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Python for AI – Unit II (Question Bank)

1. Define List with example?

• A List is an ordered set of values, where each value is identified by an index.
• The Values that make up a list are called its elements or items.

Example 1:[10, 20, 30, 40] # list of four integers

Example 2:['frog', 'Dog', 'Cow'] # list of three strings

2. What are the list operations?

• Lists respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean
concatenation and repetition here too, except that the result is a new list, not a
string.
• The + operator concatenates lists:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b
>>> print c
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

• Similarly, the * operator repeats a list a given number of times:

>>> [0] * 4
[0, 0, 0, 0]# It repeats [0] four times
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] # It repeats the list [1, 2, 3] three times.

3. Describe list slicing with examples.

➢ A sub-sequence of a sequence is called a slice and the operation that

performs on subsequence is called slicing.

The slice operator also works on lists:

>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> t[1:3]
Output : ['b', 'c']

>>> t[:4]
Output:['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

>>> t[3:]
Output:['d', 'e', 'f']

>>> t[:]
Output : ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

4. What is Cloning of List?

➢ Cloning is the process of modifying a list and also keeps a copy of the
original. The entire list is copied not just the reference.
➢ This process is sometimes called cloning, to avoid the ambiguity of the copy.
➢ The easiest way to clone a list is to use the slice operator.
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Example:
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>b=a[:]
>>>print b
[1,2,3].

5. Illustrate negative indexing in list with an example.

• Index can have negative value, it counts backward from the

list. Example:
>>> Fruit = ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Orange']
>>>Fruit(0) = ‘pear’
>>>Fruit(-1) = ‘Jackfruit’
>>>print (fruit)
[‘pear’, ‘grape’, ‘Jackfruit’]

6. What is Aliasing?
• More than one list variable can point to the same data. This is called an alias.
• If ‘A’ refers to an object and you assign ‘ B = A’, then both variables refer to the
same object:
>>> A = [1, 2, 3]
>>> B= A
>>> B is A
True

7. What is the purpose of list methods? Types of List method?

• Python has a number of built-in data structures, including lists.
• Data structures provides us with a way to organize and store data.
• We can use built-in methods to retrieve or manipulate that data.

[Link]( ) [Link] ( ) [Link]( )

[Link]( ) [Link] ( ) [Link] ( )
[Link] ( ) [Link] ( ) [Link] ( )
[Link]. Count ( ) [Link] ( )

8. What is the List Parameter?

• Passing a list as an argument actually passes a reference to the list, not a copy of the
list. Since list mutable changes made to the parameter changes the argument as well.
• When you pass a list to a function, the function gets a reference to the list. If the
function modifies a list parameter, the caller sees the change.

For example, delete_head removes the first element from a

list: def delete_head(t):
del t[0]
Here’s how it is used:
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> delete_head(letters)
>>> print
letters ['b', 'c'].
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9. Define Tuples?
• A tuple is a sequence of values.
• The values can be any type, and they are indexed by integers, so in that respect tuples
are a lot like lists. The important difference is that tuples are immutable.

Syntactically, a tuple is a comma-separated list of values:

>>> t = 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'
Although it is not necessary, it is common to enclose tuples in parentheses:
>>> t = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')

To create a tuple with a single element, you have to include the final comma:
>>> t1 = ('a',)
>>> type(t1)
<type 'tuple'>

10. Give Example for Tuple Assignment?

• One of the unique features of the python language is the ability to have a tuple on
the left hand side of an assignment statement.
• This allows you to assign more than one variable at a time when the left hand
side is a sequence.

Example:
Two element in list (which is a sequence ) and assign the first and second elements of the
variables x and y in a single statement.

