CONTENTS

SECTION-A: READING
Chapter 1:

Discursive Passages …… 1
Chapter 2:

Factual Passages …… 23
ENGLISH

SECTION-B: WRITING
Chapter 3:

Letter Writing …… 45
Chapter 4:

Analytical Paragraph …… 59

SECTION-C: GRAMMAR
Chapter 5:

Integrated Grammar Exercises …… 67

SECTION-D: LITERATURE
First Flight

Chapter 6:

A Letter to God …… 95
 CONTENTS
Chapter 7:

Nelson Mandela:

Long Walk to Freedom …… 101

Chapter 8:

Two Stories About Flying …… 109

ENGLISH

PART-1 : HIS FIRST FLIGHT

PART-2 : THE BLACK AEROPLANE

Chapter 9:

From The Diary of Anne Frank …… 119

Chapter 10:

Glimpses of India …… 127

PART-1 : A BAKER FROM GOA

PART-2 : COORG

PART-3 : TEA FROM ASSAM

Chapter 11:

Mijbil The Otter …… 141

 CONTENTS
Chapter 12:

Madam Rides the Bus …… 147

Chapter 13:

The Sermon at Benares …… 155

Chapter 14:
ENGLISH

The Proposal …… 163

Chapter 15:

Dust of Snow …… 171

Chapter 16:

Fire and Ice …… 177

Chapter 17:

A Tiger In The Zoo …… 183

Chapter 18:

How To Tell Wild Animals …… 193

Chapter 19:

The Ball Poem …… 199

 CONTENTS
Chapter 20:

Amanda …… 205

Chapter 21:

The Trees …… 213

ENGLISH

Chapter 22:

Fog …… 221

Chapter 23:

The Tale of Custard The Dragon …… 225

Chapter 24:

For Anne Gregory …… 233

Footprints Without Feet

Chapter 25:

A Triumph of Surgery …… 237

Chapter 26:

The Thief's Story …… 243

 CONTENTS
Chapter 27:

The Midnight Visitor …… 253

Chapter 28:

A Question of Trust …… 261

ENGLISH

Chapter 29:

Footprints Without Feet …… 267

Chapter 30:

The Making of A Scientist …… 275

Chapter 31:

The Necklace …… 281

Chapter 32:

Bholi …… 289

Chapter 33:

The Book That Saved The Earth …… 297

All rights including trademark and copyrights and rights of translation etc. reserved and vested exclusively
with Allen Career Institute Private Limited. (Allen)
No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, adapted, abridged or translated, transcribed, transmitted,
stored or distributed in any form retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other system or
transmitted in any form or by any means whether electronic, magnetic, chemical or manual, mechanical, digital,
optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stood in any retrieval system of any nature without the written
permission of the Allen Career Institute Private Limited. Any breach will entail legal action and prosecution
without further notice.
This work is sold/distributed by Allen Career Institute Private Limited subject to the condition and
undertaking given by the student that all proprietary rights (under the Trademark Act, 1999 and Copyright
Act, 1957) of the work shall be exclusively belong to Allen Career Institute Private Limited. Neither the Study
Materials and/or Test Series and/or the contents nor any part thereof i.e. work shall be reproduced, modify, re-
publish, sub-license, upload on website, broadcast, post, transmit, disseminate, distribute, sell in market, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means for reproducing or making multiple copies
of it.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this work may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages. Any violation or infringement of the propriety rights of Allen shall be punishable
under Section- 29 & 52 of the Trademark Act, 1999 and under Section- 51, 58 & 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957
and any other Act applicable in India. All disputes are subjected to the exclusive jurisdiction of courts, tribunals
and forums at Kota, Rajasthan only.
Note:- This publication is meant for educational and learning purposes. All reasonable care and diligence have
been taken while editing and printing this publication. Allen Career Institute Private Limited shall not hold
any responsibility for any error that may have inadvertently crept in. Allen Career Institute Private Limited is not
responsible for the consequences of any action taken on the basis of this publication.
 1 Discursive Passages

PASSAGE-1
Read the passage carefully.
1. Organic food is very popular these days. It can also be very expensive. Some organic food
costs twice as much as non-organic food. Parents of young children and even some pet
owners, will pay high prices for organic food if they think it is healthier. But many others
think organic food is just a waste of money.
2. There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not
use agricultural chemicals such as pesticides that stop insects from damaging crops. In
many countries, foods that claim to be organic must have special labels that guarantee
they’re grown organically.
3. Some people think organic also means ‘locally grown’ and originally it was indeed true.
But over a period of time organic farming has become a big business, with many organic
foods now being grown by large agricultural companies that sell their products far from
where they’re grown. Processed food made with organic ingredients has also become
more popular. At first, only small companies produced these products. But as demand
overtook supply, big food companies that had been selling non-organic products for many
years also began selling organic products.
4. Is organic food safer and more nutritious? This is an important part of the debate. Many
farmers and consumers believe it is safer and more nutritious. They think agricultural
chemicals can cause serious illnesses such as cancer, but there isn’t much evidence
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

proving this is true. However, recent studies have shown that eating organically grown
produce reduces your chances of developing heart diseases. Many doctors think it is more
important to stop dangerous bacteria from contaminating foods. These bacteria can
contaminate both organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables, and doctors recommend
washing produce carefully before eating it. Meat, fish and chicken can also become
contaminated so washing your hands before handling these foods is also very important.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) People are willing to pay high prices for organic food because __________ (1 Mark)
(a) it is not easily available. (b) it helps in weight loss.
(c) it is produced by small companies. (d) it does not contain agricultural chemicals.
Ans. (d) it does not contain agricultural chemicals.

[1]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Select the option that displays what the writer projects with reference to the following:
In organic food safer and more nutritious ? This is an important part of the debate. (1 Mark)
(a) denial (b) confirmation (c) caution (d) acceptance
Ans. (b) confirmation
(iii) Complete the following with a phrase from paragraph 3. (1 Mark)
Opinion Reason
Big food companies have started selling organic food products.
Ans. Because demand overtook supply
(iv) The writer contrasts organic food to non – organic food. (1 Mark)
State one point of comparison between the two.
Ans. Organic food is safer as it is produced without using agricultural chemicals.
(v) Based on your reading of the text, list one benefit of eating organic food. (1 Mark)
Ans. Reduces the chances of developing heart diseases.
(vi) What connects the writer draws between contamination of food and washing hands? (1 Mark)
Ans. Washing hands can prevent contamination of food by bacteria.
(vii) The writer says that people believe that it is safer and more nutritious to eat organic
food. Select the reason for his skeptical view. (1 Mark)
(a) The price decides the popularity (b) There is no confirmed evidence
(c) It is tastier (d) It is marketed by big food companies
Ans. (b) There is no confirmed evidence
(viii) Supply one point to justify the following: (1 Mark)
Some people think organic also means ‘locally grown’.
Ans. As initially it was produced by small companies only.
(ix) Supply one method of how we can control the contamination of organic and non-organic
food. (1 Mark)
Ans. By washing hands before touching it.
(x) List one factor that certifies food to be organic. (1 Mark)
Ans. The food products claiming this have labels on them in many countries. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

PASSAGE-2
Read the passage carefully.
1. Hiking is a great source of pleasure to us besides being beneficial for health. Once we leave
the crowded streets of a city and go out for a walking tour away from the mad world, we
really feel free. The open air has a bracing effect on the mind. The congestion of the city,
the uproar and tumult, the intolerable noise of traffic, the hectic daily routine, all these are
forgotten and the mind is at ease. We then feel like running, leaping, singing and laughing.
We travel merrily mile after mile in the company of friends and associates.
2. Hiking takes us in the midst of nature. The sight of waterfalls, flowers, streams, trees and
bushes is pleasing. A connect is established between us and nature. Various sounds of nature,
like the murmur of a brook or the song of a bird, acquire a new meaning and significance to us.

[2]
 English
3. You enjoy the beauty of nature. Minute observations like a snake casting its slough, a
mouse peeping out of its hole, a squirrel leaping about on the branches of a tree, a bird
flying past us, all these are noticed and they arouse our interest. We have no business worries,
no fear of the examination, no anxiety about the home. We have leisure to stand, to walk and
talk. It is more thrilling and pleasurable to mountainous region than in the plains. The
climbing up to the top of a hill, the adventure of coming down a slope, the grandeur of sunset
behind a mountain - All these sights lend a rare charm and interest to our journey.
4. We walk along a zigzag motor road or cut across a mountain path in search of adventure.
We may have bright sunny weather or might get caught in a shower of rain. We may look
below us into the yawning chasm or up at the mountain peak. The feeling of unlimited
freedom makes our hearts leap with joy.
5. Hiking is one of the healthiest sports. It ensures a complete escape from the urgent and
busy activities of life and therefore gives solace to our brain. It regains its lost energy and
it able to do twice as much work as before.
6. The fresh air, beautiful mountains, majestic trees, chirping sound of birds make one’s
mind and soul at peace with nature.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below:
(i) To go out for a walking tour is _______________. (1 Mark)
(a) to stroll (b) to ramble (c) to hike (d) to saunter
Ans. (c) to hike
(ii) Why does the writer say that the mind is at ease when you hike? (1 Mark)
(a) because hiking is an inexpensive activity.
(b) because it brings families together.
(c) because of intolerable noise of traffic.
(d) because the depressing daily routine is forgotten.
Ans. (d) because the depressing daily routine is forgotten.
(iii) Complete the following with a phrase: (1 Mark)
The various sounds of nature acquire ____________.
Ans. a new meaning and significance to us
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(iv) Infer one reason for the following based on information in paragraph 2. (1 Mark)
A contact is established between us and nature.
Ans. As we observe everything with a new outlook and significance.
(v) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word from paragraph 2. (1 Mark)
aroma : cooking :: fragrance : ___________
Ans. flowers
(vi) Give one reason why it is a pleasure to hike in the mountains than in the plains. (1 Mark)
(a) because observation is sharpened.
(b) because of the excitement of climbing up and adventure of coming down.
(c) because it is leisure to stand, to walk.
(d) because there are no worries.
Ans. (b) because of the excitement of climbing up and adventure of coming down.

[3]
Compendium: Class 10
(vii) Hiking gives the brain, the rest it needs because _______________. (1 Mark)
(a) it is a short time activity (b) it is one of the healthiest sports
(c) it makes us sleep peacefully (d) it is an escape from our busy schedule
Ans. (d) it is an escape from our busy schedule.
(viii) List any two examples of minute observations you make while on a hike. (1 Mark)
Ans. Snake casting it’s slough
A mouse peeping out of its hole
(ix) Supply one point to justify the following: (1 Mark)
Hiking gives us a feeling of unlimited joy.
Ans. It gives us a feeling of unlimited freedom
(x) Substitute the word ‘leap with joy’ with one word similar in meaning in the following
sentence from the passage. (1 Mark)
Ans. exult
PASSAGE-3
Read the passage carefully.
1. Floods are not new to India and this subcontinent, but in recent years the problem of
flooding has received much greater attention, perhaps largely because it has led to greater
damage now than it did in the past. Even though information on the impending occurrence
of floods is now more accurate and certainly more timely, often there is very little time or
support infrastructure in place by which damage can be minimised. This is particularly
true in the case of flash floods resulting from sudden and excessive heavy rain.
2. In the case of India, flooding is very much related to the seasonal nature of our rainfall.
The monsoons are spread over a short period during the year and often bring a
concentrated volume of rain, which cannot be absorbed by the earth and finds an outlet
only in the form of streams that join up with our major river systems. Flooding due to
heavy rain is confined not only to the main rivers of the country, but also affects smaller
tributaries and streams. Once these streams spill over their banks they could cause smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

excessive harm, mainly because those living near the banks of these streams, particularly
in mountain areas, do not have easy recourse to moving away quickly.
3. One major factor that could lead to a higher severity of flooding in the future is the danger
of climate change. While the evidence of the nature of impacts, resulting from climate
change on precipitation and flooding at the regional level, is not entirely clear, it could
happen that the Indian subcontinent witnesses and suffers the effects of a significantly
changed pattern of monsoons. One set of scientists has estimated that the monsoons could
be shorter in duration but far more intensive; in other words, much greater precipitation
would take place in a much shorter period of time, thereby increasing the danger of floods.
Climate change is the result of human actions through the increased concentration of
greenhouse gages in the atmosphere, of which carbon dioxide is the most prominent.
[4]
 English
4. At the local level also human actions have heightened the danger of floods through the
cutting of trees in the mountains as well as in the plains. In case of India, the ecological
damage through deforestation of the Himalayas has led to large-scale erosion of the
mountain slopes and high levels of siltation. These lead to the deposition of silt on the
riverbeds in the plains and hence spill over of water whenever the volume in the river
reaches a certain level. With situation on the riverbeds, flooding occurs even at very
shallow water levels. The vulnerability of the population has increased substantially
because of population pressures. An example is the stubborn and perhaps helpless
settling of slum dwellers on the banks of the river Yamuna in Delhi, who become victims
of flooding. What is a mere trickle most of the year, bursts its banks during the monsoons,
as has been the case in recent years.
5. Flood forecasting is critical to minimising the damage from floods. It is for, this reason that
the Central Water Commission has set up a network of forecasting stations, which cover the
most important flood-prone interstate rivers in the country. These stations produce
forecasts that are used to alert the public and to mobilize various official agencies so that
they take both preventive as well as relief measures, whenever required. However, even in
cases where forecasts have been timely and generally accurate, people have often been
reluctant to move away, because in most cases they lack the means and physical options for
moving away from a danger zone to one that is relatively safe. In the case of flash floods,
forecasts are difficult to make, and often the time available for relief is very short.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below:
(i) The problem of floods has boon considered more important recently because __________.
(a) floods have led to much greater damage now than in the past (1 Mark)
(b) floods are resulting in increased relocation
(c) floods occur only during the monsoon season
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) of problems of frequent tornadoes and cyclones in the subcontinent

Ans. (a) floods have led to much greater damage now than in the past
(ii) Specify the option that displays what the writer projects with reference to the following statement.
One major factor that could lead to higher severity of flooding in the future is the danger
of climate change. (1 Mark)
(a) helplessness (b) speculative (c) denial (d) conviction
Ans. (b) speculative
(iii) Complete the following with a phrase from paragraph 3: (1 Mark)
Opinion Reason
Some scientists estimate that shorter duration of
monsoon season leads to more intensive rainfall.

[5]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. Much greater precipitation would take place in a much shorter period of time.
(iv) The writer claims that flood forecasting is critical to minimising the damage from floods.
State one reason for the claim. (1 Mark)
Ans. People living near the rivers especially in the hill area don’t get time to shift from one
place to another.
(v) Even when the prediction is accurate, people do not evacuate the places where the
warning is given. (1 Mark)
(a) True (b) False
Ans. (a) True
(vi) Supply one point to justify the following: (1 Mark)
The worst hit people are slum dwellers.
Ans. They don’t have means to move anywhere.
(vii) Based on your reading of the text, list two reasons why the writer says that in spite of
timely forecasting people have suffered. (1 Mark)
Ans. Lack of means and physical options.
Time available for relief is very short.
(viii) The writer says that forecasts are difficult to make and time available is very short. Select
the reason for it. (1 Mark)
(a) Flash floods (b) Cyclonic rain (c) Tornadoes (d) Landslides
Ans. (a) Flash floods
(ix) What connect does the writer draw between tributaries and floods? (Para 2) (1 Mark)
Ans. Heavy rain affects tributaries and streams and it spills over the bank and cause excessive harm.
(x) Which of the following statements is/are false? (1 Mark)
The vulnerability of the population has increased substantially because of population
pressures symbolised by:
I. People are superstitious. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

II. Difficult to evacuate flood-affected areas.

Select the correct option:
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) None of the above
Ans. (a) Only I
PASSAGE-4
Read the passage carefully.
1. Mankind’s fascination with gold is as old as civilization itself. The ancient Egyptians held
gold in high esteem, Gold had religious for theme and King Tutankhamen was buried in a
solid gold coffin 3300 years ago. The wandering Israelites worshipped a golden calf, and
the legendary King Midas asked that whatever he touched be turned into gold.
[6]
 English
2. Not only is gold beautiful but it is virtually indestructible, It will not rust or corrode. Gold
coins and products fabricated from the metal have survived undamaged for centuries.
Gold is extremely easy to work with. One ounce which is about the size of a cube of sugars
can be beaten into a sheet nearly 100 square feet in size, and becomes so thin that light
can pass through it, An ounce of gold can also be stretched into a wire 50 miles long. Gold
conducts electricity better than any other substance except copper and silver, and it is
particularly important in modern electronic industry.
3. People have always longed to possess gold. Unfortunately, this longing has also brought out
the worst in human character. This Spanish conquerors robbed palaces, temples and graves
and killed thousands of people in their ruthless search for gold. Even today, the economy of
South Africa’s gold mines depend largely on the employment of black labourers who are
paid about 40 pounds a month, plus boarding and loading. They work in conditions that can
only be described as cruel. About 400 miners die in South Africa each year.
4. Much of gold’s value lies in its scarcity. Only about 80,000 tons have been mined in the
history of the word. All of it can be stored in a vault 60 feet square, or a super tanker. Great
Britain was the first country to adopt the gold standard, when the Master of the Mint, Sir
Issac Newton, established a fixed price for gold in 1717. The discovery of gold in the last
half of the nineteenth century in California, (1848) and later in Australia and South Africa
changed everything. Before the discovery, There wasn’t enough gold around for all the
trading nations to link their currencies to the precious metal.
5. An out-of-work prospector named George Harrison launched South Africa into the gold age in
1886 when he discovered the metal in a farm near what is now Johannesburg. Harrison was
given a 12 pounds reward by the farmer. He then disappeared and was eaten by a lion.
6. One of the biggest gold mining area in the Soviet Union is the Kolyma River region, once
infamous for its prison camp. The camp has gone, but in a way nothing has changed. Many
ex-prisoners have stayed on to work in the mines and are supervised by ex-guards.
7. Despite the current rush to buy gold, 75 percent of the metal goes into making jewellery,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Italy is the biggest consumer of gold for this purpose, and many Italian jewellers even tear
up their wooden floors and burn them to recover the tiny flecks of gold. Historically, the
desire to hold gold at home has been primarily an occupation of the working and peasant
classes, who have had no faith in paper money, George Bernard Shaw defended their
instincts eloquently, “You have to choose between trusting the natural stability of the
honesty and intelligence of the members of the government.” he said “and with due
respect to these gentlemen, I advise to vote for gold.”
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) When was King Tutankhamen buried? (1 Mark)
(a) 1717 (b) 1886 (c) 3300 years ago (d) 1848
Ans. (c) 3300 years ago
[7]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Why did Egyptians hold gold in great esteem? (1 Mark)
(a) because of its religious significance. (b) because it is a good conductor of electricity.
(c) for lovely gold ornaments. (d) because it is indestructible.
Ans. (a) because of its religious significance.
(iii) According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? (1 Mark)
(a) Gold is the best conductor of electricity.
(b) Apart from gold, copper and silver are good conductors of electricity.
(c) Gold can be easily beaten. hence it is easy to work with.
(d) Gold plays an important role in the modern electronics industry.
Ans. (a) Gold is the best conductor of electricity.
(iv) Select the option that displays what the writer project, with reference to the following.
The wandering Israelites worshipped a golden calf ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) importance of rotation (b) importance of the metal
(c) good conductor (d) can replace money
Ans. (b) importance of the metal
(v) Here were the black labourers exploited? (1 Mark)
Ans. Black labourers were paid less about 40 pounds in a month they used to work in cruel
conditions therefore almost 400 miners die in South Africa each year that is how they
were exploited.
(vi) Complete the following with the phrase from paragraph 1: (1 Mark)
Opinion Reason
King Tutankhamen was buried in a solid
gold coffin 3300 years age.
Ans. Opinion - Gold has religious significance
(vii) Based on your reading of the text. List 2 reasons why the writer says that, (1 Mark)
Not only is gold beautiful but it is virtually indestructible.
____________________________
____________________________
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. Gold does not rust or corrode, gold coins and products fabricated from metal can survive
without being damage for centuries.
(viii) Who launched South Africa into the gold age? (1 Mark)
(a) Issac Newton (b) George Harrison (c) A farmer (d) George Bernard Shaw
Ans. (b) George Harrison
(ix) Select the option that corresponds to the following: (1 Mark)
The ancient Egyptians and the modern electronic industry both hold gold in high esteem
(a) The hardworking student came first because of his diligent practice.
(b) Monesty is underrated whereas strategy is appreciated.
(c) The vibrant colours made the interiors look luminous.
(d) The steaming food was both appetizing and tasty.
Ans. (b) Monesty is underrated whereas strategy is appreciated.

[8]
 English
(x) Supply one point to justify the following: (1 Mark)
The desire to hoard gold at home has been primarily an occupation of the working and
peasant classes.
Ans. Italian jewellers had no faith in paper money.
PASSAGE-5
Read the passage carefully.
1. The invention of the safety bicycle in the late nineteenth century transformed the world
of cycling. While early versions of bicycles had been used in Europe since the seventeenth
century, it was the safety bicycle with its lightweight hollow steel frame and equal-sized
wheels that revolutionised the cycling experience.
2. This resulted in enhanced mobility for both men and women, allowing them to explore the
countryside freely and travel between towns. Bicycles symbolised freedom, particularly for
women, granting them self-reliable transportation and the ability to participate in
recreational activities, like bicycle racing. The rise of bicycles also brought a shift in fashion,
with more functional and relaxed clothing tailored specifically for cycling.
3. Bicyclists also became a political force. They played a significant role in the development
of road maps, guiding riders along the best routes. They campaigned for better
infrastructure to enhance their riding experiences.
4. Today, advances in technology, wearables* and complex data analysis have transformed
sports science, particularly in endurance sports, like cycling. Cyclists can now gather vast
amounts of data simply by using mobile apps to track their activities. This data not only
encompasses exercise details, like its volume or intensity, but also external factors like
the impact of weather on the physiological response of the athlete.
Furthermore, technology has made it very easy to monitor performance-influencing data
outside of training, such as heart rate or sleep quality, through various wearables and
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

cost-effective mobile apps.

5. However, just because we are able to monitor so much information does not mean that it
is useful for improving the sports performance of our athletes. In this sense, we believe
that we must be critical while adopting any new technologies or trends in training. The
first thing we should know is whether there is scientific support for the use of that new
gadget or wearable. For example, core temperature is of great importance in the
mechanisms that produce fatigue and exhaustion in endurance sports. A few years ago, a
device came on the market that estimated this measurement in a non-invasive way and
we saw many top cyclists and runners wearing it. However, a study later showed it is an
invalid device for measuring one's temperature.

[9]
Compendium: Class 10
6. Innovation in cycling has evolved from the invention of safety bicycles to technological
advancements in sports science. Maximising the potential benefits of these developments
requires critical thinking to enhance the training and performance of modern cyclists.
Answer the following questions based on the passage above.
1. What is the passage mainly about? (1 Mark)
(1) How did the advancement of sports science impact the fashion industry?
(2) What were the primary societal changes brought about by the rise of bicycles?
(3) How did the invention of the safety bicycle contribute to the development of wearable
technology?
(4) In what ways did early versions of bicycles differ from the safety bicycle in the late
nineteenth century?
Ans. Option (2) is correct.
Explanation: The option aligns with the main idea of the passage. The passage primarily
discusses the societal changes brought about by the rise of bicycles, such as enhanced
mobility, greater freedom for women, and a shift in fashion for more functional clothing
tailored for cycling.
2. In which sentence does the author express uncertainty about the use of new technologies
in training? (1 Mark)
(1) "... advances in technology have transformed sports science." (paragraph 4)
(2) "This data not only encompasses exercise details but also external factors like
weather." (paragraph 4)
(3) "... just because we can monitor so much information does not mean it is useful."
(paragraph 5)
(4) "Maximising the potential benefits of these developments requires critical thinking."
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(paragraph 6)
Ans. Option (3) is correct.
Explanation: In this option, the author expresses uncertainty about the usefulness of the
vast amount of data that can be monitored through new technologies. The phrase "does
not mean it is useful" shows the author's hesitation and doubt regarding the practical
benefits of collecting such extensive data.
3. Complete the sentence appropriately by providing two distinct reasons in the blank
below. It can be said the world of cycling has seen massive changes because _____________.
(1 Mark)
Ans. It transitioned from primarily using steel cycles to safety bicycles and saw technological
advancements, like wearables in sports science.

[10]
 English
4. Which of these is opposite to 'invalid' as used in paragraph 5? (1 Mark)
(1) ethical (2) accurate (3) authentic (4) trustworthy
Ans. Option (2) is correct.
Explanation: In paragraph 5, the author discusses a device that was deemed 'invalid' for
measuring core temperature. Here, 'invalid' means the device is not accurate in providing
the intended measurement. Therefore, the antonym for 'invalid' would be 'accurate',
which means to correctly provide information.
5. Using information solely from the passage, provide two distinct reasons to complete the
sentence appropriately. Bicycles can be seen as a symbol of empowerment because
_____________. (1 Mark)
Ans. They facilitated women's freedom to commute freely and easily between places and
participate in recreational activities like bicycle racing.
6. Imagine you are a sports scientist tasked with developing a new technological tool to aid
cyclists in their training. Provide a brief description, within 40 words, of its specific
features and why you chose to include them. (2 Marks)
Ans. The tool would offer customised training recommendations and plans, integrated GPS for
improved navigation, analysis and feedback capabilities, and social features for connecting
with fellow cyclists. This comprehensive approach would enhance cyclists' performance by
providing tailored training opportunities and fostering a supportive community.
7. Select the option that shows the correct relationship between (1) and (2). (1 Mark)
(1) Cyclists were able to improve the accuracy of maps.
(2) Cyclists became influential and campaigned for better infrastructure.
(1) (2) is a contradiction of (1) (2) (2) is independent of (1)
(3) (2) is an example of (1) (4) (2) is the cause of (1)
Ans. Option (4) is correct.
Explanation: (2) indicates that the popularity of cycling provided cyclists with enhanced
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

political influence, which they used to advocate for better infrastructure. With this influence,
they were able to improve the accuracy of maps. Therefore, (2) is the cause of (1).
8. Below are statements from cyclists. Identify two statements that could be said by a cyclist
in the late nineteenth century. (1 Mark)
(1) "I like having a personal coach on my wrist. It just told me how many calories I have
burned so far!"
(2) "It's quite a struggle riding up these steep hills on my heavy steel-framed bicycle."
(3) "I feel so liberated whenever I hop on my bicycle. I didn't have freedom like this before!"
(4) "Ugh, there is so much traffic ahead. And I feel so pressured to meet my performance
targets every time I hop on a bike."
Ans. Option (B, C) is correct.
[11]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

I. Read the following text: (CBSE 2025)
1. ChatGPT can search. It cannot research. The platform has attracted the world’s attention
because of the speed with which it assembles and produces information in a logical sequence,
powered by artificial intelligence, as if a human being were prompting it to write.
2. Curious about understanding what ChatGPT can do, I opened an account and asked if it
would replace research in the future. Promptly it replied: “As an AI language model, I don’t
hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on both sides of the topic.”
3. The answer assumed me. The speed with which it typed the information across the screen
was mind-boggling. I could not read the answer as fast as it typed out the sentence. But when
it had finished, I read through the document. It was impressive. It was truly informative.
4. Five different points had been explained in seconds. I would have thought of those of five
points in an hour or more, depending on the complexity of the topic. “AI: Catalyst, not
Conqueror: ChatGPT and the future of research” was the title that it threw up to my
question. It matched my opinion about the future of research after ChatGPT. The write-up
had an introduction and a conclusion, just as our English teacher have taught us.
5. The document came from countless databases, as that is what it’s designed to do. By
contrast, when I research a subject for an 800-word article, I visit five or six authoritative
sources. I don’t go to a million as most are copies.
6. The difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and my research articles is the former is
a mere summary. When I write, I search new ideas and knit them in a way that reflect my
thoughts and perspective. I choose only what is original, unique and fresh and process
them in my mind to create a fresh angle.
7. Research has no value if it only summarises known information. Even a literature survey
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
in your subject requires you to say what you will do with it further, and how.
8. Research is not a joke. Years ago, I had asked my professor, later on my supervisor, “How
can I publish an article in research journals?”
9. He answered, “When you have read everything on the subject, and have something
original to add to the existing body of research.” My head swam.
10. Excellent research is a daunting task and calls for hard intellectual work. When you
research, you don’t go wide; you go deep. You thoroughly investigate a minor concept,
researching it extensively, substantiating each claim with reliable sources, experiments,
models and beyond. It took years to discover the atom and the theory of gravitation.
ChatGPT can summarise these discoveries, but it cannot add to them. It does not have the
mental wherewithal for that.
[12]
 English
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above:
(i) Which of the following statements best summarises the author’s views ChatGPT? (1 Mark)
(a) It can summarise discoveries.
(b) It assembles and produces information.
(c) Its information is based on numerous databases.
(d) It can only search but not research.
Ans. (d) It can only search but not research.
(ii) What did the professor suggest to the author’s question of how he could publish his
research journal ? (Answer in 40 words only.) (2 Marks)
Ans. The professor suggested that to publish a research journal, one must read everything on
the subject and contribute something original to the existing body of research. Excellent
research requires deep investigation, substantiated claims, and intellectual effort.
(iii) Complete the given analogy : (1 Mark)
dependable : reliable :: rational ___________.
Ans. logical
(iv) Mention one basic difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and author’s research
article. (2 Marks)
Ans. ChatGPT’s write-up is a mere summary of information, whereas the author’s research
article presents original ideas and a unique perspective after deep investigation.
(v) Complete the sentence appropriately. (1 Mark)
The author noticed that the write-up produced by ChatGPT had an introduction and a
conclusion, just as he learnt in his English class but it still lacked _______________.
Ans. originality and a fresh perspective
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(vi) The author was moved by the _______ with which the ChatGPT was producing the article.
(a) originality (b) information (c) rationality (d) speed (1 Mark)
Ans. (d) speed
(vii) State whether the given statement is True/False : (1 Mark)
Research is not beneficial if it only summarises the known information.
Ans. True
(viii) Quote the answer of ChatGPT, from the above given passage, when it was asked whether
it would replace research in the future ? (1 Mark)
Ans. “As an AI language model, I don’t hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on
both sides of the topic.”

