CYK\2022\PH204\Tutorial 5 Quantum Mechanics
Hydrogen Atom:
e2 ~2 r
Let α = 4π0 and a = mα (Bohr radius). Note that ρ = kn r = na (G:4.88) means Eq. (4.88) of Griffiths
book.
1. Compute L11 (x) and L30 (x) using recurrence relations given in the equations (G:4.88) and (G:4.87)
of Griffiths. Then compute the radial functions R20 and R21 . And normalize.
2. Use (G:4.76) to show that Rn,(n−1) = Nn rn−1 e−r/na .
(a) Determine Nn .
(b) Find hri and r2 for ψn,n−1,m .
√
(c) Show that σr = hri / 2n + 1. This means that the spread in r is decreasing with increasing
n making the electron stay on a spherical shell like classical description. Plot radial function
for several n values to illustrate this point.
(d) Compute x2 for ψ211 .
3. The degenracy of E2 is 4, with four orbitals ψ200 , ψ210 , ψ211 and ψ21−1 . The shapes of these
orbitals are shown here in the figure.
(a) We recongnize the 2s orbital which spherical, the 2pz (dumbbell shaped) which is same as
2p0 . But the other two orbitals do not look like 2px and 2py . Since all these orbitals have
same energy, any linear combination of these orbitals will also have the same energy. Write
show that, in cartesian coordinates,
1
2Px =⇒ √ (−ψ211 (x, y, z) + ψ21−1 (x, y, z)) = Ax xe−r/2a
2
where Ax is some constant. Show that the shape of the 2Px is like a dumbbell but with axis
along the x axis.
(b) Since we can take any linear combination of these orbitals, how about √12 (ψ200 ± ψ210 )?
What will be the shapes of these orbitals? This is called sp hybridization
(c) What will be three orbitals participating in sp2 hybridization? Try a guess, since you know
the shape of sp2 orbitals.
1
Addition of Angular Momenta
4. Let A, B and C be real matrices. Prove the properties listed below:
(a) A ⊗ (B ⊗ C) = (A ⊗ B) ⊗ C
(b) A ⊗ (B + C) = A ⊗ B + A ⊗ C
(c) (A + B) ⊗ C = A ⊗ C + B ⊗ C
(d) α (A ⊗ B) = (αA) ⊗ B = A ⊗ (αB) where α is a real number.
(e) (A ⊗ B) (C ⊗ D) = AC ⊗ BD where AC and BD represents usual matrix multiplication
with compatible dimesions for A and C and similarly for B and D.
5. Prove the following properties if A and B are square matrices of order n:
(a) (A ⊗ B)−1 = A−1 ⊗ B −1
(b) (A ⊗ B)T = AT ⊗ B T
(c) If A and B are square matrices of order m and n resp, then Tr (A ⊗ B) = Tr (A) Tr (B) and
det (A ⊗ B) = (det (A))n (det (B))m .
6. Let A and B be two square diagonalizable matrices. Show that A ⊗ B is also diagonalizable and
the eigenvalues of A ⊗ B are products of eigenvalues of A and B.
7. Two particles of the spin 1 have spin operators Ŝ1 and Ŝ2 . Let Ŝ = Ŝ1 + Ŝ2 . Find simultaneous
eigenfunctions of Ŝ2 and Ŝz .
8. Cosider a system described a pair of spin-1/2 particles with operators S1 and S2 .
(a) Show that P1 = 34 I + ~12 S1 · S2 and P0 = 14 I − 1
S
~2 1
· S2 are projection operators that is
they obey Pi Pj = δij Pi .
(b) Show that these operators project onto “spin-1” and “spin-0” eigenspaces.
9. Find CG coefficients of system of a spin-1 particle and a spin-1/2 particle.
10. Consider a spin-orbit interaction of a particle with spin 1. Write down the Hamiltonian in matrix
form. Find all eigenvalues.