Statistics

191 Statistics

introduction
The word 'Statistics' seems to have derived from the Latin word 'status' which means a 'political
state'. Originally, statistics was simply the collection of numerical data on some aspects of
life of the people useful to the government. However, with the passage of time, its scope
broadened. Today, statistics means collection of facts or information concerning almost every
aspect of life of the people with a definite purpose in the form of numerical data, organisation,
summarisation and presentation of data by tables and graphs (charts), analysing the data and
drawing inferences (meaningful predictions) from the data.

19.1 Some terms related to statistics

✰ P rimary data. The information collected by the investigator himself or herself with a definite
purpose in his or her mind is called primary data.
✰ Secondary data. The information gathered from a source which already had the information stored
is called secondary data.
✰ Raw data. The numerical data recorded in its original form as it is collected by the investigator or
received from some source is called raw data.
✰ Variable. A quantity which is being measured in an experiment (or survey) is called a variable.
Height, age and weight of people, income and expenditure of people, number of members
in a family, number of workers in a factory, marks obtained by students in a test, the
number of runs scored in a cricket match etc., are examples of variables.
Variables are of two types:
(i) Continuous variable. A variable which can take any value between two given values is
called a continuous variable.
For example, height, age and weight of people are continuous variables.
(ii) Discontinuous (discrete) variable. A variable which cannot take all possible values
between two given values is called a discontinuous or discrete variable.
For example, the number of members in a family and the number of workers in a
factory are discrete variables (since the variable cannot take any value between 1 and
2, 2 and 3 etc.)
✰ Range. The difference between the maximum and minimum values of a variable is called its
range.
✰ Variate. A particular value of a variable is called variate (observation).
✰ Frequency. The number of times a variate (observation) occurs in a given data is called frequency
of that variate.
✰ Frequency distribution. A tabular arrangement of given numerical data showing the frequency
of different variates is called frequency distribution, and the table itself is called frequency
distribution table.

19.1.1 Tabulation of raw data

Suppose there are 32 students in class IX in a school and in an examination, out of 50 marks,
the marks scored by them are as follows :
39, 44, 25, 11, 21, 25, 44, 25, 7, 40, 43, 44, 49, 14, 11, 14, 25, 28, 28, 39, 44, 37, 21, 40, 43, 3, 37,
25, 25, 21, 37, 28.
The data in this form is the raw (or ungrouped or unclassified) data. Here, the number of
marks obtained is the variable and each entry in the above list is an observation (or variate).
Suppose we wish to analyse the achievement of the students in the examination, the data
in the above form does not give much information.
Let us arrange the above data in ascending or descending order. The above data in the
ascending order is :
3, 7, 11, 11, 14, 14, 21, 21, 21, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 28, 28, 28, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 40, 40, 43, 43,
44, 44, 44, 44, 49.
The presentation of data in this form gives better information. The data arranged in this
form is called arrayed data. However, the presentation of data in this form is quite tedious and
time-consuming, particularly when the number of observations is large.
To make it easily understandable, we present the above data in the form of a table called
frequency distribution table ( for raw data). To prepare table, we take each observation from
the data, one at a time, and mark a stroke ( ) called tally mark in the next column opposite
to the variate. For convenience, we write tally marks in bunches of five, the fifth one crossing
the four diagonally. The number of tally marks opposite to a variate is its frequency and it is
written in the next column opposite to tally marks of the variate. Note that the sum of all the
frequencies is equal to the total number of observations in the given data.
The frequency distribution table for the above raw (ungrouped) data is given below:

Marks obtained Tally marks Frequency

3 1
7 1
11 2
14 2
21 3
25 6
28 3
37 3
39 2
40 2
43 2
44 4
49 1
Total 32
The above table is called simple (or ungrouped) frequency distribution table.

Statistics 4105
19.2 mean and median of ungrouped data
19.2.1 Mean of ungrouped data
Mean (or arithmetic average) of a number of observations is the sum of the values of all the
observations divided by the total number of observations.
The mean of n observations (variates) x1, x2, x3, …, xn is given by the formula:
x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn Σx i
Mean = =
n n
where ∑xi = x1 + x2 + x3 + … + xn.
sum of all observations
Thus, Mean = .
total number of observations

Note
The Greek letter ∑ (read as sigma) represents the sum.