[13]
Compendium: Class 10
II. Read the following text. (CBSE 2024)
1. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) are our most traditional sources for power
generation. The energy that’s produced from any source other than fossil fuels is termed
as alternative energy. Between the two sources, using alternative energy has a’ lower
environmental impact.
2. We now know that alternative energy sources are the sources we use to supplement or
even replace traditional energy sources used for power generation. You could almost say
the same thing about renewable energy sources. But there is one subtle difference
between the two. All renewable energy sources fall under the category of alternative
energy sources, but it doesn’t work the other way around.
3. That’s because renewable energy sources are derived from naturally replenished sources
or processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and water. We refer to these resources as
renewable or sustainable since, unlike fossil fuels, this naturally occurring continual
renewal makes them inexhaustible. However, alternative energy sources are exhaustible,
and therefore not renewable. That’s the difference!
4. The equipment necessary to harness energy from alternative sources used to be so
expensive that it wasn’t practical for consumer use. However, thanks to increased demand,
more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable
technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case.
5. When it comes to energy efficiency, the leader of the renewable energy pack is wind
energy. Behind wind comes geothermal energy, hydropower, nuclear energy, and then
solar power. Wind power serves both individuals and entire communities. It is versatile
and can be produced from small-scale windmills or wind turbines on residential
properties. It can also be produced from large-scale offshore wind farms in the ocean.
6. We generate geothermal power by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and
steam. Geothermal electricity can directly heat and cool buildings. Generated from the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
energy of moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as hydropower) is produced when
water behind a dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows through an intake. The
turbine blades then rotate a generator to produce electricity that is sent to power homes.
7. Nuclear energy is created in the form of heat through the fission process of atoms. The
initial fission process creates energy and triggers a chain reaction that repeats the process
and generates more energy. In nuclear power plants, the heat that fission produces creates
steam. The steam then rotates a turbine, which leads to the production of electricity.
8. Solar power most commonly refers to the use of solar cells to create energy. On a small
scale, you may see a few solar panels on a house roof used to produce energy for just that
one home. On a larger scale, you may see a solar farm used as a power plant to produce
electricity for its consumers.
[14]
 English
Answer the following questions, based on the above passage:
(i) Which of the following statements best describes the difference between renewable
energy sources and alternate energy sources? (1 Mark)
(a) Alternative energy sources are more expensive· than renewable energy sources.
(b) Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible whereas alternate energy sources could
be exhaustible.
(c) Alternative energy sources are as renewable as renewable energy sources.
(d) Renewable energy sources are exhaustible but alternative energy sources are
inexhaustible.
Ans. (b) Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible whereas alternate energy sources could
be exhaustible.
(ii) What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from para (4)? (2 Marks)
Rationalise your response in about 40 words.
“However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers,
competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy
efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case”.
Ans. The tone of the write is of gratitude and positive as it conveys the idea that with the help
of more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable
technologies and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, it is possible for consumer use.
(iii) Complete the sentence appropriately: (1 Mark)
In the past, alternative energy sources were not used much by the consumers because
_________.
Ans. they were expensive to be used practically
(iv) The passage includes some words that are opposites of each other. From the sets (a) to
(e) below, identify two sets of antonyms: (1 Mark)
(a) generate and produce (b) exhaustible and inexhaustible
(c) subtle and versatile (d) power and energy
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(e) sustainable and exhaustible

Ans. (b) exhaustible and inexhaustible, (e) sustainable and exhaustible
(v) Who is the leader of renewable energy pack and why? (1 Mark)
Ans. The leader of renewable energy pack is wind energy because it is versatile and can be
produce from scale to large scale.
(vi) Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about 40 words, the difference between
geothermal electricity and hydroelectricity. (2 Marks)
Ans. Geothermal electricity can directly heat and cool buildings. Generated from the energy of
moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as hydropower) is produced when water
behind a dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows through an intake. The turbine
blades then rotate a generator to produce electricity that is sent to power homes.
[15]
Compendium: Class 10
(vii) What is the message conveyed by the passage? (1 Mark)
(a) Only those energy sources should be used which are renewable.
(b) Wind energy is a renewable as well as inexhaustible source of energy.
(c) There are plenty of renewable energy sources that can be used to replace traditional
energy sources.
(d) Alternative energy sources are the emerging energy trends and are still evolving.
Ans. (c) There are plenty of renewable energy sources that can be used to replace traditional
energy sources.
(viii) State whether the following statement is True or False with reference to the given
extract. (1 Mark)
Hydroelectricity as a renewable energy source is used for residential as well as commercial
purposes.
Ans. False
III. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2023)
1. If you’re like most kids, you may love snow. Not only can it get you out of school, but it’s also
fun to play with. Who doesn’t love to sled and build snowmen? Snow can also be dangerous,
too. You may have beard your parents talk about how difficult it can be to drive in snow. Car
accidents aren’t the only dangers created by snow. If you’re ever skiing in the mountains,
you’ll want to be aware of avalanches. An avalanche is a sudden flow of snow down a slope,
such as a mountain. The amount of snow in a avalanche will vary based on many things, but
it can be such a huge pile that it can bury the bottom of a slope in dozens of feet of snow.
2. Avalanches can be caused by many things. Some of them are natural. For example, new
snow or rain can cause built up snow to loosen and fall down the side of a mountain.
Earthquakes and the movement of animals have also been known to cause avalanches.
For example, snowmobiles, skiers, gunshots and explosives have all been known to cause smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

avalanches. Avalanches usually occur during the winter and spring, when snowfall is
greatest. As they are dangerous to any living beings in their path, avalanches have
destroyed forests, roads, · railroads and even entire towns.
3. Warning signs exist that allow experts to predict - and often prevent _ avalanches from
occurring. When over a foot of fresh snow falls, experts know to be on the lookout for
avalanches. Explosives can be used in places. with massive snow build-ups to trigger
smaller avalanches that don’t pose a danger to persons or property. When deadly
avalanches do occur, the moving snow can quickly reach over 80 moles per hour. Skiers
caught in such avalanches can be curried under dozens of feet of snow. While it’s possible
to dig out of such avalanches, not all are able to escape.
[16]
 English
4. If you get tossed about by an avalanche and find yourself buried under many feet of snow,
you might not have a true sense of which way is up and which way is down. Some
avalanche victims have tried to dig their way out only to find that they were upside down
and digging themselves farther under the snow rather than to top! Experts suggest that
people caught in an avalanche try to “swim” to the top of the moving snow to stay close to
the surface. Once the avalanche stops, do your best to dig around you to create a space for
air, so you can breathe easier. Then, do your best to figure out which way is up and dig in
that direction to reach the surface and signal rescuers.
Answer the following questions, based on the above passage:
(i) Complete the sentence by choosing an appropriate option: (1 Mark)
Avalanche can be caused by
(a) new snow or rain (b) heavy winds
(c) high altitude (d) global warming
Ans. (a) new snow or rain
(ii) Comment on warning signs exist which allow experts to predict avalanches in two
sentences. (1 Mark)
Ans. Even after warning signs that reveal danger of avalanches, there is a high risk of danger
to persons or property. Escape from such danger is not possible always.
OR
Warning sign exits are the forecasts that show the slopes, aspects, altitudes that can be
problematic and may cause avalanche. However if the underlying cause is unnatural these
may not work. Thus it is advisable to escape from such dangerous areas as avalanche can
quickly reach over 20 moles per hour.
(iii) Mention two reasons which destroyed the natural scenery. (1 Mark)
Ans. (1) Artificial Reasons – Snow mobiles, skiers, gunshots and explosives
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(2) Natural Reasons – Earthquakes, avalanches

(iv) Select the option that conveys the opposite of “massive”: (1 Mark)
(a) tiny (b) lengthy (c) bulky (d) extensive
Ans. (a) tiny
(v) The writer will agree with one of the given statements (Paragraph 4) (1 Mark)
(a) People caught in the Avalanche can try to swim to the top.
(b) Put on an oxygen Mask.
(c) Digging is not possible.
(d) Should not come close to the surface.
Ans. (a) People caught in the Avalanche can try to swim to the top.

[17]
Compendium: Class 10
(vi) Select the option that corresponds to the following relation below: (1 Mark)
You may not have an idea of which way is up and which way is down.
(a) The crowd will gather at Gate No. 1 and disperse from Gate No. 2.
(b) Due to the torrential rain, there was a heavy flooding.
(c) The guest felt uneasy and uncomfortable watching the child’s performance.
(d) The more the effort, the bigger the gain.
Ans. (a) The crowd will gather at Gate No. 1 and disperse from Gate No. 2.
(vii) The major causes which do not trigger an avalanche: (1 Mark)
(a) Earthquakes (b) Snow fall (c) Rain (d) Plastic waste
Ans. (d) Plastic waste
(viii) Explosives can be used in places _________. (complete the sentence) (1 Mark)
Ans. with massive snow build-ups to trigger smaller avalanches
(ix) The word ‘deadly’ in the (3) paragraph most nearly means: (1 Mark)
(a) likely to cause death (b) harmful
(c) very boring (d) scary
Ans. (a) likely to cause death
(x) Select the most suitable title for the above passage: (1 Mark)
(a) Avalanches (b) Adventure with Snow
(c) Ice Games (d) Calamity
Ans. (a) Avalanches
IV. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2022)
Sifting through the sands of time
1. When you’re on the beach, you’re stepping on ancient mountains, skeletons of marine smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

animals, and even tiny diamonds. Sand provides a mineral treasure- trove, a record of
geology’s earth-changing processes.
2. Sand: as children we play on it and as adults we relax on it. It is something we complain
about when it gets in our food, and praise when it’s moulded into castes. But we don’t
often look at it. If we did, we would discover an account of a geological past and a history
of marine life that goes back thousands and, in some cases, millions of years.
3. Sand covers not just seashores, but also ocean beds, deserts and mountains. It is one of
the most common substances on Earth. And it is a major element in man-made items too
concrete is largely sand, while glass is made of little else.

[18]
 English
4. What exactly is sand? Well, it is larger than fine dust and smaller than shingle. Depending
on its age and origin, a particular sand can consist of tiny pebbles or porous granules. Its
grain may have the shape of stars or spirals, their edges jagged or smooth. They have come
from the erosion of rocks, from the skeletons of marine organisms which accumulate on
the bottom of the oceans, or even from volcanic eruptions.
5. Colour is another clue to sand’s origins. If it is dazzling white, its grains may be derived
from nearby coral outcrops, from crystalline quartz rocks or from gypsum. On Pacific
islands jet jet-black sands form from volcanic minerals.
6. Usually, the older the granules, the finer they are and the smoother the edges. The fine,
white beaches, for instance, are recycled from sandstone several hundred million years
old. Perhaps they will be stone once more, in another few hundred million.
7. Sand is an irreplaceable industrial ingredient whose uses are legion: but it has one vital
function you might never even notice. Sand cushions our land from the sea’s impact, and
geologists say it often does a better job of protecting our shores than the most advanced
coastal technology.
On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer any five questions from
the six given below: (5 X 1=5 Marks)
(i) How is sand a ‘treasure trove’?
Ans. Sand is a ‘treasure trove’ because it holds a record of geology’s earth-changing processes
and a history of marine life that spans thousands to millions of years.
(ii) How is sand both a pain and a pleasure?
Ans. Sand is a pain when it gets into our food, but it is a pleasure when we play on it as children
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

or relax on it as adults, and also when it is moulded into castles.

(iii) Name two man-made materials that contain sand.
Ans. Two man-made materials that contain sand are concrete and glass.
(iv) List the different shapes of sand.
Ans. The different shapes of sand grains can include stars or spirals, and their edges can be
jagged or smooth.
(v) What is the origin of white sand?
Ans. White sand may originate from nearby coral outcrops, crystalline quartz rocks, or gypsum.
(vi) In what ways are older granules different from recent granules?
Ans. Older granules are generally finer and have smoother edges compared to recent granules.

[19]
Compendium: Class 10
V. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2022)
1. Milkha Singh, also known as The Flying Sikh, was an Indian track and field printer who
was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army. He is the only athlete to win
gold in 400 metres at the Asian Games as well as the Commonwealth Games. He also won
gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games. He represented India in the 1956 Summer
Olympics in Melbourne, the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer
Olympics in Tokyo. He was awarded the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest civilian
honour, in recognition of his sporting achievements.
2. The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400-metre
final at the 1960 Olympic Games. He led the race till the 200 m mark before easing off,
allowing others to pass him. Singh’s fourth-place time of 45.73 seconds was the Indian
national record for almost 40 years.
3. From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the partition of India, Singh
became a sporting icon in the country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh
as “the finest athlete India has ever produced”.
4. He was disappointed with his debut performance at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. “I
returned to India, chastened by my poor performance in Melbourne. I had been so excited by
the prospects of being part of the Indian Olympic team but hadn’t realised how strong and
professional the competition would be. My success in India had filled me with a false sense of
pride and it was only when I was on the track that I saw how inconsequential my talents were
when pitted against superbly fit and seasoned athletes. It was then that I understood what
competition actually meant, and that if I wanted to succeed in the international arena, I must
be prepared to test my mettle against the best athletes in the world.”
5. Then he decided to make sprinting the sole focus of his life. “Running had thus become my
God, my religion and my beloved.” “My life during those two years was governed by strict
rules and regulations and a self-imposed penance. Every morning, I would rise at the crack smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

of dawn, get into my sports kit and dash off to the track, where I would run two or three
miles cross-country in the company of my coach.”
6. On how he pushed himself through the tough days of vigorous training. “I practised so
strenuously that often I was drained of all energy, and there were times when I would
vomit blood or drop-down unconscious through sheer exercise. My doctors and coaches
warned me, and asked me to slow down to maintain my health and equilibrium but my
determination was too strong to give up. My only focus was to become the best athlete in
the world. But then images of a packed stadium filled with cheering spectators, wildly
applauding me as I crossed the finishing line, would flash across my mind and I would
start again, encouraged by visions of victory.”

[20]
 English
Based on your reading answer any five questions from the six given below: (1 x 5 = 5)
(i) What is Milka Singh known as? What realization did Milkha Singh have when he was on
the track during the Melbourne Olympics?
Ans. Milkha Singh is known as “The Flying Sikh.” During the Melbourne Olympics, he realised
the intense competition and the level of professionalism required in international
athletics, which humbled him and made him aware of the true meaning of competition.
(ii) List any two of Milkha Singh’s achievements.
Ans. Two achievements of Milkha Singh are:
• Winning gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games.
• Held the Indian national record in the 400 meters for almost 40 years with a time of
45.73 seconds.
(iii) What strict rules and regulations did Milkha Singh follow?
Ans. Milkha Singh followed strict rules and regulations during his intense training phase. He
would wake up early in the morning, wear his sports kit, and run cross-country for two or
three miles daily under the guidance of his coach.
(iv) State two consequences of his hard and strenuous practice.
Ans. Two consequences of Milkha Singh’s hard and strenuous practice were:
• He would sometimes vomit blood due to the extreme exertion.
• There were instances when he would collapse unconscious after rigorous training sessions.
(v) What motivated Milkha Singh to become the best athlete in the world?
Ans. Milkha Singh was motivated to become the best athlete in the world by envisioning
himself crossing the finishing line in front of a cheering crowd in a packed stadium. This
vision of victory encouraged him to persist despite the physical challenges.
(vi) Explain the phrase ‘I would start again’ in the last sentence.
Ans. The phrase “I would start again” in the last sentence refers to Milkha Singh’s
determination and resilience. Despite facing physical exhaustion and health warnings, he
would mentally restart his training regime, driven by his strong desire to achieve victory
and excel as an athlete,
VI. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2020)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

1. Caged behind thick glass, the most famous dancer in the world can easily be missed in the
National Museum, Delhi. The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro is that rare artefact that even
school children are familiar with. Our school textbooks also communicate the wealth of
our 5000-year heritage of art. You have to be alert to her existence there, amid terracotta
animals to rediscover this bronze image.
2. Most of us have seen her only in photographs or sketches. Therefore, the impact of
actually holding her is magnified a million times over. One discovers that the dancing girl
has no feet. She is small, a little over 10 cm tall — the length of a human palm — but she
surprises us with the power of great art — the ability to communicate across centuries.
3. A series of bangles — of shell or ivory or thin metal — clothe her left upper arm all the
way down to her fingers. A necklace with three pendants bunched together and a few
bangles above the elbow and wrist on the right hand display an almost modern art.

[21]
Compendium: Class 10
4. She speaks of the undaunted, ever hopeful human spirit. She reminds us that it is important
to visit museums in our country to experience the impact that a work of art leaves on our
senses, to find among all the riches one particular vision of beauty that speaks to us alone.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions.
(1 x 8 = 8 Marks)
(a) The Dancing Girl belongs to __________.
(i) Mohenjo-daro (ii) Greek culture (iii) Homo sapiens (iv) Tibet
Ans. (i) Mohenjo-daro
(b) In the museum she’s, kept among __________
(i) dancing figures. (ii) bronze statues.
(iii) terracotta animals. (iv) books.
Ans. (iii) terracotta animals
(c) Which information is not given in the passage?
(i) The girl is caged behind glass.
(ii) She is a rare artefact.
(iii) School books communicate the wealth of our heritage.
(iv) She cannot be rediscovered as she’s bronze.
Ans. (iv) She cannot be rediscovered as she’s bronze.
(d) ‘Great Art’ has power because __________
(i) it appeals to us despite a passage of time.
(ii) it is small and can be understood.
(iii) it is seen in pictures and sketches.
(iv) it is magnified a million times.
Ans. (i) it appeals to us despite a passage of time.
(e) The jewellery she wears ___________
(i) consists of bangles of shell or ivory or thin metal only.
(ii) is a necklace with two pendants. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(iii) Both (i) and (ii) are correct.

(iv) Neither (i) nor (ii) is correct.
Ans. (i) consists of bangles of shell or ivory or thin metal only.
(f) She reminds us ___________
(i) of the never-say-die attitude of humans. (ii) why museums in our country are exciting.
(iii) why she will make us come into money. (iv) of dancing figures.
Ans. (ii) why museums in our country are exciting.
(g) The synonym of the word “among” in paragraph 1 is ___________.
Ans. amid
(h) The size of the dancing girl is equal to the length of the human plan. (True/False)
Ans. True
[22]
 English

2 Factual Passages

PASSAGE-1
Read the following passage carefully:
1. According to a new study, a vast blanket of pollution stretching across South Asia is
cutting down sunlight by 10 per cent over India, damaging agriculture, modifying rainfall
patterns and putting hundreds of thousands of people at risk.
2. It is said, “Acids in the haze may, by falling as acid rain, have the potential to damage crops
and trees. Ash falling on leaves can aggravate the impact of reduced sunlight on the Earth’s
surface. The pollution that is forming the haze could be leading to several hundreds of
thousands of premature deaths as a result of higher levels of respiratory diseases.”
3. “The haze has cut down sunlight over India by 10 per cent (so far) – a huge amount! As a
repercussion, the North-west of India is drying up,” V Ramanathan said when asked
specifically about the impact of the haze over India. He said, “We are still in an early stage
of understanding of the impact of the haze.”
4. Prof. V. Ramanathan was asked whether the current droughts in most parts of India after
over a decade of good monsoons was owing to the haze. He said, “It was too early to reach
a conclusion. If the droughts persist for about four to five years, then we would start
suspecting that it may be because of the haze.” India, China and Indonesia are the worst
affected owing to their population density, economic growth and depleting forest cover.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) Infer one reason for the following based on the information in paragraph 1: (1 Mark)
In India rainfall patterns are changing
Ans. Because of a vast blanket of pollution.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(ii) The population spreading across South Asia is affecting India by _____________ 1
Choose the correct option from the ones given below.
Spoiling Damaging
blankets IV I agriculture
Pollution
Putting people II III Modifying
at risk rainfall pattern

(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
Ans. (a) I, II and III
(iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word / phrase from paragraph 2. (1 Mark)
possibility : _____________ :: suspecting : doubting
Ans. potential
[23]
Compendium: Class 10
(iv) Select the correct option to complete the sentence. (1 Mark)
____________ droughts were cause by the haze.
(a) Strong evidence suggested that
(b) Past surveys confirmed that
(c) There has not been enough time to determine that
(d) Superstitious people believe that
Ans. (c) There has not been enough time to determine that
(v) From the following pie chart, identify one reason each which does and does not contribute
to weather disruption: (1 Mark)

Reduced
Population sunlight
boom
Organic
farming
Aerosols
Ash

Free
Good cover Acid Depletion of
mansoon rain forest cover

Ans. Does – Depletion of forest cover, does not – organic farming.

(vi) List two phenomena which lead to weather disruptions. (1 Mark)
Ans. Depleting forest cover, pollution
(vii) Fill in the blank by selecting the correct option. (1 Mark)
Ash falling on leaves can _____________ the impact of reduced sunlight on the Earth’s surface.
(a) worse (b) encourage (c) diminish (d) support
Ans. (a) worsen smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(viii) Substitute the word ‘repercussion’ with one word similar meaning in the following
sentence from paragraph 3. (1 Mark)
The haze has cut down sunlight over India _____________ as a repercussion, the North-West
of India is drying up.
Ans. consequence
(ix) List any two countries which are affected due to depleting forest cover. (1 Mark)
Ans. India and China
(x) Which of the following means the same as ‘persist’ in ‘droughts persist’ as used in para 4?
(a) destroying (b) halting (c) continue (d) blocking (1 Mark)
Ans. (c) continue
[24]
 English
(xi) Select the option that titles paragraphs 1-4 appropriately with reference to information
in the text. (1 Mark)
(a) (1) Impact of Pollution in South Asia
(2) Effect of Acid Rain
(3) Understanding Consequences of Haze
(4) Debate over Droughts
(b) (1) Impact of Droughts (2) Understanding Acid Rain
(3) Effect of Haze (4) Debate over Pollution
(c) (1) Impact of Pollution is South Asia
(2) Effects of Acid Rain
(3) Debate over Droughts
(4) Understanding Haze
(d) (1) Impact of Haze (2) Understanding Acid Rain
(3) Debate over Pollution (4) Effect of Haze
Ans. (a) (1) Impact of Pollution in South Asia
(2) Effects of Acid Rain
(3) Understanding Consequences of Haze
(4) Debate over Droughts
PASSAGE-2
Read the following passage carefully:
1. Necessity is indeed the mother of mother of invention. When areas in and round Leh begam
to experience water shortage, life didn’t grind to a half, Why? Because a retired civil engineer
in the Jammu and Kashmir Government came up with the idea of artificial glaciers.
2. Ladakh, a cold desert at an altitude of 3,000 - 3,500 meters above sea level, has a low
average annual rainfall rate of 50 mm. Glaciers have always been the only source of water.
Agriculture is completely dependent on glacier melt, unlike the rest of river/monsoon-fed
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

India. But over the years, with increasing effects of climate change, rainfall and snowfall
patterns have been changing, resulting in severe shortage and drought situations. Given the
extreme winter conditions, the window for fanning is usually limited to one harvest season.
3. It is located between the natural glacier above and the village below. The one closer to the
village and lowest in altitude melts first, providing water during April—May, the crucial
sowing season Further, layers of ice above melt with the increasing temperature, thus
ensuring continuous supply to the fields. Therefore, farmers have been able to manage
two crops instead of one. It costs about 1,502000 and above to create a glacier.
4. Fondly called the glacier man, he has designed over 15 artificial glaciers in and around
Leh since 1987 in recognition of his pioneering effort, he was conferred the Padma Shri
by The President of India.

[25]
Compendium: Class 10
5. There are a few basic steps followed while creating an artificial glacier, River or stream
water at high altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill, facing north, where the
winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range. At the start of winter i.e., in
November, the diverted water is made to flow on sloping hills facing distribution
channels. Stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede the flow of
water, making shallow pools which freeze, forming a cascade of ice along the slope. Ice
formation continues for 3-4 months resulting in a large accumulation of ice which is
referred to as an ‘artificial glacier’.
Meltwater Harvest
Sowing Discharge
Period Period

Supplement by
Artificial Glaciers

Critical
Phase

No Irrigation Water Deficit Water Surplus No Irrigation

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) Infer one reason for the following, based on information in paragraph 1. (1 Mark)
Areas in and around Leh began to experience water shortage but life didn’t grind to a halt.
Ans. Because of the idea of the artificial glacier.
(ii) Select from the passage the appropriate option to fill in the blanks: (1 Mark)
Agriculture is completely dependent on _______________ unlike the rest of river/monsoon-
fed India.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(a) rainfall pattern (b) climate change
(c) glaciers melt (d) extreme winter conditions
Ans. (c) glaciers melt
(iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph 3:
icing : cake :: layers : _______________ (1 Mark)
Ans. glacier
(iv) Select the correct option to complete the following sentence: (1 Mark)
At the start of winter the diverted water is made to flow _______________
(a) on high altitude. (b) on sloping hills facing distribution channels.
(c) on ice-cold water level. (d) on mountain range.
Ans. (b) on sloping hills facing distribution channels.

[26]
 English
(v) From the chart select the months of water surplus. (1 Mark)
(a) January, February (b) November, December
(c) July, August, September (d) March, April
Ans. (c) July, August, September
(vi) Fill in the blank by selecting from the passage the correct option: (1 Mark)
The _______________ have been the only source of water in areas in and round Ladakh.
(a) glaciers (b) rivers (c) streams (d) water springs
Ans. (a) glaciers
(vii) The word ‘located’ in paragraph 3 means: (1 Mark)
(a) found (b) locally found (c) situated (d) adapted
Ans. (c) situated
(viii) Write any two steps followed while creating the glaciers. (1 Mark)
Ans. River or stream water at high altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill facing north
stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede the flow of water making
shallow pools
(ix) List one reason why artificial glaciers seem the best option. (1 Mark)
Ans. They ensure continuous supply of water to the fields.
(x) Select the most suitable title from the following for the passage: (1 Mark)
(a) Water Shortage (b) New Ways to Pool Water
(c) Artificial Glacier (d) Riverbeds
Ans. (c) Artificial Glacier
PASSAGE-3
Read the following passage carefully:
1. Unsafe water kills more people each year than do war and all other forms of violence
combined. Meanwhile, our drinkable water sources are finite: less than 1 percent of the Earth’s
freshwater is actually accessible to us. Without action, the challenges will only increase by 2050,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

when global demand for freshwater is expected to be one-third greater than it is now.
2. Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent”, water is able to
dissolve more substances than any other liquid on Earth. Water pollution is the release of
substances into subsurface groundwater or into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and
oceans to the point where the substances interfere with beneficial use of the water or with
the natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to the release of substances, such as
chemicals, trash, or microorganisms, water pollution may also include the release of
energy, in the form of radioactivity or heat, into bodies of water. The key causatives of
water pollution in India are urbanization, deforestation, industrial effluents and
agricultural run-offs with the use of insecticides and pesticides. The other causes are
social and religious offerings in water bodies and the use of detergents and fertilizers.

[27]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Water pollution can have disastrous consequences on the ecosystem. Furthermore, toxic
chemicals can travel through the food chain and get into our bodies, causing diseases and death.
4. There is no single or simple answer to stop the water pollution crisis. However, there are many
solutions to prevent water pollution, both in our daily lives and within industries. They are
wastewater treatment, reducing plastic waste and water conservation. In addition to this, we
must have water-efficient toilets, stormwater management and ozone wastewater treatment.
Oil Septic Water
Oil spill
pollution tank parks

Nuclear Intensive
waste farming
Causes of water
pollution
Water
Pesticide
storage
tanks
Industrial Household
Swimming
waste waste

Major Causes of Water Pollution

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) Infer one reason for the following, based on information in para 1. Less than 1 percent of
the Earth’s freshwater is actually accessible to us. (1 Mark)
Ans. Rest of the water is getting polluted by various means.
(ii) Select the appropriate option to fill in the blank : (1 Mark)
Water is uniquely vulnerable to ___________.
(a) season (b) pollution
(c) water bodies (d) extreme weather conditions
Ans. (b) pollution
(iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph 2 (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
vulnerable : resilient :: artificial : _____________
(Clue : just as resilient is the opposite of vulnerable, similarly the opposite of artificial is
__________.)
Ans. natural
(iv) Select the correct option to complete the following sentence. (1 Mark)
Water pollution can have disastrous consequences on _____________.
(a) the ecosystem (b) weather conditions
(c) unexpected rainfall (d) flash floods
Ans. (a) the ecosystem
(v) From the chart, identify two causes of water pollution in our homes. (1 Mark)
Ans. Household waste, Water storage tanks
[28]
 English
(vi) Fill in the blank by selecting the correct option: (1 Mark)
One of the solutions of preventing water pollution is ______________.
(a) building industries near water bodies
(b) water conservation and reducing plastic waste
(c) avoiding swimming
(d) reducing farming
Ans. (b) water conservation and reducing plastic waste
(vii) Substitute the word ‘causative’ with one word similar in meaning in the following
sentence: (1 Mark)
The key causative of water pollution in India must be addressed.
Ans. reason
(viii) According to the writer, water pollution is defined as _____________. (Para 2) (1 Mark)
Ans. vulnerable to pollution
(ix) List one way in which religious rituals impact water bodies. (1 Mark)
Ans. Throwing religious offerings in water bodies
(x) Select the most suitable title for the passage from the following: (1 Mark)
(a) Water Pollution — A Concern (b) Unsafe Water — A Menace
(c) Universal Solvent — Water (d) Global Concern — An Urgent Need
Ans. (a) Water Pollution — A Concern
PASSAGE-4
Read the following passage carefully:
1. Increasing traffic congestion every year is causing increasing air pollution, wasting time
and productivity and diverse respiratory diseases. More over, the cost of solving or
reducing traffic congestion is enormous. However, neglecting the traffic jam problem
would increase the social problems among citizens.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. The number of vehicles has increased considerably in the city in the past five years. Due
to this increase, the city roads witness frequent. traffic congestions. But above all, the
vehicles emitting pollutants are affecting the environment adversely.
3. The Capital’s vehicular population saw an addition of more than-five lakh vehicles last
year, registering an increase of-over 4%, according to the Delhi Economic Survey
2020-21.
4. In spite of the largest road network, through metro and bus services in major cities the
transport system is not being able to keep pace with the growing demand. Consequently,
more and more people use their private vehicles, leading to increased congestion on the
roads. In spite of these challenges people in India prefer road travel over air and other
means of travel.

[29]
Compendium: Class 10
Citizens of Delhi/NCR have, time and again, ponded over the possibilities of how to reduce
the traffic congestion in the city, especially during the peak hours. People should use
public transport, the government must increase the facilities of public transport, people
should avoid the unnecessary collection of vehicles and should use carpool and vehicle
sharing.
5. What is required is proper implementation of corrective measures by citizens to get an
organized management system.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) Infer one reason for the following, based on information in paragraph 1. Reducing traffic
congestion is not easy. (1 Mark)
Ans. The cost of solving or reducing traffic congestion is enormous.
(ii) Select the appropriate option to complete the following sentence. The reasons for
increased traffic congestion are __________. (1 Mark)
1. use of private vehicles
2. increase in demand for cars
3. inability to keep pace with population control
4. travelling by public transport
5. emission of pollutants
(a) 4, 5 (b) 1, 5 (c) 1, 2 (d) 2, 3
Ans. (c) 1, 2
(iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from the paragraph 5.
organized : chaotic :: lowest : ___________ (1 Mark)
Clue: Just as organized is an antonym of chaotic, lowest is an antonym of _________.
Ans. peak
(iv) The vehicles emit pollutants which affect _________ badly. (1 Mark) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. environment
(v) Complete the following sentence. (1 Mark)
Use of public transport will reduce __________.
Ans. traffic congestion
(vi) Select the appropriate option which states the methods of reducing traffic congestions.
1. start car polling 2. add electric buses (1 Mark)
3. increase in public modes of transport 4. increase car collection points
5. increase taxation
(a) 1, 4, 5 (b) 3, 5 (c) 2, 3, 4 (d) 1, 3
Ans. (d) 1, 3
[30]
 English
(vii) Analyse the status of traffic between the years 2019-2022. (1 Mark)
56% 56%

51%
48%

2019 2020 2021 2022

Ans. Proper implementation of corrective measures by citizens.
(viii) Give the reasons for increase in vehicular congestion. (1 Mark)
Ans. (1) People prefer to travel on roads.
(2) Growth in demand of private vehicles.
(ix) Fill in the blanks by selecting the correct option. (1 Mark)
There are ___________ consequences of increasing vehicular congestion.
(a) beneficial (b) adverse (c) implicit (d) explicit
Ans. (b) adverse
(x) Substitute the underlined word with ONE WORD similar in meaning in the following
sentence. (1 Mark)
Citizens of Delhi/NCR have time and time again pondered over the possibilities of how to
reduce traffic congestion.
Ans. thought/contemplated
PASSAGE-5
Read the following passage carefully:
1. It is rare to find someone with a good technical and communication skills. You can get far
ahead of your colleagues, if you combine the two early in your career. People will judge,
evaluate, promote or block you based on your communication skills. Since habits form by
repeating both good and bad forms of communication, learn to observe great
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

communicators and adopt their styles and traits - in written and verbal forms. The art of
listening and learning from each and every interaction, is another secret recipe. Develop
the subconscious habit of listening to yourself as you speak and know when to pause.
2. Learning what not to say is probably more important than learning what to say. As your
career develops, you will realise that the wise speaks less. Speak when you have value to
add, else refrain. Poorly constructed e-mails with grammatical errors are acceptable
between friends, but they should be seriously avoided while communicating formally
with your seniors. Avoid any communication in an emotional state when you might say
things you will regret later. One unnecessary word uttered at the wrong time or place can
ruin a relationship, career or even your life. Such is the power of words. If such a thing
happens, you should immediately apologise, else it may haunt you for life.
[31]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Another problem to overcome is speaking too fast. Since our minds are working faster
than our speech, we are inclined to speak fast. This does not necessarily mean that the
person hearing it will get it any faster. On the contrary, it is always the reverse. So slow
down, think before you speak. “When I get ready to speak to people,” Abraham Lincoln
said, “I spend two-thirds of the time thinking what they want to hear and one-third
thinking what I want to say.” Adding humour and wit is also essential. But realise that not
all jokes are funny and observe certain boundaries. Never say anything that could offend.
Remember you are not a comedian who must offend as many people as you can, to be witty.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) Why is it necessary to have good communication skills? (2 Marks)
Ans. It is necessary to have good communication skills because based on these skills, people
will judge, evaluate, promote or block you. You can get far ahead of your colleagues, if you
have good communication skills.
(ii) How can communication skills be developed? (2 Marks)
Ans. Good communication skills can be developed by:
(a) observing good communicators.
(b) adopting good communicator’s styles and traits.
(c) developing the habit of listening to ourselves.
(d) learning from every interaction.
(iii) What, according to the writer, should be avoided while communicating? (1 Mark)
Ans. According to the writer, we should avoid grammatical errors while communicating, avoid
communicating in an emotional state and avoid speaking too fast.
(iv) Why should you be careful when you tend to be humorous? (1 Mark)
Ans. We should be careful when we tend to be humorous because all jokes are not funny. Jokes
should be offensive and we should avoid offending people.
(v) to calculate the value of something (para-1) (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(a) evaluate (b) observe (c) adopt (d) promote
Ans. (a) evaluate
(vi) a situation where two or more people communicate with each other (para-1) (1 Mark)
(a) refrain (b) judge (c) pause (d) interaction
Ans. (d) interaction
(vii) a feeling of disappointment (para-2) (1 Mark)
(a) trait (b) regret (c) haunt (d) block
Ans. (b) regret
(viii) the ability to use words in a clever and humorous way (para-3) (1 Mark)
(a) offend (b) utter (c) wit (d) reverse
Ans. (d) reverse
[32]
 English
PASSAGE-6
Read the following passage carefully:
1. Maybe you’re bored of bananas, apples and grapes, and need a fresh produce pick? A
nutrient-rich serving of kiwi may be just what you need. A serving of kiwi (2 kiwis) has
twice the vitamin C of an orange, as much potassium as a banana and the fiber of a bowl
of whole grain cereal-all for less than 100 calories!
2. The fuzzy fruit is sky-high in both soluble and insoluble fibre, both of which are essential for
promoting heart health, regulating digestion, and lowering cholesterol levels–that’s a winning
trifecta. Kiwi fruit has also been considered a “nutritional all-star,” as Rutgers University
researchers found that kiwi fruit has the best nutrient density of 21 commonly consumed fruits.
3. Along with vitamin C, kiwi fruit is rich in many bioactive compounds that have antioxidant
capacity to help protect against free radicals, harmful by-products produced in the body.
If you want clean energy, think of kiwi fruit because it is rich in magnesium, a nutrient
essential to convert food into energy.
4. A kiwi fruit also doubles as a peeper-keeper by supplying your eyes with protective lutein,
a carotenoid that’s concentrated in eye tissues and helps protect against harmful free
radicals. Kiwi fruit is also packed with blood pressure-lowering potassium. In fact, a 100-
gram serving of kiwi fruit-that’s about one large kiwi-provides 15% of the Recommended
Daily Allowance (RDA) of potassium.
5. Kiwi fruit has been growing in New Zealand for over 100 years. Once the fruit gained in
popularity, other countries started to grow them including Italy, France, Chile, Japan, South Korea
and Spain. At first, kiwis were referred to as ‘Yang Tao’ or ‘Chinese Gooseberry,’ but the name was
ultimately changed to kiwi fruit, so that everyone would know where the fruit came from.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

6. A ripe kiwi fruit will be plump and smooth-skinned, and free of wrinkles, bruise, and
punctures. If you find that your kiwi is a little too firm after buying it, simply let it ripen at
room temperature for three to five days. The firmer the fruit, the more tart it will taste. To
speed up the ripening process, you can also place kiwis in a paper bag with an apple or a
banana. If you want to store the fruit longer, you should keep in a plastic bag in the
refrigerator.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below.
(i) What does a serving of kiwi offer? (2 Marks)
Ans. A serving of kiwi offers twice the vitamin C of an orange, as much potassium as a banana
and the fiber of a bowl of whole grain cereal-all for less than 100 calories!