>>> m = ( ‘have’, ‘fun’)

>>> x,y= m
>>> x
‘have’
>>>y
‘fun’

11. Give Example for Tuple as Return Values?

• A function can only return one value, but if the value is a tuple, the effect is the same as
returning multiple values.
Example:

>>> t = divmod(7, 3)
>>> print t
(2, 1)
Or use tuple assignment to store the elements separately:
>>> quot, rem = divmod(7, 3)
>>> print
quot 2
>>> print rem
1

12. What is List comprehension?Give Eg.

• A list Comprehension is a convenient way to produce a list from an iterable (a
sequence or other object that can be iterated over).
• In the simplest form, a list comprehension resembles the header line of a “for
Statement” inside square brackets.
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Syntax : [Expr(x) for x in iterable]

Example:
>>> a = [11,22,33,44]
>>> b =[x*2 for x in a]
>>>b
[22,44,66,88]

13. List the function of Tuple Data Types?

[Link] Function Description

1 Cmp(tup1,tup2) Compare elements of both tuples
2 Len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple
3 Max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max
value
4 Min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value
5 Sorted(tuple) Sort the tuple in ascending or descending

14. What is the difference between Tuples and List in Python?

• The main difference between list and tuples are:

• List are enclose in square bracket [ ] and their elements size can be changed, while
tuples are enclosed in parentheses ( ) and cannot be updated.

15. Define Mutable and Immutable data type?

• Immutable data value: A data value which cannot be modified. Assignments to

elements or slices of immutable values causes a runtime error
• Mutable data value: A data value which can be modified .The Types of all mutable
value are compound [Link] and dictionaries are Mutable; Strings and Tuple are not.

16. Differentiate between append( ) and extend ( ) methods?

• Both append ( ) and extend ( ) methods belong to the list [Link] methods are
used to add the elements to the list.
• Append(element) – adds the given element at the end of the list or at the given
index postion which has called this method
• Extend (another_list)- adds the element of another-list at the end of the list which is
called the extend method.

17. When is a dictionary used instead of a list?

• Dictionaries are best suited when the data is labelled ie. The data is a record with
field names.
• List are better option to store collection of un-labelled items say all the files and
sub- directories in a folder.
• Generally search operation on dictionary object is faster than searching a list objects

.
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18. Differentiate between tuples and dictionaries.

Tuples Dictionaries
• A tuple is a sequence of values. • Python dictionary are kind of hash table
• The values can be any type, and they are type.
indexed by integers, so in that respect • Dictionary work like associative arrays
tuples are a lot like lists. The important or hashes found in perl and consist of
difference is that tuples are immutable. key value pairs.

19. Define dictionary with an example.

• Dictionary is one of the compound data type like strings, list and tuple. Every element
in a dictionary is the key-value pair.
• An empty dictionary without any items is written with just two curly braces, like this: {}.

Example:
>>> eng2sp = {}
>>> eng2sp["one"] = "uno"
>>> eng2sp["two"] = "dos"
>>> print(eng2sp)

Output:
{"two": "dos", "one": "uno"}

20. What is the output of Print List + tinylist*2?

If List = [‘abcd’, ‘786’, ‘2.23’, ‘Nita’, ‘70.2’] and tinylist = [‘123’, ‘Nita’]?
• It will print the concatenated list since it has the (+) operator.
• Ouput will be [‘abcd’, ‘786’, ‘2.23’, ‘Nita’, ‘70.2’, ‘123’, ‘Nita’, ‘123’, ‘Nita’]

21. How will u create a Dictionary in Python?

• A dictionary can be Created by specifying the key and value separated by colon(:) and
the elements are separated by comma (,).The entire set of elements must be enclosed by
curly braces {}.

Syntax: #To Create a Dictionary with Key-Value Pairs:

dict={Key 1:Value 1, Key 2:Value 2, Key 3:Value 3, Key 4:Value 4}

#To create an empty Dictionary

Dict={ }
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22. List out the methods on dictionaries?

[Link] Method Description

1 [Link]() Removes all elements of dictionary dict
2 [Link]() Removes all elements of dictionary dict
3 [Link]() Returns a list of dict's (key, value) tuple pairs
4 [Link]() Returns list of dictionary dict's keys
5 [Link]() Returns list of dictionary dict's values

23. List out the operations on dictionaries?

Operation Description
cmp(dict1, dict2) Compares elements of both dict.
len(dict) Gives the total length of the dictionary.

str(dict) Produces a printable string representation of a dictionary

type (variable) Returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is
dictionary,
then it would return a dictionary type.

Big Questions:

1. What is List Values? Describe about creating a list, accessing the values in list, deleting a
list, updating a list.

LIST VALUES:

• A List is an ordered set of values, where each value is identified by an index.

