READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES OF HISTORY

Primary sources are original materials from the time period being studied. They provide firsthand
accounts and direct evidence of historical events. Examples include:

Documents: Letters, diaries, official records, treaties, and manuscripts.

Visuals: Photographs, paintings, and films.
Artifacts: Tools, clothing, buildings, and other physical objects from the past.
Literature: Poems, novels, and plays written during the period.

Secondary Sources
Secondary sources are interpretations and analyses based on primary sources. They are created
after the events have occurred and provide context, commentary, and scholarly analysis.
Examples include:

Books: History books, biographies, and textbooks.

Articles: Academic journal articles and reviews.
Websites: Educational and scholarly websites

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISM

Internal and external criticism are essential methods for evaluating the reliability and authenticity of
sources.

External Criticism
External criticism involves verifying the authenticity of a source. This process includes:

Authenticity Check: Determining if the source is genuine and not a forgery.

Origin Verification: Establishing the time, place, and authorship of the source.
Physical Examination: Analyzing the material aspects of the source, such as paper, ink, and
handwriting

Internal Criticism
Internal criticism focuses on the content of the source to assess its reliability. This process
includes:

Content Analysis: Evaluating the accuracy and consistency of the information provided.
Contextual Examination: Understanding the historical context in which the source was created.
Bias Detection: Identifying any potential biases or perspectives of the author

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S “FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD”

Key points to consider from Antonio Pigafetta’s “First Voyage around the World”:
1. Historical Context: The voyage took place from 1519 to 1522, led by Ferdinand Magellan
and later by Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan’s death.
2. Purpose of the Voyage: The primary goal was to find a westward route to the Spice Islands
(Maluku Islands) to establish direct trade routes for spices.
3. Pigafetta’s Role: Antonio Pigafetta was a scholar and one of the few survivors of the
expedition. His detailed journal provides a first-hand account of the journey.
4. Cultural Encounters: Pigafetta documented interactions with various indigenous peoples,
including detailed descriptions of their customs, languages, and social structures.
 5. Geographical Discoveries: The expedition made significant geographical discoveries,
including the passage through the Strait of Magellan and the vast expanse of the Pacific
Ocean.
6. Challenges Faced: The crew faced numerous hardships, including scurvy, starvation, and
conflicts with indigenous populations.
7. Magellan’s Death: Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines in 1521, a
pivotal moment in the expedition.
8. Survival and Return: Out of the original five ships and approximately 240 men, only one
ship, the Victoria, and 18 men completed the circumnavigation and returned to Spain.
9. Scientific Contributions: The voyage provided valuable information about global geography,
ocean currents, and the diversity of flora and fauna.
10. Legacy: Pigafetta’s account remains a crucial historical document, offering insights into
early 16th-century exploration and the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Antonio Pigafetta’s account of the first voyage around the world is significant for several reasons:
1. Historical Documentation: Pigafetta’s detailed journal provides a firsthand account of
Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition, which was the first successful circumnavigation of the
globe. This documentation is invaluable for understanding the events and challenges of the
journey.
2. Geographical Discoveries: His writings offer insights into the geographical discoveries
made during the voyage, including previously unknown lands and sea routes. This
expanded European knowledge of the world and influenced future explorations.
3. Cultural Exchange: Pigafetta’s observations include descriptions of the various cultures,
languages, and customs encountered during the expedition. This early ethnographic work
helped bridge cultural gaps and provided Europeans with a broader understanding of the
world’s diversity.
4. Scientific Contributions: The voyage provided empirical evidence supporting the concept
of a spherical Earth and contributed to advancements in navigation and
cartography. Pigafetta’s records were crucial for future explorers and scientists.
5. Survival and Resilience: The account highlights the resilience and determination of the
crew, who faced numerous hardships, including Magellan’s death. Pigafetta’s survival and
return to Spain with his detailed journal underscore the human spirit’s endurance in the face
of adversity.