Illustrative Examples
Example 1. The following are the ages (in years) of 10 teachers in a school :
32, 28, 54, 41, 38, 40, 23, 33, 26, 35.
Find the mean age of these teachers.
Solution. The sum of the ages (in years) of all the 10 teachers
= 32 + 28 + 54 + 41 + 38 + 40 + 23 + 33 + 26 + 35
= 350.
sum of ages of all the teachers
∴ Mean age =
total number of teachers
350
= years = 35 years.
10

Example 2. The marks obtained (out of 25) by 15 students in a monthly test are :
11, 09, 07, 03, 18, 21, 13, 15, 18, 04, 06, 17, 22, 13, 15.
(i) Find the mean of their marks.
(ii) Find the mean of their marks when the marks of each student are increased by 2.
Solution. (i) The sum of the marks of all the 15 students
= 11 + 09 + 07 + 03 + 18 + 21 + 13 + 15 + 18 + 04 + 06 + 17 + 22 + 13 + 15
= 192.
sum of marks of all the students
∴ Mean of marks =
total number of students
192 64
= = = 12·8.
15 5
(ii) When the marks of each students are increased by 2, then the sum of their marks
increases by 15 × 2 i.e. by 30.
∴ The new sum of marks of all the students = 192 + 30 = 222.
new sum of marks
∴ The new mean of their marks =
number of students
222 74
= = = 14·8.
15 5
Note that the new mean of marks also increases by 2.

4106 Understanding ICSE mathematics – Ix

 Example 3. Find the mean of first seven prime numbers.
Solution. First seven prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17.
Sum of these prime numbers = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 = 58.
sum of numbers 58 2
∴ Their mean = number of numbers = 7 = 8 7 .

Example 4. Find the mean of the (positive) factors of 24.

Solution. The (positive) factors of 24 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24.
Number of these factors = 8 and
the sum of these factors = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 24 = 60.
sum of factors 60 15
∴ Mean = = = = 7·5.
no. of factors 8 2

Example 5. The mean of 6 observations is 17·5. If five of them are 14, 9, 23, 25 and 10, find the
sixth observation.
Solution. Let the sixth observation be x. By def.,
sum of all the observations
∴ mean =
number of observations
14 + 9 + 23 + 25 + 10 + x
⇒ 17·5 =
6
81 + x
⇒ 17·5 =
6
⇒ 81 + x = 17·5 × 6
⇒ x = 105 – 81 = 24.
Hence, the sixth observation is 24.

Example 6. The following are the weights (in kg) of 8 students of a class :
50, 44·5, 48·7, 45·1, 50·4, 43, 51, 49·3.
(i) Find the mean weight.
(ii) If a teacher, whose weight is 62 kg, is also included then what will be the mean weight?
Solution. (i) The sum of weights (in kg) of 8 students
= 50 + 44·5 + 48·7 + 45·1 + 50·4 + 43 + 51 + 49·3
= 382.
sum of weights of all students
∴ Mean weight =
number of students
382
= kg = 47·75 kg.
8
(ii) If the teacher, whose weight is 62 kg, is included then the sum of
weights of all observations = weight of students + weight of teacher
= 382 kg + 62 kg = 444 kg.
Number of observations = 8 + 1 = 9.
444 148 1
∴ Mean weight = kg = kg = 49 kg.
9 3 3

Example 7. The mean height of 10 students is 151·8 cm. Two more students of heights 157·6 cm
and 154·4 cm join the group. What is the new mean height?
sum of heights of 10 students
Solution. Mean height of 10 students =
10
sum of heights of 10 students
∴ 151·8 cm =
10

Statistics 4107
 ⇒ sum of heights of 10 students = (151·8 × 10) cm = 1518 cm.
Now two more students of heights 157·6 cm and 154·4 cm join the group.
∴ Sum of heights of 12 students = (1518 + 157·6 + 154·4) cm = 1830 cm.
∴ New mean height = sum of heights of 12 students
12

= 1830 cm = 152·5 cm.

12

Example 8. The mean marks (out of 100) of boys and girls in an examination are 70 and
73 respectively. If the mean marks of all the students in that examination are 71, find the ratio of number
of boys to the number of girls.
Solution. Let the number of boys be x and that of girls be y.
As the mean of marks scored by boys is 70,
∴ the sum of marks scored by x boys = 70x.
Also the mean of marks scored by girls is 73,
∴ the sum of marks scored by y girls = 73y.
∴ the sum of marks scored by all (x + y) students = 70x + 73y.
Since the mean of marks scored by all students is 71,
70 x + 73 y
∴ = 71 ⇒ 70x + 73y = 71x + 71y
x+y
x 2
⇒ 2y = x ⇒ = .
y 1
Hence, the ratio of number of boys to that of girls = 2 : 1.

Example 9. Mean temperature of a city of a certain week was 25°C. If the mean temperature of
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday was 23°C and that of Thursday, Friday, Saturday and
Sunday was 28°, find the temperature of Thursday.
Solution. Mean temperature of the week = 25°C.
∴ The sum of temperatures of 7 days of the week = 7 × 25°C = 175°C …(i)
Sum of temperatures of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday
= 4 × 23°C = 92°C …(ii)
Sum of temperatures of Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday
= 4 × 28°C = 112°C …(iii)
∴ Sum of temperatures of Monday to Sunday and Thursday
= 92°C + 112°C [using (ii) and (iii)]
= 204°C …(iv)
∴ Temperature of Thursday = 204°C – 175°C [using (iv) and (i)]
= 29°C.