• The Values that make up a list are called its elements or items.
• Lists are similar to strings, which are ordered set of characters, except that the
element of a list can have any type.

CREATING A LIST:

There are several ways to create a new list, the simplest is to enclose the elements in square
Bracket [ ]

[10, 20, 30, 40] # list of four integers

['frog', 'Dog', 'Cow'] # list of three strings

The elements of a list don’t have to be the same type.

['spam', 2.0, 5, [10, 20]] # list contains a string, a float, an integer, and another list:

A list within another list is nested.

A list that contains no elements is called an empty
list; We can create one with empty brackets [].
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ACCESSING VALUES IN LIST:

We can assign list values to variables:

>>> Fruits = ['Apple', 'Watermelon', 'Banana']
>>> numbers = [17, 12.3]
>>> empty = [ ]
>>> print ( Fruits)
>>>print( numbers)
>>>print(empty)

Output:
['Apple', 'Watermelon',

'Banana'] [17, 12.3]

[]

DELETING A LIST:
➢ Any element in the list can be deleted, del removes an element from a list.

Example:

>>> a=(‘one’,’two’,’three’)
>>>del a(1)
>>>a
Output:
(‘one’,’three’)

UPDATING A LIST:
A slice operator on the left side of an assignment can update multiple elements:
>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> t[1:3] = ['x', 'y']
>>> print t
Output: ['a', 'x', 'y', 'd', 'e', 'f'].

2. Explain the basic List Operations and list slices in details with necessary

programs. LIST OPERATIONS:

24. Lists respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean
concatenation and repetition here too, except that the result is a new list, not a
string.

Python Expression Description Results

len([1, 2, 3]) Length 3
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] Concatenation [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
['Hi!'] * 4 Repetition ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!']
3 in [1, 2, 3] Membership True

The + operator concatenates lists:

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>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b
>>> print c
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Similarly, the * operator repeats a list a given number of times:

>>> [0] * 4
[0, 0, 0, 0]# It repeats [0] four times
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] # It repeats the list [1, 2, 3] three times.

LIST SLICES:
➢ A sub-sequence of a sequence is called a slice and the operation that
performs on subsequence is called slicing.

The slice operator also works on lists:

>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> t[1:3]
Output : ['b', 'c']

>>> t[:4]
Output:['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

>>> t[3:]
Output:['d', 'e', 'f']
>>> t[:]
Output : ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

Since lists are mutable, it is often useful to make a copy before performing
operations.. A slice operator on the left side of an assignment can update multiple
elements:

>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

>>> t[1:3] = ['x', 'y']
>>> print t
Output: ['a', 'x', 'y', 'd', 'e', 'f'].

3. Discuss the Python List Methods with examples.(16 mark)

Python provides methods that operate on

lists. The various methods used in list are:

[Link]( ) [Link] ( ) 9. [Link] ( )

[Link]( ) [Link] ( ) 10. [Link] ( )
3. List. Count ( ) [Link] ( )
4. [Link] ( ) [Link]( )

[Link]( ): 2. [Link] ( )
 9

➢ The method append () appends a ➢ [Link]() method is to remove

passed the object from the list.
obj into the existing list. ➢ [Link]() method does not return
any value but removes the given object
Exampl from the list.
e Eg 1: Example
x = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc']; y = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 'xyz'];
[Link] ( 2009 ); [Link]('xyz');
print ( "Updated List : ", x) print( "List 1 : ", y);
Output: Updated List: [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', [Link]('abc');
2009] print( "List 2: ", y)
Output:
Eg 2: List 1: [123, 'zara', 'abc', 'xyz']
>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c'] List 2: [123, 'zara', 'xyz'
>>> [Link]('d')
>>> print ( t)
Output:['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
3. [Link] ( ) 4. [Link] ( )
➢ The method returns the count of how ➢ [Link] ( ) method inserts an
many times an element occurs in object into the list at the offset of an
specified list. index.
Example ➢ Syntax : [Link] (index,object)
X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 'xyz',123, ‘xyz’]; #index position starts from 0.
Print (“Count for 123:”,[Link](123)) Example
Print (“Count for Zara:”,[Link](‘zara’)) X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc'];
Print (“Count for xyz:”,[Link](‘xyz’)) [Link] (3,2009)
Print( “Final List :”,X)
Output:
Output:
Count for 123: 2
Count for Zara: 1 Final List: [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 2009,'abc'];
Count for xyz: 3
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5. [Link] ( ) 6. [Link] ( )
➢ [Link] ( ) method is used to return the ➢ [Link] ( ) method is used to sort
item at the given index position from the the items in the list.
list and the removes that item.
Example
Example X = [54, 12, 85, 65, 74, 90];
X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc']; Print(“sorted list:”, [Link] ( ))
Print( “List 1 :”,[Link](0))
Print (“List 2: ”, [Link](3)) Output:
Output: Sorted list= [12,54 ,65,74,85,90]

