪ A balanced vane pump is one that has two intake and two outlet ports diametrically
opposite each other. Thus, pressure ports are opposite each other, and a complete
hydraulic balance is achieved.

▪ One disadvantage of a balanced vane pump is that it cannot be designed as a variable

displacement unit. Instead of having a circular cam ring, a balanced design vane pump
has an elliptical housing, which forms two separate pumping chambers on opposite
sides of the rotor.

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Pumping theory and classifications
Balanced vane pump

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Example 1: A vane pump has a rotor diameter of 50 mm, a cam ring diameter of 75 mm, and
a vane width of 50 mm. If the eccentricity is 8 mm, determine the volumetric displacement.

Example 2: A vane pump is to have a volumetric displacement of 5 in3. It has a rotor

diameter of 2 in, a cam ring diameter of 3 in, and a vane width of 2 in. What must be the
eccentricity?

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 Pumping theory and classifications
Example 4: A vane pump has a rotor diameter of 50mm,a cam ring diameter of 75mm, a vane
width of 50mm ,and run at a speed of 105rad/sec with a pressure of 7Mpa(7x106 N/m2). If the
eccentricity is 8mm,determine :
(a)the volumetric displacement
(b)the volumetric flow rate
(c)the Power of the pump
Solution:
(a)Vdmax =π/2*(Dc+DR) * e*L
=π/2*(0.075+0.05) * 0.008*0.05
=0.0000785 m3 = 7.85x10-5 m3
(b)Q =Vdmax * speed= 0.0000785 m3 * 105rad/sec = 8.24x10-3 m3/sec
(c) Power= Press* flow rate= 7x106 N/m2 x 8.24x10-3 m3/sec
= 57,680 watt or 58 Kw 63
 Pumping theory and classifications
Piston pumps
▪ A piston pump works on the principle that a reciprocating piston can draw in fluid when
it retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge it when it extends. The basic question is how
to mechanize a series of reciprocating pistons.

▪ There are two basic types of piston pumps.

▪ One is the axial design, having pistons that are parallel to the axis of the cylinder block.
Axial piston pumps can be either of the bent axis configuration or of the swash plate
design.

▪ The second type of piston pump is the radial design, which has pistons arranged radially
in a cylinder block.
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 Pumping theory and classifications
Axial design piston pumps (bent-axis type)
▪ An axial piston pump (bent-axis type) that contains a cylinder block rotating with the
drive shaft. However, the centerline of cylinder block is set at an offset angle relative to
the centerline of the drive shaft.

▪ The cylinder block contains the number of the pistons arranged along a circle. The
piston rode are connected to the drive shaft flange by ball and socket joints.

▪ The pistons are forced in and out of the bores as distance between the drive shaft
flange and cylinder block changes.

▪ The volumetric displacement of the pump varies with the offset angle 𝜃. No flow is
produced when the cylinder block centerline is parallel to drive shaft centerline.
65
 Pumping theory and classifications
Axial design piston pumps (bent-axis type)

66
 Pumping theory and classifications
Axial design piston pumps (bent-axis type)

nomenclatures

▪ θ can vary from 0° to a maximum of about 30°. Fixed dis placement units are usually
provided with 23° or 30° offset angles.
67
 Pumping theory and classifications
Axial design piston pumps (bent-axis type)
From trigonometry we have
𝑺
tan(𝜽) = or S = D tan(𝜽)
𝑫

▪ The total displacement volume equals the number of pistons multiplied by the
displacement volume per piston:
𝑽𝑫 = YAS or
𝑽𝑫 = YAD tan(𝜽) (5-5)

Theoretical flow rate in metric units

𝑸𝑻 (𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒎𝒊𝒏) = DANY tan(𝜽) (5-6)

68
 Pumping theory and classifications
Example 1: Find the flow rate in units of L/s that an axial piston pump delivers at 1000 rpm.
The pump has nine 15-mm-diameter pistons arranged on a 125-mm-diameter piston circle.
The offset angle is set at 10° and the volumetric efficiency is 94%.

69
 Pumping theory and classifications
In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)

In this type, the cylinder block and drive shaft are located on the same centerline. The
pistons are connected to a shoe plate, which bears against an angled swash plate.
As the cylinder rotates (see
Figure 5-27),the pistons
reciprocate because the piston
shoes follow the angled surface
of the swash plate.

70
 Pumping theory and classifications
In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)

The outlet and inlet ports are located in the valve plate so that the pistons pass the inlet as
they are being pulled out and pass the outlet as they are being forced back in.

This type of pump

can also be designed
to have variable
displacement
capability.