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA CHARACTER TRAITS

1. Curiosity: Pigafetta’s insatiable curiosity drove him to document his experiences meticulously,
providing valuable insights into the cultures and places he encountered.
2. Resilience: Despite the hardships of the voyage, including hunger and adversity, Pigafetta
remained steadfast and continued his work with determination.
3. Attention to Detail: His detailed accounts of the first circumnavigation of the globe are a
testament to his meticulous nature and dedication to accuracy.
4. Adaptability: Pigafetta’s ability to adapt to new and challenging environments was crucial for the
success of the expedition.
5. Respect for Diversity: He showed a genuine interest in and respect for the diverse cultures he
encountered, documenting their customs and languages with great care

JUAN DE PLASENCIA’S “CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS”:

1. Barangay System: The basic unit of Tagalog society was the barangay, a community led
by a chief called a datu.
2. Social Classes: There were three main social classes: nobles (maharlica), commoners
(timawa), and slaves (alipin).
3. Role of the Datu: The datu was the leader and held significant power, including leading in
wars and administering justice.
 4. Inheritance and Slavery: Inheritance and social status were complex, with children of
mixed-status parents inheriting different statuses based on birth order.
5. Marriage Customs: Marriage involved dowries and various customs, including the role of
intermediaries.
6. Religious Beliefs: The Tagalogs believed in a supreme being called Bathala and had
various rituals and offerings.
7. Burial Practices: Burial customs were elaborate, with the dead being buried with their
possessions.
8. Agriculture and Land Ownership: Land was communally owned within the barangay, but
individuals had rights to specific plots.
9. Trade and Economy: The Tagalogs engaged in trade, both locally and with neighboring
regions.
10. Justice System: The datu administered justice, and punishments varied based on the
severity of the offense and the social status of the offender.

FIVE IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF JUAN DE PLASENCIA’S “CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS”.

1. Historical Documentation: Plasencia’s work provides a detailed account of pre-colonial Filipino
society, offering valuable insights into the social, political, and cultural practices of the Tagalogs
before Spanish colonization.
2. Cultural Preservation: By documenting the customs and traditions of the Tagalogs, Plasencia
helped preserve aspects of Filipino heritage that might have otherwise been lost. This includes
practices related to governance, social hierarchy, and religious beliefs.
3. Educational Resource: The document serves as an important educational resource for historians,
anthropologists, and students. It helps contemporary Filipinos understand their ancestors’ way of
life and the evolution of their society.
4. Legal and Social Insights: Plasencia’s observations provide insights into the legal and social
systems of the Tagalogs, including their methods of justice, inheritance laws, and social
classes. This information is crucial for understanding the foundations of Filipino societal structures.
5. Intercultural Understanding: The document fosters intercultural understanding by highlighting the
complexities and richness of Tagalog culture. It challenges simplistic or stereotypical views of
indigenous societies and emphasizes their sophistication and organization.

JUAN DE PLASENCIA CHARACTER TRAITS

1. Compassion: Plasencia was known for his deep compassion towards the native population. He
defended their rights and worked tirelessly to improve their living conditions.
2. Dedication: His commitment to his missionary work and the education of the Filipinos was
unwavering. He established numerous towns and schools to ensure the spread of both religious
and practical knowledge.
3. Humility: Plasencia led a simple life, devoid of luxury, staying close to the people he served. His
humility made him a respected figure among the locals.
4. Advocacy for Education: He strongly believed in the power of education and sought to create
schools where Filipinos could learn not only Christian doctrine but also reading, writing, and
various crafts.
5. Cultural Sensitivity: Plasencia made efforts to understand and document the customs and
traditions of the Tagalogs, showing respect for their culture while introducing new ideas.
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Emilio Jacinto

Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang
lilim, kundi damong makamandag

2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang

gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.

3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang
bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.

4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang
isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.

5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.

6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan. Value of time

8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.

9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat
ipaglihim.

10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.

11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at
karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang
kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.

12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak, at kapatid ng iba.

13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa
pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na
mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi;
yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.

14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito
sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at
mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig
pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa
kasunod nito.
THE KATIPUNAN CODE OF CONDUCT
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if
not a poisonous weed.

2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.

3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts
and words to what is in itself reasonable.

4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.

5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.

6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.

7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.

8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.

9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.

10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads
to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.

11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will
share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and
she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.

12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto
the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.

13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white,
not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys
upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his
words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who
loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but
his own.

14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise
brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among
the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues
and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed
himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the
application for admission.

THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN, WRITTEN BY EMILIO JACINTO, HOLDS SIGNIFICANT

RELEVANCE FOR TODAY’S GENERATION, ESPECIALLY FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS. HERE
ARE FIVE KEY POINTS HIGHLIGHTING ITS IMPORTANCE:
1. Moral and Ethical Guidance: The Kartilya ng Katipunan serves as a timeless guide
for ethical living. It emphasizes values such as righteousness, equality, justice, and
patriotism1. These principles are crucial for college students as they navigate their
personal and professional lives, helping them develop a strong moral compass.
 Example:
A real-life situation that illustrates the importance of moral and ethical guidance, as
emphasized in the Kartilya ng Katipunan, could involve academic integrity in college.