List 1: [ 'xyz', 'zara', 2009,'abc'];

List 2: [123, 'xyz', 'zara',]
[Link] ( ) 8. [Link] ( )
➢ [Link] ( )can reverse the order ➢ [Link]() can remove all values
of items in a list by using this method. contained in it by using this method.

Example Example
X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc',’xyz’]; X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc',’xyz’];
[Link]( ) X..clear( )
Print ( “List 1 :”,X) Print (X)

Output: List 1: ['xyz', 'abc', 'zara', 'xyz', 123] Output:

[]

➢ We get square bracket as our output

after using [Link] ( ) method , it
implies that the list is now clear of all
items.
[Link] ( ) [Link] ( )
➢ When list starts to get long, it becomes ➢ If we want to combine more than one
more difficult for us to count out the list
items in the list. , we use extend method .
➢ So we determine at what index position
the items are located. Exampl
e Eg 1:
Example X = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 123];
x = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc']; Y = [2009, 'manni'];
Print(“Index for xyz:”, [Link](‘xyz’)) [Link](Y)
Print(“Index for 123:”,[Link](123)) Print(X)
Print(“Index for zara:”,[Link](‘Zara’)
Output:
Output: Extended List= [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc',
Index for xyz: 1 123,2009, ‘manni’];
Index for 123: 0
Index for zara:
2
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4. Discuss about the list loop, list mutability with examples.(8 mark)

• In List loop, we use a loop to access all the element in a list. A loop is a block of code
that repeats itself until it run out of items to work with or until a certain condition is
met.
• Our loop will run once for every item in our list,

#LIST LOOPING EXAMPLE 1:

Colours_list=[“red”, “green”, “yellow”, “blue”, “purple”]
for i in colours_list:
Print(i)
Output:
Colours in the list
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
Purple
.
EXAMPLE 2:
Month_list = [“Jan”, “Feb”, “March”, “April”, “May”]
Print(“months in the list”)
for month in month_list:
Print (month)
OUTPUT:
Months in the list
Jan
Feb
Marc
h
April
May

List Mutability:

• Mutability is the ability for certain types of data to be changed without entirely recreating it.
• List is a mutable data type; which mean we can change their element.
• The syntax for accessing the elements of a list is the same as for accessing the
characters of a string—the bracket operator.
• The expression inside the brackets specifies the index. Remember that the indices start at 0.

>>> Fruit = ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Orange']

>>>print
(fruit(0)) Apple
>>> numbers = [17, 123]
>>> numbers[1] = 5
>>> print numbers
[17, 5]
List
List
Number 0 → 17

1 →123

5
 12

Fruit 0 → “Apple”
1 → “Grapes”
2 → “Orange”

• Lists are represented by boxes with the word “list” outside and the elements of
the list inside.
• Fruits refer to a list with three elements indexed 0, 1 and 2.
• Numbers contains two elements; the diagram shows that the value of the second
element has been reassigned from 123 to 5.
.
The in operator also works on lists.
>>> Fruit = ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Orange']
>>> ‘Apple’ in Fruit
True
>>> ‘Watermelon’ in Fruit
False

Index can have negative value, it counts backward from the

list. Example:

>>> Fruit = ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Orange']

>>>Fruit(0) = ‘pear’
>>>Fruit(-1) = ‘Jackfruit’
>>>print (fruit)
[‘pear’, ‘grape’, ‘Jackfruit’]

#List Mutable Example

Colours_list=[“red”, “green”, “blue”, “purple”]
Print (“original list:”,colour_list)
#red is changed to pink
Colour_list[0]= “pink”

#blue is change to
orange Colour_list [-2] =
“orange”
Print(colour_list)

Output:
Original List =[“red”, “green”, “blue”, “purple”]
[“pink”, “green”, “orange”, “purple”].