71
 Pumping theory and classifications
In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)

Variation in pump displacement

72
 Pumping theory and classifications
In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)

73
 Pumping theory and classifications
Radial Piston Pump
For pumping action, the reaction ring is moved eccentrically with respect to the pintle or
shaft axis. As the cylinder barrel rotates, the pistons on one side travel outward. This
draws in fluid as each cylinder passes the suction ports of the pintle.
When a piston passes the point of maximum eccentricity, it is forced inward by the
reaction ring. This forces the fluid to enter the discharge port of the pintle. In some
models, the displacement can be varied by moving the reaction ring to change the piston
stroke.
An actual radial piston pump that has variable displacement, pressure-compensated
discharge. Variable displacement is accomplished by hydraulic rather than mechanical
means and is responsive to discharge line pressure. 74
Pumping theory and classifications
Radial Piston Pump

75
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pump Efficiencies

▪ Volumetric efficiency (𝜼𝒗 ) - Volumetric efficiency indicates the amount of leakage

that takes place within the pump.

actual flow−rate produced by pump 𝑸𝑨

𝜼𝒗 = = (5-7)
theoretical flow−rate pump should produce 𝑸𝑻

▪ Volumetric efficiencies typically run from

▪ 80% to 90% for gear pumps,

▪ 82% to 92% for vane pumps, and

▪ 90% to 98% for piston pumps.

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 Pumping theory and classifications
▪ Mechanical efficiency (𝜼𝒎 )- The amount of energy losses that occur in pumps, not
taking into account the leakages. These losses include:

▪ Friction in bearing and other moving parts and

▪ Energy losses due to fluid turbulence.

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 Pumping theory and classifications

pump output power assuming no leakage

Mechanical efficiency (𝜼𝒎 ) =
actual power delivered to pump

𝑷𝑸𝑻
𝜼𝒎 = (5-8)
𝑻𝑨 𝑵

Mechanical efficiency can also be computed in terms of torques:

theoretical torque required to operate pump 𝑇𝑇

𝜼𝒎 = = (5-9)
actual torque delivered to pump 𝑇𝐴

𝑉𝐷 ×𝑃
Theoretical Torque(𝑇𝑇 , N.m) = (5-10)
2𝜋

actual power delivered to pump (W)

Actual Torque(𝑇𝐴 , N.m) = (5-11)
𝑁(𝑟𝑎𝑑 Τ𝑠) 78
 Pumping theory and classifications

Mechanical efficiency….
𝟐𝝅
𝑵(𝒓𝒂𝒅Τ𝒔) = N(rpm)
𝟔𝟎

Note that the theoretical torque required to operate a pump (𝑇𝑇 ) is the torque that would
be required if there were no leakage

Mechanical efficiencies typically run from 90% to 95%

79
 Pumping theory and classifications
▪ Overall efficiency (𝜼𝒐 ) The overall efficiency considers all energy losses and hence is
defined as follows:

actual power deliveed by pump

Overall efficiency (𝜂𝑜 ) = = 𝜂𝑣 × 𝜂𝑚 (5-13)
actual power delivered to pump

▪ Repeating this substitution for metric units using Eqs. (5-7), (5-8M), and (5-13) yields:

𝑃𝑄𝐴 actual power delivered by pump

𝜂𝑜 = = (5-14)
𝑇𝐴 𝑁 actual power delivered to pump

▪ Note that the actual power delivered to a pump from a prime mover via a rotating shaft
is called brake power and the actual power delivered by a pump to the fluid is called
hydraulic power. 80
 Pumping theory and classifications
Example 3:- A pump has a displacement volume of 100 cm3. It delivers 0.0015 m3/s at
1000rpm and 70 bars. If the prime mover input torque is 120 N.m. Determine:
a. The overall efficiency of the pump
b. The theoretical torque required to operate the pump

81
82
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pump selection
▪ Pumps are selected by taking into account a number of considerations for a complete
hydraulic system involving a particular application. Among these considerations are
flow-rate requirements (gpm), operating speed (rpm), pressure rating (psi),
performance, reliability, maintenance, cost, and noise.
▪ The selection of a pump typically entails the following sequence of operations:
1. Select the actuator (hydraulic cylinder or motor) that is appropriate based on the
loads encountered.
2. Determine the flow-rate requirements. This involves the calculation of the flow rate
necessary to drive the actuator to move the load through a specified distance within a
given time limit. 83
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pump selection

3. Select the system pressure. This ties in with the actuator size and the magnitude of the
resistive force produced by the external load on the system. Also involved here is the total
amount of power to be delivered by the pump.

4. Determine the pump speed and select the prime mover. This, together with the flow-rate
calculation, determines the pump size (volumetric displacement).

5. Select the pump type based on the application (gear, vane, or piston pump and fixed or
variable displacement).

6. Select the reservoir and associated plumbing, including piping, valving, filters and
strainers, and other miscellaneous components such as accumulators. 84
 Pumping theory and classifications
Pump selection
7. Consider factors such as noise levels, horsepower loss, need for a heat exchanger due
to generated heat, pump wear, and scheduled maintenance service to provide a desired life
of the total system.
8. Calculate the overall cost of the system.
Normally the sequence of operation is repeated several times with different sizes and
types of components. After the procedure is repeated for several alternative systems, the
best overall system is selected for the given application. This process is called
optimization. It means determining the ultimate selection of a combination of system
components to produce the most efficient overall system at minimum cost commensurate
with the requirements of a particular application. 85
Pumping theory and classifications
Summery of Pumps

86
Thank you

87