[33]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Why has kiwi been considered a ‘nutritional all-star’? (2 Marks)
Ans. Rutgers University researchers found that kiwi fruit has the best nutrient density of 21
commonly consumed fruits. Therefore, it is considered as a ‘nutritional all-star.’
(iii) How is kiwi fruit helpful for the eyes? (1 Mark)
Ans. Kiwi fruit supplies our eyes with protective lutein, a carotenoid that’s concentrated in eye
tissues and helps protect against harmful free radicals.
(iv) How can you make a kiwi fruit ripen? (1 Mark)
Ans. Kiwi fruit can be ripened by keeping it at room temperature for three to five days. To
speed up the ripening process, you can also place kiwis in a paper bag with an apple or a
banana.
(v) the quantity of things in a given area or space (para-2) (1 Mark)
(a) consumed (b) density (c) calories (d) capacity
Ans. (b) density
(vi) necessary or needed (para-3) (1 Mark)
(a) essential (b) compounds (c) considered (d) recommend
Ans. (a) essential
(vii) completely developed for harvesting (para-6) (1 Mark)
(a) packed (b) produced (c) ripe (d) consumed
Ans. (c) ripe
(viii) appearance of a part of something as discoloured (para-6) (1 Mark)
(a) bruise (b) ripen (c) wrinkles (d) plump
Ans. (a) bruise

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

PASSAGE-1
I. Read the following text : (CBSE 2025)
1. The climate and landscape in Uttarakhand vary greatly with altitude (186-7619m), from the
largest glaciers in the higher elevation to the subtropical forests in the lowest elevation.
2. The lowlands along the border of U.P. are covered by the drier Terai-Savanna grasslands,
the moist deciduous forest of the upper Gangetic plains form the Bhabhar belt. Due to the
extensive agricultural practices, most of these lowland forest have been cleared. Snow and
bare ice occupy the highest altitudes.
[34]
 English
3. This state occupies 53,483 [Link]., (1.63% of India’s total land area). Out of 13 districts,
Uttarkasi occupies the maximum are of 8039 sq. km., while Champawat covers the
minimum area of 1634 sq. km. Uttarakhand experiences four types of seasons, namely,
Monsoon (June to September), Post-monsoon (October to November), Cold weather
(December to February) and Pre-monsoon (March to May). The normal annual
precipitation in the state is 1446 mm. Rain usually starts at the end of April and lasts until
September. The monsoon rainfall is 78% of the annual rainfall. This makes the state prone
to flood during monsoon. Bageshwar receives the maximum normal annual rainfall (1872
mm). 81% falls of this rainfall occurs in the monsoon season. Haridwar receives the
minimum normal annual rainfall (1107 mm).
4. Due to the differences in topographical features, temperatures vary widely. During March
and April, temperatures rise until they peak in May and June, when the mean maximum
temperature in the southern and valley regions is between 34° and 38°C, and the mean
minimum temperature is between 20° and 24°C. Temperatures can reach 42°C in the
valleys and southern half of the state and 30°C in two-kilometers-high elevations on some
days, Day and night temperatures begin to dip around the end of September and reach the
lowest in January and early February. January is the coldest month, with an average
maximum temperature of 20°C and an average lowest temperature of 6°C, The mean
maximum and mean minimum temperatures range from 10° to 12°C at altitudes of 2 km.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above :
(i) Fill in the blank suitably : (1 Mark)
The variance in climate and landscape of Uttarakhand as per paragraph 1 is marked by _________.
Ans. altitude (186 - 7619 m)
(ii) Based on your understanding of the paragraph 2, fill in the blanks with the appropriate
option from those given in brackets. (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Most of the lowland forests are _________ (maintained/cleared) due to the _________ (large-
scale/small-scale) agricultural practices.
Ans. cleared, large-scale
(iii) Based on the passage, which of the districts has the lowest rainfall in Uttarakhand ?
Ans. Haridwar receives the minimum normal annual rainfall (1107 mm). (1 Mark)
(iv) In the given sentence taken from paragraph 3, select the option that correctly replaces the
underlined word, with its most likely Antonym. (1 Mark)
Rain usually starts at the end of April and lasts until September.
(a) begins (b) arrives (c) ends (d) commences
Ans. (c) ends

[35]
Compendium: Class 10
(v) ‘This makes the state of Uttarakhand prone to flood during monsoon. (2 Marks)
Justify the statement with reference to the passage given above in words. (30-40)
Ans. Uttarakhand receives an annual precipitation of 1446 mm, with monsoon rainfall
contributing 78% of it. Bageshwar, which gets the highest rainfall (1872 mm), receives
81% of it during the monsoon season, making the state highly susceptible to floods.
(vi) Which two districts have maximum and minimum rainfall in the state ? (1 Mark)
(a) Bageshwar and Chamoli (b) Nainital and Rudraprayag
(c) Haridwar and Garhwal (d) Bageshwar and Haridwar
Ans. (d) Bageshwar and Haridwar
(vii) Complete the given table : (1 Mark)
Assertion Reasoning
The temperatures vary widely ______________________________
in the state of Uttarakhand ______________________________
______________________________
Ans. Assertion : The temperatures vary widely in the state of Uttarakhand.
Reasoning : Due to differences in topographical features, temperatures fluctuate
significantly. Higher altitudes experience colder temperatures, while
southern and valley regions face extreme summer heat.
(viii) How is Bhabhar belt formed? (1 Mark)
Ans. The Bhabhar belt is formed by the deposition of coarse sediments and pebbles from rivers
emerging from the Himalayas. It consists of porous soil, allowing water to seep
underground.
(ix) State which of the given statements is not true:
(A) January is the coldest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20 °C and
an average lowest temperature of 6 °C. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(B) The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C at
altitudes of 2 km.
Ans. (B) This is incorrect; the passage states that the range is 10 to 12°C at these altitudes.
II. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2024)
1. Mango (Mangifera indica) is Asia’s most popular fruit, and it has gained popularity around
the world. It has long been a component of culture and religion as a useful and tasty fruit.
In addition to taste, it has many good qualities thus making it to be called as “King of
Fruits”. Major mango-growing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the
leading states in mango production.

[36]
 English
2. Mango is grown in an area of 5.58 million hectares of area in the world. India is the largest
producer of mangoes with 46.02 and 45.88 percent of the total world area and production,
respectively. However, India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production,
exports only 0.52% of its total production indicating the huge gap in exporting of
mangoes. Peru exports about 46%, Thailand 24%, Mexico 18% and Brazil 11 % of their
total mango production. These countries are the bigger challenges for Indian mango
exports. Hence, efforts are needed to evolve cheap transportation mechanism, increase
the trade agreements with major importing countries and enhance the productivity.
3. The top importing country is United States of America, however, India exports only two
percent of its total exports to the USA. The USA, European countries, the UK, Malaysia and
Russia can be the other hotspots where India can target to export the mangoes. The
critical issue for exporting to the USA is transportation cost (due to sea route distance)
and limited shelf life of mango, while for Europe transportation costs as well as
competition by African countries are the major hurdles.
The following chart shows the major export destinations of Indian mangoes in 2019-20:
Table:
Major Export Destination of Indian Mangoes in 2019-20:
S. No. Country Percentage
1. U.S.A. 2
2. Kuwait 2
3. Saudi Arabia 3
4. Qatar 6
5. Bangladesh 6
6. Oman 7
7. U.K. 9
8. Nepal 24
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

9. United Arab Emirates 33

10. Bahrain 2
11. Others 6
(Adapted for academic usage.)
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above :
(i) Complete the following analogy appropriately, based on understanding of Para (1):
We can say that for becoming the king of jungle, Lion has to be the strongest, bravest and
the fiercest. Similarly, Mango is known as the king of fruits because ______. (1 Mark)
Ans. it has long been a component of culture and religion as a useful and tasty fruit. In addition
to taste, it has many good qualities

[37]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option from those given in brackets, based on your
understanding of Para (2): (1 Mark)
The statement that, India is the largest producer of Mangoes with 45.88 percent of the
total world production can be attributed to Indian orchardists, is a/an ______
(fact/opinion) because it is a/an________ (subjective judgement/objective detail)
Ans. fact, objective detail
(iii) Justify the following in about 40 words: (2 Marks)
India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production, exports only 0.52% of
its total production.
Ans. India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production, exports only 0.52% of
its total production indicating the huge gap with comparison to export of Peru, Thailand,
Mexico, Brazil. It needs efforts to evolve cheap transportation mechanism, increase the
trade agreements with major importing countries and enhance the productivity.
(iv) Based on the table, which three countries were at par with each other in terms of mango
import from India in 2019-20? (1 Mark)
Ans. USA, Kuwait and Bahrain
(v) The top mango importing country is the U.S.A., however, India exports only two percent of its
total exports to the U.S.A. State any one inference that can be drawn from this. (1 Mark)
Ans. India exports only 2% of its total exports to the USA because of its costly transportation
due to sea route distance and limited shelf life of mango.
(vi) In the given sentence taken from para-2, select the option that correctly replaces the
underlined word, with its most likely antonym. (1 Mark)
These countries are the bigger challenges for Indian mango exports.
(a) enigmas (b) solutions (c) provocations (d) disputes
Ans. (b) solutions
(vii) Why is India described as the largest producer of mangoes in the world? (2 Marks)
(Answer in about 40 words.) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Mango is grown in an area of 5.58 million hectares of area in the world. India is the largest
producer of mangoes with 46.02 and 45.88 percent of the total world area and production.
(viii) Which of the following is the main takeaway from the study mentioned in the passage?
(a) India needs to produce more mangoes so that more can be exported. (1 Mark)
(b) The UAE imported most mangoes from India in 2019-20.
(c) India is the largest producer of mangoes and by putting in more efforts, has the
potential to be the largest exporter too.
(d) More study is needed to find ways to increase the export of mangoes from India.
Ans. (c) India is the largest producer of mangoes and by putting in more efforts, has the
potential to be the largest exporter too.

[38]
 English
III. Read the passage given below: (CBSE 2022)
Extraction And Purification of Drinking Water
1. Some consumers choose to purchase bottled drinking water, rather than relying on city
tap water supplies. Bottled water has typically been extracted from underground sources.
If water exists underground, but has no natural exit points, bottling companies may
construct a water table well by drilling down to extract water from an unconfined aquifer.
This is done when the Earth’s natural water level - known as a water table - is much lower
than the Earth’s surface. In some cases, as with a valley or gully on a mountain, the level
of the spring can emerge. Bottling companies are permitted to extract this water from a
hole drilled into the underground spring, but the composition of the water must be
identical to that of the naturally surfacing variety nearby.
2. Artesian water is drawn from a confined aquifer, a deep underground cavity of porous
rock that holds water and bears pressure from a confining layer above it. This water can
be accessed if companies drill a vertical channel down into the confined aquifer. Due to
the pressurised nature of this aquifer, water will often rise up from within it and form a
flowing artesian well, which appears as an explosive fountain at the Earth’s surface.
However, this only occurs when the surface is lower than the natural water table. If the
surface is not lower than the natural water table, it is still possible to draw artesian water
by using an extraction pump.
3. Some bottled water is advertised as ‘purified, which means it has been subjected to a
variety of cleansing processes. A common filtering procedure, known as reverse osmosis,
involves the water being pressed through microscopic membranes that prevent larger
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

contaminants from passing through. The microscopic size of these holes is such that they
can even obstruct germs, but they are most effective against undesirable materials such
as salt, nitrates and limescale. One disadvantage of reverse osmosis is that a lot of
unusable water is generated as a by-product of the procedure; this must be thrown away.
4. For treating pathogens, an impressive newer option is ultraviolet (UV) light. Powerful UV
light has natural antibacterial qualities, so this process simply requires water to be
subjected to a sufficient strength of UV light as it passes through a treatment chamber.
The light neutralises many harmful germs by removing their DNA, thereby impeding their
ability to replicate. A particularly impressive quality of UV light is its ability to neutralise
highly resistant viral agents such as hepatitis.

[39]
Compendium: Class 10
5. The overall effects of UV light treatment are variable, however, which leaves many
municipal water treatment processes relying on chlorination. Its powerful and
comprehensive antimicrobial effect notwithstanding, chlorination is also extremely
inexpensive and remains the only antimicrobial treatment capable of ensuring water
remains contaminant-free all the way through the pipes and to the taps of domestic
homes. Many members of the public remain suspicious of water that has been treated
with such a harsh chemical. Its ease of use and affordability have meant that chlorine often
plays an important role in making tainted water supplies safe for consumption
immediately after natural disasters have occurred.
On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer any five questions from
the six given below: (5 x 1 = 5 Marks)
(i) Under what conditions does a natural spring emerge?
Ans. A natural spring emerges when the Earth’s natural water level, known as a water table, is
lower than the Earth’s surface, such as in a valley or gully on a mountain.
(ii) What is a confined aquifer?
Ans. A confined aquifer is a deep underground cavity of porous rock that holds water and bears
pressure from a confining layer above it.
(iii) What forms a flowing artesian well?
Ans. A flowing artesian well forms when the water rises from a confined aquifer due to the
pressurised nature of the aquifer and the surface being lower than the natural water table,
appearing as an explosive fountain at the Earth’s surface.
(iv) Explain the term ‘purified’ water.
Ans. ‘Purified’ water refers to water that has been subjected to a variety of cleansing processes
to remove contaminants. One common filtering procedure is reverse osmosis, where
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
water is pressed through microscopic membranes that prevent larger contaminants from
passing through.
(v) How are pathogens treated?
Ans. Pathogens are treated by exposing the water to powerful ultraviolet (UV) light, which
neutralises harmful germs by removing their DNA, thereby impeding their ability to replicate.
(vi) Why is municipal water treated by chlorination?
Ans. Municipal water is treated by chlorination because it is an extremely inexpensive and
powerful antimicrobial treatment that ensures water remains contaminant-free all the
way through the pipes to the taps of domestic homes. Chlorination is also useful for
making tainted water supplies safe for consumption immediately after natural disasters.

[40]
 English
IV. Read the following excerpt from a Case Study. (CBSE 2022)
J.K. Rowling — A Journey
The story of Joanne Kathleen Rowling’s near-magical rise to fame is almost as well known
as the characters she creates. Rowling was constantly writing and telling stories to her
younger sister Dianne. “The first story I ever wrote down was about a rabbit called
Rabbit,” Rowling said in an interview. “He got the measles and was visited by his friends
including a giant bee called Miss Bee. Ever since Rabbit and Miss Bee, I have always
wanted to be a writer, though I rarely told anyone so.
However, my parents, both of whom come from impoverished backgrounds and neither of
whom had been to college, took the view that my overactive imagination was an amusing
personal quirk that would never pay a mortgage or secure a pension. A writer from the age
of six, with two unpublished novels in the drawer, she was stuck on a train when Harry
walked into her mind fully formed. She spent the next five years constructing the plots of
seven books, one for every year of his secondary school life. Rowling says she started
writing the first book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, in Portugal, where she was
teaching English. At first, nobody wanted to publish Harry Potter. She was told that the plot
was too complex. Refusing to compromise, she found a publisher. In 1997 Rowling received
her first royalty cheque. By book three, she had skyrocketed to the top of the publishing
world. A row of zeroes appeared on the author’s bank balance and her life was turned upside
down. Day and night she had journalists knocking on the unanswered door of her flat.
Rowling’s quality control has become legendary, as her obsession with accuracy. She’s
thrilled with Stephen Fry’s taped version of the books and outraged that an Italian dust
jacket showed Harry minus his glasses. “Don’t they understand that the glasses are the
clue to his vulnerability?”
Annual earning of J.K. Rowling from 2010 to 2019
125
Earning in million US dollars
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

100 95 92

75

50

25 17 19
13 14
5
0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

On the basis of your understanding of the passage answer any five of the six questions
given below. (1 x 5 = 5 Marks)

[41]
Compendium: Class 10
(i) Explain J.K. Rowling’s ‘near magical rise to fame’.
Ans. J.K. Rowling’s ‘near magical rise to fame’ refers to her rapid and almost fantastical ascent
to fame and success as an author, particularly with the Harry Potter series. Despite initial
struggles and rejections, once her books were published, they quickly became immensely
popular worldwide, catapulting her to literary stardom.
(ii) What reason did the publishers give for rejecting Rowling’s book?
Ans. Publishers initially rejected Rowling’s book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, citing
that the plot was too complex.
(iii) What was the drawback of achieving fame?
Ans. The drawback of achieving fame for Rowling was the loss of privacy and constant
intrusion into her personal life by journalists, as mentioned in the passage: “Day and night
she had journalists knocking on the unanswered door of her flat.”
(iv) Why was Rowling outraged by the Italian dust jacket?
Ans. Rowling was outraged by the Italian dust jacket that depicted Harry Potter without his glasses.
She felt that the glasses were crucial to his character as they symbolized his vulnerability.
(v) Find a word in the last paragraph that means the same as ‘insecure/helpless’.
Ans. The word in the last paragraph that means the same as ‘insecure/helpless’ is ‘vulnerability’.
(vi) According to the graph, how many years did it take Rowling to become very successful?
Ans. According to the passage, it took Rowling approximately five years to become very
successful. This is indicated by the statement that she spent “the next five years
constructing the plots of seven books” after Harry Potter walked into her mind.
V. Read the following passage carefully: (CBSE 2020) (12 Marks)
1. As the family finally sets off from home after many arguments, there is a moment of lull
as the car takes off. “Alright, so where are we going for dinner now?” asks the one at the
driving wheel. What follows is chaos as multiple voices make as many suggestions.
2. By the time order is restored and a decision is arrived at, tempers have risen, feelings
injured and there is at least one person grumbling. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. Twenty years ago, you would step out of home, the decision of meal and venue already
made with no arguments or opposition and everybody looked forward to the meal with
equal enthusiasm. The decision was made by the head of the family and the others fell in
line. Today every member togetherness and bonding.
4. We empower our kids to make their own decisions from a very early age. We ask them
the cuisine they prefer, the movie they want to see, the holiday they wish to go on and the
subjects they wish to study.
5. It’s a closely connected world out there where children consult and guide each other. A
parent’s well-meaning advice can sound like nothing more than unnecessary preaching.
How then do we reach our children through all the conflicting views and make the voice
of reason be heard? Child day questions choices and prefer to go with the flow.
[42]
 English
6. What then is the best path to take? I would say the most important thing one can do is to
listen. Listen to your children and their silences. Ensure that you keep some time aside for
them, insist that they share their stories with you. Step into their world. It is not as
complicated as it sounds; just a daily half an hour of quality time would do the trick.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions
in 30 - 40 words each: (2 x 4 = 8 Marks)
(a) Write one advantage and one disadvantage of allowing every family member to be a part
of the decision-making process.
Ans. One advantage is that the decision-making process fosters a sense of belonging and camaraderie.
Disadvantage - It might lead to squabbling and strife.
(b) In today’s world, what are parents asking their kids?
Ans. In today’s environment, we let our children make their own judgments from a young age.
Today, every member of the family has a say in every decision, which fosters a sense of
belonging and bonding. From a young age, we provide our children the ability to make
their own judgments. We ask them the cuisine they prefer, the movie they want to see, the
holiday they wish to go on and the subjects they wish to study.
(c) Which two pieces of advice does the writer give to the parents?
Ans. Both pieces of advice, the writer give to the parents are:-
• Pay attention to your children’s silences, listen to your children and their silences.
Ensure that you keep some time aside for them.
• Spend time with your children and tell them your stories. Just a daily half an hour of
quality time would do the trick.
(d) The passage supports the parents. How far do you agree with the author’s views? Support
your view with a reason.
Ans. Yes, I agree that this passage supports the parents because the decision was taken by the
family’s head twenty years ago, and it encourages a sense of togetherness and bonding. I
agree with this viewpoint because youngsters do not have the ability to make their own
decisions. Make sound decisions on your own. It is possible that it is incorrect at times.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following: (1 x 4 = 4 Marks)
(a) The synonym of ‘hurt’ as given in paragraph 2 is _____________.
Ans. injured
(b) The word which means the same as ‘a style or method of cooking’ in paragraph 4 is
_____________.
(i) cuisine (ii) gourmet (iii) gastric (iv) science
Ans. cuisine
(c) The antonym of ‘agreeable’ as given in paragraph 5 is _____________.
Ans. conflicting
(d) The antonym of ‘simple’ as given in paragraph 6 is _____________.
(i) difficult (ii) complicated (iii) easy (iv) tricky
Ans. complicated

[43]
[44]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

3 Letter Writing

1. You are Kavita Yadav, a resident of B-3/13 Ashok Vihar, New Delhi. You have noticed that
inspite of the government’s initiatives and provisions made for the girl child, the statistics
shown in the enrolment position of girls is not very encouraging. Write a letter to the Editor
of a national daily, expressing your concern about the issue and the need to work on a war
footing to counter the problem of poor enrolment of girls. (100-120 words) (5 Marks)
• Poor enrolment ratio • Education to all is important
• Effect of gender discrimination • Government efforts required
• Spreading awareness • Sensitise parents
Ans. B-3/13 Ashok Vihar
New Delhi-110054

7th March, 20××

The Editor
The Times
New Delhi

Subject: Universal Education for Girls - Still a Dream!

Sir/Madam
I wish to throw light on the prevailing poor enrolment ratio of girls in our country.
Education is a human right enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Therefore, it is of utmost important that education is given to all.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Gender discrimination and cultural factors continue to make the situation worse.
Collective efforts on a war footing and on an individual and national level are the need of
the hour. Some parents hesitate to send girls to far off schools by raising their concern for
security. Considering this, more educational institutions must be opened in safe and
nearby areas.
Awareness programmes should be conducted to sensitise parents, as it is important for
the poor to understand the importance of education. Incentives in the form of financial
scholarships may also help to motivate poor parents to enrol their girl child. With these
steps, we may emancipate and empower girls of our country.

Yours sincerely
Kavita Yadav
[45]
Compendium: Class 10
2. You are Sujal / Sujata of Pragya Public School, Nagal, Punjab who had arranged a trip for
fifty students to Nainital in summer vacations for ten days with ‘Mount Travels and
Tourism’. The arrangements done by the travel agency were far below standard. The
accommodation and food facilities were inferior in quality. Write a letter of complaint to
the director of the agency to stop duping tourists with false promises as it tarnishes the
image of locals. (5 Marks)
Ans. Pragya Public School
Nagal, Punjab

23rd November, 20××

The Director
Mount Travels and Tourism
Nagal, Punjab

Subject: Inferior quality of food and accommodation

Sir
I am constrained to express my displeasure and resentment at inferior arrangements
made during our tour to Nainital in summer vacations. Our tour was for ten days and
arrangement made by your agency was below standard. When we came back home, most
of the students fell ill and were unable to attend classes. During our negotiation for tour,
following promises were made:
(a) Stay in good hotels
(b) Food at a good restaurant
As above promises were not kept, we were put in a lodge and were forced to eat local food.
Consequently, most of the students fell ill. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Certainly, we are cheated by your agency. You are requested to stop duping local people,
because it tarnishes your image.

Yours sincerely
Sujal / Sujata
3. You are Ram Mehar of 32-Beedan Pura, Karol Bagh, Delhi. Last week, you bought a mobile
phone from ‘The Mobile Junction’, 20L, Nehru Place, New Delhi. The mobile phone
developed a problem within a few days of its purchase. Write a complaint letter to the
dealer giving details of the nature of the problem and asking him / her to rectify the defect
or replace the phone. (5 Marks)

[46]
 English
Ans. 32, Beedan Pura
Karol Bagh
New Delhi

26th March, 20××

The Mobile Junction

20L, Nehru Place
New Delhi

Subject: Defective Mobile Phone

Sir
I am a resident of Beedan Pura, Karol Bagh, New Delhi. I purchased a Samsung 2G mobile
phone from The Mobile Junction on 19th March, 20××, via cash memo No. 190319/18. I
am sorry to say that the mobile phone developed a problem within a few days of its
purchase. The sound system is quite irritating and jarring. The camera doesn’t give a clear
and deep impression. I feel cheated to have such a defective mobile phone after spending
more than fifteen thousand rupees. It is quite unfortunate that even after sending two
reminders, you have shown no urgency to rectify the defects or replace the defective
mobile set at the earliest. I hope you will do the needful within a week. I am sure you will
not compel me to knock the doors of the Consumer Court for this unpleasant lapse of time
on your part.

Yours sincerely
Ram Mehar
4. You are A. R. Aggarwal, General Manager, Aggarwal Enterprises, Indore. You need various
items of furniture and stationery for your newly constructed head office. Write a letter to
Kuber Official Works, Indore placing a bulk order for the supply giving all details of the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

items ordered. (5 Marks)

Ans. General Manager
Aggarwal Enterprises
Indore

7th March, 20××

Kuber Official Works

Central Market
Indore
Subject: Furniture and other items for office
Sir

[47]
Compendium: Class 10
We have to furnish our newly constructed head office and its rooms in Civil Lines, Indore.
We had demanded quotations from various firms that supply furniture and related items
for offices. We are approving the quotations sent by you as they are the best. Hence, we
have decided to place a bulk order for the supply of furniture, stationery and other related
items with you for our office.
The details of the items are furnished below:
S. No. Particulars Quantity (Nos.)
1. Tables 6’x 4’ (Teak) 10
2. Tables 4’x 3’ (Teak) 20
3. Benches 7’x 3’ (Sal) 15
4. Chairs (rotating steel) 10
5. Chairs (standard size teak) 50
6. Stools (mango wood) 10
7. Boxes 4’x 3’ (steel) 10
8. Almirahs (steel) 30
9. Boards 10
10. Table lamps 40
11. Stamp pads 50
12. Ink pads 100
13. Office pens with stands 100
14. Carbon 100 boxes

Kindly send all the items in their proper sizes, specifications and conditions.
Yours sincerely
A.R. Aggarwal
General Manager
5. You are Ram/Rama, Sales Manager of Modern Shoes, Kanpur. You placed a bulk order
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
with Messer’s Ramani Shoes, Kanpur for the supply of shoes for your showroom. The firm
has failed to execute the order. In spite of your many reminders, there is no positive
response from them. Write a letter to the firm that you are constrained to cancel the order
that you had placed to them. (5 Marks)
Ans. Modern Shoes
Civil Lines
Kanpur

10th March, 20××

M/s Ramani Shoes
Bara Bazar
Kanpur

[48]
 English
Subject: Cancelling of order

Sir
I can express only my deep dismay and displeasure at the non-execution of the bulk order
that we placed with you for the purchase of shoes on 10th January 20××. The said order was
to be executed within 10 days. However, when more than a month expired, you expressed
regrets giving the strike of workers in the factory as the main reason of non-execution. We
accepted your request for executing the order within a week. We condoned the delay keeping
in view our previous good business terms. As we have not heard from you recently, we have
reasons to believe that cancellation of the said order is the only way left out for us. I hope that
the cancellation of the said order will not affect our otherwise good business terms in future.

Yours sincerely
Ram / Rama
Sales Manager
6. You are Aditi/Amar of New Friends Colony, New Delhi. The residents of your area suffer
miserably due to the frequent power cuts and voltage fluctuations. This results in frequent
damage to the electric appliances. Power cuts also cause a great inconvenience to students
at night. Write a letter of complaint to the Chief Engineer, Electricity Board of your area
seeking immediate relief and quick action. (5 Marks)
Ans. 23-L, New Friends Colony
New Delhi

20th March, 20××

The Chief Engineer

Electricity Board
New Delhi
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Subject: Frequent power cuts and low voltage

Sir
It is quite surprising that the residents of such a posh colony such as Friends Colony are made
to bear a lot of inconvenience and trouble due to frequent breakdowns of electricity and voltage
fluctuations. Delhi doesn’t remain a pleasant place to live in the scorching summer weeks.
The temperature shoots even up to 45° C and more. The erratic supply of electric power
only compounds the sufferings of the people. The low voltage makes it difficult for the air
conditioners and fans to operate at their required capacity. Great voltage fluctuations
have resulted in damaging domestic electrical appliances.
Students of the area are the worst sufferers. The examinations are round the comer. They
can’t study properly at night even during their examinations.

[49]
Compendium: Class 10
Friends Colony Residents Welfare Association has been taking the issue regularly with the
concerned authorities. Nothing fruitful has come out so far. I request on behalf of the
residents and students in particular to ensure the regular and trouble-free supply of
power in the colony.

Yours faithfully
Aditi/Amar
7. You are A. R. Dalmia, Incharge of the Physical Education Department of your school. You
need various items of sports for the department. Write a letter to M/s Jagbir Singh & Sons,
a well-known supplier of sports goods, Jallandhar enquiring him about the rates of each
item and the maximum discount that they can offer to you. (5 Marks)
Ans. Department of Physical Education
Janta Public School
Ambala

10th March, 20××

M/s Jagbir Singh & Sons

Jallandhar Cant
Jallandhar

Subject: Enquiring about rates and discount

Sir
We are old customers of yours and need no introduction. Being a leading supplier of
sports goods, we can expect the best quality of goods at competitive rates. As we are
placing a bulk order with you, we want to inquire at what rates you can supply each item
of different sports. The likely number of items with their details to the purchased are
attached here. Kindly study them thoroughly and give the lowest quotations at which you smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

can supply the desired goods.

Let us remind you that you have been giving us 20% flat discount on various items. As we
are an educational institution, we would expect a special discount that dealers generally
give to such institutions.
Kindly do the needful and furnish all the details regarding the inquiries at the earliest.

Yours truly
A. R. Dalmia
Incharge
Department of Physical Education

[50]
 English
8. Write a letter to the Editor, The Times of India about evoking awareness for the use of solar energy
among the citizens of India. You are Daman / Damini from Vijay Nagar, New Delhi. (5 Marks)
Ans. B1/139, Vijay Nagar
New Delhi
29th March, 20××
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
Subject: Evoking Awareness About Solar Energy
Sir
Through the esteemed columns of your newspaper, I wish to make the people aware of the
growing need and demands of solar power. We all know that our mother Earth is showing signs
of declining health. It is due to excessive pollution and excessive use of resources that is leading
to this. Man has a desire to lead a luxurious life and for that he is over-using electricity.
To find a better solution we should switch over to use of solar energy like solar cookers,
solar lanterns, solar water heaters, solar panels to light up houses. These are available in
the market and the government should provide them at subsidised rates so that more and
more people switch over to this option.
I am sure that by using alternate energy we shall be able to cut down the pollution level
and make Earth a better place to live in.
Yours sincerely
Daman/Damini
9. Write a letter to the Editor regarding creating awareness towards health and hygiene
among rural people. You are Madhav/Madhavi of Mahaveer Nagar, Jaipur. (5 Marks)
Ans. 51, Mahaveer Nagar
Binny Complex
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Jaipur
5th April, 20××

The Editor
The Hindu
New Delhi
Subject: Creating Awareness towards Health and Hygiene
Sir
Through the columns of your newspaper, I wish to draw the attention towards the
negligent attitude of people towards basic health and hygiene in our villages. The villagers
are mostly uneducated and pay no attention towards sanitation and personal hygiene.
This results in frequent ill health for most of our rural folks.

[51]
Compendium: Class 10
The government should organise health camps where the villagers can be made aware of
the importance of sanitation and how to avoid getting infections. Health check’ ups by
specialists can enlighten them about such chronic diseases as diabetes, cholera, jaundice
etc. Construction of personal toilets in each house must be insisted and helped by state
agencies to prevent open defecation which causes many diseases.
I hope through these efforts we can improve the health issues among our rural folks.

Yours sincerely
Madhav/Madhavi
10. You are the librarian of Army Public School. You had placed an order for textbooks with
Dhanpati and Sons. As the books did not arrive on time, you have decided to cancel the order.
Write a letter to the Manager, Dhanpati and Sons, Chennai, cancelling the order. (5 Marks)
Ans. Army Public School
24, Ooty Road
Coimbatore-641001

13th April, 20××

The Manager
M/s Dhanpati & Sons
12/A Anna Salai
Chennai-600001

Subject: Cancellation of Our Order APS/33/12-13

Sir
Kindly refer to our above order dated 7th March, 20×× for various textbooks for our
school students, in which the last date of delivery was 31st March, 20××.
We regret that the books ordered have not been received by us. As the new term of the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
school has already started, we are constrained to cancel the above order, as you did not
comply with the delivery date and also have not informed us when you expect the books
to be delivered.
(Librarian to the utilities to eliminate the need for a storage system as well as eliminating
or dramatically reducing our electricity bills.
I would, therefore, urge you to be ready for this change. We must accept this viable,
attractive alternative to conventional sources of energy.
Thank you very much.
Kindly acknowledge receipt of this letter.

