FYJC

COMPUTER SCIENCE I
CHAPTER
PROGRAM ANALYSIS
MRS. PALLAVI BHAMRE
THIS CHAPTER WILL IMPROVE
YOUR PROGRAMMING SKILLS
 MODULE 13
CHAPTER : PROGRAM ANALYSIS

Introduction
 Steps of Development of Computer Programming
 Pseudo code
 Algorithm
 Hands on Training
 Flowchart
 Hands on Training
 QUESTIONNARIE
Computer Programming :

Computer Programming can be defined as a process,

which results in the development of a computer program.

A program : A program is a set of instructions stored in

the computer, developed by a user, used to direct the
computer for desired result.

Pseudo code:- Pseudo code is a code expressed

in English like language. It broadly explains the
solution of the problem.
Steps of Development of Computer Programming: 3 STEPS :

PROBLEM DEFINTION PHASE

PROBLEM ANALYSIS PHASE

PROGRAM DESIGN PHASE

1. Problem Definition Phase : Defining the Problem
■We must first of all understand, what is the
actual problem.
■Understand the problem through right angle :
is necessary to proceed in right direction.
■Defining a problem correctly, avoids the
confusion about the problem while writing the
program.
2. Problem Analysis Phase : Analyzing the Problem

■ After clearing what is the problem & what to do,

■ We must find how to solve that problem.
■ We collect of all possible details required for solving a problem.
■ Concentrate on the inputs required and output produced.
■ Concentrate on the way chosen for solving the problem.
■ If many ways to find the solution, choose or fix to a particular way.
3. Program Design Phase : Designing the Program

■ Start with Designing the Computer Program.

■ Design means finding a logic to solve that problem.
■ Solution is provided on paper.
■ Write down the steps, required to solve the problem.
■Design a solution is done by writing an
algorithm and/ or drawing a flowchart.
3. Program Design Phase : Algorithm :
■ Algorithm :
■ Definition : Algorithm is a way of representing the problem solving
steps in English like language.
■ Algorithm is expressed in Pseudo Code.
■ Pseudo Code : Definition : A code expressed in English – like
language used to describe steps of algorithm.
■ Designing an algorithm is the process done before writing the
program.
■ Write down the logical steps to be performed to solve the
concerned problem.
Algorithm :
■ Illustration of an Algorithm:-
STEP I : START.
STEP II : Logically sequence of
problem Solving Steps.
:
STEP X : STOP.
Note : 1. Use START : to start an algorithm.
2. Use END/STOP to end an algorithm.
3. Write solution stepwise.
Algorithm : Points to remember :

■ Use START : to start an algorithm.

■ Use END/STOP to end an algorithm.
■ Write solution stepwise.
■ Use Pseudo code to represent steps in algorithm.
■ Start step with the main action (Use verb) in capital.
■ Represent variables in capital.
■ Each step should be well descriptive.
How to write an algorithm : Example
Algorithm To compute sum and average of two numbers.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : READ two numbers , say A and B.
STEP III : COMPUTE SUM by formula,
SUM := A + B.
STEP IV : COMPUTE AVERAGE by formula,
AVERAGE := SUM / 2.
STEP V : WRITE SUM.
STEP VI : WRITE AVERAGE .
STEP VII : END.
How to write an algorithm : Example
Algorithm : To compute area and perimeter of a rectangle.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : READ length and breadth of a rectangle, say L and B.
STEP III : COMPUTE AREA by formula,
AREA := L * B.
STEP IV : COMPUTE PERIMETER by formula,
PERIMETER := 2 * (L + B) .
STEP V : WRITE AREA.
STEP VI : WRITE PERIMETER .
STEP VII : END.
Flowchart :
■ Definition : Flowchart is a diagrammatical representation of problem
solving steps.
■ Flowchart is expressed by using symbols.
■ Symbols of flowchart have standard shape and meaning.
■ Every two successive steps in a flowchart should be connected in the
proper direction.
Flowchart : symbols
Rectangle with rounded Ends

Parallelogram

Simple Rectangle

Diamond Shaped Box

Arrow

Circle
Flowchart : Symbols :

1. Rectangles with rounded ends :

Represent start or stop of flowchart.
That is, to represent the Beginning and End in a flowchart.
For example :

START STOP
Flowchart : Symbols :

2. Parallelograms :
Represent Input or Output of flowchart.
That is, to represent the READ or WRITE statements in a flowchart.
For example :

READ NUMBER WRITE SUM

Flowchart : Symbols :

3. Simple Rectangle :
Represent Simple Processing of flowchart.
That is, to represent the calculation or formula statements in a flowchart.
For example :

SUM := A + B
Flowchart : Symbols :

4. Diamond Shaped Box :

Represent Decision making statements of flowchart.
That is, to represent the conditions or questions in a flowchart.
For example :

Yes
IS
A>B?