5. Discuss about the list aliasing, cloning list and list parameter with examples.

LIST ALIASING:
• Since variables refer to object, If ‘A’ refers to an object and you assign ‘ B = A’, then
both variables refer to the same object:
>>> A = [1, 2, 3]
>>> B= A
>>> B is A
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True
• In this case, Diagram looks like this

[1,2,3]

• The association of a variable with an object is called a reference. In this example, there
are two references to the same object.
• An object with more than one reference has more than one name, then the object is
said to be aliased.
If the aliased object is mutable, changes made with one alias affect the other:
>>> B[0] = 9
>>> print A
[9, 2, 3]
• Although this behaviour can be useful, it is error-prone. In general, it is safer to
avoid aliasing when you are working with mutable objects.

• For immutable objects like strings, aliasing is not as much of a problem.

In this example:
A = ('banana')
B=( 'banana')
It almost never makes a difference whether A and B refer to the same string or not.

CLONING LIST:
• If we want to modify a list and also keep a copy of the original, we need to be able to
make a copy of the list itself, not just the reference.
• This process is sometimes called cloning, to avoid the ambiguity of the copy.
• The easiest way to clone a list is to use the slice operator
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>b=a[:]
>>>print b
[1,2,3]
• Taking any slice, creates a new list. In this case the slice happens to consists of the
whole list.
• Now we are free to make changes to b without worrying about list ‘a’.
>>>b[0]=5
>>>print a
>>>print b
[1,2,3]
[5,2,3]

LIST PARAMETERS:

• Passing a list to a function, the function gets a reference to the list. If the function
modifies a list parameter, the caller sees the change.

For example, delete_head removes the first element from a list: def delete_head(t):
 14
del t[0]
Here’s how it is used:
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> delete_head(letters)
>>> print letters ['b', 'c']
The parameter t and the variable letters are aliases for the same object. The stack diagram looks
like this:

Main Letters
0 → ‘a’

1 → ‘b’
Delete_head t 2 → ‘c’

• Since the list is shared by two frames, I drew it between them.

• It is important to distinguish between operations that modify lists and operations that
create new lists.
For example, the append method modifies a list, but the + operator creates a new list:
>>> t1 = [1, 2]
>>> t2 = [Link](3)
>>> print
t1 [1, 2, 3]
>>> print t2
None
>>> t3 = t1 + [3]
>>> print
t3 [1, 2, 3]
>>> t2 is t3
False.

6. Explain about tuples and also the concept of tuple assignment and tuples as return
value with example.
• A tuple is a sequence of values.
• The values can be any type, and they are indexed by integers, so in that respect tuples a
like lists. The important difference is that tuples are immutable.

➢ Syntactically, a tuple is a comma-separated list of values:

>>> t = 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'
➢ Although it is not necessary, it is common to enclose tuples in parentheses:
>>> t = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')

➢ To create a tuple with a single element, you have to include the final comma:
>>> t1 = ('a',)
>>> type(t1)
<type 'tuple'>

➢ Without the comma, Python treats ('a') as a string in parentheses:

>>> t2 = ('a')
>>> type(t2)
<type 'str'>
 15

➢ Another way to create a tuple is the built-in function tuple. With no argument, it
creates an empty tuple:
>>> t = tuple()
>>> print
(t) ( )

➢ If the argument is a sequence (string, list or tuple), the result is a tuple with the
elements of the sequence:
>>> t = tuple('lupins')
>>> print (t)
('l', 'u', 'p', 'i', 'n', 's')

➢ Because tuple is the name of a built-in function, avoid using it as a variable name.

➢ Most list operators also work on tuples. The bracket operator indexes an element:
>>> t = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
>>> print
(t[0]) 'a'
And the slice operator selects a range of elements.
>>> print
t[1:3] ('b', 'c')
But if you try to modify one of the elements of the tuple, you get an error:
>>> t[0] = 'A'
TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment

➢ can’t modify the elements of a tuple, but you can replace one tuple with another:
>>> t = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
>>>t = ('A',) + t[1:]
>>> print (t)
('A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')

TUPLE ASSIGNMENT:

• One of the unique features of the python language is the ability to have a tuple on
the left hand side of an assignment statement.
• This allows you to assign more than one variable at a time when the left hand
side is a sequence.