Yours faithfully
KC Mohapatra
[52]
 English

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Convenience, variety, discounts and laziness are some of the reasons for the growing
popularity of ordering food online. You are Santa/Suhail student editor for the National
Times. Compose a letter in about 120 words to the Editor of the newspaper highlighting
the adverse effects of take-out food ordered online. Emphasize on the overall well-being
of eating home-cooked meals. (CBSE 2025) (5 Marks)
Ans. XYZ School
Delhi

13th April, 20××

The Editor
National Times
Delhi
Subject: Adverse Effects of Online Food Orders
Sir/Madam
The growing trend of ordering food online has significantly impacted our eating habits.
While convenience, variety, and discounts make it appealing, this shift has many adverse
effects on our well-being. Consuming take-out food frequently leads to unhealthy eating,
as it often contains excessive amounts of salt, sugar, and fats. Additionally, it contributes
to poor digestion and can result in long-term health issues like obesity and heart diseases.
Home-cooked meals, on the other hand, offer more nutritional value, control over
ingredients, and foster healthier eating habits. They also encourage family bonding and
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

cost savings. Therefore, it is crucial for people to recognize the importance of home-
cooked food for their overall health.
Yours faithfully
Santa/Suhail
2. You visited your hometown after a period of four years and were disappointed at the
condition of the roads. They were in a state of disrepair. The uneven surfaces, cracks and
pot-holes were affecting daily commute and causing safety issues for the people. You are
Sulekha/Salim. Write a letter to the Director of the Municipal Corporation in about 100-120
words drawing attention to the poor condition of roads and the inconvenience caused.
Request him to look into the matter and take early action. (CBSE 2025) (5 Marks)

[53]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. ABC Colony
Delhi

26th August, 20××

The Director
Municipal Corporation
Delhi

Subject: Request for Immediate Repair of Roads

Sir/Madam
I am writing to bring to your attention the deplorable condition of the roads in my
hometown, which I recently visited after four years. The roads are riddled with cracks,
potholes, and uneven surfaces, making daily commutes hazardous for residents. The lack
of proper maintenance has not only caused inconvenience but has also posed significant
safety risks for pedestrians and motorists alike.
Given the growing concerns regarding road safety and the difficulties faced by the
community, I urge the Municipal Corporation to take immediate action to repair and
restore the roads to a safe and functional condition.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours faithfully
Sulekha/Salim
3. As Nalini Sharda of 409, Surya Apartments, Gopalpur, you believe that pedestrian safety
is very important. Footpaths on both sides of the main roads of your city need major
repairs and on some stretches they need to be constructed.
Write a letter to the MLA of your city area, in about 120 words, stressing the need for
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
footpaths for pedestrian safety. Share your concern for maintenance of existing footpaths
and the need to construct new ones where they are required. (CBSE 2024) (5 Marks)
Ans. 409, Surya Apartments
Gopalpur

09th May, 20××

The MLA
Gopalpur

Subject: Urgent appeal for improved pedestrian safety through footpath maintenance
and construction

[54]
 English
Sir
I am resident of Gopalpur. I am writing to express my deep concern regarding the state of
footpaths in our city area. The safety of pedestrians is at risk due to the inadequate
maintenance of existing footpaths. Cracks, uneven surfaces, and lack of proper lighting
pose serious threats.
I request you to prioritize the upkeep of current footpaths and consider the construction
of new ones where essential. A well-maintained and expanded footpath network not only
ensures the safety of pedestrians but also promotes a healthier and more sustainable
community. Additionally, It is crucial to identify areas where new footpaths are needed
and initiate construction projects accordingly. This strategic approach will enhance the
safety for pedestrians.
Investing in a comprehensive and well-maintained footpath network aligns without
commitment to fostering a healthy, sustainable and pedestrian friendly environment. I
believe you will pay attention to this matter and will take steps to enhance the overall
well-being of our city’s residents.
Yours faithfully
Nalini Sharda
4. As Sohail Khan, the sports captain of Pinnacle Public School, you believe that fitness as a
lifestyle should be promoted. Write a letter to the Editor of a national daily, in about 120
words, suggesting the introduction of “Cycle to School” campaign for school going students.
The programme aims to develop the habit of exercising through cycling to maintain fitness
and keeping children active. Share the importance and credibility of such a programme and
suggest a feasible way to execute it along with possible activities. (CBSE 2024) (5 Marks)
Ans. Pinnacle Public School
Jaipur
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

09th May, 20××

The Editor
National Daily
Jaipur

Subject: Advocating the ‘cycle to school’ initiative for a healthier generation.

Sir
Through the columns of yours esteemed daily I want to emphasize the need for promoting
fitness as a lifestyle among school going students. I propose the initiation of a ‘Cycle to
School’ campaign to instil the habit of exercising and maintaining fitness.

[55]
Compendium: Class 10
Cycling not only contributes to physical wellbeing but also keeps children active and
promotes a sense of environmental responsibility. Implementing this campaign could involve
organizing workshops on safe cycling practices, collaborating with local bike shops for
discounts, and establishing designated bike lanes around schools. Such a program aligns with
fostering a healthy lifestyle and can have a lasting impact on the wellbeing of our youth.
I request the community to support this endeavour, fostering a culture of fitness and
wellbeing from an early age.
Yours faithfully
Sohail Khan
5. You are Rita/Rahul and you came across the following information on your local club
notice board. (CBSE 2022) (5 Marks)
Better Living
How to tackle stress, build concentration and remain fit and healthy - Yoga, a way of
life - Join a free yoga camp for students.
You wish to enrol but require more information. Write a letter to the Yoga Institute, M.G.
Road, Pune, enquiring about details of timing, batch size, eligibility, etc. for joining the course.
Ans. Rahul Sharma
123, Green Park
Pune
July 18, 20××
The Director
Yoga Institute
M.G. Road, Pune
Subject: Enquiry Regarding Free Yoga Camp for Students
Sir/Madam
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

I recently came across a notice on our local club board about the free yoga camp being
organised by your esteemed institute. I am very interested in enrolling in this camp to
learn how to tackle stress, build concentration, and maintain overall fitness and health.
To make an informed decision, I would like to request the following details: What are the
daily timings of the camp, and does it include weekends? How many students are
accommodated in each batch? Are there any specific eligibility criteria or age restrictions
for participants? How long is the camp, and what are the start and end dates? What steps
do I need to follow to register for the camp? Are there any specific facilities or materials
that participants need to bring along, or will they be provided by the institute? I am eager
to join and benefit from the camp, and I would appreciate it if you could provide me with
the above information at your earliest convenience.
[56]
 English
Thank you for your attention and assistance.
Yours sincerely
Rita/Rahul
6. You are Mukesh/Manju living at 7/31, Karla Nagar, Kanpur. There are many stray dogs
in your colony. They chase vehicles, trouble strangers and sometimes bite the children.
They are a nuisance. Write a letter of complaint to the Municipal Commissioner, Kanpur
requesting him to instruct the concerned staff to take appropriate action. (100 - 150
words) (CBSE 2020) (8 Marks)
Ans: 7/31, Kamla Nagar
Kanpur

5th April, 20xx

The Municipal Commissioner

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Subject: Complaint regarding stray dogs.

Sir
With great respect and humble submission, I, Mukesh / Manju, would like to inform you
of the troubles that the residents of my colony at 7/31, Kanpur, are experiencing as a
result of stray dogs that are always roaming in and around our street.
These stray dogs arrived approximately two weeks ago and are causing a slew of issues
for the locals. These dogs chase the vehicles that come and go from our street, making it
difficult for many people, particularly those with children, to leave their homes to buy
vital goods. Not only have these stray dogs begun assaulting residents, but one of them
recently bit a child who was playing with his buddies in the park. Many residents have
written letters of complaint to the municipality, but no action has been taken. As a result,
we would like to ask you to be so kind as to look into and address our problem, for which
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

we would be eternally grateful.

Thank you
Yours sincerely
Mukesh/Manju

[57]
[58]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

4 Analytical Paragraph

An analytical paragraph is a form of descriptive writing which is written on the basis of a given
Chart, Graph, Data, Clues, Table etc.
Points to be remember while writing an analytical paragraph.
it should state facts that are provided by the chart.
It should be brief and comprehensive.
It should mention figures and quantities appropriately.
No personal observation should be provided.
It is appropriate to use same tense throughout the paragraph.
Format
An analytical paragraph shall be divide into three parts-
1. Introduction 2. Body of the paragraph
3. Conclusion
Introduction
(explain in one or two lines the subject of the graph given)
Main Body
(Explain in detail what the graph is about, use relevant figures, explain trends, make
comparisons and contrasts, divide into sub paragraphs, if required)
Conclusion
(Conclude the paragraph giving the overall view or summary of the graph)
1. The given chart shows the division of household tasks by gender in Great Britain. Write
an analytical paragraph describing the chart in not more than 100-120 words. (5 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Division of household tasks by gender in great Britain

80
Minutes per person per day

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cooking, Cleaning, house Gardening, Care of own Maintenance Clothes,
banking, tidying petcare children and odd jobs washing,
washing up play ironing, sewing
Males 30 13 49.5 20 26 2
Females 74 58 21 45 9.5 25

[59]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. The chart provides information about the division of household tasks by gender in Great
Britain and the number of minutes per day spent by both males as well as females in doing
various tasks.
On an average, women spend approximately four hours doing the household tasks, whereas
men spend less than two and half hours for the same. The tasks on which women spend more
time than men include cooking, cleaning the house, taking care of the children and laundry.
In doing all these tasks, women spend approximately 200 minutes which is almost three
times the time spent by men in accomplishing these tasks. On the other hand, men spend
twice the time than women in doing tasks like gardening and maintenance of odd jobs in
the house. Men spend majority of their time, almost 50 minutes, in gardening and pet care
whereas women spend only 30 minutes for these tasks.
The time spent by men in washing, ironing and sewing clothes is as low as 2 minutes per
day as opposed to 25 minutes spent by women. In a nutshell, women spend far more time
when it comes to doing household chores than men who prefer to do gardening, pet care
and maintenance of odd jobs.
2. The given pie chart shows proportion of people from different households living in a
state of poverty in the UK in the year 2002. Write an analytical paragraph based upon
the information provided in about 100-120 words. (5 Marks)
Proportion of people from each household type living in poverty
7%
14% 5% Single aged persons
Aged Couples
15% Single without children
24%
Couples without children
Sole Parents
Couples with children
26% 9%
All households
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. The given pie chart illustrates seven different categories of households living in poverty in
the UK in the year 2002. It is clearly evident from the pie chart that 26% of the total poverty-
stricken households were those of sole parents who formed the majority. Single people
without children accounted for the second highest proportion of 24%.
In contrast to couples without children who accounted for just 9%, couples with children
accounted for 15% of the poor households. Single aged persons formed 7%, whereas aged
couples formed 5% of poor households. Overall, 14% of all households in the UK were living
under poverty in the year 2002.
In all, the younger generation seemed to have a greater poor percentage than their aged
counterparts, and couples without children had better economic conditions than those with
children.

[60]
 English
3. The following table shows details about the different internet activities for six
categories of people according to different age groups. Study the table and write an
analytical paragraph based upon it in about 100- 120 words. (5 Marks)
Internet Activities by Age Group
Age group
Activity% Teens 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70+
Get News 76 73 76 75 71 74 70
Online games 81 54 37 29 25 25 32
Downloads 52 46 27 15 13 8 6
Product research 0 79 80 83 79 74 70
Buying a product 43 68 69 68 67 65 41
Searching for people 5 31 23 23 24 29 27
Ans. The given table suggests the internet activities of six age groups ranging from teens to those
in their seventies for six different kinds of activities on the internet. The table shows that
the younger generation is more interested in online games and news, whereas the older
generation spends time on the internet in order to research and buy products.
It is evident from the table that 81% of the teens mainly use the internet for playing online
games, and many are also interested in news and downloads as well as in buying products.
The middle-age group, that is, people in the age group ranging from 20s to 60s is highly
interested in getting news, doing product research and buying products, with the
percentage ranging from 70-80%.
The internet activity which gets the least time is searching for people. All the age groups
spend less than 30% of their internet time on the same. The amount of time spent on
downloads decreases with age and gets as low as 6% for the people in 70s. Overall, the table
suggests that teenagers are most likely to spend time playing games and doing downloads.
On the other hand, older people, on an average, are interested in researching and buying
products. It is also significant to note that people spend the least amount of time when it
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

comes to searching for other people online.

4. The given pie chart shows the data on hobbies of students during summer vacations.
Write an analytical paragraph in 100-120 words to analyse the data. (5 Marks)

7%
13% Dancing
34%
Photography

19% Singing
Playing
27% Yoga

[61]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. The pie chart illustrates five different types of hobbies that students took up during the
summer vacation.
It is clear from the pie chart that 34 percent of the students preferred dance, which secured a
majority. 27 percent of students who contributed to photography preferred the second highest
proportion. Singing is at the third place preferred by 19 percent of the students and playing at the
fourth position in which 13 percent of the students have shown interest. The last group is yoga as
only 7 percent of the students liked hobbies. It was the least favourite hobby of the students.
We can guess that during the summer vacations, the students chose dancing the most. Yoga
was the most widely accepted option while it was the least taken up hobby.
5. Here is a line graph showing the number of persons of different age groups killed in
accidents. Analyse the given data in a paragraph of 100-120 words. (5 Marks)
900
800
700
No. of Persons Killed

600 Series 1
500
Series 2
400
Series 3
300
200
100
0 Age Groups
0-15 16-25 26-35 36-45 46 above

Ans. The line graph illustrates the number of persons of different age groups killed in accidents. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

It is evident from the graph that the maximum number of people who are killed in road
accidents are pedestrians. Among pedestrians, too, people of 16-25 age group record the
highest number of accident deaths that is 800. Coincidentally, this age group faces the
maximum motor bikers deaths in road accidents which is one-fourth of pedestrians’ deaths.
Whereas, people who die due to bus or car accidents belong to the 26-35 age group. But,
after the age of 35 people get less caught in road accidents.
It can be concluded that 16-35 years of generation falls victim to road accidents more than
the people who have crossed 35 years. However, pedestrians are at the highest risk of
accidents followed by bus and car riders.

[62]
 English

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Today, many projects in India are being initiated and implemented with the aim of
transforming India into a digitally empowered society and economy. (CBSE 2025) (5 Marks)
Digital India Program
IT-Jobs
E - governance
E - Kranti Electronic Delivery of Services
Broadband for all - Urban and Rural Information for all.
Write an analytical paragraph of 100-120 words based on the given information.
Ans. The Digital India Programme is a transformative initiative aimed at making India a
digitally empowered society and economy. It focuses on IT-based job creation, ensuring
employment opportunities in the technology sector. The programme enhances e-
Governance, making administrative processes more efficient and transparent. Through e-
Kranti, electronic delivery of services is improved, benefiting citizens across the country.
The initiative promotes broadband accessibility in both urban and rural areas, bridging
the digital divide. Additionally, it ensures information accessibility for all, empowering
individuals with knowledge and resources. Overall, Digital India plays a crucial role in
modernising the nation by integrating technology into governance and daily life.
2. Read the given details of the different activities that interest children in the age group of
14-17 years. (CBSE 2025) (5 Marks)
• dance, music, art
• outdoor sports like cricket, hockey, basketball, soccer, tennis
• computer games
• net surfing
• social media
Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

suitability of the given activities. Focus on factors like interest, physical, mental and
emotional development, personality development, and suitability.
Ans. Engaging in various activities is essential for the overall development of children aged 14-
17. Creative pursuits like dance, music and art enhance self-expression and emotional
well-being. Outdoor sports such as cricket, hockey and basketball promote physical
fitness, teamwork and discipline. Computer games, while entertaining, should be played
in moderation as they can improve cognitive skills but may lead to addiction. Net surfing
and social media provide knowledge and connectivity but must be used responsibly to
avoid distractions and negative impacts on mental health. A balanced approach,
combining physical, artistic and digital activities, ensures holistic growth. Encouraging
outdoor and creative activities while regulating screen time will help children develop a
well-rounded personality.
[63]
Compendium: Class 10
3. An area is believed to be water stressed when annual water supplies drop below 1700
cubic metres per person per year. As per an analysis, we are already surviving with
around 1700-1800 cubic metres per year. As our demand for water has increased
drastically over the years, per capita water availability has taken a beating.
Based on the given table, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analysing the
possible causes of water scarcity in the future. (CBSE 2024) (5 Marks)
Table on water availability
Year Population Per capita water availability (m3/year)
(Million)
1951 361 5177
1955 395 4732
1991 846 2209
2001 1027 1820
2025 1394 1341
2050 1640 1140

Ans. The table on water availability presents a concerning trajectory, indicating potential
causes of future water scarcity. Notably, the global population has surged from 361
million in 1951 to a projected 1640 million in 2050. This population explosion, coupled
with urbanization and industrial growth, intensifies water demand. Per capita water
availability, a critical indicator, has dramatically decreased over the years, dropping from
a substantial 5177 cubic meters in 1951 to a projected 1140 cubic meters in 2050. This
decline underscores the strain on water resources due to increased consumption
patterns. As our dependence on water rises and its availability dwindles, sustainable
water management, conservation measures, and technological innovations become
imperative to mitigate the impending threat of water scarcity.
4. There are many types of bottles available in the market. This chart compares the
disadvantages and advantages of various types of bottles. Based on the chart, write an
analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analysing the pros and cons of each and smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
selecting a suitable one. (CBSE 2024) (5 Marks)
Environmental

Easy to clean?
Lightweight?

Dishwasher
ly Friendly?

Recyclable?

Affordable?
Chemical

Durable?
Free?

safe?

Glass Bottles Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No

Silicone Bottles Yes Yes Yes Yes - Yes Yes No
Stainless Steel Bottles Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
Plastic Bottles No No Yes - Yes - - Yes
(Adapted for academic purposes.)
[64]
 English
Ans. The comparative analysis of various bottle types reveals distinct pros and cons influencing
their suitability. Glass bottles score high in being chemical-free, environmentally friendly,
and recyclable, making them a safe and eco-conscious choice. However, their drawbacks
include being heavier, potentially less durable, and pricier. Silicone bottles offer versatility
with environmental friendliness and recyclability, but their disadvantage lies in being less
durable. Stainless steel bottles emerge as a robust option, excelling in durability,
recyclability, and chemical-free properties, although they might lack affordability. Plastic
bottles, while lightweight and affordable, face criticism for environmental impact due to
limited recyclability and potential chemical concerns. Considering these factors, the
selection depends on individual preferences and priorities, with stainless steel bottles
offering a balanced compromise between durability, eco-friendliness, and safety.
5. The reintroduction of cheetah in India has excited the people because it is a step forward
in the strategy to conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions.
Reasons for extinction:
• hunting, poaching, illegal trade
• diminishing habitat due to deforestation
• Climate change
• increase in human population Strategies to conserve wildlife
• mapping water bodies
• conserving suitable habitat
• government support-strict laws
Based on the above information write a paragraph in about 100-120 words analysing the
status of threatened species in India. (CBSE 2023) (5 Marks)
Ans. Saving the Endangered Species Maintaining a balance in the ecosystem is of paramount
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

importance for a sustainable environment. It is essential that the environment be

preserved and conserved so that we can continue benefiting from it. Within the
ecosystem, it is equally important to take care of and preserve the flora and fauna.
However, today, the environment and its flora and fauna is being degraded by the
activities of humans and this has led to the extinction of many species. Human activities
like poaching and hunting of wild animals are one of the major causes of the extinction of
many species, including the tiger, the national animal of India. Increasing human
population has led to an increase in the number of houses required and in turn, this has
led to deforestation to make way for more construction. However, this also reduces the
natural habitat available for the animals to live and survive in, leading to their extinction.

[65]
Compendium: Class 10
Future, climate is also making the natural environment unfriendly for many animal
species to thrive in. To maintain a balance in the ecosystem, it is very important to
preserve and conserve the various species. This can be done by ensuring that enough
actions are taken to conserve and protect the natural habitat of these animals and
avoiding deforestation. The government must put into action strict laws and policies that
make hunting and poaching of animals a punishable offence. Efforts by humans and
governments can go a long way in maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
6. The Internet provides every information one seeks at the click of a button. As a result
children today are living in a comfort zone. According to research, this will result in long
term consequences which will affect their brain. Based on the following chart, write an
analytical paragraph in not more than 120 words on activities to improve brain power.
(CBSE 2022) (5 Marks)

Reading the Reading the

newspaper newspaper
14% 13%
Listening to
music 6% Social
interaction
15%
Regular
exercise 12%
Jigsaw puzzles,
crosswords,
sudoku, games
Writing not typing 20%
20%

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Activities to stimulate Brain Power

Ans. The provided chart illustrates various activities that stimulate brain power. Engaging in
jigsaw puzzles, crosswords, sudoku, and other games occupies the highest percentage at
20%, emphasizing their significant role in enhancing cognitive skills. Writing, not typing,
also accounts for 20%, suggesting the benefits of manual writing in brain stimulation.
Social interaction follows at 15%, highlighting the importance of human connections.
Reading the newspaper (13%) and discussing current affairs (14%) show the value of
staying informed and engaging in intellectual discussions. Regular exercise, constituting
12%, underscores physical activity’s role in mental well-being. Lastly, listening to music at
6% indicates its soothing and cognitive benefits. These activities collectively counter the
detrimental effects of excessive internet usage, fostering a more active and engaged brain.
[66]
 English

5 Integrated Grammar Exercises

TENSES
1. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word in the bracket, for the given
portion of a letter. (1 Mark)
Therefore, I request you to please consider this request of ____________ (construct) a park in
our society so that each, and every person can benefit and we can enjoy a healthy
environment amidst the concrete jungle.
Ans. constructing
2. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word in the bracket. (1 Mark)
The teacher ____________ (complete) the preparations for the function before the term ended.
Ans. had completed
3. Fill in the blank by using the correct word in the bracket. (1 Mark)
Anyas ____________ (eat) all the chocolates kept in the tray.
(1) ate (2) eating (3) have eaten (4) eaten
Ans. (1) ate
4. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the verb. (1 Mark)
When a satellite ____________, the rocket begins by going slowly upward.
(1) is launched (2) are launched (3) were launched (4) have been launched
Ans. (1) is launched
5. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the blank with the correct option. (1 Mark)
When I was a younger girl, ____________ grocery shopping was considered a major outing for me.
(1) to be going (2) going (3) having gone (4) went
Ans. (2) going
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

6. Fill in the blank by using the correct from of the verb. (1 Mark)
The package ____________ at 7 in the morning, the day after tomorrow.
(1) will arrive (2) would arrive (3) can arrive (4) cannot arrive
Ans. (1) will arrive
7. Fill in the blank by using the correct from of the word in the bracket. (1 Mark)
Last week it ____________ (rain) heavily and my house was flooded with water.
Ans. rained
8. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the slogan. (1 Mark)
Since he woke up he ____________.
(1) has been study (2) has been studying
(3) had studied (4) is studying
Ans. (2) has been studying

[67]
Compendium: Class 10
9. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word in the bracket. (1 Mark)
The dog ____________ under the chair before the children arrived.
(1) has been hiding (2) was hid (3) have hid (4) had hidden
Ans. (4) had hidden
10. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the blank with the correct option. (1 Mark)
Heena ____________ from fever since last Sunday.
(1) suffered (2) will suffer (3) suffer (4) has been suffering
Ans. (4) has been suffering
11. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply the correction: (1 Mark)
The stage performance put up by the students were spectacular.
Use the given format for your response,
Error Correction

Ans.
Error Correction
were was
12. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the
following line: (1 Mark)
At the end of the street stand the tallest building in the city.
Option No. Error Correction
(a) end ending
(b) stand stands
(c) tallest taller
(d) in on
Ans.
Option No. Error Correction
(b) stand stands
13. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word given in the bracket. (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
The film with its exciting soundtrack and classical music _______ (appeal) to the general
audience.
Ans. appeals
14. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Although the world ___________ progress in achieving gender parity in education, girls still
make up a higher percentage of out-of-school children than boys.
(1) is making (2) makes (3) was made (4) has made
Ans. (1) is making
15. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
My family ________ in the village since many years.
(1) have been living (2) has been living (3) is living (4) was living
Ans. (2) has been living
[68]
 English
16. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply the correction: (1 Mark)
The dog has eaten his food before the trainer arrived.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction

Ans.
Error Correction
has had
17. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Globally, no country __________ fully __________ gender equality.
(1) is; attaining (2) has; attained (3) is; attained (4) have; attained
Ans. (2) has; attained
18. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply the correction: (1 Mark)
I missed the last bus that I usually catch and have to stay back at the bus stop last night.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction

Ans.
Error Correction
have had
MODALS
1. Select the correct option to complete the narration of the dialogue between a
passerby and a farmer. (1 Mark)
Passerby : Can you tell me the way to Rampur?
Farmer : Drive for four kms and then turn right.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

The passerby asked the farmer if he could tell him the way to Rampur. The farmer replied
that ___________________
(1) he may drive for four kms and then turn right.
(2) he should drive for four kms and then turn right.
(3) he might drive for four kms and then turn right.
(4) he had to drive for four kms and then turn right.
Ans. (2) he should drive for four kms and then turn right.
2. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given sentence. (1 Mark)
__________ you help me cross the road. young man?
(1) Will (2) May (3) Shall (4) Might
Ans. (1) Will

[69]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
The teacher motivated the students by letting them know that if they ____________ submit
their assignments by the end of the day, they might get an opportunity to watch the match.
(1) did not (2) must (3) would (4) were
Ans. (3) would
4. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
If I were attending the workshop, I ____________ stay on till end of the second session as well.
(1) would (2) may (3) can (4) should
Ans. (1) would
5. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Drivers ____________ wear helmets for their safety.
(1) must (2) can’t (3) don’t (4) ought
Ans. (1) must
6. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given line from a daily newspaper.
One ____________ read the newspaper every day. (1 Mark)
(1) should (2) would (3) can (4) may
Ans. (1) should
7. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
We ____________ not really change a man’s mind and heart with money.
(1) can (2) could (3) may (4) might
Ans. (1) can
8. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
If you had worked hard you ____________ have passed.
(1) may (2) will (3) would (4) might
Ans. (3) would
9. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
If I were attending the workshop, I ____________ stay on till end of the second session as well.
(1) would (2) may (3) can (4) should
Ans. (1) would
10. Select the correction option to fill in the blank for the given line. (1 Mark)
Aa a true patriot, I ____________ lay down my life for my motherland.
(1) might (2) could (3) will (4) should
Ans. (3) will
11. Fill in the blank by suing the correct from of the word in the bracket. (1 Mark)
The package ____________ (arrive) at time in the morning, the day after tomorrow.
(1) will arrive (2) would arrive (3) can arrive (4) cannot arrive
Ans. (1) will arrive
[70]
 English
12. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option: (1 Mark)
You ____________ keep your promise.
(1) may (2) can (3) shall (4) must
Ans. (4) must
13. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given line from a travel magazine.
Tourists are warned that they ______ be fined if they tease animals. (1 Mark)
(1) should (2) may (3) will (4) might
Ans. (3) will
14. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given line from school notice
board: (1 Mark)
Students ____________ walk silently in the corridor during class hours.
(1) should (2) may (3) must (4) would
Ans. (3) must
15. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option: (1 Mark)
The report read, "There _________ traffic diversion due to the student parade on the main street."
(1) cannot be (2) should be (3) must be (4) will be
Ans. (4) will be
ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS
1. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
I went out to the balcony to get ____________ fresh air.
(1) some (2) few (3) a few (4) all
Ans. (1) some
2. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
I appreciate even ____________ help given to me.
(1) little (2) much (3) the little (4) few
Ans. (3) the little
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the slogan. (1 Mark)
____________ only weapon to fight injustice is education
(1) The (2) A (3) An (4) This
Ans. (1) The
4. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the slogan. (1 Mark)
____________ educated mind can each many.
(1) The (2) A (3) An (4) This
Ans. (3) An
5. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given line. (1 Mark)
Don’t you have ____________ friends in the school?
(1) much (2) few (3) little (4) any
Ans. (4) any
[71]
Compendium: Class 10
6. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
He has been elected as the ____________ president of the company.
(1) one (2) that (3) first (4) much
Ans. (3) first
7. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
I want to buy a soft drink. Can you lend me ____________ Euro?
(1) the (2) a (3) an (4) any
Ans. (2) a
8. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
It sent shivers down ____________ fibre of my being.
(1) Each (2) All (3) Every (4) This
Ans. (3) Every
9. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
There isn’t ____________ sugar in my coffee.
(1) much (2) few (3) little (4) some
Ans. (1) much
10. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
She didn’t eat anything but drank ____________ water.
(1) little (2) a little (3) any (4) many
Ans. (2) a little
11. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Could I have ____________ cup of coffee?
(1) other (2) another (3) that (4) this
Ans. (2) another
12. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
I was wondering if ____________ of you had any money I could borrow. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(1) neither (2) either (3) many (4) much

Ans. (2) either
13. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
____________ boys and girls have asked for the last date for the submission of their project.
(1) Much (2) Many (3) Few (4) The few
Ans. (2) Many
14. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Remember to take ____________ books from the desk.
(1) those (2) these (3) your (4) a
Ans. (1) those

[72]
 English
15. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
It was ____________ historic day for the organisation when ____________ honour was bestowed
upon its employees.
(1) a; an (2) an; the (3) the; a (4) an; a
Ans. (1) a; an
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
1. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the blank with the correct option.
No news ________ good news. (1 Mark)
(1) has (2) had (3) is (4) are
Ans. (3) is
2. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the given sentence. (1 Mark)
The treasurer and secretary ____________ left from the bank.
(1) have (2) has (3) are (4) is
Ans. (4) is
3. Complete the sentence with the appropriate option. (1 Mark)
Two-thirds of the students ____________ present at the inaugural function.
(1) is (2) being (3) was (4) were
Ans. (4) were
4. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
His brother along with his friends ____________ leaving for the stadium.
(1) are (2) has (3) is (4) were
Ans. (3) is
5. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Let's meet another day since neither Kavi nor Samantha ____________ free today as they
have tennis practice.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(1) were (2) are (3) be (4) is

Ans. (4) is
6. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Economics ____________ difficult for the student of grade nine.
(1) is (2) are (3) has (4) were
Ans. (1) is
7. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank with the correct option. (1 Mark)
Each of the boys ____________ rewarded.
(1) are being (2) have been (3) was (4) were
Ans. (3) was

[73]
Compendium: Class 10
8. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
Age and experience ____________ wisdom to man.
(1) bring (2) brings (3) brought (4) None of these
Ans. (2) brings
9. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
One of my friends ____________ in the same school as myself.
(1) studying (2) studies (3) has studying (4) have studying
Ans. (2) studies
10. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
The jury ____________ different opinions on this matter.
(1) is (2) are (3) has (4) have
Ans. (4) have
11. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
The weight of the mangoes ____________.
(1) vary (2) were varied (3) varies (4) is vary
Ans. (3) varies
12. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the following
line. (1 Mark)
Rahul along with his cousins are leaving for sea.
Option No. Error Correction
(1) along belong
(2) with within
(3) are is
(4) for to
Ans.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Option No. Error Correction
(3) are is

13. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply the correction. (1 Mark)
Latex was a natural polymer found beneath the bark of a mature rubber tree.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction

Ans.
Error Correction
was is

[74]
 English
14. Identify the error in the statement given below and supply the correction. Use the
given format for your response. (1 Mark)
Water was vital to human health and fitness.
Error Correction

Ans.
Error Correction
was is
15. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option. (1 Mark)
A bunch of keys ____________ been found in the car park.
(1) has (2) have (3) had (4) none of these
Ans. (1) has
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Read the conversation between a coach and his player. (1 Mark)
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply correctly.
Coach : Will you be able to report for morning practice during the summer break?
Player : Sir, I will report every morning at 7a.m. sharp.
The coach while talking to the player asked him whether he would be able to report for
morning practice. The player affirmed ___________
Ans. that he would report every morning at 7 a.m. sharp.
2. Read the conversation between a passenger and the clerk at the ticket counter.
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply correctly. (1 Mark)
The clerk at the ticket counter : Where do you want to go?
Passenger : Please given me a ticket to Bhopal.
The clerk at the ticket counter enquired where the passenger wanted to go. The passenger
requested the clerk ____________.
Ans. to give him a ticket to Bhopal
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. Report the dialogue between Tony and Sarita, by completing the sentence. (1 Mark)
Tony : Why did you call me?
Sarita : Will you go to the museum with me?
Tony asked Sarita why she had called him Sarita wanted to know whether Tony ___________.
Ans. would go to the museum with hers
4. Read the conversation between a passenger and the clerk at the ticket counter.
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply correctly. (1 Mark)
The clerk at the ticket counter : Where do you want to go?
Passenger : Please given me a ticket to Bhopal.
The clerk at the ticket counter enquired where the passenger wanted to go. The passenger
requested the clerk ____________.
Ans. to give him a ticket to Bhopal
[75]
Compendium: Class 10
5. Read the conversation between two students. (1 Mark)
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply correctly.
Ramesh : Are you planning to participate in the annual play?
Saera : I would like to but I don’t think I will be selected.
Ramesh asked Saera whether she was planning to participate in the annual day to which
Saera replied ____________.
Ans. that she would like to but didn’t think that she would be selected
6. Repot the dialogue between two friends Seema and Anu, by the completing the
sentence. (1 Mark)
Seema : What brings you here?
Anu : I am going to Dr. Sen’s house.
In response to the question about what brought Anu there, Anu says __________
Ans. that she is going to Dr. Sen’s house.
7. Read the conversation between a doctor and his patient. Complete the sentence by
reporting the patient’s reply correctly. (1 Mark)
Doctor: Do you feel down from time-to-time Mr. Gopalan?
Patient: Yes, I do not stay in a good mood.
The doctor, while trying to figure out his patient’s ailment, asked about his well-being, to
which, the patient affirmed _____________.
Ans. that he does not stay in a good mood. (Addition of sometimes/time to time acceptable)
8. Report the dialogue between a grandson and his grandfather, by completing the
sentence: (1 Mark)
Grandson: Grandpa, who are your superheroes?
Grandpa: Anyone who shows kindness and compassion to others.
In response to the question about his superheroes, grandfather says that _____________.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. it is anyone who shows kindness and compassion to others

9. Select the correct option to complete the narration of the dialogue between Latha
and her father. (1 Mark)
Father: Why ask so many questions, Latha?
Latha: I believe that if you don’t know the answer, keep asking till you do!
Father asked Latha the reason for the many questions she was asking. Latha exclaimed
good-humouredly that in event of not knowing the answer one should ___________.
(a) keep asking till one does (b) kept asking till one does
(c) keep asking till one do (d) kept on to ask till one do
Ans. (a) keep asking till one does

[76]
 English
10. Read the dialogue between Shabnam and her mentor, Sara, regarding her summer
internship programme. (1 Mark)
Sara : Why did you choose to participate in this internship programme?
Shabnam : Ah! I am convinced this programme has the potential to enhance my abilities.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of the above dialogue.
Sara asked Shabnam ______________________ in that internship programme.
Shabnam sighed and exclaimed that she was convinced that programme had the potential
to enhance her abilities.
(a) why to choose to participate (b) to choose participation
(c) why he had chosen to participate (d) with her choice in participating
Ans. (c) why he had chosen to participate
11. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his customer, by completing the sentence.
(1 Mark)
Vendor: It is nice to see you, Sir!
Customer: Yes, indeed! Unlike last month, I have been away for quite some time this month.
The vendor greeted his customer respectfully and mentioned that he was pleased to see him.
The customer answered in the affirmative and explained that ____________
Ans. unlike the previous month, he had been away for quite some time that month.
12. Read the conversations between a customer and a waiter. Complete the sentence by
reporting the waiter’s reply correctly. (1 Mark)
Customer : Waiter, come here, The plate is dirty.
Waiter : I’ll change it sir.
The customer asked the waiter to come there. He pointed out that the plate was dirty. The
waiter politely offered _______.
Ans. that he would change that
13. Read the conversations between a teacher and a student. Complete the sentence by
reporting the reply correctly: (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Teacher : Would you like to take part in a debate competition?