Scenario: Academic Integrity

Imagine a college student named Maria who is preparing for her final exams. She discovers
that a classmate has obtained the exam questions in advance and offers to share them with
her. Maria faces a moral and ethical dilemma: should she use the leaked questions to
ensure a high grade, or should she adhere to her principles of honesty and integrity?

Decision and Impact

Maria decides to reject the offer and report the incident to her professor. This decision
aligns with the values of righteousness and justice promoted by the Kartilya ng Katipunan.
By choosing to act ethically, Maria not only maintains her integrity but also sets a positive
example for her peers. Her actions contribute to a fair academic environment and reinforce
the importance of honesty in education.

2. National Identity and Patriotism: The Kartilya played a pivotal role in fostering
Filipino identity and nationalism during the Philippine Revolution 1. For today’s
students, understanding this historical context can deepen their sense of national
pride and inspire them to contribute positively to society.

Example:
The Kartilya ng Katipunan, written by Emilio Jacinto, emphasizes principles like national
identity and patriotism, which can be very relevant to a college student’s life. Here are some
real-life situations where these principles can be applied:

1. Participating in Cultural Events

Engaging in university events that celebrate Filipino culture, such as Buwan ng Wika or
Independence Day activities, helps foster a sense of national pride and identity. By
participating, students can learn more about their heritage and contribute to preserving
Filipino traditions.
2. Community Service
Volunteering for community service projects, especially those that aim to improve local
communities, reflects the Kartilya’s principle of self-sacrifice for the greater good. This can
include activities like clean-up drives, teaching underprivileged children, or organizing
health camps.
3. Academic Pursuits
Choosing to study subjects that contribute to national development, such as Philippine
history, political science, or environmental science, can be seen as a form of patriotism.
This knowledge can empower students to become informed citizens who can contribute to
the country’s progress.
4. Advocacy and Activism
Joining or supporting movements that advocate for social justice, equality, and human
rights aligns with the Kartilya’s call for compassion and humanity. This can involve
participating in peaceful protests, signing petitions, or raising awareness about important
issues.
5. Promoting Filipino Products
Supporting local businesses by buying Filipino-made products and promoting them within
their social circles can help boost the local economy and foster a sense of national pride.u
6. Respecting National Symbols
Showing respect for national symbols, such as the Philippine flag and the national anthem,
in everyday life and during official ceremonies, reinforces a sense of national identity and
unity.
 By integrating these principles into their daily lives, college students can contribute to
building a stronger, more united nation, much like the members of the Katipunan aimed to
do during the Philippine Revolution

3. Social Justice and Equality: The document advocates for social justice and
challenges discrimination based on race, wealth, or gender 1. These principles are
still relevant today, encouraging students to fight for equality and stand against
social injustices in their communities.

Example:
1. Advocating for Inclusive Policies
College students can work towards creating a more inclusive campus by advocating for
policies that support marginalized groups. This can include pushing for gender-neutral
bathrooms, accessible facilities for students with disabilities, and support services for
LGBTQ+ students.
2. Joining or Forming Student Organizations
Participating in or forming student organizations that focus on social justice issues, such as
human rights, gender equality, or environmental sustainability, can help promote equality on
campus. These groups can organize events, workshops, and campaigns to raise
awareness and drive change.
3. Volunteering for Community Outreach
Engaging in community outreach programs that aim to help underprivileged communities
reflects the Kartilya’s call for equality and justice. This can involve tutoring children from
low-income families, participating in health drives, or supporting local shelters.
4. Promoting Fair Treatment
Standing up against discrimination and unfair treatment within the university setting is
crucial. This can involve reporting incidents of racism, sexism, or any form of bias, and
supporting peers who face such challenges.
5. Educational Initiatives
Organizing or participating in educational initiatives that focus on social justice topics can
help spread awareness and foster a culture of equality. This can include seminars, panel
discussions, and film screenings on issues like racial equality, gender rights, and economic
disparity.

4. Educational and Cultural Impact: The Kartilya has influenced Philippine education
and culture by instilling values of hard work, equality, and moral integrity. College
students can draw inspiration from these teachings to excel academically and
contribute to cultural preservation.

