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Map Projection

Map projection is the method of representing the Earth's spherical surface on a flat plane, involving the systematic drawing of parallels and meridians. Various types of projections exist to accommodate different uses, each with inherent distortions. The document outlines the elements, utility, and classification of map projections, emphasizing their importance in geographical studies.

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6 views39 pages

Map Projection

Map projection is the method of representing the Earth's spherical surface on a flat plane, involving the systematic drawing of parallels and meridians. Various types of projections exist to accommodate different uses, each with inherent distortions. The document outlines the elements, utility, and classification of map projections, emphasizing their importance in geographical studies.

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viprip9961
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© All Rights Reserved
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r | IAPTER. [ ee Map Projection INTRODUCTION Map projection is the system of trans thespherical surface on a plane surface, Itisa systematic representation of the parallels and meridians (latitudes and longitudes) ofthe spherical earth ona plane surface witha specific scale. This involves the application ofa set of principles, procedures and purposes. Broadly speaking, map projection means preparation: of graticule on the plane surface; imaging, a paper is placed on 2 point on globe to draw a map. In order to draw the map, either you have to wrap the paper and draw the map and then straighten the paper (conical projection, cylindrical projection etc.) or you will have to cast the shadow or image ofthe parts of the globe on to the paper by some vay. for example - by illuminating the globe from its center or from the opposite side of the point, where the Faper touches the globe. In either of the ways, the map that appears on the paper is distorted. Numerous map Projections have been developed to sustain different characteristics of the globe or earth as required for different uses of maps. All these various ways of casting the earth on a paper is called map projection. The Presentation is based on the different mathematical and Srephical methods of representing the graticule on a Paper, 7:2DEFINITION Many scholars have defined projection in various ways; sformation of Steers: «4 map projection is a means of joresenting the lines of latitudes and longitudes of the globe on flat sheet of paper.’ Enwin Raisz: ‘A projection can be defined as any rdery system of parallels and meridians on which a ™2p can be drawn,? Strahler: ‘A map projection is an orderly system °Fparallels and meridians used as a basis for drawing a map on a flat surface.* Kelevee: ‘Map projection is the method of showing Parallels and meridians of the earth on a flat sheet of Paper? Monkhouse: ‘4 map projection is the re- Presentation of the earth's parallels and meridians as 4 net or graticule on a plane surface." Therefore, a map projection is defined as the systematic drawing of a network of parallels and meridians on a plain paper portraying a part or whole of the earth’s surface. 7.3 ELEMENTS OF MAP PROJECTION 1. Reduced Earth A three-dimensional model of the earth with a reduced scale can be developed on a flat paper is called reduced earth. It should be more or less spheroid having the length of polar diameter less than the equatorial and on this model, the network of latitude and longitude can be transferred on a developable surface. 2, Latitude and Parallels of Latitude Latitude ofany place is an angular distance between the equatorial plane and the line joining the point and center of the earth (Fig. 7.1). The equator lies on the equatorial plane, making 0° angle with it whereas both the poles lies at a right angle from the equatorial plane being denoted as 90° N and 90°S. The equatorial plane divides the earth into two halves, known as Northern and Southern hemispheres lying between 0° and 90°N and 0° and 90°S latitudes respectively, making 180 degrees. The angular distance north or south from 116 —v the equator of a point on the earth’s surface, measured on the meridian of the point is known as latitude, SS ah VA (Latitude pa fe >———— |, = (articny (Paral of Late) Fig. 7.1 : Latitude and Parallels of Latitude The lines joining places of same latitude are called Parallels. The parallels are visible as circular lines ona Sraticule. Any line drawn parallel to equator on a globe is a Parallel, 180 parallels are drawn across the globe. The distance of 1° in parallels is 111.70 kms, which is -!2¢m- Drawa quadrant AOB of circle with radius 5.12 cm. From center 0, draw 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 75° with ine OB and draw lines OC, OD, OE, OF and OG as shown fig, 7.13(A). From point E, draw a tangent that meets the line OA extended to P, that way Ps the tip of the cone and PE isthe radius of standard parallel ie. 45°N, Now taking radius equal to line BC, make an arc from center , that cuts lines OC, OD, OE, OF and OG at H, lJ, K and L. Drop perpendiculars from H, 1, J, and Lat OA, making HH’, II’, J', KK'and LL’ which are distances of meridians at 15°N, 30°N, 45°N, 60°N and 75°N parallels, Now, to construct the projection, draw a straight line PM that represents the central meridian. Taking

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