Student : Yes, When is the competition?
The teacher asked whether the student would like to participate in a debate competition to
which the student affirmed ________________.
Ans. and asked when the competition was
14. Repot the dialogue between the shopkeeper and customer, by the completing the
sentence: (1 Mark)
Customer : Do you sell battery operated toys for children?
Shopkeeper : Yes, we have a wide range of toys.
The customer asked the shopkeeper if he sold battery operated toys for children. In
response, the shopkeeper replied __________.
Ans. that they had a wide range of toys

[77]
Compendium: Class 10
15. Rohina shared some information with Ruchi regarding her summer internship at the
bank. Report Ruchi’s question. (1 Mark)
What was the duration of your internship?
Ans. Ruchi asked Rohina what had been the duration of her internship.
16. Select the correct option to complete the narration of a dialogue between Raj and his
wife: (1 Mark)
Raj : I have invited my friends for dinner.
Wife : I’ll invite my friends too.
Raj told his wife that he had invited his friends for dinners. The wife added that ______
(a) she will invite her friends too. (b) she would invite her friends too.
(c) she can invite her friends too (d) she could invite her friends too
Ans. (b) she would invite her friends too.
17. Report the dialogue between the gatekeeper and the visitor by completing the
sentence: (1 Mark)
Gatekeeper : Whom do you want to meet?
Visitor : I want to see the art and craft exhibition.
In response to the question about whom the visitor wanted to meet, the visitor replied ___________.
Ans. that he wanted to see the art and craft exhibition
18. Radhika shared some information with Sant about her school trip. Report Sant’s
question. (1 Mark)
What did you learn from the museum visit?
Ans. Sant’s asked Radhika what she had learnt from the museum visit.
19. Select the correct option to complete the narration of the dialogue between Shyam
and Shivam. (1 Mark)
Shyam : Have you seen this actor’s latest film ?
Shivam : Yes, I have. The actor has done a marvellous job.
Shyam met his friend Shivam and they began talking. Shyam asked Shivam whether he had smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

seen the actor’s latest film. Shivam affirmed and said _____________
(a) that the actor has done a marvellous job.
(b) that the actor had done a marvellous job.
(c) that the actor has been doing a marvellous job.
(d) that the actor could have done a marvellous job.
Ans. (b) that the actor had done a marvellous job.
20. Report the dialogue between father and son by completing the sentence: (1 Mark)
Father: Which project did you enjoy working on the most?
Son : The one in which I had to build a remote control car.
In response to the question about his favourite project, the son said that ___________
Ans. it was the one in which he had to build a remote control car.
[78]
 English

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

GAP FILLING
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets.
I ___(a)___ (begin) with a duster in hand and scarf on face, brooming, mopping and getting
rid of the cobwebs. I ___(b)___ (perch) myself on a stool to clean the fan without switching
it off. I ___(c)___ (snatch) my hand away, but not before I ___(d)___ (cut) my finger.
Ans. (a) began (b) perched (c) had snatched (d) had cut
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets.
I ___(a)___ (decide) to pump up my deflated spirits with a trip to the local market. I ___(b)___
(buy) everything required for the local ‘Ramlila’, after which I ___(c)___ (realise) the truth
behind “There’s no satisfaction like a bagful of shopping.” It is also the biggest stress buster
which people ___(d)___ (enjoy) the most.
Ans. (a) decided (b) had bought (c) realised (d) enjoy
3. Fill in the blanks in the passage given below with the correct option from those given
in brackets.
In 1911, the British ___(a)___ (shift/shifted) their capital from Calcutta ___(b)___ (in/to)
Delhi. After the First World War, ___(c)___ (a/the) government got down ___(d)___ (to / with)
the task of building a new capital.
Ans. (a) shifted (b) to (c) the (d) to
4. Read the paragraph given below. Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate
words / phrases from the given options.
___(a)___ often the cause of accidents is the failure of the break system which means the
owner of the vehicle does not bother to keep ___(b)___ machine in good condition. By
attending ___(c)___ the vehicle ___(d)___ a lot of miseries could be avoided.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) (1) Many (2) Much (3) Extremely (4) Very

(b) (1) a (2) the (3) that (4) this
(c) (1) for (2) by (3) to (4) with
(d) (1) regular (2) regularly (3) irregular (4) normal
Ans. (a) (4) Very (b) (2) the (c) (3) to (d) (2) regularly
5. Read the paragraph given below. Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate
words / phrases from the given options.
Children may quarrel all the time, drawing the elders into the fray. The neighbour’s son
may pick a flower or a fruit from your garden and ___(a)___ argument ___(b)___ erupt. Again,
he may throw his ball ___(c)___ your windowpane, damaging it. These are not unnatural so far
as the younger one is concerned, but it is for the elders to ___(d)___ them with equanimity.
[79]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) (1) a (2) the (3) an (4) one
(b) (1) must (2) ought to (3) may (4) should
(c) (1) to (2) from (3) on (4) at
(d) (1) see (2) watch (3) view (4) look
Ans. (a) (3) an (b) (3) may (c) (4) at (d) (2) watch
EDITING
The following passages have not been edited. There is one error in each line. Identify the
wrong word and write it with the correction in the spaces given.
1. Incorrect Correct
One morning I finished one business at the bank one some
(a) and was returning in pick up my motorbike which I had left ________ _______
(b) in the parking lot outside. Suddenly he realised that I had ________ _______
(c) lost the bike key. Upset, I searched about it in the bank. A bank ________ _______
(d) employee tried to help me find it and in vain. ________ _______
Ans. Incorrect Correct
(a) in to
(b) he I
(c) about for
(d) and but
2. Incorrect Correct
People should think twice when they when before
(a) adopt a pet. Pets became adopted ________ ________
(b) member of the family. ________ ________
(c) One cannot think at ill-treating them. ________ ________
(d) They had to be given wholesome ________ ________
(e) food. In case they fell sick, ________ ________
(f) they should be taken for a vet. ________ ________ smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(g) Some people acquire pet and ________ ________

(h) now neglect them. ________ ________
Ans. Incorrect Correct
(a) became become
(b) member members
(c) at of
(d) had have
(e) fell fall
(f) for to
(g) pet pets
(h) now then
[80]
 English
3. Incorrect Correct
My cat Jugger be the toughest animal I know. be is
(a) He has survived much close calls. Three years ago, ________ ________
(b) he were caught inside a car’s engine. His right ear ________ ________
(c) was torn off when he lost sight in one eye. We were ________ ________
(d) surprised that he lived from the accident. Within ________ ________
(e) weeks she was back to normal. Then last year again ________ ________
(f) we were worry that we would lose Jugger. ________ ________
(g) Lumps that grew on his back was operated upon by ________ ________
(h) the vet. Now, we know Jugger do have nine lives. ________ ________
Ans. Incorrect Correct
(a) much many
(b) were was
(c) when and
(d) from after
(e) she he
(f) worry worried
(g) was were
(h) do does
4. Incorrect Correct
Scotland has the rich cultural heritage and the a
(a) part of this is reflected in the thousands ________ ________
(b) of castles that are scatter around the length ________ ________
(c) and broad of the country. Most of the ________ ________
(d) castle are now in ruins. ________ ________
Ans. Incorrect Correct
(a) this it
(b) scatter scattered
(c) broad breadth
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) castle castles

5. Incorrect Correct
The Gir National Park, also known as Gir Wildlife ________ ________
(a) Sanctuary, is situated in the state of Gujarat. It was ________ ________
(b) one among the major wildlife sanctuaries to North India. ________ ________
(c) It was establishment on 18th September 1965 ________ ________
(d) as a forest reserve primary to conserve the Asiatic Lion. ________ ________
Ans. Incorrect Correct
(a) was is
(b) to in / of
(c) establishment established
(d) primary primarily

[81]
Compendium: Class 10
OMISSION
In the following passages, one word has been omitted in each line, against which a blank
is given. Write the missing word along with the words that come before and after it in the
space provided.
1. Before Missing After
Most of us are familiar with the fact
(a) that silk derived from the cocoons of ________ ________ ________
(b) mulberry silkworms. However, insects ________ ________ ________
(c) like spiders, beetles and fleas produce silk. ________ ________ ________
(d) Silk is mass produced by silkworms are reared ________ ________ ________
to produce white silk.
Ans. Before Missing After
(a) silk is derived
(b) However, other insects
(c) fleas also produce
(d) silkworms that / which are
2. Before Missing After
(a) Imagine there a bank that credits your ________ ________ ________
(b) account morning with a lot of money. ________ ________ ________
(c) It carries over no balance day to day. ________ ________ ________
(d) Every evening bank deletes whatever ________ ________ ________
(e) part the balance you failed to use during ________ ________ ________
(f) the day. If this true, what would you ________ ________ ________
(g) do? Draw every penny, of course! Each ________ ________ ________
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(h) of us has such banks, its name is Time Bank. ________ ________ ________
Ans. Before Missing After
(a) there is a
(b) account each morning
(c) balance from day
(d) evening the bank
(e) part of the
(f) this was true
(g) Draw out every
(h) is the Time

[82]
 English
3. Before Missing After
(a) The teachings of Jainism focussed on the ________ ________ ________
(b) purification of the soul not towards the ________ ________ ________
(c) realisation physical and material rewards. ________ ________ ________
(d) Nakodaji has a tutelage where Jain scholars trained ________ ________ ________
(e) for treating knowledge the highest pursuit. ________ ________ ________
(f) And yet, life most of us begins and ends ________ ________ ________
(g) at the physical material plane. Behaviour ________ ________ ________
(h) is link which, having assured you of creature ________ ________ ________
comforts, leads you to higher spiritual pursuits.
Ans. Before Missing After
(a) Jainism are focussed
(b) soul and not
(c) realisation of physical
(d) scholars are trained
(e) knowledge as the
(f) life for most
(g) physical and material
(h) is the link
4. Before Missing After
(a) The planets celestial bodies that manifest ________ ________ ________
(b) their powers human beings and other ________ ________ ________
(c) organic lives. Astrologers pandits worldwide are ________ ________ ________
(d) of opinion that planets have influence on ________ ________ ________
(e) various aspects our lives, such as love ________ ________ ________
(f) personality, intelligence, career finance. ________ ________ ________
(g) The planets in solar system radiate a ________ ________ ________
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(h) cosmic energy various degrees, which affects ________ ________ ________
the minds and activities of humans.
Ans. Before Missing After
(a) planets are celestial
(b) powers over human
(c) Astrologers and pandits
(d) of the opinion
(e) aspects of our
(f) career and finance
(g) in the solar
(h) energy in various
[83]
Compendium: Class 10
5. Before Missing After
(a) At the time I driving near Ohio, I suddenly ________ ________ ________
(b) felt need to stretch my legs. As I parked the ________ ________ ________
(c) car strolled down the pavement, feelings of ________ ________ ________
(d) self-pity enshrouded mind. I loved the lord ________ ________ ________
(e) and ministry, I felt drained and burdened. ________ ________ ________
(f) My cup empty. Suddenly the impatient ________ ________ ________
(g) ringing of telephone nearby caught my ________ ________ ________
(h) attention. It was coming a phone booth ________ ________ ________
at a service station on the corner.
Ans. Before Missing After
(a) I was driving
(b) felt the need
(c) car and strolled
(d) enshrouded my mine
(e) ministry but I
(f) cup was empty
(g) of a telephone
(h) coming from a
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
1. Study the conversation between two persons given below and complete the paragraph
that follows by filling in the blanks suitably.
Captain : Do you know that David was hit by a two-wheeler yesterday?
Nitesh : Oh no! When did it happen?
Captain : He was hit by a scooter on his way back from school.
Nitesh : Is he badly injured? smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Captain : Though he is not seriously hurt, he is unlikely to participate in the inter-school

competition next week.
Captain asked Nitesh if he knew that ___(a)___ Nitesh was shocked and wanted to know
___(b)___. Captain replied that he had been hit by a scooter on his wayback from school.
Nitesh enquired ___(c)___. Captain replied that though he was not seriously hurt, he was
___(d)___ in the inter-school competition the following week.
Ans. (a) David had been hit by a two-wheeler the previous day
(b) when it had happened
(c) whether he was badly injured
(d) unlikely to participate

[84]
 English
2. Study the conversation between two friends given below and complete the
paragraph that follows by filling in the blanks suitably.
Anil : Why is there such a big crowd on that street?
Ravi : A new shop selling sports goods is opening today.
Anil : Is a film star doing the opening ceremony?
Ravi : I heard that Sachin Tendulkar is inaugurating it.
Anil asked Ravi ___(a)___ Ravi replied that a new shop ___(b)___ Anil enquired
___(c)___ Ravi replied that he had heard that ___(d)___ it.
Ans. (a) why there was such a big crowd on that street
(b) selling sports goods was opening that day
(c) whether a film star was doing the opening ceremony
(d) Sachin Tendulkar was inaugurating
3. Read the following conversation and then report what was said by completing the
following passage.
Boy : Mom, I want to buy some new colours for myself.
Mother : You don’t keep your things properly. Last month only, I bought you two new
packs of colours.
Boy : Mom, I have used them all. You know I love drawing and colouring.
Mother : You can buy one colour box for yourself and after going home I would love to
see what all you have drawn and coloured.
A boy said to his mother that ___(a)___. The mother angrily replied that he did not keep his
things properly and that ___(b)___. To this, the boy replied that he has used them all and
further told his mother that she knew he loved drawing and colouring. The mother told the
boy that ___(c)___ and that after going home ___(d)___.
Ans. (a) he wanted to buy some new colours for himself
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) she had bought him two new packs of colours the previous month only
(c) he could buy one colour box for himself
(d) she would love to see what all he had drawn and coloured
4. Read the following conversation and then report what was said by completing the
following passage.
Sameer : Neha, why do you keep on wasting time in useless pursuits?
Neha : It’s not a useless job, I am trying to make a demon with this waste material.
Sameer : What is the need to do all this, when you have so many important things to do?
Neha : I am making a demon to scare you because you disturb me a lot.
Sameer asked Neha ___(a)___. Neha told Sameer that it was not a useless job and that
___(b)___. Sameer asked ___(c)___. To which Neha replied ___(d)___.

[85]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. (a) why she kept on wasting time in useless pursuits
(b) she was trying to make a demon with that waste material
(c) what was the need to do all those things when she had so many important things to do
(d) that she was making it to scare him as he disturbed her a lot
5. Read the following conversation and then report what was said by completing the
following passage.
Mom : Tomorrow is Diwali, so I am going to the market to buy a few things.
Daughter : Shall I come along, mother?
Mom : No, Shreya I want you to do some cleaning.
Daughter : Fine mom, I will stay at home and do the cleaning.
Mom : It will be really nice of you.
Mom said to her daughter that ___(a)___. The daughter asked ___(b)___. To this Mom replied
___(c)___. The daughter ___(d)___.
Ans. (a) it was Diwali the next day, so she was going to the market to buy a few things
(b) if she could come along with her
(c) in the negative and said she wanted her to do some cleaning
(d) agreed to it an stayed back
6. Read the following conversation and then report what was said by completing the
following passage.
Tanmay : How did you spend your vacation?
Astha : I visited Kashmir with my parents.
Tanmay : Have you been there earlier too?
Astha : No, it was my first trip.
Tanmay asked Astha ___(a)___. Astha replied that ___(b)___. Tanmay further asked her
___(c)___ too. Astha replied in negative saying that ___(d)___.
Ans. (a) how she had spent her vacation
(b) she had visited Kashmir with her parents
(c) if she had been there earlier
(d) it had been her first trip
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
7. Read the following conversation and then report what was said by completing the
following passage.
Teacher : Why are you late?
Sumit : I missed my school bus.
Teacher : Why didn’t you leave in time?
Sumit : Sorry, I will do so from tomorrow.
The teacher asked Sumit ___(a)___. Sumit replied that ___(b)___ school bus: When the teacher
asked him why ___(c)___ in time. Sumit apologetically replied that ___(d)___.
Ans. (a) why he was late
(b) he had missed his
(c) he had not left
(d) he would do so from the next day

[86]
 English
8. Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follow.
Pramod : Did you learn anything at the NCC camp?
Sarvesh : We learned a lot, including pitching a tent and lighting a fire.
Pramod : Can you teach me tent pitching?
Sarvesh : Yes, but first get yourself registered for the camp.
Pramod asked Sarvesh ___(a)___. Sarvesh replied ___(b)___ including tent pitching a lighting
a fire. Then Pramod asked Sarvesh ___(c)___. Sarvesh agreed and ___(d)___ for the NCC camp.
Ans. (a) about what he learnt at the NCC camp
(b) that they had learned a lot
(c) if he could teach him tent pitching
(d) asked him to first get registered
9. Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows.
Wife : Our new servant has run away.
Husband : Is anything missing?
Wife : Yes, I can’t locate my watch.
Husband : Where did you keep it?
Wife : Near the kitchen sink.
The wife informed her husband that ___(a)___. He asked her ___(b)___. She replied in the
affirmative and added that ___(c)___. He asked her ___(d)___. She replied that she had kept
the near the kitchen sink.
Ans. (a) their new servant had run away
(b) if anything was missing
(c) she could not locate her watch
(d) where she had kept it
10. Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Anika : What are you doing here, Arya? I haven’t seen you since December.
Arya : I have just come back from my holiday in Scotland.
Anika : Did you enjoy it?
Arya : I love Scotland. And the Scottish people were so friendly.
Anika asked Arya ___(a)___. And she added that she had not seen her since December. Arya
explained ___(b)___ from her holiday in Scotland. Anika wondered ___(c)___. Arya told her
that ___(d)___ so friendly.
Ans. (a) what she was doing there
(b) that she had just come back
(c) whether she had enjoyed it/if she had enjoyed it
(d) she loved Scotland and the Scottish people had been

[87]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Identify the error and supply correction for the following pre-flight announcement
before take-off. (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome onboard flight 487 flying from Hong Kong to San
Francisco. We are currently third in line for take-off and were expected to be in the air in
approximately seven minutes time.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
__________ __________
Ans.
Error Correction
were are
2. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the line
given below: (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
In earlier times, public libraries plays an important role in the lives of the people.
Option No. Error Correction
(a) Role roles
(b) Of In
(c) In Of
(d) Plays Played
Ans.
(d) Plays Played
3. Replace the underlined word used in the sentence with the best option given below:
Born in 1872, Richard Willstatter was a chemist who invents the process of paper
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
chromatography. (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
(a) Invent (b) Has invented (c) Will invent (d) Invented
Ans. (d) Invented
4. Fill in the blank to complete this message in a poster for safety. (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
Our planet is precious and only we ______ save it.
(a) may (b) shall (c) will (d) can
Ans. (a) can
5. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate option. (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
The news about the retirement of my favourite character gave me _________ disappointment.
(a) many (b) few (c) little (d) much
Ans. (d) much
[88]
 English
6. Report the dialogue between a guard and a visitor by completing the sentence.
(CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
Guard : Good morning Sir! Park your car in the Visitor’s Parking Area.
Visitor : OK. Please help me park my car in the Visitor’s Parking Area.
The guard greeted the visitor and told him to park his car at the Visitor’s Parking Area. At
this, the visitor requested him __________.
Ans. to help him to park his car at visitor’s parking area.
7. Rahil and Somil decided to reach the theatre at 5 pm. Report the question asked by
Rahil to Somil. (CBSE 2025) (1 Mark)
Which movie are we going to watch?
Rahil asked Somil _______.
Ans. which movie they were going to watch.
8. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word in the bracket, for the given
portion of an email: (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
You will find in this email a brochure that ____ (present) the various tourist attractions in
our city, aimed at boosting local tourism.
Ans. presents
9. Read the given sentence. Identify the error and supply the correction in the sentence:
She don't like chocolate ice-cream.
Use the given format for your response: (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Error Correction
__________ __________
Ans.
Error Correction
don't doesn't
10. Read the conversation between a hostess and a customer. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Complete the sentence by filling in the blank based on the conversation:

Hostess : Wonderful to see you again, sir!
Customer : Thanks, I couldn't resist your delicious food.
The customer responded that _________________.
Ans. he couldn't resist her delicious food
11. Read the dialogue between Raashi and Ratul regarding volunteer work:
Raashi : Have you encouraged others to volunteer? (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Ratul : Absolutely, I always encourage my friends and family to consider
volunteering.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of the above dialogue:
Raashi asked Ratul ____________. Ratul affirmed that he always encourages his friends and
family to consider volunteering.
[89]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) whether he encouraged others to volunteer
(b) whether he had encouraged others to volunteer
(c) whether he encourages others to volunteer
(d) whether he is encouraging others to volunteer
Ans. (b) whether he had encouraged others to volunteer
12. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option from the bracket, to complete the
sentence: (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Attached are the departmental performance reports and __________ (it/these/them)
should be reviewed by each department head.
Ans. these
13. Identify the error and supply correction for the given sentence taken from a case
study: (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
The 2020 research study pay attention to the relationship between high levels of stress
and employee productivity.
Use the given format for your response:
Error Correction
__________ __________
Ans.
Error Correction
pay pays
14. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction in the given
sentence from a public health campaign. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
The campaign encourages parents to reducing screen time for their children.
Option Error Correction
(A) to for
(B) for to
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(C) reducing reduce
(D) encourages encourage
Ans.
Option Error Correction
(C) reducing reduce
15. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the blank with the correct option.
The chance to mentor a group of underprivileged students helped me ___________ the
educational disparities in our society. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
(a) understanding (b) understood
(c) to understand (d) may understand
Ans. (c) to understand

[90]
 English
16. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his customer, by completing the
sentence. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Vendor: Are you feeling alright today?
Customer: Yes, I'm doing much better than before.
The vendor asked his customer if he was feeling okay. The customer responded
positively saying that ____________.
Ans. he was doing much better than before
17. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the live feed on a
school news channel. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
In a miraculous turn of events, the Sunview School hockey team __________ the
championship trophy.
(a) has been lifting (b) had lifted (c) lifted (d) will lift
Ans. (c) lifted
18. Manthan and Sonalika had a conversation about Sonalika’s job interview.
Report Manthan’s question. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
How are you preparing for the interview?
Ans. Manthan asked Sonalika how she was preparing for the interview.
19. Read the dialogue between Meher and her mother, regarding Meher ’ s dance
classes. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Mother : Are you enjoying your dance classes?
Meher : Oh Yes! I am loving it. It is so refreshing to attend them after a long day.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of the above dialogue.
Meher’s mother asked her ___________. In response, Meher exclaimed and said that she was
loving it. She added that it was very refreshing to ·attend them after a long day.
(a) whether the dance classes were being enjoyed by her
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) whether she is enjoying her dance classes

(c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes
(d) whether the dance classes are being enjoyed by her
Ans. (c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes
20. Report the dialogue between two friends, Nidhi and Neha, by completing the
sentence. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Nidhi - Have you mastered the art of cooking Chinese food?
Neha - Yes, indeed! I have been cooking Chinese food for a month.
Nidhi asked Neha if she had mastered the art of cooking Chinese food. Neha answered in
the affirmative and explained that _________.
Ans. she had been cooking Chinese food for a month

[91]
Compendium: Class 10
21. Read the given sentence from an article on Yoga. Identify the error and supply the
correction in the sentence. (CBSE 2024) (1 Mark)
Yoga should help lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar, all of which are not
good for your heart and blood vessels.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Ans. should-can
22. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with the correct option. (CBSE 2024)(1 Mark)
Planting a tree is a very noble deed and ________ the earth from global warning!
(a) saves (b) saving (c) had saved (d) should save
Ans. (a) saves
23. Fill in the blank with the correct option. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Reena always __________ the truth.
(a) speak (b) speaks (c) will speak (d) speaking
Ans. (b) speaks
24. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the blank with the correct option. (CBSE 2023)
Heena __________ from fever since last Sunday. (1 Mark)
(a) suffered (b) will suffer (c) suffer (d) has been suffering
Ans. (d) has been suffering
25. Fill in the blank by suing the correct word in the bracket. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Anyas __________ (eat) all the chocolates kept in the tray.
(a) ate (b) eating (c) have eaten (d) eaten
Ans. (a) ate
26. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the
following line. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
I can run fast when I was young.
Option No. Error Correction
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
a was is
b run ran
c can could
d when whence
Ans.
Option no. Error Correction
c can could
27. Select the correct option to fill in the blanks for the given line. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Bread and butter __________ my favourite breakfast.
(a) is (b) am (c) are (d) has been
Ans. (a) is

[92]
 English
28. Read the conversation between two friends Ravi and Reena. Complete the sentence
by reporting Reena’s reply correctly. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Ravi : “Reena, lend me hundred rupees.”
Reena : “I don’t have it right now, but I will arrange it for you.”
Ravi asked Reena to lend him hundred rupees, to which Reena replied that _______.
Ans. she didn’t have it right then but she would arrange it for him
29. Report the dialogue between a mother and a daughter by completing the sentence.
(CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Mother : Why are you looking so worried?
Daughter : My exams are approaching.
In response to the question of the mother, the daughter replied that __________.
Ans. her exams were approaching
30. Select the correct option to complete the narra.t ion of the dialogue between Anil
and Sanjeev. (CBSE 2023) (1 Mark)
Anil : Where are you going?
Sanjeev : To the airport.
Anil : May I drop you there as I’m going in that direction?
Anil asked Sanjeev where he was going and offered to drop him as
(a) he could be going in that direction (b) he would be going in the direction
(c) he is going in the direction (d) he was going in that direction
Ans. (d) he was going in that direction
31. The following paragraph has an error in each line with a blank. Write the correct
and the incorrect word in the blanks provided. The first one has been done for you.
(CBSE 2022) (1 x 3 = 3 Marks)
Incorrect Correct
A first Indian woman physician e.g. (1) ___A____ ___The___
Anandibai Joshi graduated at 1886. (2) ________ ________
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

About 125 years later, Indian women had start (3) ________ ________
to outnumber men in
admissions of medical colleges. (4) ________ ________
Ans. (2) at in
(3) start started
(4) of to
32. Read the conversation and complete the passage that follows. (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ritika: Can I borrow your Math book for a couple of days?
Mohit: Yes certainly, I have already studied for the test tomorrow.
Ritika asked Mohit ____(1)____ for a couple of days. Mohit agreed and said that ____(2)____
Ans. (1) if she could borrow his Math book
(2) he had already studied for the test tomorrow.
[93]
Compendium: Class 10
33. Read the paragraph given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most
appropriate words from the given options. (CBSE 2020) (1 x 4 = 4 Marks)
After (a) ________a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn’t really enjoy (b) _________in
the countryside and began (c) ________as an excuse for (d) ________the cottage.
(a) (1) spending (2) have spent (3) spent (4) spends
Ans. (1) spending
(b) (1) to living (2) lived (3) living (4) lives
Ans. (3) living
(c) (1) to thinking (2) to thought (3) thought (4) to think
Ans. (4) to think
(d) (1) sold (2) selling (3) sells (4) sale
Ans. (2) selling
34. The following paragraph has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write
the error and the correction in your answer book against the correct blank number.
(CBSE 2020) (1 x 4 = 4 Marks)
Error Correction
Today the girls have broke the (a) _________ _________
five-foot barrier and on some (b) _________ _________
cases is a half foot taller (c) _________ _________
then their grandmothers (d) _________ _________
Ans. Error Correction
broke broken
on in
is are
then than smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

35. Rearrange the following words and phrases to form meaningful sentences.
(CBSE 2020) (1 x 4 = 4 Marks)
(a) Ramesh / the park / a boy / met / one day / in
Ans. One day, Ramesh met a boy in the park.
(b) was / old / young boy / seven years / the / only
Ans. The young boy was only seven years old.
(c) asked / the nearest / he / bookstore / about / him
Ans. He asked him about the nearest bookstore.
(d) wanted / buy / he / to / books / a few
Ans. He wanted to buy a few books.
[94]
 English

6 A Letter to God

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. In the north–east huge mountains of clouds could be seen approaching. The air was fresh
and sweet. The man went out for no other reason than to have the pleasure of feeling the
rain on his body, and when he returned he exclaimed, “These aren’t raindrops falling from
the sky, they are new coins. The big drops are ten cent pieces and the little ones are fives.”
With a satisfied expression he regarded the field of ripe corn with its flowers, draped in a
curtain of rain.
(a) The air became fresh and sweet by ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) mountains of clouds
(2) rains
(3) the possibility of clouds from the north-east
(4) rains and clouds
(b) Lencho went out in the rain to ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) enjoy himself (2) feel the raindrops on his body
(3) watch the rain falling (4) welcome rain
(c) How did Lencho react when he felt rain on his body? (1 Mark)
(d) Explain symbolic significance of comparison of rain drops with new coins for farmer
like Lencho. (2 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. (a) (3) the possibility of clouds from the north-east

(b) (2) feel the raindrops on his body
(c) Lencho was happy to feel rain drops on his body. He exclaimed with joy and compared
rain drops with new coins.
(d) For farmer like Lencho rain is an important factor to ensure good harvest of their crops.
This only may bring them fortune and money. So, adequate rain is a symbol of
prosperity for farmers.
2. That night was a sorrowful one.
“All our work, for nothing.”
“There’s no one who can help us.”
“We’ll all go hungry this year.”

[95]
Compendium: Class 10
But in the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house in the middle of the valley, there was
a single hope : help from God.
“Don’t be so upset, even though this seems like a total loss. Remember, no one dies of hunger.”
“That’s what they say : no one dies of hunger.”
All through the night, Lencho thought only of his one hope : the help of God, whose eyes, as
he had been instructed, see everything, even what is deep in one’s conscience.
(a) The family of Lencho was full of sorrow because ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) of the snow (2) crops needed more rainfall
(3) they would have nothing to eat (4) crops stood fully ruined due to hailstorm
(b) Lencho tried to console his family by ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) saying that God will help them
(2) suggesting seeking help from God
(3) saying that nobody died of hunger
(4) hoping that God will come to their help
(c) Who are being referred as ‘..all who lived in that solitary house..’? (1 Mark)
(d) What do you infer about character of Lencho on the basis of above given extract? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) crops stood fully ruined due to hailstorm
(b) (3) saying that nobody died of hunger
(c) Lencho and his family are being referred as ‘..all who lived in that solitary house..”.
(d) On the basis of the above given extract we may infer that Lencho was a optimistic
person and he had firm faith in God. Not only he was hopeful that God will help him but
also he instilled same feelings in the hearts of the other family members.
2. With a satisfied expression he regarded the field of ripe corn with its flowers, draped in a
curtain of rain. But suddenly a strong wind began to blow and along with the rain very
large hailstones began to fall. These truly did resemble new silver coins. The boys,
exposing themselves to the rain, ran out to collect the frozen pearls. "It's really getting
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
bad now," exclaimed the man. "I hope it passes quickly." It did not pass quickly. For an
hour the hail rained on the house, the garden, the hillside, the cornfield, on the whole
valley. The field was white, as it covered with salt.
(a) Which of the following is a reason why the field was white? (1 Mark)
(1) It was a cotton field (2) It was drowned with ocean water
(3) It was covered with hailstones (4) All of the above
(b) What can be said about Lencho on reading the words 'I hope it passes quickly'? (2 Marks)
(c) Fill in the blank with the correct word from the bracket. (1 Mark)
Lencho is feeling __________ (satisfied/hopeful) in the above extract.
(d) What does the author refer to as 'new silver coins'? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (3) It was covered with hailstones

[96]
 English
(b) On reading the above text, it can be said that Lencho is an extremely faithful and
optimistic man. Even though it starts to rain, which is soon accompanied by hailstones,
he doesn't lose hope that nothing will go wrong with his cornfield. He has faith that no
one will die of hunger because God will help them.
(c) hopeful
(d) The author refers to the hailstones as new silver coins

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What did the postmaster do in order to not to shake Lencho’s faith in God? (3 Marks)
Ans. After reading Lencho’s letter to God the postmaster thought deeply. He came up with an
idea. He decided to answer the letter. He asked for money from his employees. He himself
gave a part of his salary. Several of his friends gave some money. He could collect only
seventy pesos. He put the money in an envelope. He signed as ‘God’.
2. What are the raindrops compared to any why? (3 Marks)
Ans. It starts raining. Lencho is very happy. He compares the big drops of rain to ten cent pieces
and the little ones to five-cent pieces. Lencho needs rain for a good harvest. If he has good
crops, he will bet money. That is why he compare the raindrops to coins.
3. Describe the destruction caused by hailstones in Lencho’s fields. (3 Marks)
Ans. The hail rained on Lencho’s house, garden, cornfield, the hillside and the entire valley for
an hour. The field was white, as if covered with salt. Not a leaf remained on trees. The corn
in Lencho’s cornfield was totally destroyed.
4. How did Lencho’s hope change into despair? (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho was waiting for a shower of rain that his field needed. But his hope for good rain
vanished when the wind changed into hailstorm. It destroyed everything. So, Lencho’s hope
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

changed to despair as his family might face starvation.