Example:
1. Promoting Cultural Awareness
College students can organize or participate in events that celebrate Filipino culture, such
as cultural festivals, heritage months, and traditional dance or music performances. These
activities help preserve and promote the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines.
2. Engaging in Academic Research
Conducting research on topics related to Philippine history, culture, and society can
contribute to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the nation’s heritage. This can
include studying indigenous practices, historical events, or contemporary social issues.
3. Joining Cultural Organizations
Being part of cultural organizations or clubs on campus that focus on Filipino traditions and
arts can foster a sense of national identity and pride. These groups often organize
workshops, exhibits, and performances that highlight various aspects of Filipino culture.
4. Educational Outreach
Participating in educational outreach programs that aim to teach younger generations about
Filipino culture and history can have a lasting impact. This can involve visiting schools,
 conducting workshops, or creating educational materials that highlight the importance of
cultural heritage.
5. Supporting Local Arts and Crafts
Encouraging and supporting local artisans by purchasing and promoting Filipino-made
products can help sustain traditional crafts and boost the local economy. This also fosters a
sense of pride in Filipino craftsmanship.

5. Blueprint for Modern Governance and Activism: The principles of the Kartilya, such as
collective well-being and duty to the oppressed, resonate with contemporary efforts towards
social equity and democratic governance. This can inspire students to engage in activism
and governance, promoting positive change in society.

Example:
1. Student Government Initiatives:
Many college student governments embody these principles by advocating for policies that
promote equality and social justice on campus. For instance, they might push for:
2. Inclusive Policies:
Ensuring that all students, regardless of background, have equal access to resources and
opportunities.
3. Mental Health Support:
Campaigning for better mental health services to support the well-being of all students.
4. Sustainability Projects:
Initiating programs that promote environmental sustainability, reflecting a commitment to the
collective good.

These initiatives reflect the Kartilya’s call for selfless service and prioritizing the common
good over personal interests. By engaging in such activities, college students not only
improve their immediate environment but also develop a sense of responsibility and
activism that can extend beyond their academic life.

KEY POINTS FROM THE SPECIFIED SECTIONS OF EMILIO AGUINALDO’S

“MEMOIRS OF THE REVOLUTION”:

Pages 78-82
 Formation of the Revolutionary Government: Aguinaldo discusses the establishment of
the revolutionary government and the initial challenges faced in organizing and uniting
various factions.
 Military Strategies: He outlines some of the early military strategies and skirmishes
against Spanish forces, highlighting the importance of local knowledge and guerrilla tactics.

Pages 95-100
 Diplomatic Efforts: Aguinaldo details his diplomatic efforts to gain international recognition
and support for the Philippine cause. This includes interactions with foreign representatives
and attempts to secure aid.
 Internal Conflicts: He also touches on internal conflicts within the revolutionary movement,
emphasizing the need for unity and cooperation among Filipino leaders.
 Pages 177-188
 Major Battles: This section covers some of the major battles fought during the revolution,
including key victories and losses. Aguinaldo provides insights into the strategies employed
and the bravery of Filipino soldiers.
 Leadership Challenges: Aguinaldo reflects on the challenges of leadership during wartime,
including maintaining morale and managing limited resources.

Pages 212-227
 American Involvement: Aguinaldo discusses the arrival of American forces and the
complex relationship between the Filipino revolutionaries and the Americans. He expresses
his concerns about American intentions and the future of Philippine independence.

 End of the Revolution: The final pages cover the end of the revolution, the signing of
treaties, and Aguinaldo’s thoughts on the future of the Philippines.
These summaries provide a glimpse into Aguinaldo’s experiences and the broader context
of the Philippine Revolution

EMILIO AGUINALDO’S MEMOIR, “MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN” (MEMOIRS OF

THE REVOLUTION), HOLDS SIGNIFICANT IMPORTANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS.

1. Historical Insight: The memoir provides a firsthand account of the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish colonial rule. It offers students a deeper understanding of the struggles and
sacrifices made for the country’s independence.
2. Patriotism and National Identity: Reading Aguinaldo’s experiences can inspire a sense of
patriotism and a stronger connection to Filipino heritage. It helps students appreciate the
efforts of past leaders in shaping the nation’s identity.
3. Leadership Lessons: Aguinaldo’s leadership during the revolution offers valuable lessons
in resilience, strategic thinking, and decision-making. These lessons can be applied to
various aspects of students’ personal and professional lives.
4. Critical Thinking: Analyzing historical events and decisions made by Aguinaldo
encourages critical thinking. Students learn to evaluate different perspectives and
understand the complexities of historical narratives.
5. Cultural Appreciation: The memoir enriches students’ knowledge of Filipino culture and
history. It highlights the importance of preserving and respecting cultural heritage, which is
crucial for fostering a well-rounded education.