In the below example , we have two element list (which is a sequence ) and assign the first and
second elements of the variables x and y in a single statement.
>>> m = ( ‘have’, ‘fun’)
>>> x,y= m
>>> x
‘have’
>>>y
‘fun’

Python roughly translates the tuple assignment syntax to be the following;

>>>m = (‘have’, ‘fun’)
>>>x = m(0)
>>>y = m(1)
>>>x
‘have’
>>>y
‘fun’
 16

• It is often useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignments,
you have to use a temporary variable. For example, to swap a and b:
>>> temp = a
>>> a = b
>>> b = temp
Tuple assignment is more elegant:
>>> a, b = b, a
• The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of expressions. Each value
is assigned to its respective variable. All the expressions on the right side are
evaluated before any of the assignments.
• The number of variables on the left and the number of values on the right have to
be the same:
>>> a, b = 1, 2, 3

ValueError: too many values to unpack.

TUPLES AS RETURN VALUES:

• A function can only return one value, but if the value is a tuple, the effect is the same as
returning multiple values.
• For example, if you want to divide two integers and compute the quotient and
remainder, it is inefficient to compute x/y and then x%y. It is better to compute them
both at the same time.
• The built-in function divmod takes two arguments and returns a tuple of two values, the
quotient and remainder.
You can store the result as a tuple:
>>> t = divmod(7, 3)
>>> print t
(2, 1)

Or use tuple assignment to store the elements separately:

>>> quot, rem = divmod(7, 3)
>>> print quot
2
>>> print rem
1

Example of a function that returns a tuple:

def min_max(t):
return min(t), max(t)
max and min are built-in functions that find the largest and smallest elements of a sequence.
min_max computes both and returns a tuple of two values.

7. What is dictionary in python? List out the operations and methods with example.

• Keys are unique within a dictionary while values may not be.
• The values of a dictionary can be of any type, but the keys must be of an immutable
data type such as strings, numbers, or tuples.
• Dictionary is one of the compound data type like strings, list and tuple. Every element
in a dictionary is the key-value pair.
• An empty dictionary without any items is written with just two curly braces, like this: {}.
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Creating a Dictionary:
• A dictionary can be Created by specifying the key and value separated by colon(:) and
the elements are separated by comma (,).The entire set of elements must be enclosed by
curly braces {}.
Syntax: #To Create a Dictionary with Key-Value Pairs:

dict={Key 1:Value 1, Key 2:Value 2, Key 3:Value 3, Key 4:Value 4}

#To create an empty Dictionary

Dict={ }

Example:
#Keys-Value can have mixed datatype

Dict1 = {1: “Fruit”, 2: “Vegetabe”,3: “Fish”}

Dict2={“Name”: “Zara”, “Subject”:[“Maths”, “Phy”, “Chemistry”], “Marks”:[198,192,193],
“Avg”:92}

Accessing Elements in Dictionary:

• To access dictionary elements, you can use the familiar square brackets along with the
key to obtain its value.
• Since Dictionary is an unordered Data type. Hence the indexing operator cannot be
used to access the Values.
• To access the data, we have to use key which is associated with the Value.

Example:
>>Dict2={“Name”: “Zara”, “Subject”:[“Maths”, “Phy”, “Chemistry”],
“Marks”:[198,192,193], “Avg”:92}
>>Dict2[“Name”]
>>Dict2[“Avg”]
>>Dict2[“Subject”]

Output:
Zara
20.1
[“Maths”, “Phy”, “Chemistry”]

Deleting Element in Dictionary:

• The element in the dictionary can be deleted by using Del statement.
• The entire dictionary can be deleted by specifying the dictionary variable name.