5. Why did Lencho not want the money to be sent through mail? (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho wrote in his second letter to God that he had received only seventy pesos but he
needed a hundred pesos. He requested God not to send rest of the money by post since the
post office employees were a bunch of crooks and would steal the money.
6. "Lencho was an ox of a man, working like an animal in the fields, but still he knew how to
write." What does this line tell us about the norm amongst such farmers then? (3 Marks)
Ans. The given line indicates the general norm amongst people that farmers are hard working
and diligent but they are uneducated. However, Lencho was literate, and could read and
write.

[97]
Compendium: Class 10
7. What does Lencho's letter reveal about the socio-economic conditions of his community?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho's letter highlights the struggles of rural communities, where farmers like him
depend on successful harvests for survival. The devastation of the hailstorm highlights the
vulnerability of agricultural livelihoods and the precariousness of economic stability.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What made Lencho write a letter to God? What was its result? (6 Marks)
Ans. Lencho’s crop needed rain badly. But there came hailstorm. It destroyed his crop totally. He
had no corn left either for food or for seeds. But Lencho had one hope. It was the help from
God. So, the next day he went to the post office. He wrote a letter to God to send him one
hundred pesos. When the postman saw this letter, he took it to the postmaster. He broke out
laughing. But he became serious. He was impressed by Lencho’s faith in God. He collected
money from all. He could collect only seventy pesos. He mailed this money to Lencho.
2. “But don’t send it to me through the mail, because the post office employees are a bunch of crooks”.
Why did Lencho say so? What is your impression of the post office employees? (6 Marks)
Ans. Lencho spoke those words in his ignorance. He never knew that man can be as kind as God.
He had appealed to God. When he got money, he thought it was from God. However, the
amount was less than he had appealed for. After all, God can be neither poor nor miserly.
So, Lencho believed that the post office employees had taken the money. Hence, he called
them ‘bunch of crooks’.
3. How does the character of Lencho inspire us to have faith in God and remain calm in
difficult situation? (6 Marks)
Ans. Lencho, a hardworking and poor farmer, always worked as an ox in his field. He worked
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
very hard to support his family and fulfil their needs. He was an optimist, so when his crops
were completely destroyed by the hailstorm, he became worried about his family. But he
believed that God would help him in this difficult situation. Lencho was an innocent atheist
who did not know that there was no such a living person as God who could send him money
to fulfil his needs. But due to his firm faith in God, he requested Him to send him hundred
pesos. His firm faith in God made him angry when he found only seventy pesos in the
envelope, and he called the post office employees a ‘bunch of crooks’. He believed that they
had stolen his money because God could not do such a mistake. This all shows his blind but
firm faith in God and gives him a hope in his despair. We believe that people should have such
kind of faith and attitude in difficult situation and should try a solution of their problems.

[98]
 English
4. “Humanity still exists”, this is what we get to know after reading ‘A Letter to God’ in which
firm faith in God of a poor farmer and helpfulness of the post office employees are aptly
depicted thoughts. Write a paragraph on the values in it, in about 120-150 words. Give the
paragraph a suitable title. (6 Marks)
Ans. Existence of Humanity
The story ‘A Letter to God’ written by GL Fuentes enforces our faith in humanity. After
reading the story, we know that there still are people who help others without any self-
interest. Here, the postmaster and other employees lay an example of humanity and
kindness for others. First they all laughed at Lencho’s letter to God because they knew that
there was no such person but they were really moved by Lencho’s faith in God. They
decided to help him to keep his faith alive and firm. Even though it was not possible for
them to collect hundred pesos but any how they managed to collect seventy pesos and kept
them in an envelope for Lencho. They signed on it ‘God’ except their own name. This act
shows us the true picture of humanity and motivates us to be a noble and kind person.
4. The postmaster was a representative of God. Evaluate this statement in the context of your
understanding of 'A Letter to God'. (6 Marks)
Ans. The postmaster is rightly depicted as a representative of God because he managed to collect
money for Lencho who was helpless at that time. As God can't be physically present
everywhere to help his children, people believe that he relieves their sufferings through his
representatives. Here, that representative is the postmaster who acts as the epitome of
humanity. When Lencho needed money, he had written a letter to god asking for 100 pesos.
When the postmaster found the letter, he laughed but eventually decided on helping
Lencho. He used his salary and collected little amount of money from the other employees
and managed to put together 70 pesos. He, then, put them in an envelope addressing
himself as God so that Lencho's faith in God would not be broken. When Lencho was in
trouble, the postmaster helped him without looking for anything in return. So, in this way
the postmaster was a representative of God.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Illustrate Lencho’s unwavering faith in the Divine. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho had deep faith in God, believing that God would help him after his crops were
destroyed. He wrote a letter asking for money and was confident that God would provide,
showcasing his trust in divine intervention.
2. In what manner did Lencho' s cornfield suffer damage? Did he hold any expectations of
receiving assistance? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho' s cornfield was destroyed by a hailstorm, leaving his family in distress. Despite the
loss, he firmly believed in divine help and wrote to God for financial assistance, displaying
unwavering faith in receiving aid during his hardship.
[99]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Analyse the young the seagull similarities from "Two and stories differences about between
flying" and Lencho from "A Letter to God" and provide a rationale for the significant role
faith plays in challenging and adverse situations in life. (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull and Lencho both face challenges requiring faith, but they approach them
differently. The seagull is afraid to fly, lacking confidence in his abilities. His survival
depends on overcoming this fear, which he does when his mother tempts him with food.
On the other hand, Lencho faces a natural calamity but has absolute faith in God's help. He
writes a letter requesting money, believing divine intervention will save him. While the
seagull' s faith is in himself, Lencho' s faith is in God. Both stories emphasise that belief-
whether in one's abilities or a higher power-plays a crucial role in overcoming adversity.
4. What idea does the Postmaster come up with? What did he do to stick to his resolution?
(CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. The Postmaster comes up with the idea of helping Lencho by sending him money so that
his faith in God remains unshaken. After reading Lencho’s letter to God asking for 100
pesos, the Postmaster is touched by his strong belief. To stick to his resolution, he
contributes part of his own salary and collects donations from his colleagues. Though he
cannot gather the full amount, he sends the money in an envelope signed “God” to make
Lencho believe his prayer was answered.
5. Why did the night after the rains turn sorrowful for Lencho? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho was a poor farmer and was devoted towards his family. After the rain his crop got
ruined because of the hailstones. He was anxious if his family would die of hunger without
any crop.
6. What are the raindrops compared to and why? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Lencho compares the raindrops were like new coins because the raindrops help him to
grow and harvest the crops, which results in more prosperity. Hence, he compares
raindrops to new coins.
7. Did the letter reach God? Why did the postmaster send a reply to Lencho? smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)

Ans. The letter was not delivered to the god. Because he didn’t want to jeopardise his great faith
in God, the mailman responded to Lencho. As a result, the postal delivered the 70 pesos to
the Lencho. The postmaster and post office staff gathered 70 from his own earnings and
sent it to Lencho.
8. Why did Lencho's happy mood change into concern? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. As Lencho had immeasurable faith in God he wished and prayed for the rain. The rain was
in the form of big drops. It gladdened Lencho's heart. But unfortunately, the rain was
accompanied by hailstorm. For an hour the hail rained on the cornfield and the corn was
totally destroyed. This made Lencho's happy mood to change into concern. Lencho's soul
was filled with sadness.
[100]
 English

7 Nelson Mandela : Long Walk

to Freedom

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. A few moments later we all lifted our eyes in awe as a spectacular array of South African
jets, helicopters and troop carries roared in perfect formation over the Union Building. It
was not only a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but a demonstration of the
military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and fairly
elected. Only moment before, the highest generals of the South African defence force and
police, their chest bedecked with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and
pledged their loyalty. I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years before they
would not have saluted but arrested me. Finally a chevron of Impala jets left a smoke trail
of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South African flag.
(a) The highest generals were there to ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) salute the author as the new President to be sworn in
(2) celebrate the author’s victory
(3) salute the new government
(4) salute the world leaders
(b) What could the highest generals have done to the author earlier? (1 Mark)
(1) They could have saluted him.
(2) They would celebrate his new position.
(3) They could have installed him a New President.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(4) They could have arrested him.

(c) According to the speaker what was displayed by jets, helicopter and troops? (1 Mark)
(d) Write in your own words that how would have Nelson Mandela during the above-
mentioned procession. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (1) salute the author as the new President to be sworn in.
(b) (4) They could have arrested him.
(c) According to the speaker jets, helicopter and troops not only displayed pinpoint
precision and military force, but also the military’s loyalty to democracy.
(d) Nelson Mandela must have felt extremely elated during the above-mentioned
procession as it was his long-cherished dream for his country and countrymen. He even
didn’t has any malice feeling for people who were against him some time ago.

[101]
Compendium: Class 10
2. I was not born with a hunger to be free. I was born free — free in every way that I could
know. Free to run in the fields near my mother’s hut, free to swim in the clear stream that
ran through my village, free to roast mealies under the stars and ride the broad backs of
slow-moving bulls. As long as I obeyed my father and abided by the customs of my tribe, I
was not troubled by the laws of man or God.
It was only when I began to learn that my boyhood freedom was on illusion, when I
discovered as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began
to hunger for it. At first, as a student, I wanted freedom only for myself, the transitory
freedoms of being able to stay out at night, read what I pleased and go where I chose. Later,
as a young man in Johannesburg, I yearned for the basic and honourable freedoms of
achieving my potential, of earning my keep, of marrying and having a family the freedom
not to be obstructed in a lawful life.
(a) The author was born with certain freedoms. These are ____________. (1 Mark)
(1) running in the fields (2) swimming
(3) roasting mealies (4) riding the bulls, roasting mealies etc.
(b) When was he not troubled by laws of men or God? (1 Mark)
(1) When he obeyed his father’s and his tribe’s customs.
(2) When he obeyed the laws of the land.
(3) When he obeyed the govt. rules.
(4) When his father was with him.
(c) Which elements did make speaker feel that he was born free? (1 Mark)
(d) Explain how speaker’s perception of freedom changed gradually. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) riding the bulls, roasting mealies etc.
(b) (1) when he obeyed his father’s and his tribe’s customs.
(c) The various things that the speaker could do in his childhood made him feel that he was
born free. For instance, Free to run in the fields near his mother’s hut, free to swim in
the clear stream that ran through his village, free to roast mealies under the stars and
ride the broad backs of slow-moving bulls, etc. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(d) When Nelson Mandela stepped in his boyhood phase, he realised that his freedom was
merely an illusion. As student he wanted to have freedom to stay out at night, read what he
pleased and go where he chose. As a young man he yearned for the basic and honourable
freedoms of achieving his potential, of earning his keep, of marrying and having a family.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What was the effect of the policy of apartheid? (3 Marks)
Ans. The policy of apartheid was very unfortunate for the South African people. It created a deep
and lasting wound in the country and the people. Decades of oppression and brutality
produced many great men. They were Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulus, Yusuf Dadoo, Bram
Fischer etc. There were others also like them. They were men of great character.
[102]
 English
2. When did the author see ‘a ray of humanity’ and where? What is this ‘ray of humanity’? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author saw this ray of humanity in prison. It was in the grimmest times. His comrades
were pushed to their limits. They were pushed with their back to the walls. He saw this ray
of humanity. It was in one of the guards just for a second. This ray of humanity is man’s
goodness. It is a flame. It can’t be put out.
3. Which twin obligations does every man have in life? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author talks of twin obligations of every South African person. He says that every man
has twin obligations in life. One obligations of his family, to his parents, to his wife and
children. This is his family of personal level. Second, he had obligation to his people, his
community and his country. This is for his country.
4. ‘I was born free—free in every way that I could know’. Explain this statement. (3 Marks)
Ans. This means that he was born free in every way. All these were different. For example, he
was free to run in the fields near his mother’s hut. He was free to swim in the clear stream.
He was free to roast mealies under the stars. He was free to ride the slow-moving balls. In
fact, whatever he wanted to do, he was free in that.
5. What changed Nelson Mandela as a young man into a bold one? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author wanted freedom for his country and his countrymen. Desire for the freedom of
his people changed him into a bold one. It was the freedom to live their lives with dignity.
He was now without a home. He was a monk. He could not enjoy the limited freedom. He
wanted to do what he thought was good.
6. What was born out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster? Why should
humanity be proud of it? (3 Marks)
Ans. The apartheid regime was an extraordinary human disaster for the Blacks of South Africa.
The end of the apartheid laid down the foundation of a non-racial democratic regime in
South Africa. This government based on human equality and dignity would be an ideal one
of which all humanity would be proud.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

7. How did the policy of apartheid create deep and lasting wound on South African Blacks? (3 Marks)
Ans. No doubt, the policy of apartheid created a deep and lasting wound on South African and the
blacks. It would take many years to recover from that profound hurt. The racial discrimination
unleashed a reign of terror, oppression and brutality on the Blacks of South Africa.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What does Nelson Mandela say about courage, love and hate? (6 Marks)
Ans. Nelson Mandela says, that he learned the meaning of courage from the comrades. They
were of the freedom struggle. They risked their lives for an idea. They showed strength and
elasticity. He means courage not as the absence of fear but the victory over it. The brave
man is one who conquers fear.
[103]
Compendium: Class 10
He says that no man is born hating another man due to skin colour or religion. Love comes
more naturally to the human heart then from its opposite. He saw humanity in the guards
when they were tortured in prison. Both the oppressor and the oppressed are the prisoners
of hatred. They take away each other’s freedom.
2. Describe the value of freedom for the human beings and how it is important for the growth
of civilisation and humanism as described in the lesson ‘Nelson Mandela : Long Walk to
Freedom’. (6 Marks)
Ans. Everybody whether human or other creatures wants to live free as freedom is natural to all
living beings. The value of freedom is better known to that human being who has not tasted
it till he gets it. A person who is chained with the limits and not allowed to perform his
duties freely, values freedom more than anyone else.
For instance, the value of freedom is known better to Mandela who remained behind the
bars most of his life. Think about a bird or animal which is caged as they have the habit of
living with full freedom but in the cage they are not free and their conditions are very
pitiable. Similarly, life becomes a hell if we are deprived of freedom. There is no growth of
civilisation as it grows only when one has freedom. Similarly, humanism grows in the
atmosphere of freedom. As if a man is free to do his duties, he can produce better results.
An oppressed person always commits mistakes and unable to perform well, so freedom is
important for the growth of civilisation.
3. Describe the views of Mandela for the black people who fought and sacrificed their likes for
the country’s political independence? (6 Marks)
Ans. Mandela always said that the political freedom was the result of sacrifices of thousands of
the black people who fought for that. He said that it could not be repaid. He thought himself
as the sum of all of those African patriots. He regretted that he could not thank the m.
He cursed the policy of apartheid that wounded the people of his country, which would take
centuries to heal. He also said that the oppression and brutality of the white people smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

produced great freedom fighters like Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Luthuli, Dadoo, Fischer,
Sobukwe and many more. They were the men of courage, wisdom and large heartedness.
They really suffered a lot for the political freedom of the country.
4. What does Mandela mean to say that the oppressor and the oppressed alike are robbed of
their humanity? (6 Marks)
Ans. Mandela is right in saying that the oppressor and the oppressed alike are robbed of their
humanity. Both of them are actually the victim of hatred. Everyone is obliged to discharge
their duties whether personal or social but without freedom a man cannot do so. The
person who snatches this freedom of a man is really an oppressor and a prisoner of hatred.
He has lack of humanity. But this is the same with a person who is oppressed by other.

[104]
 English
5. Describe the obligations which the author is talking about and also describe his feelings for
them? (6 Marks)
Ans. In the chapter the author has talked about two obligation for every man. The first obligation
is towards his family, parents, his wife and children. The second is towards his community
and his country. Being a social person one has to fulfil these obligations. But being a black
coloured person in South Africa, a man was not free to perform his obligations and got
punished if he tried to do that. Being a child the author never thought of such obligations
but after he did so, he fought for the people and the country to be free and enjoy their
freedom of performing their duties personal and social.
6. Describe the value of freedom for the human beings and how it is important for the growth of
civilisation and humanism as described in the lesson ‘Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom’.
(6 Marks)
Ans. Everybody whether human or other creatures wants to live free as freedom is natural to all
living beings. The value of freedom is better known to that human being who has not tasted
it till he gets it. A person who is chained with the limits and not allowed to perform his
duties freely, values freedom more than anyone else. For instance the value of freedom is
known better to Mandela who remained behind the bars most of his life. Think about a bird
or animal which is caged as they have the habit of living with full freedom but in the cage
they are not free and their conditions are very pitiable. Similarly, life becomes a hell if we
are deprived of freedom. There is no growth of civilisation as it grows only when one has
freedom. Similarly, humanism grows in the atmosphere of freedom.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

1. It is from these comrades in the struggle that I learned the true meaning of courage. Time
and again, I have seen men and women risk and give up their lives for an idea. I have seen
men and women stand up to attacks and torture without breaking, showing a strength and
resilience that defies the imagination. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear,
but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who
conquers that fear. (CBSE 2025)
(i) What effect does the experience as described in the lines below have on the speaker? Time and
again, I have seen men and women risk their lives for an idea. (1 Mark)
Ans. The experience that the lines depict profoundly inspires and shapes the speaker. Seeing
men and women risk their lives for a cause and resist assault and torture without giving in
educates the speaker on the meaning of strength, courage and endurance.
[105]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Select one inference about the idea of courage from the given context: (1 Mark)
I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it.
(a) being fearless (b) absence of fear
(c) feeding your fears (d) ability to overcome fear
Ans. (d) ability to overcome fear
Explanation: - The line "Courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it"
suggests that courage does not mean having no fear but rather overcoming it.
- (a) being fearless and (b) absence of fear are incorrect because Mandela clearly states that
courage is not the absence of fear.
- (c) feeding your fears is the opposite of the intended meaning:
(iii) Answer in about 40 words, with reference to the extract: (2 Marks)
According to the author, what does true courage entail? How does this perspective differ
from a common misconception about courage?
Ans. As stated by the author, real courage does not imply the lack of fear but rather the power
to overcome it.
This is different from the widespread myth that being fearless is synonymous with bravery,
focusing instead on the strength derived from overcoming fear.
(iv) Fill in the blank with the correct phrase from the bracket in the context of the given extract:
Men stood up to torture showing strength and resilience that is ___________ (impossible to
understand/ seeped in reality). (1 Mark)
Ans. Correct Option: "impossible to understand"
Explanation:
- The phrase "defies the imagination" in the extract suggests that their strength and
resilience were beyond comprehension.
- "Seeped in reality" would indicate something ordinary and understandable, which
contradicts the intended meaning.
2. On the day of the inauguration, I was overwhelmed with a sense of history. In the first
decade of the 20th century a few years after the bitter Anglo-Boer war and before my own smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

birth, the white skinned people of South Africa patched up their differences and created a
system of racial domination against the dark-skinned people of their own land. The
structure they created formed the basis of one of the harshest, most inhumane societies the
world has ever known. Now, in the last decade of the twentieth century and my own eighth
decade as a man, that system has been overturned rights and freedoms of all peoples,
regardless of the colour of their skin. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Explain the feelings of the narrator when he said: (1 Mark)
"I was overwhelmed with a sense of history."
Ans. The narrator feels overwhelmed with a sense of history because he witnesses the
significant transformation of the racial domination system in South Africa, marking the end
of an era of injustice and the dawn of a new era of equality and freedom.
[106]
 English
(ii) The system of racial domination has been replaced by a system that: (1 Mark)
(a) confirms the education of the Blacks.
(b) recognises the rights and freedoms of all people.
(c) recollects the bitter experiences.
(d) focuses on the personality development.
Ans. (b) recognises rights and freedoms of all people.
(iii) Comment on the kind of society apartheid had created? (2 Marks)
Ans. Apartheid created a deeply segregated and discriminatory society, where people were
categorised and treated differently based on their skin colour. It institutionalised racism,
inequality and oppression, leading to widespread human rights violations and suffering
among the dark skinned people of South Africa.
(iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'patched up' in the given sentence from the
extract:
" ... the white skinned people of South Africa patched up their differences ... " (1 Mark)
Ans. The phrase "patched up" could be correctly substituted with "mended" in the given
sentence.
3. To the assembled guests and the watching world, I said : Today, all confer glory and hope
to new born liberty. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted
too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud. We who were outlaws
not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege to be host to the nations of the
world on our own soil. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come
to take possession with the people of our country of what is after all, a common victory for
justice, for peace, for human dignity. The ban on single-use plastic in impractical. The
purpose of articles such as bags and packing material is ultimately to make human life
easier. Plastic articles make this convenient, so they should not be banned. (CBSE 2023)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(i) A society that _________ was born out of human disaster. (1 Mark)
(a) all humanity would be proud of (b) was full of extraordinary human disaster
(c) was full of outlaws and fighters (d) hosts nations on their soil
Ans. (a) all humanity would be proud of
(ii) The former outlaws were given the privilege of ___________. (1 Mark)
(a) getting citizenship of their country (b) participating in a trade conclave
(c) finalizing the foreign policy (d) hosting the nations of the world on their soil
Ans. (d) hosting the nations of the world on their soil
(iii) The speaker was overwhelmed with the sense of ___________. (1 Mark)
(a) gratitude (b) achievement (c) happiness (d) charity
Ans. (a) gratitude

[107]
Compendium: Class 10
(iv) State whether the following statement is True or False. (1 Mark)
The common victory was when South Africa did not become and independent nation.
Ans. False
(v) The noun form of the word ‘confer’ is ___________. (1 Mark)
(a) conferring (b) confident (c) conference (d) configuring
Ans. (a) conferring
4. A desire is more personal whereas a vision has broader connotations. You have been asked
to present an analysis of Valli’s desire and Mandela’s vision and how they are respectively
fulfilled. Write this presentation draft including your insights, in about 120 words,
comparing the approaches of both Valli and Mandela. (CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
You may begin like this:
One acknowledges that both, Valli and Mandela however,
(Reference Nelson Mandela - A Long Walk to Freedom & Madam Rides a Bus)
Ans. Both Valli and Nelson Mandela share qualities of fearlessness and determination. Valli’s
story is personal, focusing on her journey to buy a bus ticket, while Mandela’s fight against
apartheid was on a national and international scale. Valli faces challenges like crossing
roads, while Mandela confronted systemic racism and imprisonment. Both stories inspire,
with Valli showing the power of determination in personal challenges, and Mandela
contributing to the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa.
5. Mandela Said, "People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught
to love." Discuss. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Nelson Mandela refer to the apartheid policy of the white race against the black people "as
an extraordinary human disaster" white people snatched freedom from the coloured
people of South Africa to whom the country really belonged. The blacks were subjected to
oppression for long. They were not even allowed to discharge their obligations to their own smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

families, community and their country. White people had no compassion for them and
oppressed their own people and put them in prison if they asserted their freedom it was
curtailed. the black people live like slaves. Thus Mandela came to believe that since a system
like that apartheid could be based on hate they could definitely build a system which could
be based on love and respect for each other this convey action was the basic of the long
struggle against apartheid.
6. What does Mandela refer to as ‘an extraordinary human disaster’? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. Nelson Mandela referred to it as “an extraordinary human disaster” because it was the
practise of South African apartheid. During the apartheid government, people were
separated based on their skin colour. Black people lacked adequate constitutional rights.
[108]
 English

8 Two Stories About Flying

PART-1: HIS FIRST FLIGHT

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. That was twenty-four hours ago. Since then nobody had come near him. The day before, all day
long, he had watched his parents flying about with his brothers and sister, perfecting them in
the art of flight, teaching them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish. He had, in fact,
seen his older brother catch his first herring and devour it, standing on a rock, while his parents
circled around raising a proud cackle. And all the morning the whole family had walked about
on the big plateau midway down the opposite cliff taunting him with his cowardice.
(a) Why did nobody come near the young seagull for twenty-four hours? (1 Mark)
(1) They have changed their accommodation.
(2) They were playing hide and seek with him.
(3) They want young seagull to fly anyhow.
(4) They were denied by the father seagull.
(b) Pick a word from the passage that is synonymous with ‘timidity’. (1 Mark)
(1) skim (2) devour (3) cackle (4) cowardice
(c) Why did his family taunt him? (1 Mark)
(d) What did he see his parents doing and his older brother do? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) They want young seagull to fly anyhow.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) (4) cowardice

(c) His family taunted him to stimulate him to take his flight.
(d) He had watched his parents flying about with his brothers and sisters perfecting them
in the art of flight and saw his older brother catch his first herring and devour it.
2. Then a monstrous terror seized him and his heart stood still. He could hear nothing. But it
only lasted a minute. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. The wind rushed
against his breast feathers, then under his stomach, and against his wings. He could feel the
tips of his wings cutting through the air. He was not falling headlong now. He was soaring
gradually downwards and outwards. He was no longer afraid. He just felt a bit dizzy. Then
he flapped his wings once and he soared upwards.
[109]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) The ‘monstrous terror’ was that __________. (1 Mark)
(1) he could fall down into the sea (2) he would die
(3) he won’t fly at all (4) he might fall from such a great height
(b) The instinctive action that the seagull did was __________. (1 Mark)
(1) to look into the sky (2) to look down below
(3) spreading out his wings for flying (4) to open up his wings
(c) What made seagull take his first leap? (1 Mark)
(d) How did seagull feel when he started flying? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) he might fall from such a great height
(b) (3) spreading out his wings for flying
(c) Hunger and piece of fish made him take his first leap.
(d) He felt the wind rushed against his breast feathers, then under his stomach, and against
his wings. He could feel the tips of his wings cutting through the air. He was not falling
headlong now and soaring gradually downwards and outwards. He was no longer
afraid. He just felt a bit dizzy.
3. His parents and his brothers and sister had landed on this green flooring ahead of him. They
were beckoning to him, calling shrilly. He dropped his legs to stand on the green sea. His
legs sank into it. He screamed with fright and attempted to rise again flapping his wings.
But he was tired and weak with hunger and he could not rise, exhausted by the strange
exercise. His feet sank into the green sea, and then his belly touched it and he sank no
farther. He was floating on it, and around him his family was screaming, praising him and
their beaks were offering him scraps of dog fish. He had made his first flight.
(a) What does the ‘green flooring’ refer to, here? (1 Mark)
(b) Why did he scream with fright? (1 Mark)
(c) Why couldn’t he rise when he attempted to do so? (2 Marks)
(d) How did the young seagull enthrall his family? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Here the ‘green flooring’ refers to the green sea. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) He screamed with fright when his legs sank into the sea.
(c) He couldn’t rise again as he was tired and weak with hunger.
(d) Finally the young seagull started flying which enthralled his family.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why didn’t the young seagull take the plunge? What stopped him from doing so? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull was the only one in the family who couldn’t fly in the air. His brothers
and sister had far shorter wings than his wings but they had already learnt the art of flying.
He felt certain that his wings would never support him. So he was hesitant and afraid of
flapping his wings and go deep in the air.
[110]
 English
2. What did the young seagull do when he was maddened by hunger? Did hunger motivate
him to dive at the fish in the air? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull saw his mother flying back. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. With a
loud scream he fell outwards and downwards into space. Then he was seized with fear and his
heart stood still. But the fear lasted only for a minute. The very next moment he felt his wings
spread outwards. Truly, hunger motivated him to dive at the fish and flap his wings into the space.
3. Describe the seagull’s first flight. (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull was very hungry. So he dived at the fish that was in his mother’s beak.
But he fell into space and became terribly afraid. His heart stood still. He could hear nothing.
But it only lasted for a minute. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. He
began to fly and was no longer afraid.
4. What did the young seagull see of his mother when he tried to pretend to fall asleep? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull pretended to fall asleep. But he was greatly hungry. He was feeling very
weak also. But no one of his family saw him. He saw his mother looking at him. She was
standing on a little high hump. She tore at a piece of fish between her feet. She scrapped
each side of her beak on the rock.
5. How was the young seagull experiencing his first flight? (3 Marks)
Ans. A horrible feat caught the seagull when he spread his wings. He had spread his wings to get
food from his mother. Now he could feel his wings cutting through the air. He was soaring
gradually downwards and outwards. He was feeling a bit dizzy. He soared upwards. But
now he could fly. Fear had left him. His parents were flying near him.
6. How did the young seagull’s family celebrate his first flight? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull’s family saw that he was now flying. He had controlled his fear of flying. The
family celebrated his first flight. He was floating on the green sea. His family was screaming
around him. It was praising him. It was due to great joy. It was showing its joy over his flying.
It was offering scraps of dog-fish to him out of delight. It was over his success.
7. Flying is a natural act in birds. Then why was the young seagull ‘exhausted by the strange
exercise’? (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. The seagull didn’t have the courage to fly. Hence, he used to make excuses for not flying. He
felt certain that his wings were too weak to support him. He had no courage to flap his
wings and failed to muster up courage to take the plunge.
8. When did the seagull’s flight begin and where did it end? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull’s flight started when he dived trying to snatch the piece of fish from his
mother’s beak. he fell down but instinctively his wings spread out, he flapped them and started
flying. His flight ended after half an hour when he landed on the green sea with his family.
9. When did the seagull get over his fear of water? (3 Marks)
Ans. After flying for some time, the seagull saw that his parents and brothers and sister were
sitting on the surface of the sea. He came down and landed on it. But his legs sank into it.
He cried with fear. However, his belly touched the surface and he did not drown. Finally,
the seagull got over his fear of water.
[111]
Compendium: Class 10
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. ‘All parental acts are for the betterment of the children.’ It is true. However one has to make
efforts through trials and errors shedding off one’s early hesitations and fears to succeed in any
enterprise. Justify this statement by taking points from the lesson ‘His First Flight’? (6 Marks)
Ans. There is no doubt about it. ‘All parental acts are for the betterment of the children’. It is the
ardent wish of every parent that they may teach all skills to their young ones so that they
may succeed in life. First of all, they can learn all things which their parents have taught in
life. If the young ones don’t act then they also indulge in scolding, taunting and humiliating
them to shed off their hesitations and fears. This is exactly what the parents of the young
seagull did. They were successful in teaching the art of flying to his two brothers and sister.
They also tried their best to embolden him to take the plunge. Particularly, the mother-
seagull went on flying around him with a piece of fish in her break. It was her attempt to
tempt her starving son to dive at the fish. And she succeeded in her aim. They young seagull
did dive at the fish and it led to his success in the end.
2. Describe the humiliation and taunting that the young seagull faced from his family when he
used to sit along on his ledge without mustering his courage to fly in the air. (6 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull used to sit on ledge all alone. He used to see his two brothers and sister
flying around him. They had learnt flying only the day before. Not that he didn’t try before.
He had come to the edge of the ledge and tried to flap his wings. But he became afraid soon.
He felt certain that his wings would never support him. So he bent his head and ran away
to the little hole under the ledge. His brothers and sister had far shorter wings than his own.
But they succeeded in flapping their wings and flew away. He failed to muster his courage
to take the plunge. His father and mother flew around him scolding and taunting him. They
also threatened to let him starve on his ledge unless he flew away. The thing that smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

compounded his agony was that his elder brother had caught his first herring and devoured
it. His parents circled around his brother raising a proud cackle. On the other hand, the
family had walked down the opposite cliff taunting him with his cowardice.
3. Why was the young seagull left alone on the ledge by the members of his family? (6 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull was terribly afraid of flying. His parents wanted him to fly with them.
But whenever he took a little run forward to fly, he got frightened. He failed to gather up
the courage to fly. His two brothers and his sister had already started flying. They had
smaller wings. But the young seagull felt that his wings would not support him. Due to this
he couldn’t fly. His parents rebuked him for this. They warned him that unless he flew, he
would die of starvation. But he couldn’t fly. So they flew leaving him alone on the ledge.