No
Flowchart : Symbols :

4. Arrow :
Represent flow of direction of flowchart.
That is to represent the flow of execution statements in a flowchart.
Every two successive statements in a flowchart should be joined with
arrow.
For example :
SUM := A + B

WRITE SUM
Flowchart : Symbols :
5. Circle : Connector :
Represent how to connect between two parts of flowchart,

Sometimes a flowchart cannot fit at one place / page, then it is continued

on next place / page with a connector.
In such a case, same connector is available on both places / pages.
Generally, a capital letter is used within a connector.
Flowchart : Symbols : Circle : Connector
5. Circle : Connector :
For example :
Part 1 / Page 1 Part 2 / Page 2

READ X, Y A

WRITE SUM
SUM := X + Y

A STOP
FLOWCHART : TO COMPUTE SUM & AVERAGE OF TWO NUMBERS
START

READ A, B

SUM : = A + B
AVERAGE := SUM /2

WRITE SUM, AVERAGE

STOP
FLOWCHART : TO COMPUTE AREA & PERIMETER OF A RECTANGLE
START

READ L, B

AREA : = L * B
PERIMETER := 2 * (L + B)

WRITE AREA,
PERIMETER

STOP
Flowcharts Symbols : Summary :
Symbol Name Symbol Use within a flowchart/ Example 1 Example 2

Rectangle with START/ STOP of a

rounded ends flowchart START STOP

Parallelogram INPUT / OUTPUT of a

flowchart READ L, B WRITE SUM

Simple Rectangle Simple processing/

formula of a flowchart AREA : = L * B I:=1

Diamond shaped box Condition / Decision IS AGE

making structure of a >=18?
flowchart No
Yes
Arrow Flow of direction of a READ L, B
flowchart
AREA : = L * B

Circle Connects two parts of READ L, B A

a flowchart
Algorithms and Flowcharts should be General :

Reason :

1. Algorithms and flowcharts should be free from any programming language.

2. Algorithms and flowcharts should work for n inputs.

Questionnaire:
1. Explain steps of development of computer programming.
2. Define algorithm . Explain with a suitable example.
3. Define flowchart . Explain with a suitable example.
4. Differentiate between algorithm and flowchart.
5. Flowchart and algorithm should be general. Justify the comment.
6. Explain the symbols used in the flowchart :
• Parallelograms
• Rectangle with rounds
• Simple rectangle
• Diamond shaped box
• Arrow
• Circle
Questionnaire:
1. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to input a number and compute its
square and cube.

2. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to check user is eligible for voting or
not.

3. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to compute greater of two numbers.

4. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to compute factorial of a number.

5. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to compute power of a number.

ALGORITHM : TO COMPUTE SQUARE and CUBE of a number.

STEP I : START.
STEP II : READ a number . say NO.
STEP III : COMPUTE SQUARE by formula,
SQUARE := NO * NO.
STEP IV : COMPUTE CUBE by formula,
CUBE := NO * NO * NO.
STEP V : WRITE SQUARE, CUBE.
STEP VI : END.
FLOWCHART : TO COMPUTE SQUARE and CUBE of a number.
START

READ NO

SQUARE:= NO * NO
CUBE := NO * NO * NO

WRITE SQUARE, CUBE

STOP
Algorithm : To check user is eligible for voting or not.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : INPUT AGE of the user.
STEP III : COMPARE AGE.
IF AGE >= 18 THEN :
PRINT “ Eligible for Voting”
ELSE
PRINT “Not Eligible for Voting”
END IF
[ End Of IF structure.]
STEP IV : END.
Flowchart : TO check user is eligible for voting or not.
START

INPUT AGE

NO
IS AGE
>=18?

YES

WRITE “ELIGIBLE FOR WRITE “NOT ELIGIBLE

VOTING” FOR VOTING”

STOP
ALGORITHM : To compute greater of two numbers.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : INPUT two numbers , say A and B.
STEP III : COMPARE A with B .
IF A > B THEN :
PRINT “ Number1 is greater”
ELSE IF B > A THEN :
PRINT “Number2 is greater”
ELSE
PRINT “NUMBERS ARE EQUAL”
END IF
[ End Of IF structure.]
STEP IV : END.
FLOWCHART : To compute greater of two numbers.
START

INPUT A, B
■ WRIT

YES NO Yes
IS A >B? IS B>A?

NO
WRITE “NUMBER 1 IS WRITE “NUMBERS WRITE “NUMBER2 IS
GREATER” ARE EQUAL” GREATER”

STOP
ALGORITHM : To compute factorial of a number.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : INPUT a number , say NO .
STEP III : SET a counter, say I TO 1 .
STEP IV : SET FACTORIAL TO 1.
STEP V : REPEAT steps VI and VII WHILE I <= NO :
STEP VI : COMPUTE FACTORIAL by formula ,
FACTORIAL := FACTORIAL * I .
STEP VII : INCREMENT I by 1 ,
I := I + 1 .
[End of step V loop.]
STEP VIII : WRITE FACTORIAL .
STEP IX : END.
Flowchart : To compute factorial of a number.
START

INPUT NO

FACTORIAL := 1
I := 1 NO

NO
IS
I<=NO?

YES WRITE FACTORIAL

FACTORIAL := FACTORAL * I
I := I + 1
STOP
ALGORITHM : To compute power of a number.
STEP I : START.
STEP II : INPUT base and exponent , say A and B.
STEP III : SET a counter, say I TO 1 .
STEP IV : SET POWER TO 1 .
STEP V : REPEAT steps VI and VII WHILE I <= B :
STEP VI : COMPUTE POWER by formula,
POWER := POWER * A.
STEP VII : INCREMENT I BY 1 ,
I := I + 1.
[End of step V loop.]
STEP VIII : WRITE POWER.
STEP IX : END.
FLOWCHART : To compute power of a number.
START

INPUT A , B

POWER := 1
I := 1 NO

NO
IS I<=B?

YES WRITE POWER

POWER := POWER * A
I := I + 1
STOP
 FYJC
COMPUTER SCIENCE I
CHAPTER
PROGRAM ANALYSIS

Mrs. Pallavi Bhamre

Knowledge is power