Syntax: Del (dictionary_Name)<Key-Value>

Example:

>>> dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}

>>> del dict['Name']
>>> dict
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{'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'

Updating Element in Dictionary:
• In Dictionary the Keys are immutable, however the values are mutable.
• Hence only the Value pair can be Updated

Example

>>> My_dict={'Name':'Nivetha','rank':5,'Average':78.9}
>>> My_dict['rank']=3
>>> My_dict
{'Name': 'abi', 'rank': 3, 'Average': 78.9}

DICTIONARY METHODS:

[Link] Method Description

1 [Link]() Removes all elements of dictionary dict
2 [Link]() Removes all elements of dictionary dict
3 [Link]() Returns a list of dict's (key, value) tuple pairs
4 [Link]() Returns list of dictionary dict's keys
5 [Link]() Returns list of dictionary dict's values
6 [Link](dict2) Adds dictionary dict2's key-values pairs to dict
Create a new dictionary with keys from seq and
7 [Link]()
values set to value.

8 [Link](key, default=None) For key, returns value or default if key not in dictionary

dict.has_key(key)
9 Returns true if key in dictionary dict, false otherwise

DICTIONARY OPERATION:
Operation Description Input Function Output
Dict1={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14,”sex”:”M ”} Cmp(dict1,di 1
Compares
cmp(dict1, Dict2={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14} ct2) 0
dict2) elements of both
Dict3={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14} Cmp(dict2,d
dict.
ict3)
len(dict) Gives the total Dict1={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14,”sex”:”M ”} Len(dict1) 2
length of the Dict2={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14}
dictionary. Len(dict2) 3

str(dict) Produces a Dict1={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14,”sex”:”M ”} Str(dict1) {“Name”:

printable string ”zara”,”A
representation of ge”:14,
a dictionary ,”sex”:”M ”}
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type Returns the type Dict1={“Name”:”zara”,”Age”:14,”sex”:”M ”} Type(dict1) <type

(variable) of the passed ‘dict’>
variable. If passed
variable is
dictionary, then it
would return a
dictionary type.
Example:
>>>dict1 = {1: “Fruit”, 2: “Vegetabe”,3: “Fish”}
>>>Print(dict1)
>>>{1: “Fruit”, 2: “Vegetabe”,3: “Fish”}
>>> del dict[1]
>>>print(dict1)
>>>{ 2: “Vegetabe”,3: “Fish”}

The len function also works on dictionaries; it returns the number of key:value pairs:
>>>
len(dict1) 3

8. Illustrate List Comprehension with suitable examples.

(or)
Explain about the advanced list processing.

• A list Comprehension is a convenient way to produce a list from an iterable (a

sequence or other object that can be iterated over).
• In the simplest form, a list comprehension resembles the header line of a “for Statement”
inside square brackets.
• However,in a list Comprehension, the for statement header is prefixed with an expression
and surrounded by square bracket.

Syntax : [Expr(x) for x in iterable]

Where:
Expr(x) is an expression,usually but not always containing X.
Iterable is some [Link] itrable may be a sequence or an unordered collection a list,
string or tuple.
Example 1:
>>> a = [11,22,33,44]
>>> b =[x*2 for x in a]
>>>b
[22,44,66,88]
Example 2:
Given the following list of strings:
Names= [‘alice’, ‘ramesh’, ‘nitya’]
A list of all upper case Names
A List of Capitalized ( first letter upper case)
>>>[[Link]() for x in names]
[‘ALICE’, ‘RAMESH’, ‘NITA’]
>>>[[Link]() for x in names]
[‘Alice’ , ‘Ramesh’ , ‘Nita’]
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Example 3:
>>> fish_tuple=('blowfish','clowfish','catfish','octopus')
>>> fish_list=[fish for fish in fish_tuple if fish != 'octopus']
>>> print(fish_list) ['blowfish', 'clowfish', 'catfish']

Example 4:
My_list=[]
for x in [20,40,60]:
for y in [2,4,6]:
My_list.append(x*y)
print (My_list)
Output: [40, 80, 120, 80, 160, 240, 120, 240, 360]
Note: This code multiplies the items in the first list (x) by the items in the second list (y) over
each iteration
Program For Example 4 using List Comprehension
My_list=[x*y for x in [20,40,60] for y in [2,4,6]]
print(My_list)
Output: [40, 80, 120, 80, 160, 240, 120, 240, 360]
List Comprehensions allows us to transform one list or other sequence into a new list. They
Provide a concise syntax for completing the task and limiting the lines of code.
Example 5:
#To create a simple
list x=[ i for i in range
(10)] print (x)
Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]