[112]
 English
PART-2: THE BLACK AEROPLANE
EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
1. There was no answer. The radio was dead too. I had no radio, no compass, and I could not
see where I was. I was lost in the storm. Then, in the black clouds quite near me, I saw
another aeroplane. It had no lights on its wings, but I could see it flying next to me through
the storm. I could see the pilot’s face – turned towards me. I was very glad to see another
person. He lifted one hand and waved. “Follow me,” he was saying. “Follow me.”
(a) Where did he get no answer from? (1 Mark)
(1) From his house (2) From London control
(3) From Paris control (4) None of the above
(b) What did he see flying next to him? (1 Mark)
(1) a bring strange bird (2) a spaceship
(3) a superhero (4) another aeroplane
(c) How did he feel when he saw another aircraft? (1 Mark)
(d) Do you think the pilot did a right thing by following another aeroplane.? Give reason to
support your answer. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) From Paris Control
(b) (4) another aeroplane
(c) He was very glad as he got hope to get rescued from the prevailing situation.
(d) Yes, the pilot did the right thing by following another aeroplane. He was left with no
other option to come out from the troublesome situation, that another aeroplane was
his only hope at that time.
2. “Another aeroplane? Up there in this storm? No other aeroplane were flying tonight. Yours
was the only one I could see on the radar.” So who helped me to arrive there safely without
a compass or a radio, and without any more fuel in my tanks? Who was the pilot on the
strange black aeroplane, flying in the storm, without lights?
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) What did the woman in the control centre say? (1 Mark)
(1) She also saw another aeroplane.
(2) She saw an alien spacecraft.
(3) Because of bad weather condition see couldn’t see anything in the sky.
(4) There was no other aircraft up in the sky, his was the only one.
(b) Who helped him to arrive safely without a compass or a radio? (1 Mark)
(1) Crew of Paris control room (2) A black aeroplane
(3) Lady whom he met in control room (4) Some aliens
(c) Who was the pilot on the strange black aeroplane? (1 Mark)
(d) To whom pilot enquire about another aeroplane? Did the narrator find out any answers
to his own questions? (2 Marks)

[113]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. (a) (4) There was no other aircraft up in the sky, his was the only one.
(b) (2) A black aeroplane
(c) Only God could tell who the pilot on the strange black aeroplane was.
(d) The pilot enquired the woman whom he met in the control room where he landed his
plane. No, the narrator didn’t get any answers to his own questions.
3. “Another aeroplane? Up there in this storm? No other aeroplane were flying tonight. Yours
was the only one I could see on the radar.” So who helped me to arrive there safely without
a compass or a radio, and without any more fuel in my tanks? Who was the pilot on the
strange black aeroplane, flying in the storm, without lights?
(a) What did the woman in the control centre say? (2 Marks)
(b) Who helped him to arrive safely without a compass or a radio? (1 Mark)
(c) Who was the pilot on the strange black aeroplane? (1 Mark)
(d) Did the narrator find out any answers to his own questions? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) The woman in the control centre replied that the narrator’s plane was the only one
flying that stormy night.
(b) A strange pilot guided the narrator to arrive safely without a compass or a radio.
(c) Only God could tell who was the pilot on the strange black aeroplane.
(d) No, the narrator didn’t get any answers to his own questions.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How was the narrator lost in the storm clouds and what did he try to do to come out of
them? (3 Marks)
Ans. The narrator had entered the storm clouds. Nothing was seen outside. Everything suddenly
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
turned black. The old plane jumped and twirled in the sky. He looked at the compass. It was
dead. He tried other instruments but they also refused to work. He tried the radio to contact
Paris control but no answer came from there.
2. Why did the narrator want to meet the woman in control tower? Did he get any information
about the mysterious disappearance of the black aeroplane and its pilot? (3 Marks)
Ans. The narrator didn’t know how the pilot and the black aeroplane disappeared in the space.
He wanted some definite information from the woman in the control room about them. She
told him that on that stormy night no plane was in the sky except his old Dakota. So, the
narrator couldn’t know anything about the mysterious man who helped him to arrive safely
without a compass or a radio.

[114]
 English
3. What is the message that Frederick wants to give to the readers through the, lesson ‘The
Black Aeroplane’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Never say ‘die’ till the end. Never lose hope in the most hopeless situation. No one knows
who may come to save you. The narrator was really in such a hopeless situation when he
lost contact with Paris control and all his instruments and the compass were dead. Then
came the mysterious pilot of the black aeroplane to guide the narrator to safely.
4. What happened when the author was inside the clouds and the aeroplane’s instruments
had gone dead? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author saw another aeroplane near him. It was flying just ahead of him. It had no lights
on its wings. It was flying next to him through the storm. He could see the pilot’s face turned
towards him. The pilot was saying. “Follow me.” It clearly meant that the other aeroplane
was helping him out of these black clouds.
5. The author started feeling frightened again. Why did he do so? What happened thereafter?
(3 Marks)
Ans. The author saw that the other aeroplane was helping him. It had been flying behind the
second aeroplane for half an hour. Now there was only enough fuel in his aeroplane’s last
tank. It would be enough to last for five or ten minutes more. Then he started to go down
after the second aeroplane.
6. How did the black aeroplane rescue the pilot of the Dakota? (3 Marks)
Ans. The pilot of the black aeroplane waved his hand. He gestured the pilot of the Dakota to
follow him. The writer followed the black plane for half an hour. Suddenly, his plane was
out of the clouds. He could see the lights of the airport and landed his aeroplane. In this
way, the black aeroplane rescued the pilot.
7. Why did the pilot think of going back to Paris? (3 Marks)
Ans. The pilot saw dark clouds in front of him and didn’t have enough fuel to fly over them. So
he initially thought’s’ of turning back to Paris, but the thought of the English breakfast made
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

him go ahead and into the clouds.

8. Describe the narrator's feelings while he was flying his aeroplane back to England. (3 Marks)
Ans. The narrator was feeling calm and content while flying his aeroplane back to England. It was
the only aeroplane in the sky above the quiet countryside and he was happy for it. He was
enjoying the sight of the moon and the stars in the clear night sky. The narrator was also
excited because he knew that ifhe reached on time, he would be able to have a good
breakfast with his family.
9. How would you describe the mood of the story, 'Black Aeroplane' as it begins? (3 Marks)
Ans. The mood of the story in the beginning is very calm and happy. The pilot of the old Dakota plane
is excited to meet his family and imagines having English breakfast with them. The stars are
shining in the clear sky so he hopes to reach England before morning in his old Dakota plane.

[115]
Compendium: Class 10
10. Do you think that after his experience, the narrator would be able to truly enjoy the English
breakfast he had yearned for? Why/Why not? (3 Marks)
Ans. After his experience with the storm, the narrator would , not be able to truly enjoy the
English breakfast he had yearned for. Even though he landed safely from that storm, he had
certain questions and doubts about that black aeroplane and its pilot, whom he met up in
the storm and who helped him pass through it.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following question in 100 to 120 words.
1. How did the author come out safely from the black clouds? (6 Marks)
Ans. The author decided to fly through the black clouds. He found that everything inside the
clouds was black. He couldn’t see anything outside the aeroplane. His aeroplane jumped
and twisted in the air. His compass and radio had stopped working. Then in the black
clouds, he saw another aeroplane near him. This aeroplane had no lights on its wings. But
he could see it flying ahead of him. He saw the pilot’s face turn towards him. He waved his
hand to the author to follow him. After some moments he came out of the clouds safely. He
saw the runway. But he could not see the other aeroplane.
2. The pilot in the black aeroplane was an illusion created by the narrator's own mind. Justify the
above opinion with reference to the story 'The Black Aeroplane'. In 100-120 words, mention
two reasons why you think the narrator's mind may have played this trick. (6 Marks)
Ans. The story 'The Black Aeroplane' is a mystery story wherein a strange black aeroplane helps the
author narrator reach to safety. When the author goes out to find the pilot of the black aeroplane,
he is surprised when he is told that there was no other aeroplane in the sky that night. Such a
revelation makes us question about who helped the author. In this regard, it is believed by many
including me that there was no black pilot in reality. It was an illusion created by the author's
mind so that the author could reach to safety. Such a claim is supported by the fact that the author
was a skilled pilot who had undertaken a journey from Paris to England. He also thought that he
would be able to come out of the storm safely. Hence, when his equipments stop working in the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
storm; his mind creates his illusion so that he could come out of the storm safely.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. That was twenty-four hours ago. Since then nobody had come near him. The day before, all
day long, he had watched his parents flying about with his brothers and sister, perfecting
them in the art of flight, teaching them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish. He
had. in fact, seen his elder brother catch his first herring and devour it, standing on a rock,
while his parents circled around raising a proud cackle and all the morning the whole family
had walked about on the big plateau midway down the opposite cliff taunting him for his
cowardice. (CBSE 2025)

[116]
 English
(i) Fill in the blank with the correct word from the bracket: (1 Mark)
The use of the phrase ‘proud cackle’ adds to a sense of _________ (noise/pride) in the extract.
Ans. pride
(ii) How do the parents teach their young to be independent? (1 Mark)
Ans. By simply motivating them, threatening them
(iii) Describe the contrasting reactions of the parents to their children giving reasons. (2 Marks)
Ans. The parents encourage the brave and skilled children by flying around them proudly and
making happy noises. However, they taunt and mock the cowardly child who hesitates to
fly, showing their disappointment in his lack of courage.
(iv) The word ‘devour’ in the above extract most nearly means (1 Mark)
(a) scared (b) gobbled (c) preserved (d) cooled
Ans. (b) gobbled
2. Inside the clouds, everything was suddenly black. It was impossible to see anything outside
the aeroplane. The old aeroplane jumped and twisted in the air. I looked at the compass. I
couldn’t believe my eyes the compass was turning round and round. It was dead. It would
not work. The other instruments were suddenly, dead too. I tried the radio. “Paris Control?
Paris Control? Can you hear me?” There was no answer. The radio was dead too. I had no
radio, no compass, and I could not see where I was. I was lost in the storm. (CBSE 2023)
(i) As soon as the pilot was inside the cloud _______________. (1 Mark)
(a) his ears got blocked (b) he choked with fear
(c) his vision was obstructed (d) he was jumping up and down
Ans. (c) his vision was obstructed
(ii) The devices in the aeroplane were _______________. (1 Mark)
(a) malfunctioning (b) broken completely
(c) giving wrong readings (d) stopped responding completely
Ans. (d) stopped responding completely
(iii) The Paris air control did not reply to the pilot’s call because ____________. (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. the radio was dead

(iv) Select the option that correctly captures the application of the word ‘twisted’ as used in the
extract. (1 Mark)
(a) Ragini twisted Raghav’s wrist.
(b) Ragini twisted the story to suit the occasion.
(c) Ragini did not appreciate Raghav’s twisted bent of mind.
(d) Ragini matched the swimmer as he twisted twice in the air before diving into the water.
Ans. (d) Ragini matched the swimmer as he twisted twice in the air before diving into the water.
(v) Fill in the blank with ONE WORD only. (1 Mark)
The narrator’s ___________ comes through clearly when he sees the compass turning round
and round.
Ans. astonishment/surprise/shock
[117]
Compendium: Class 10
3. "He was not falling headlong now. He was soaring gradually downwards and outwards, he
was no longer afraid." Describe the young seagull' s feelings, emotions and experiences, just
before this moment. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Before soaring, the young seagull feels a mix of fear and determination. At first, he is afraid
to fly and dreads falling headlong. But as he musters courage and jumps, he feels
exhilaration and happiness. Overcoming his fear, he discovers the thrill of flight and gains
confidence, transforming his initial trepidation into triumph.
4. Motivation influences our willingness to overcome challenges and eventually succeed. How
does the young Seagull in 'Two Stories About Flying' demonstrate this? Discuss.
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The young seagull is at first afraid of flying but, driven by hunger and his parents' urging,
he takes the leap. His flight shows that motivation and perseverance can overcome fear to
eventually result in success.
5. Briefly bring out the contrast between the young seagull’s initial attempts to fly and his first
successful flight. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Initially seagull was afraid that his wings would not help him to fly. Once he overcomes his
fear, he feels very relaxed and happy to fly in the air. He went to float on the surface of the
sea and enjoy the water.
6. Describe the young seagull’s first flight. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. He was soaring gradually downwards and outwards and was no longer afraid. Then he flapped
his wings once and he soared upwards. Then he completely forgot that he had not always been
able to fly, and commended himself to dive and soar and curve, shrieking shrilly.
7. 'Family played a vital role in the first flight of the young Give examples to substantiate the
above statement. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, the family of seagull plays a vital role in the young seagull first flight they taught there
children how to fly but young seagull afraid to fly he think that he can't fly but when he
became hungry then because of food he start flying.
8. Motivation plays an important role in taking risks in life and in succeeding. Do you agree? Discuss
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
with reference to the pilot of the Dakota and the young seagull. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Yes motivation plays an important role in taking risks in life and in succeeding as you see in
young seagull he was afraid to fly and seeing his family flying and playing around and eating he
was hungry and nobody gave him food so because of hunger when his mother bring him food
and stops near him and he jumped to grab that food and fell and suddenly he realise that he is
flying so here we see that because of his hunger he got motivated he started flying and in the
story black aeroplane we see that the pilot wanted to have dinner and spend time with his family
and when he saw dark clouds ahead he didn’t stopped and risk his life and the passengers life
and because of the motivation he saw an illusion of a black aeroplane which directed him
towards his destination. so here we see he was motivated because he wanted to spend time with
his family and you wanted that so badly that he didn’t thought about what can happen if he risks
his and everyone else is life. so yes motivation to place an important role.
[118]
 English

9 From The Diary of

Anne Frank
EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
1. ‘Paper has more patience than people.’ I thought of this saying on one of those days when I
was feeling a little depressed and was sitting at home with my chin in my hands, bored and
listless, wondering whether to stay in or go out. I finally stayed where I was, brooding. Yes,
paper does have more patience, and since I’m not planning to let anyone else read this stiff-
backed notebook grandly referred to as a ‘diary’, unless I should ever find a real friend, it
probably won’t make a bit of difference.
(a) While being at home Anne was feeling ___________. (1 Mark)
(1) lazy (2) very comfortable
(3) sacred (4) depressed, bored and listless
(b) Pick a word from the passage which is synonymous with the word ‘brooding’. (1 Mark)
(1) worried (2) decent (3) upright (4) cheery
(c) How has paper more patience than people? (1 Mark)
(d) Why does she want others not to read what she writes? Did it really happen? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) depressed, bored and listless
(b) (1) worried
(c) Paper has more patience because it is devoid of all emotions and passions which
humans suffer from. They observe your secrets and feelings, never questions you and
never make you feel uncomfortable.
(d) She thought that no one would like her ideas and would make mockery of them. No, the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

diary of Anne Frank didn’t remain a secret. It was published in a book form and instead
of mockery it received sympathy of people.
2. I finished my poem, and it was beautiful! It was about a mother duck and a father swan with
three baby ducklings who were bitten to death by the father because they quacked too
much. Luckily, Mr. Keesing took the joke the right way. He read the poem to the class, adding
his own comments, and to several other classes as well. Since then I’ve been allowed to talk
and haven’t been assigned any extra homework. On the contrary, Mr. Keesing’s always
making jokes these days.
(a) The baby ducklings were done to death because ________________. (1 Mark)
(1) they quacked greatly (2) they didn’t keep quiet
(3) father swan got angry (4) father swan treated them as food items
[119]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) Father swan of Anne’s essay symbolised ________________. (1 Mark)
(1) all the swans of the world (2) the foster father
(3) the actual swan (4) Mr. Keesing
(c) What was so ‘good’ about Mr. Keesing? (1 Mark)
(d) How was Anne get treated by Mr. Keesing after this incident? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (1) they quacked greatly
(b) (4) Mr. Kessing
(c) Mr. Keesing took the joke the right way and rather admired the poem.
(d) After this incident Mr. Keesing turned lenient to Anne. She had been allowed to talk
and need not to do any extra homework.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why does Anne feel that writing in a diary is really a strange experience? (3 Marks)
Ans. It must be remembered that Anne Frank was just a thirteen-year-old girl. She was in the
hiding and cut off from the larger world. She was hesitant that no one would be interested
int he musings of a young girl. She had never written anything before. So, it was naturally a
strange experience for her.
2. Why does Anne say, “Paper has more patience than people”? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anne doesn’t seem to have much faith in the people around her. She was living in a hiding and
couldn’t trust people so easily. Moreover, people do react. Sometimes people react rather in
negative, unpleasant, vulgar and violent manners. Paper is an impersonal and non-reactive
object. Whatever you write on it, it receives it without giving any such reactions.
3. Why does Anne think it prudent and wise to provide a brief sketch of her life? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anne Frank calls her diary ‘Friend Kitty’. She addresses all her writings to Kitty. For readers
it would be rather difficult to understand ‘a word’ of her stories to Kitty. So instead of
plunging ‘right in’, she thinks it is wise to provide a brief sketch of her life. Though she
dislikes doing so. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

4. Why did Anne Frank feel suffocated? (3 Marks)

Ans. Anne Frank was a very sensitive girl. She was cut off from the mainstream of life, her friends and
her people. She was living in a hiding to escape being arrested by the Nazi agents in Holland.
Moreover, even with the so-called friends, she could not share here intimate and personal
feelings and problems. She felt suffocated. She was left with no alternative than opening out her
heart through the pages of her diary ‘Kitty’. Her diary became her most intimate friend.
5. Anne Frank had a great attachment with her grandmother. Justify your answer. (3 Marks)
Ans. There is no doubt that Anne Frank had a great attachment with her grandmother. When
her parents migrated to Holland, she along with her elder sister Margot were sent to live
with her grandmother in Aachen. The grandmother died in January 1942. She thought of
her quite often and still loved her.
[120]
 English
6. Why does Anne want to keep a diary? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anne was an intelligent girl. She wanted to have a friend. But she did not have any. So she
wanted to keep a diary because she had hardly any friends she could confide in. Secondly
she couldn’t talk about anything. It was about day-to-day happenings. She wanted to write
about these in it. A diary would help her talk about these things.
7. Describe the parents of Anne Frank. (3 Marks)
Ans. Anne Frank says that she has the most adorable father. He married her mother when he
was thirty-six. She was twenty-five. Her sister Margot was born in Frankfurt in Germany in
1926. Her father emigrated to Holland in 1933. Her mother Edith Hollander Frank went
with him. Margot and she stayed with their grandmother in Aachen.
8. Why did the entire class quack in its boots? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author writes about her class humorously. She says that the entire class quacked in its
boots due to tension. There was going to be a meeting. It was to decide who was going to
the next higher class and who was not going up. So everyone was in great suspense due to
that. Many deserved to go up. Many didn’t deserve.
9. How did Mr. Keesing react after reading Anne Frank’s arguments in ‘A Chatterbox’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Keesing had a good laugh at her arguments. But Anne Frank continued talking. He gave
her the second essay. It was titled ‘An Incorrigible Chatterbox’. She wrote it. Mr. Keesing
had nothing to complain about for two whole lessons. But in the third lesson he gave her
an essay on “Quack, Quack, Quack”, said Mistress Chatterbox.
10. How did Anne Frank write the third essay that proved to be an end as a punishment? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Keesing gave Anne Frank an essay as punishment. It was in the form of punishment for
her talking. It was “Quack, Quack, Quack”, said Mistress Chatterbox. Anne decided to come
up with something else, something original. Her friend Sanne helped her in writing it in
verse. Anne decided to turn this joke on Mr. Keesing himself.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.

1. Give a brief character-sketch of Anne Frank highlighting the contradictions and conflicts
she faced in her short life. (6 Marks)
Ans. Anne Frank was a very sensitive, sharp and mature girl of thirteen. Actually, unpleasant
circumstances she was living in, made her mature and wise beyond her years. Being a Jew,
she was constantly hounded by the Nazis. She was living in terrible times. Born in Germany,
she and her family had to migrate to Amsterdam to escape persecution. They were forced
to live in a hiding when the Nazis occupied Holland.
No doubt, she had a family, relatives and friends. But she was an introvert. She felt utterly
lonely and couldn’t confide in others. She needed a true friend before whom she could open
out her heart and share her inmost feelings. She found that true friend in ‘Kitty’, her diary.
[121]
Compendium: Class 10
She was very emotional. She loved her grandmother very much. She was in tears as she said a
heart breaking farewell to the headmistress, Mrs Kuperus. She was ‘a Chatterbox’ and annoyed
her maths teacher, Mr Keesing as she talked too much in the class. He punished her by giving
extra homework to write essays on this subject. But her joke pleased him very much.
2. Why did Anne think that she could confide more in her diary than in the people? (6 Marks)
Ans. Anne Frank did not have a friend with whom she could share her feelings. Although she had
spent a good time with her friends, she was unable to share her views and thoughts with
them. When she got her diary, she decided to share everything with it because she believed
that nobody would be interested enough in her musings. So, she treated her diary as her
best friend. It would keep her life a secret and would not react like people. She confided
everything in the diary— her family, her fear, her loneliness, her life and considered it her
best friend. She had a family and other members around her but never found anyone with
whom she could share her feelings. It was the diary which gave her support and a hope to
live. It shows the importance of diary in her life.
3. ‘Paper has more patience than people’. Justify. (6 Marks)
Ans. Anne believes that people are not interested in other’s life as they are stuck with their own
problems so it is really hard to get someone who can give importance to her diary. People
feel bored and become impatient when we talk about our problems.
On the other hand, when we write our feelings and thoughts on paper, we can write as long
as we want without thinking of anyone’s intention as it doesn’t react. We can share our
feelings, both sad and happy. It never gets bored or stops us to write. It behaves like a true
friend who keeps our secrets and listens to us patiently. So, she thinks that paper has more
patience than people, and paper listens to her more silently. It does not react like people
and also because she can confide in her diary all her success. So she thinks that paper has
more patience than people.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.

1. "Paper has more patience than people. I thought of this saying on one of those days when I
was feeling a little depressed and was sitting at home with my chin in my hands, bored and
listless, wondering whether to stay in or go out. I finally stayed _where I was, brooding: Yes,
paper does have more patience, and since I'm not planning to let anyone else read this stiff
backed notebook grandly referred to as a 'diary', unless I should ever find a real friend, it
probably won't make a bit of difference." (CBSE 2025)
(i) In light of the excerpt, what can we infer about the speaker's emotional state? (1 Mark)
Ans. Based on the excerpt from The Diary of Anne Frank, we can infer that the speaker, Anne Frank,
is experiencing feelings of loneliness, sadness and emotional isolation. She mentions feeling "a
little depressed", "bored and listless", and "brooding", which suggests a sense of melancholy.
[122]
 English
(ii) The narrator enhances the narrative technique of the extract by using: (1 Mark)
(a) descriptive language (c) literary allusions
(b) humour (d) reflective
(ii) (d) reflective
(iii) Fill in the blank with the correct word from the bracket: (1 Mark)
The narrator doesn't plan to let anyone read her diary as she doesn't have any real ____ .
(friend/incidents)
Ans. Correct Option: friend
Explanation: The narrator does not plan to let anyone read her diary as she doesn't have
any real friend.
(iv) Why does the narrator say that 'paper has more patience than people'? (2 Marks)
Ans. Anne Frank feels that paper (her diary) listens to her without judgment, interruption, or
impatience, unlike people who may not always understand or be willing to listen to her
feelings. Writing allows her to express herself freely and honestly without fear of being
dismissed or misunderstood.
2. I started right away at the Montessori Nursery School. I stayed there until I was six, at which
time I started in the first form. In the sixth form, my teacher was Mrs. Kuperus, the
headmistress. At the end of the year we were both in tears as we said a heartbreaking
farewell. In the summer of 1941, Grandma fell ill and had to have an operation, so my
birthday passed with little celebration. " (CBSE 2024)
(i) "In the summer of 1941, Grandma fell ill and had to have an operation, so my birthday passed
with little celebration." State any one inference about Anne from the above context. (1 Mark)
Ans. This suggests that Anne had a special bonding with her grandmother and thus, she didn't
even celebrate her birthday, when she was ill.
(ii) The first education of Anne started at __________. (1 Mark)
(a) some Kindergarten School (b) a Nursery School
(c) Montessori Nursery School (d) Elementary School
Ans. (c) Montessori Nursery School
(iii) Who was Mrs. Kuperus? What kind of relationship did Anne share with her? (2 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Mrs. Kuperus was Anne's teacher in the sixth form and she was also the headmistress. Anne
shared a close and affectionate relationship with Mrs. Kuperus, as indicated by their tearful
farewell at the end of the year.
(iv) Substitute the word 'heartbreaking' with a word similar in meaning in the following sentence:
“at the end of the year we were both in tears as we said a heartbreaking farewell.” (1 Mark)
Ans. The word "heartrending" could substitute "heartbreaking'' in the given sentence.
3. Let me put this more clearly, since no one will believe that a thirteen-year old girl is
completely alone in this world. And I’m not. I have loving parents and a sixteen years old
sister, and there are almost thirty people-I can call friends. I have a family, loving aunts and
a good house. No, on the surface I seem to ·have everything, except my one true friend. All
I think about when I am with friends is having a good time. I can’t bring myself to talk about
anything, but ordinary everyday things. (CBSE 2023)

[123]
Compendium: Class 10
(i) On the surface, it appears that Anne the thirteen-year-old girl _________. (1 Mark)
Ans. was completely alone
(ii) How can we infer that the speaker felt alone in the world? (1 Mark)
(a) She had a family of many people. (b) She had loving parent.
(c) She had thirty friends. (d) She craves for a true friend.
Ans. (d) She craves for a true friend.
(iii) Anne and her friends talked about ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) their problematic parents (b) their financial problems
(c) common everyday things (d) the commuting problems
Ans. (c) common everyday things
(iv) Complete the analogy by selecting the suitable word from the text : (1 Mark)
alone : friends :: nothing : __________
Ans. everything/something
(v) Select the optio11 that correctly captures the usage of the idiom ‘bring myself’ from the
extract: (1 Mark)
(a) to do something willingly (b) to do something unwillingly
(c) a charitable act (d) an involuntary act
Ans. (b) to do something unwillingly
4. I wrote the three pages Mr. Keesing had assigned me and was satisfied. I argued that talking
is a student’s trait and that I would do my best to keep it under control, but that I would
never be able to cure myself of the habit since my mother talked as much as I did, if not
more, and that there’s not much one can do about inherited traits. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Who was Mr. Keesing? (1 Mark)
(a) English teacher (b) Social Science teacher
(c) Warden (d) Principal
Ans. (a) English teacher smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(ii) According to the extract, the incorrigible habit possessed by the speaker was
I. making noise in class II. talking to much
III. procrastinating IV. coming late to class
V. asking irritating questions
Select the correct option: (1 Mark)
(a) I and III (b) Only II (c) I, IV and V (d) Only III
Ans. (b) Only II
(iii) Complete the analogy by selecting the suitable word from the extract. (1 Mark)
routine : habit :: characteristic : _____________
Ans. trait

[124]
 English
(iv) Select the reason why the narrator is unable to control her trait. (1 Mark)
(a) She had deliberately practised it.
(b) She wanted to be different from her brother
(c) Her teacher had encouraged her to continue as she was.
(d) She had inherited it.
Ans. (d) She had inherited it.
(v) Which of the following most nearly means the opposite of the phrase ‘under control’?
(a) to spend less (1 Mark)
(b) unable to take on the challenge
(c) find it difficult to manage
(d) being very stubborn
Ans. (c) find it difficult to manage
5. I started right away at the Montessori nursery school. I stayed there until I was six, at which
time I started in the first form. In the sixth form my teacher was Mrs, Kuperus, the
headmistress, At the end of the year we were both in tears as we said a heartbreaking
farewell. In the summer of 1941 Grandma fell ill and had to have an operation, so my
birthday passed with little celebration. (CBSE 2023)
(i) The narrator I refers to (1 Mark)
(a) Mr. Keesing (b) Mrs. Kuperus (c) Anne Frank (d) Miss Margot
Ans. (c) Anne Frank
(ii) The phrase ‘right away’ in this extract most nearly means (1 Mark)
(a) with delay (b) the correct way
(c) immediately (d) overtaking from right
Ans. (c) immediately
(iii) What does the narrator mean by saying ‘we were both in tears’ ? (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Both were sad

(iv) Complete the analogy by selecting a word from the text : (1 Mark)
dawn : dusk :: mourning : __________.
Ans. celebration
(v) Select the option that correctly captures the application of the word ‘form’ as used in the
extract. (1 Mark)
(a) Raghav was in good form while playing the match.
(b) Saheb was promoted to the next form after the annual exam.
(c) My brother did not know how to form a circle.
(d) Anne saw the form on the headmaster’s desk.
Ans. (b) Saheb was promoted to the next form after the annual exam.

[125]
[126]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

10 Glimpses of India

PART-1: A BAKER FROM GOA

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Marriage gifts are meaningless without sweet bread known as the bol, just as a party or a
feast loses its charm without bread. Not enough can be said to show how important a baker
can be for a village. The lady of the house must prepare sandwiches on the occasion of her
daughter’s engagement. Cakes and bolinhas are a must for Christmas as well as other
festivals. Thus, the presence of the baker’s furnace in the village is absolutely essential.
(a) What are the essentials for Christmas? (1 Mark)
(1) Decoration of Christmas tree (2) Exchange of gifts
(3) Cakes and bolinhas (4) All of the above
(b) What is essential in the village? (1 Mark)
(1) Baker (2) Bakery
(3) Baker’s furnace (4) Cakes and bolinhas
(c) What is the importance of the bol? (1 Mark)
(d) How baker and bakery products are essential for culture of Goa? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) Cakes and bolinhas
(b) (3) Baker’s furnace
(c) Marriage gifts are meaningless without the sweet bread or the bol.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) Baker and bakery products are essential for culture of Goa as marriage gifts are
meaningless without sweet bread known as the bol. The lady of the house must prepare
sandwiches on the occasion of her daughter’s engagement and cakes and bolinhas are
a must for Christmas as well as other festivals.
2. Baker made his musical entry on the scene with the ‘jhang, jhang’ sound of his specially
made bamboo staff. One hand supported the basket on his head and the other banged the
bamboo on the ground. He would greet the lady of the house with ‘Good morning’ and then
place his basket on the vertical bamboo. We kids would be pushed aside with a mild rebuke
and the loaves would be delivered to the servant. But we would not give up. We would
climb a bench or the parapet and peep into the basket, somehow. I can still recall the
typical fragrance of those loaves. Loaves for the elders and the bangles for the children .
[127]
Compendium: Class 10
Then we did not even care to brush our teeth or wash our mouths properly. And why should
we? Who would take the trouble of plucking the mango leaf for the tooth-brush? And why
was it necessary at all? The tiger never brushed his teeth. Hot tea could wash and clean up
everything so nicely, after all!
(a) With what did the narrator and others clean up their teeth? (1 Mark)
(1) Peepal branch (2) Tooth brush (3) Mango leaf (4) Neem branch
(b) The word ‘fragrance’ means ___________. (1 Mark)
(1) flavour (2) odour (3) smell (4) peculiar flavour
(c) What did the narrator and others used to do at the arrival of the Baker? (1 Mark)
(d) Describe entry of the Bakers in the streets of Goa? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) mango leaf
(b) (3) smell
(c) The narrator and others would climb a bench or the parapet and peep into the baker’s
basket, somehow.
(d) Baker made his musical entry on the scene with the ‘jhang, jhang’ sound of his specially
made bamboo staff. One hand supported the basket on his head and the other banged
the bamboo on the ground. He would greet the lady of the house with ‘Good morning’
and then place his basket on the vertical bamboo.
3. The baker usually collected his bills at the end of the month. Monthly accounts used to be
recorded on some wall in pencil. Baking was indeed a profitable profession in the old days.
The baker and his family never starved. He, his family and his servants always looked happy
and prosperous. Their plump physique was an open testimony to this. Even today any
person with a jackfruit- like physical appearance is easily compared to a baker.
(a) Why did the baker and his family never starve? (1 Mark)
(1) Baking was a profitable profession (2) They had enough of bread
(3) They used to be very rich (4) Bakers used to have ancestral money
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(b) "The monthly records were maintained on some walls in pencil". What does this show
about the relationship between the baker and the Goan people? (2 Marks)
(c) Which word in the extract is same in meaning of 'build'? (1 Mark)
(1) Construct (2) Renovate (3) Figure (4) Physique
(d) How can a baker be identified in Goa? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Baking was a profitable profession.
(b) The baker and the Goan people shared a relationship based on trust and friendship as
the baker did not require to remember the records of his sale.
(c) (4) 'Physique'
(d) Any person with a jackfruit-like physical appearance or plump physique is easily
identified as a baker.
[128]
 English
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why was the baker, the friend companion and guide of the children? (3 Marks)
Ans. For children, the very sight of the baker was quite exciting. He was their friend, companion
and guide The jingling thud of his bamboo put them in rapture. They ran to meet and greet
him. It was not so much for the love of the loaf. What they longed for were the bread bangles.
Sometimes they liked the sweet bread of special make.
2. How would you prove that baking was a profitable profession in the old days in Goa? (3 Marks)
Ans. Baking was quite a profitable profession in Goa in the old days. The baker and his family
never starved. Even his servants could meet both the ends easily. He and his family always
looked happy and prosperous. Their plump physique was an open testimony of their
happiness and prosperity.
3. How did the baker make his musical entry? (3 Marks)
Ans. The baker made his musical entry with the ‘jhang, jhang’ sound. It was made by a bamboo
staff. One hand supported the basket on his head. The other banged the bamboo on the
ground. He would greet the lady of the house. He would place his basket on the vertical
bamboo, to sell the bread.
4. What is the kabai? Who wore it? (3 Marks)
Ans. The kabai is a traditional dress. It was worn by the baker or bread-seller of those days in
Goa. It was a single-piece long frock. It reached down to the knees. Any one who wears a
half pant which reaches just below the knees is called dressed as a pader. The breadseller
used to wear this dress in the past.
5. What importance does a baker enjoy in a Goa village? (3 Marks)
Ans. The village baker was especially important for festive occasions. The villagers were much
fond of the sweet bread known as ‘bol’. Marriage gifts were meaningless without these
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

sweetbreads. Sandwiches, cake and bolinahas were a must for Christmas as well as other
festivals. These were made by the baker.
6. When did the baker collect his bills? What showed that the bakers were prosperous? (3 Marks)
Ans. The baker usually collected his bills at the end of the month. In the household, the baker’s
monthly accounts used to be recorded on some wall in pencil. Baking was a profitable
business in those days. Their families never starved. Their plump bodies showed that they
were prosperous.
7. What does the writer recall about his childhood in Goa? (3 Marks)
Ans. From his childhood in Goa, the author remembers when the baker would go door-to-door
to sell his bread. He also mentions the importance of the baker in the cultural and social
setup of Goa.
[129]
Compendium: Class 10
8. Describe any two aspects of the Goan lifestyle which show Portuguese influence. Support
each aspect with evidence from the text. (3 Marks)
Ans. The following are the two aspects of Goan lifestyle which portray Portuguese influence
(i) The importance of the village baker in the rituals and culture of the Goan villages.
(ii) The prevalence of the short pants which were traditionally worn by the bakers, as well
as the association it carries to being called a baker by the citizens of Goan villages.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. How did the baker, known as pader, announce his arrival? (6 Marks)
Ans. The baker in the author’s childhood days used to come twice a day. In the morning he came
to sell the loaves of bread. Again he returned after emptying his huge basket. He would
come again with the ‘jhang, jhang’ sound of his special bamboo stick. One hand supported
the basket on his head. The other banged the bamboo on the ground. The baker would greet
with ‘Good morning’. He would place the basket on the vertical bamboo. The author and
other children would peep into the basket. They loved bread-bangles. Sometimes it was
sweet bread of special make.
2. What did the baker wear in those days? How did he look? What did the author estimate
from his appearance? (6 Marks)
Ans. The baker or bread-seller in those days had a peculiar dress. It was known as the kabai. It
was a single piece long frock reaching down to the knees. In the childhood days, the author
saw the baker wearing a shirt and trousers. These were shorter than full length ones and
longer than half pants.
The author estimated from the baker’s appearance that he earned sufficiently. Baking was
a profitable profession then. The baker and his family never starved. It testified that he was
rich due to that profession. The author compares the baker with a jackfruit humorously. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. ‘During our childhood in Goa, the baker used to be our friend, companion and guide.’ What
does this statement imply in relation to the character of the baker? (6 Marks)
Ans. This statement tells us that the baker was a very respected person in the Goan society because
he would guide the children about good behaviour (when he mildly rebuked them for peeping
into his basket) and giving respect to the elders (when he wished ‘Good Morning’ to the lady of
the house) etc. He was very informal with the children and so the author considered him a
friend and companion. He was not simply a vendor interested in selling what he made. A party
or feast is said to lose its charm without bread. Cakes and bolinhas were a must for Christmas
and other festivals. Presence of the baker’s furnace in the village was absolutely essential. Thus,
he was an important character in the Goan society of those days.