Example 10. In an examination, the mean of marks scored by a class of 40 students was calculated
as 72·5. Later on, it was detected that the marks of one student were wrongly copied as 48 instead of 84.
Find the correct mean.
Incorrect sum of marks of 40 students
Solution. Mean of marks =
40
Incorrect sum of marks of 40 students
∴ 72·5 =
40
⇒ Incorrect sum of marks of 40 students = 72·5 × 40 = 2900.

4108 Understanding ICSE mathematics – Ix

 Since the marks of one student were wrongly copied as 48 instead of 84,
correct sum of marks of 40 students = 2900 – 48 + 84 = 2936.
2936
∴ Correct mean = = 73·4.
40

19.2.2 Median of ungrouped data

Median is the central value (or middle observation) of a statistical data if it is arranged in ascending
or descending order.
Thus, if there are n observations (variates) x1, x2, x3, …, xn arranged in ascending or
descending order, then
n + 1
 2 th observation, if n is odd

Median =  n n 
 2 th observation +  2 + 1 th
h observation
 , if n is even.
 2

Illustrative Examples
Example 1. Find the median of the following data:
5, 3, 12, 0, 7, 11, 4, 3, 8.
Solution. Arranging the given data in ascending order, we get
0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12.
Total number of observations = n = 9, which is odd.
∴ Median = n + 1 th observation
2

= 9 + 1 th observation
2
= 5th observation, which is 5.
Hence, median = 5.

Example 2. The number of goals scored by a football team in a series of matches are :
3, 1, 0, 7, 5, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2.
Find the median of this data.
Solution. Arranging the number of goals scored by the team in ascending order, we get
0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7.
Total number of observations (matches played) = n = 12, which is even.
n n 
th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
∴ Median =
2

= 6 th observation + 7th observation = 2 + 3 = 5 = 2·5.

2 2 2

Example 3. If the numbers 3, 6, 7, 10, x, 15, 19, 20, 25, 28 are in ascending order and their median
is 13, calculate the value of x.
Solution. The numbers 3, 6, 7, 10, x, 15, 19, 20, 25, 28 are in ascending order.
Total number of observations = n = 10, which is even.
n n 
th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
∴ Median =
2
= 5th observation + 6th observation = x + 15 .
2 2

Statistics 4109
 According to given, 13 = x + 15
2
⇒ x + 15 = 26 ⇒ x = 11.
Hence, the value of x is 11.

Exercise 19.1
1. Find the mean of 8, 6, 10, 12, 1, 3, 4, 4.
2. 5 people were asked about the time in a week they spend in doing social work in their
community. They replied 10, 7, 13, 20 and 15 hours, respectively. Find the mean time in
a week devoted by them for social work.
3. The enrolment of a school during six consecutive years was as follows :
1620, 2060, 2540, 3250, 3500, 3710.
Find the mean enrolment.
4. Find the mean of the first twelve natural numbers.
5. (i) Find the mean of the first six prime numbers.
(ii) Find the mean of the first seven odd prime numbers.
6. (i) The marks (out of 100) obtained by a group of students in a Mathematics test are
81, 72, 90, 90, 85, 86, 70, 93 and 71. Find the mean marks obtained by the group of
students.
(ii) The mean of the age of three students Vijay, Rahul and Rakhi is 15 years. If their
ages are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 respectively, then find their ages.
7. The mean of 5 numbers is 20. If one number is excluded, mean of the remaining numbers
becomes 23. Find the excluded number.
8. The mean of 25 observations is 27. If one observation is included, the mean still remains
27. Find the included observation.
9. The mean of 5 observations is 15. If the mean of first three observations is 14 and that of
the last three is 17, find the third observation.
10. The mean of 8 variates is 10·5. If seven of them are 3, 15, 7, 19, 2, 17 and 8, then find the
8th variate.
11. The mean weight of 8 students is 45·5 kg. Two more students having weights 41·7 kg and
53·3 kg join the group. What is the new mean weight?
12. Mean of 9 observations was found to be 35. Later on, it was detected that an observation
81 was misread as 18. Find the correct mean of the observations.
13. A student scored the following marks in 11 questions of a question paper :
7, 3, 4, 1, 5, 8, 2, 2, 5, 7, 6.
Find the median marks.
14. Calculate the mean and the median of the numbers :
2, 3, 4, 3, 0, 5, 1, 1, 3, 2.
15. A group of students was given a special test in Mathematics. The test was completed by
the various students in the following time in (minutes) :
24, 30, 28, 17, 22, 36, 30, 19, 32, 18, 20, 24.
Find the mean time and median time taken by the students to complete the test.
16. In a Science test given to a group of students, the marks scored by them (out of 100)
are:
41, 39, 52, 48, 54, 62, 46, 52, 40, 96, 42, 40, 98, 60, 52.
Find the mean and median of this data.

4110 Understanding ICSE mathematics – Ix