[130]
 English
4. The narrator shares, "Baking was indeed a profitable profession in the old days." (6 Marks)
(a) What do you feel has changed now? Why?
(b) State any one way, you feel, the paders can regain their lost glory.
Ans. (a) From the given text, one of the things that seems to have changed with time is the
traditional dress of the baker. They are still an integral part of the Goan society and
celebrations are incomplete without the presence of their baked breads and cakes.
However, their importance and presence has certainly diminished over time.
(b) One of the ways in which the paders could regain their lost glory is by revitalising their
business fronts with new yet authentic branding. If these bakeries are marketed to be
selling lost recipes of the famous Portuguese baking then the paders might have a
chance at returning back to their glory days.
PART-2: COORG
EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. The fiercely independent people of Coorg are possibly of Greek or Arabic descent. As
one story goes, a part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled
here when return became impractical. These people married amongst the locals and
their culture is apparent in the martial traditions, marriage and religious rites, which
are distinct from the Hindu mainstream. The theory of Arab origin draws support from
the long, black coat with an embroidered waist belt worn by the Kodavus. Known as
kuppia, it resembles the kuffia worn by the Arabs and the Kurds.
(a) Their culture is shown most clearly by their _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) marriage rituals
(2) dresses
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(3) habits
(4) martial traditions, marriage, religious rice etc.
(b) The word ‘rites’ means (1 Mark)
(1) acts (2) ceremonies (3) works (4) deeds
(c) What is similar between the Kodavus and the Arabs? (1 Mark)
(d) What are the two popular theories about origin of people of Coorg? What are the evidence
to support each theory? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) martial traditions, marriage, religious rice etc.
(b) (2) ceremonies
(c) The long black coat with an embroidered waist band that was worn by Arabs , is worn
by Kodavus as well.

[131]
Compendium: Class 10
(d) The two popular theories are- the fiercely independent people of Coorg are possibly of
Greek or Arabic descent. As one story goes, a part of Alexander’s army moved south
along the coast and settled here when return became impractical. The theory of Arab
origin draws support from the long, black coat with an embroidered waist belt worn by
the Kodavus. Known as kuppia, it resembles the kuffia worn by the Arabs and the Kurds.
2. Coorgi homes have a tradition of hospitality, and they are more than willing to recount
numerous tales of valour related to their sons and fathers. The Coorg Regiment is not of the
most decorated in the Indian Army, and the first Chief of the Indian Army, General Cariappa,
was a Coorgi. Even now, Kodavus are the only people in India permitted to carry firearms
without a licence.
The river, Kaveri obtains its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. Mahaseer – a large
freshwater fish – abound in these waters. Kingfishers dive for their catch, while squirrels and
langurs drop partially eaten fruit for the mischief of enjoying the splash and the ripple effect in
the clear water. Elephants enjoy being bathed and scrubbed in the river by their mahouts.
(a) The Coorgi people happily tell their children _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) about their parentage (2) how they came there
(3) about their service to the country (4) tales of bravery of their sons and fathers
(b) The word ‘valour’ means _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) might (2) strength (3) power (4) bravery
(c) Which all kind of birds and wild animals are found in Coorg? (1 Mark)
(d) What all facts suggest that Coorgi people are full of valour? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) tales of bravery of their sons and fathers
(b) (4) bravery
(c) Various birds and animala that are found in Coorg are- Mahaseer – a large freshwater
fish, Kingfishers, squirrels, langurs and elephants. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) The Coorg Regiment is not of the most decorated in the Indian Army, and the first Chief
of the Indian Army, General Cariappa, was a Coorgi. Even now, Kodavus are the only
people in India permitted to carry firearms without a licence. All these things suggest
that Coorgi people are full of valour.
3. The most laidback individuals become converts to the life of high-energy adventure with
river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing and mountain biking. Numerous walking
trails in this region are a favourite with trekkers.
Birds, bees and butterflies are there to give you company. Macaques, Malabar squirrels,
langurs and slender loris keep a watchfull eye from the tree canopy. I do, however, prefer
to step aside for wild elephants.
[132]
 English
The climb to the Brahmagiri hills brings you into a panoramic view of the entire misty
landscape of Coorg. A walk across the rope bridge leads to the sixty-four-acre island of
Nisargadhama. Running into Buddhist monks from India’s largest. Tibetan settlement, at
nearby Bylakuppe, is a bonus. The monks, in red, ochre and yellow robes, are amongst the
many surprises that wait to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of
India, right here in Coorg.
(a) Who become converts to the life of high-energy adventure? (1 Mark)
(1) Those who love risks. (2) Those who are not in a hurry.
(3) Those who like adventures. (4) Those wishing to live with dangers.
(b) The wildlife available here is due to the presence of _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) elephants, squirrels
(2) macaques, squirrels
(3) macaques, squirrels, langurs, loris etc
(4) langurs, loris
(c) One can have a view of a wide area of land _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) from mountains (2) from Brahmagiri hills
(3) from Brahmagiri mountains (4) from Brahmagiri sleep mountains
(d) Explain ‘bonus’ at Bylakuppe. (2 Marks)
(1) It is seeing Buddhist monks.
(2) It is talking to the monks.
(3) It is meeting the Buddhist monks.
(4) It is running into buddhist monks in their traditional dresses.
Ans. (a) (2) those who are not in a hurry
(b) (3) macaques, squirrels, langurs, loris etc
(c) (2) from Brahmagiri hills
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) (4) It is running into buddhist monks in their traditional dresses.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How did the tradition of courage and bravery been recognised in modern India. Give
examples from the text. (3 Marks)
Ans. The people of Coorg are known for being fiercely independent, brave and courageous.
There are numerous tales of valour connected with the people of Coorg. The Coorg
Regiment is one of the most decorated regiments in the Indian Army. The first Chief of the
Indian Ary General Cariappa, was a Coorgi. The Coorgis are the only people in India who
are permitted to carry firearms without a licence.
[133]
Compendium: Class 10
2. What are popular theories regarding the descent of the people of Coorg? (3 Marks)
Ans. The Coorgi people are distinct people. Their religious practices, marriages and traditions
are distinct from the Hindu mainstream. There are two theories regarding the descent of
the Coorgi people. It is believed that perhaps they are of Greek of Arabic descent. According
to one theory, a part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast. Their return became
impractical. These people settled down there. They married amongst the locals. Another
theory gives their descent to the Arabs. The theory of Arab origin draws support from their
dress which resembles the traditional Arabic dress. Their long black coat with an
embroidered waist belt worn by the Kodavus, known as Kuppia, resembles the kuffia worn
by the Arabs and the Kurds.
3. How does the author describe Coorg in the opening paragraph? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author describes Coorg as ‘a piece of heaven’. It means it has all the qualities of a
heaven. The author further says that it must have drifted from the kingdom of God. This is
the land of rolling hills. It is inhabited by a race of martial human beings. They include
beautiful women. There are also wild creatures there.
4. What ‘magnificent view’ did Rajvir see outside while going in the train? (3 Marks)
Ans. There were tea bushes here and there. Against the densely wooded hills, a sea of tea bushes
spread over a vast area. Over the tiny tea plants were tall sturdy shade-trees. There were
orderly at bushes. In the distance was an ugly building. It looked odd among the tea bushes.
Smoke was coming out of tall chimneys.
5. What did Mr. Barua, Pranjol’s father, tell about tea bushes? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Barua received both Rajvir and Pranjol at the cottage. He told Rajvir and Pranjol that
that was the second flush or sprouting period. It lasted from May to July. It gave out the best
tea, said Rajvir. Mr. Barua told Rajvir that he had done his homework before coming. He
had a good knowledge about tea.
6. Describe the climate, birds and animals of Coorg. (3 Marks) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. During the monsoons, Coorg has a lot of rains. It pours enough to keep many tourists away.
The best tourist season starts from September and continues till March. The very air of
Coorg smells of Coffee. Kingfishers, squirrels, langurs, wild elephants, bee and butterflies
abound in the rainforests of Coorg.
7. How do the most laidback individuals become the life of high-energy adventures in Coorg?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Coorg offers many outdoor high-energy adventures. Even the most laidback individuals
become converts to the life of high-energy adventures. The enjoy river rafting, canoeing,
rappelling, rock climbing and mountain biking. Numerous walking trails in Coorg are a
favourite with trekkers.

[134]
 English
8. Kodavus have contradictory traits. Support the statement with reference to the text. (3 Marks)
Ans. People of Coorg are harmony cherishing individuals. They are known for their customs and
their love for neighbours. On the other side, they are also known for their bravery and boldness.
They are only martial race in India who are allowed to possess guns without a permit.
9. Why does the author in 'Coorg' say that the visitors' search for the heart and soul of India
would be found in Coorg? (3 Marks)
Ans. Coorg is famous for hospitality, valour which is the heart and soul of India. Apart from it, Coorg is a
beautiful region of rolling hills and lush green rainforests. It is also famous for coffee and spices.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. How is Coorg a place worth visiting? (6 Marks)
Ans. Coorg is a piece of heaven. It must have fallen from the Kingdom of God. It has evergreen
rain forests, spices and coffee plantations. There is coffee smell in its air. The river Kaveri has
its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. From the Brahmagiri hills one can see the entire
misty landscape of Coorg. One can see the Tibetan monks at Bylakuppe. Mahaseer, a large fresh
water fish, is found in plenty here. Wildlife is in plenty here. Kingfishers, squirrels, langurs and
elephants can be seen here. Elephants enjoy being bathed in the river by their mahouts.
2. How do Coorg’s location, people and natural features add to the diversity of India? (6 Marks)
Ans. Coorg is beautifully located and described as a piece of heaven that must have drifted from
the kingdom of God. It has rolling hillsides with a pollution free river and forests teeming
(be full of) with wildlife. Here, nature exists in its pristine glory, which adds to the diversity
of India. Further, it has coffee and spice plantations, quite different from the rest of India.
The local people, the Kodavus, are a martial race. Of course, they are well-known for their
hospitality, just like all Indians. The monks, in red, ochre and yellow robes, are amongst the
many surprises that wait to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

India, right here in Coorg. All these features of Coorg add to the diversity of our country.
3. The Coorgis are the descendants of the Greeks or the Arabs and are still able to maintain
their traditional practices. Do you agree that following these practices today is important?
Why or why not? (6 Marks)
Ans. After reading the text, I feel that it is important to follow the traditional practices, as it has
kept the tradition of Coorgis known to the people even today. If the people of Coorg had not
followed it, their tradition would have perished and nobody would have remembered them
today because of their culture and traditional practices. According to the text, their
traditions can be seen in the martial forms, religious rites and marriages. The Kodavus even
wear the dress which resembles Arabs. Traditional practices also play a very important role in
maintaining values amongst people and have an impact on shaping the behaviour of people.
These practices also bind us together in a social life and we get the values from our ancestors.
[135]
Compendium: Class 10
PART-3: TEA FROM ASSAM
EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. “I have been reading as much as I could about tea,” Rajvir said. “No one really knows who
discovered tea but there are many legends.”
“What legends?”
“Well, there’s the one about the Chinese emperor who always boiled water before drinking
it. One day a few leaves of the twig burning under the pot fell into the water giving it a
delicious flavour. It is said they were tea leaves.”
“Tell me another!” scoffed Pranjol.
“We have an Indian legend too. Bodhidharma, an ancient Buddhist ascetic, cut off his eyelids
because he felt sleepy during meditations. Ten tea plants grew out of the eye-lids. The
leaves of these plants when put in hot water and drunk banished sleep.”
(a) The Chinese emperor before drinking water would ________. (1 Mark)
(1) purify it (2) boil it
(3) sprinkle it (4) make it stand for a while
(b) What banished sleep? (1 Mark)
(1) Tea made of tea leaves (2) Tea leaves
(3) Boiled tea leaves (4) Tea leaves boiled in water and drunk
(c) What did Bodhidharma do to avoid falling sleepy? (1 Mark)
(d) Which two legends about origin of tea were narrated by Rajveer? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) boil it
(b) (4) Tea leaves boiled in water and drunk
(c) In order to avoid falling sleepy he cut off his eyelids.
(d) Two legends about origin of tea were narrated by Rajveer are- the one is about the smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Chinese emperor who always boiled water before drinking it. One day a few leaves of
the twig burning under the pot fell into the water giving it a delicious flavour. There is
an Indian legend too. Bodhidharma, an ancient Buddhist ascetic, cut off his eyelids
because he felt sleepy during meditations. Ten tea plants grew out of the eyelids.
2. “Tea was first drunk in China,” Rajvir added, “as far back as 2700 B.C. ! In fact words such
as tea, chai are from Chinese. Tea came to Europe only in the sixteenth century and was
drunk more as medicine than as beverage.”
The train clattered into Mariani junction. The boys collected their luggage and pushed their
way to the crowded platform.
Pranjol’s parents were waiting for them.

[136]
 English
Soon they were driving towards Dhekiabari, the tea-garden managed by Pranjol’s father.
An hour later the car veered sharply off the main road. They crossed a cattle-bridge and
entered Dhekiabari Tea Estate.
On both sides of the gravel road were acre upon acre of tea-bushes, all neatly pruned to the
same height. Groups of tea pluckers, with bamboo baskets on their backs, wearing plastic
aprons, were plucking the newly sprouted leaves.
(a) In Europe tea was looked at as _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) panacea (2) medicine (3) herb (4) appetiser
(b) Pranjol’s father was a _____________. (1 Mark)
(1) farmer (2) tea grower (3) manager (4) owner
(c) At which station Pranjol and Rajveer deboarded the train? Who came to receive them?
(1 Mark)
(d) What all things were witnessed by Rajveer on the way to Dhekiabari? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) medicine
(b) (3) manager
(c) Pranjol and Rajveer deboarded the train deboarded the train at Marijani station.
Pranjol’s parents came to receive them.
(d) Things witnessed by Rajveer on the way to Dhekiabari are- on both sides of the gravel
road were acre upon acre of tea-bushes, all neatly pruned to the same height. Groups
of tea pluckers, with bamboo baskets on their backs, wearing plastic aprons, were
plucking the newly sprouted leaves.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.

1. Why didn’t Pranjol share Rajvir’s excitement? (3 Marks)
Ans. Pranjol had been born and brought up on a tea plantation. He was familiar with tea gardens.
On the other hand, Rajvir had never visited any tea plantation ever before. A sea of bushes
stretching as far as the eyes could see, fascinated him. The magnificent view, orderly rows
of tea bushes really excited him. But Pranjol was used to such sights.
2. Where and when did the drinking of tea start and how did it come to Europe? (3 Marks)
Ans. The drinking of tea first started China. Tea was drunk in China as far as 2700 B.C. Words
like tea, ‘chai’ and ‘chini’ are from Chinese. Tea came to Europe only in the 16th century. In
Europe, tea was drunk as medicine than as beverage in the early period.

[137]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Where were Rajvir and Pranjol going and why? (3 Marks)
Ans. Rajvir and Pranjol were two youngsters, Actually, they were classmates at school in Delhi.
Pranjol’s father was the manager of a tea garden in Upper Assam. Pronjal was born and
brought up on the tea estate. He invited Rajvir to visit his home and the Dhekiabari Tea
Estate during the summer vacation.
4. ‘This is a tea country now’. Explain this with reference to Assam. (3 Marks)
Ans. Assam has the world’s largest concentration of tea plantations in the world. A large number
of tea gardens can be found there. Everywhere in Assam, a sea of tea bushes can be seen as
far as the eye could see. Most of the tea grown in Assam is supplied all over the world.
5. In what ways is China related to tea? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tea was first drunk in China. The words ‘chai’ and ‘chini’ are from Chinese. There is a story
about a Chinese emperor who always boiled water before drinking. One day, a few leaves
of the twig fell into the water and gave it a delicious flavour. They were tea leaves.
6. Which language are the words 'Chai' and 'Chini' derived from? When did tea come to
Europe? (3 Marks)
Ans. The words tea, chai and chini were derived from Chinese language. Tea came to Europe in
the sixteenth century and was drunk more as a medicine than as a beverage.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Describe the journey of Rajvir and Pranjol to the tea estate in Assam. (6 Marks)
Ans. Rajvir and Pranjol were classmates in Delhi. Pranjol was from Assam and Rajvir from Delhi.
Pranjol’s father was the manager of a tea-garden in upper Assam. Pranjol invited Rajvir to
visit his home during the summer vacation. They were going there by train.
They reached Assam. They are greenery everywhere outside. They could see the tiny tea
plants as far as eyes could see. They dropped at Mariani junction. They were taken to
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Pranjol’s father’s Dhekiabari Tea Estate. On both the road were tea-bushes. Women were
plucking the newly grown leaves in bamboo baskets.
2. According to the text, Assam is said to be ‘tea country’. Do you believe that Assam has some
of the best plantations in the world that makes it a unique country? (6 Marks)
Ans. In India, some of the best plantations like tea and coffee are grown in huge quantities. India
is also a home to many spices like haldi and while Assam is home to tea, Coorg is home to
coffee. One can see enough gardens of tea in Assam, there are everywhere tea bushes in
Assam. In May to July, there is the best time to yield the best tea. On both sides of roads,
there are acre upon acre of tea-bushes, all neatly pruned (trimmed) to the same height.
These plantations make India a unique country which has not just traditional spices and
beverage plants growing within it but also follows traditional agricultural practices.

[138]
 English

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. The train pulled out of the station - Pranjol buried his nose in his detective book again.
Rajvir too was an ardent fan of detective stories but, at the moment he was keener on
looking at the beautiful scenery. It was green, green everywhere. Rajvir had never seen so
much greenery before. Then the soft green paddy fields gave way to tea bushes. It was a
magnificent view. Against the backdrop of densely wooded hills a sea of tea bushes
stretched as far as the eye could see. Dwarfing the tiny tea plants were tall, sturdy, shade-
trees and amidst the orderly rows of bushes busily moved doll-like figures. (CBSE 2024)
(i) State any one inference about Rajvir from the given context: (1 Mark)
“Rajvir too was an ardent fan of detective stories, but at the moment he was keen on looking
at the beautiful scenery.”
Ans. Rajvir has a keen interest in both detective stories and appreciating beautiful scenery.
(ii) State True or False: (1 Mark)
The reason Rajvir was interested in looking at the beautiful scenery was that the detective
book he was reading, was not interesting.
Ans. False: The passage doesn’t provide information about the interest level in the detective
book; Rajvir’s focus on scenery doesn’t necessarily imply the book’s lack of interest.
(iii) People who live in big cities are always fascinated by the natural beauty and abundant
greenery. Elaborate in about 40 words, with reference to the extract. (2 Marks)
Ans. City dwellers are often enchanted by nature’s beauty and ample greenery, a sentiment
exemplified by Rajvir from Delhi. The contrast between Delhi’s urban chaos, marked by
heavy traffic and towering structures, and the refreshing green environment of this new
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

location brought him immense delight.

(iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute ‘doll-like figures’, in the given sentence from the
extract? (1 Mark)
Dwarfing the tiny tea plants were tall sturdy shade-trees and amidst the orderly rows of
bushes busily moved doll-like figures.
Ans. The phrase ‘Tea pluckers’ could correctly substitute ‘doll-like figures’ in the given sentence.
2. Pranjal seemed to have a different level of enthusiasm compared to Rajvir when they both
saw the tree plantation. Justify. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Pranjal, being a native of Assam, was accustomed to tea plantations, while Rajvir, visiting
for the first time, was fascinated by their beauty and history. Rajvir's excitement was
evident, whereas Pranjal saw them as part of daily life.
[139]
Compendium: Class 10
3. The baker and his family never starved. Elaborate. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. In glimpses of India the baker from Goa represents a resilient and resourceful figure within
his community. The baker’s family had servants and always had a good life & meal. Not only
this but the baker himself had the appearance of jackfruit which shows the prosperity that
baker & his family had. Despite challenges, such as economic hardships or fluctuations in
the availability of ingredients, the baker and his family never starved because baking is a
profitable profession and no ceremony or festival is considered completed without them.
It generated huge income for them.
4. What is the Indian legend about the discovery of tea? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. We have an Indian legend regarding the discovery of tea. Boddhidharma, an ancient
Buddhist ascetic, cut off his eyelids because he fell sleepy during meditations. It is said that
ten tea plants grew out of the eyelids. The leaves of those plants, when put in hot water and
drunk, banished sleep.
5. How is the Goan baker still an important part of the life of a Goan village? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The baker player a very important role in the childhood of the narrator He was a guide,
friend, and companion to the narrator Every day he used to wake up the narrator. He used
to get sweet bread and loaves from the bakery. Bakers are very essential for the village.
In absence of them, functions are just not possible. The baker used to supply loaves and cakes
on these occasions. Some special cakes and bread were prepared by them for special functions.
6. What attracts visitors to Coorg? (CBSE 2022) (3 Marks)
Ans. Visitors are attracted to Coorg for its scenic beauty, including lush coffee plantations, misty
hills, waterfalls like Abbey Falls, and opportunities for trekking and birdwatching.
7. Why is Coorg called the land of the rolling hills? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Coorg is called the land of the rolling hills due to its geographical features, characterized by
undulating terrain and lush greenery.

[140]
 English

11 Mijbil The Otter

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. The second night Mijbil came on to my bed in the small hours and remained asleep in the
crook of my knees until the servant brought tea in the morning, and during the day he began
to lose his apathy and take a keen, much too keen, interest in his surroundings. I made a
body belt for him and took him on a lead to the bathroom, where for half an hour he went
wild with joy in the water, plunging and rolling in it, shooting up and down the length of
the bathtub underwater, and making enough slosh and splash for a hippo.
(a) Where did Mijbil sleep on the second night? (1 Mark)
(1) In the bathroom (2) On the bed of the speaker
(3) On the floor (4) In the open space
(b) How did he feel in water? (1 Mark)
(1) He went wild with joy in water of the bathroom tub.
(2) He did not want to get wet.
(3) He was afraid of water.
(4) He started swimming in the bathtub.
(c) How did he entertain the narrator during bath? (1 Mark)
(d) Comment on the author’s attitude towards the Mijbil. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) On the bed of the speaker
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) (1) He went wild with joy in water of the bathroom tub.
(c) He plunged and rolled in water, shot up and down underwater.
(d) Author was quite concerned and loving towards Mijbil. He let him sleep on his bed. He
made sure that Mijbil enjoy while being in the bathroom.
2. The days passed peacefully at Basra, but I dreaded the prospect of transporting Mij to
England, and to Camusfearna. The British airline to London would not fly animals, so I
booked a fight to Paris on another airline, and from there to London. The airline insisted
that Mij should be packed into a box not more than eighteen inches square, to be carried on
the floor at my feet. I had a box made, and an hour before we started. I put Mij into the box
so that he would become accustomed to it, and left for a hurried meal.

[141]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) Why was transporting Mij to England a problem for the narrator? (1 Mark)
(b) Why did he book a flight to Paris on another airline? What does it suggest about the
speaker? (2 Marks)
(c) Where was Mij to be packed? (1 Mark)
(1) In a compartment
(2) In a room
(3) Mij was to be packed in a box not more than 18 inches square.
(4) None of the above
(d) Find a word from the passage which is synonymous with the word ‘habitual’. (1 Mark)
(1) Peacefully (2) Prospect (3) Insisted (4) Accustomed
Ans. (a) The British airline did not allow animals to fly.
(b) He booked a flight to Paris on another airline because the British airline didn’t allow
animals on the flight. He was determined to take Mijbil with him.
(c) (3) Mij was to be packed in a box not more than 18 inches square.
(d) (4) Accustomed
3. With the opening of that sack began a phase of my life that has not yet ended, and may, for
all I know, not end before I do. It is, in effect, a thraldom to others, an otter fixation, that I
have since found to be shared by most other people, who have ever owned one. The
creature that emerged from this sack on to the spacious tiled floor of the Consulate
bedroom resembled most of all a very small, medievally-conceived, dragon. From the head
to the tip of the tail he was coated with symmetrical pointed scales of mud armour, between
whose tips was visible a soft velvet fur like that of a chocolate-brown mole. He shook
himself, and I half expected a cloud of dust, but in fact it was not for another month that I
managed to remove the last of the mud and see the otter, as it were in his true colours. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) How did the narrator start his phase of life? (1 Mark)
(b) What is the creature compared with? (2 Marks)
(c) How much time did the narrator manage to remove the last of the mud and see the
otter? (1 Mark)
(d) What was coated from the head to the tip of the tail of the otter? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) In his new phase of life, the narrator was to remain under the control of the otter.
(b) The creature that emerged from the sack resembled like a small medieval dragon.
(c) It took more than a month for the narrator to remove the last of the mud from the otter.
(d) From the head to the tip of the tail he was coated with pointed scales of mud.

[142]
 English
4. Outside the house I exercised him on a lead, precisely as if he had been a dog. Mij quickly
developed certain compulsive habits on these walks in the London streets, like the rituals
of children who on their way to and from school must place their feet squarely on the centre
of each paving block, must touch every seventh upright of the iron railing, or pass to the
outside of every second lamp post.
(a) How did the narrator treat Mij? (1 Mark)
(b) What did Mij develop on those walks? (1 Mark)
(c) Where do children in London ritually place their feet during the walks? (2 Marks)
(d) What do they ritually touch? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) The narrator exercised Mij on a lead as if he had been a dog.
(b) On those walks Mij developed some compulsive habits.
(c) The children place their feet squarely on the centre of each paving block.
(d) They must ritually touch every seventh upright of the iron railings.
5. It is not, I suppose, in any way strange that the average Londoner should not recognise an
otter, but the variety of guesses as to what kind of animal this might be came as a surprise
to me. Others belong to a comparatively small group of animals called Mustellines, shared
by the badger mongoose, weasel, stoat, mink and others. I faced a continuous barrage of
conjectural questions that sprayed all the Mustellines but the otter, more random guesses
hit on ‘a baby seal’ and ‘a squirrel’. ‘Is that a walrus, mister?’ reduced me to giggles, and
outside a dog show I heard ‘a hippo’. A beaver, a bear cub, a leopard – one, apparently, that
had changed its spots – and a ‘brontosaur’. Mij was anything but an otter.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) About what was the narrator hopeful of the Londoners? (1 Mark)
(b) What came as a surprise to him? (1 Mark)
(c) Name other animals which are called Mustellines. (1 Mark)
(d) What did guesses about Mij were made by Londoners? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The narrator was hopeful that the average Londoner should not recognise an otter.
(b) It came as a surprise to him that people made such variety of wild guesses about the otter.
(c) Badger, mongoose, weasel, stoat and mink are other animals which are called mustellines.
(d) ‘A baby seal’, ‘a walrus’, ‘a hippo’ etc. were some of the wild guesses that were made by
Londoners.

[143]
Compendium: Class 10
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How did Maxwell get Mijbil, the otter? (3 Marks)
Ans. Maxwell had changed his idea of keeping a dog as his pet. He decided to have pet-an otter.
He had asked one of his friends to arrange for an otter. He went to his bedroom to read his
mail. Two Arabs were squatting on the floor. Beside them lay a sack. They handed him a
note which said, “Here is your otter....”. The sack was opened. In this way, Maxwell got his
new pet–an otter.
2. How did Mijbil behave in the beginning? Did some change come in the otter afterwards? (3 Marks)
Ans. During the first 24 hours, Mijbil was neither hostile nor friendly. He was aloof and
indifferent. He slept on the floor far away from Maxwell’s bed. However, a change came in
Mijbil afterwards. He started taking a keen interest in his surrounding. He went to
Maxwell’s bed on the second day and remained asleep in it.
3. Why did Maxwell call the airhostess “the very queen of her kind?” (3 Marks)
Ans. The airhostess was very friendly and cooperative. Maxwell took her into his confidence and
gave her a parcel of fish for Mijbil. He admired her and called her “the very queen of her
kind”. The air hostess suggested that he could keep his pet on his knee.
4. How did Mijbil behave in the bathroom when the author took him there? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author made a body-belt for him. Then he took him to the bedroom. Mijbil went mad
with joy for half an hour in the water. It was his passion to play in water. The otter plunged
and rolled in it. He splashed in it like a hippo. The splashing of water is typical of otters.
5. What did the author do to transport Mijbil to London? (3 Marks)
Ans. The author booked a flight to Paris and from there to London. The airline directed that
Mijbil should be packed into a box. The box should be not more than eighteen inches square.
It should be carried on the floor at his feet. The author did so as advised.
6. What scene did the author see when he returned from his meal? (3 Marks) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. The author took his meal in a hurry. He wanted to catch his flight. He returned soon. The
scene was shocking. Blood had come out of the chinks of the box of Mijbil. The author
opened the box. He found Mijbil inside tired. He had torn the box lining to pieces. There
were no cutting edges left.
7. What certain compulsive habits did Mijbil develop when the author took him out on a lead?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Mijbil developed certain compulsive habits then. All these pointed out that he had become
mischievous. He would touch every seventh upright of the iron railings. He would pass to
the outside of every second lamp post. These habits were like that of the children. He would
enjoy doing so. These could be called his plays.

[144]
 English
8. How did Mijbil ‘amaze’ the pupils and the staff of the school? (3 Marks)
Ans. Opposite to the author’s house was a primary school for children. It had a low wall. It was
two feet high in its front. Mijbil would tug the author to this wall when they were out. He
would run and jump on its full length. The length of the wall was thirty yards. This would
‘amaze’ the pupils and the staff.
9. How did Mijbil amaze a labourer when he saw him? How did he react? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mijbil was being taken in the street. A labourer digging a hole in the street saw Mijbil. He at
once laid down his tool. He came near Mijbil. He had an expression of surprise and affront.
He came face to face with the author. He looked intently. He growled out. He asked the
author what that was supposed to be.
10. What was the first characteristic of the otter discovered by the narrator? (3 Marks)
Ans. The first thing that the narrator observed about the otter was that he liked to play with
water. When he was taken to the bathroom, for half an hour he went wild in the water with
joy. He was plunging, jumping and rolling in the water.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What were strange and funny wild guesses that Londoners made about Mijbil? Who made
the best remark about the otter? (6 Marks)
Ans. It was rather difficult for an average Londoner to recognise such a strange animal as an
otter. Most of them had never seen such a unique animal. The thing that surprised Maxwell
that Londoners made such funny and wild guesses about Mijbil, the otter. He faced a
continuous barrage of questions from the anxious but ignorant people. They made random
guesses about the animal. Some of them guessed that he was ‘a baby seal’ or ‘a squirrel’ or
‘a walrus’. Others also made fantastic guesses. One called Mijbil ‘a beaver’. Another called it
‘a bear cub’. The third guessed that it was ‘a leopard’. Mij was anything but an otter.
The question that was awarded the highest score came from a labourer. The surprised
labourer spat, glared and growled out, “Here, Mister – what is that supposed to be?”
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. What happened with Mij just before the flight to Paris? What did Mij do in the aeroplane? (6 Marks)
Ans. The author booked his flight with Mij to Paris. He put Mij in a box so that he could be carried
safely. But he tore the inner lining of the box. Blood had trickled from the air holes of the box.
He opened the box. He found that Mij lay inside blood covered. There were ten minutes to his
flight. So he hurried down to the airport. The aeroplane was just to take off. Luckily, the author
had his seat to the extreme front. He covered the place near his seat with newspaper. But Mij
escaped from the box. A woman cried ‘A rat ! A rat !’ Soon Mij came to the author on his own.
3. What questions about the otter did the author face when he took him for a walk in the
London streets? To which question did he award the highest score? (6 Marks)
Ans. The author took Mij for walks in the London streets. Like children Mij had developed certain
compulsive habits. He would take the author to the primary school outer wall. He would
run on it.
[145]
Compendium: Class 10
The author found it strange that Londoners did not know about otters. They displayed a
variety of guesses when they saw Mij. Otters belong to the small group of animals called
Mustellines. These are shared by the badger, mongoose, weasel, stoat, mink and others. He
gave the highest score to a labourer. He was digging a hole. He stopped and glared at the
author. He asked, “Here Mister–what is that supposed to be?”
4. In the name of rules and regulations, basic values are ignored but people like the airhostess
in ‘Mijbil the Otter’ are a ray of hope. What virtues do we find in the airhostess? (6 Marks)
Ans. The airhostess was somewhat friendly, and she allowed Maxwell to place the otter on his
lap. She could relate and empathise with the situation faced by Maxwell. This shows that apart
from being professional, she was a caring lady. She not only wanted to do her job but was also
responsible as she helped Maxwell in finding the otter back. She did all that she could do for
Maxwell and the otter. She was hardworking and was ready to help as she did not say ‘no’ to
help Maxwell. Being a dutiful and full of humanity, she kept balance in her professional and
personal life. Such an attitude makes a person respectable and successful in life.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. The story, 'Mijbil the Otter', has it all - emotions, humour, certain surprising incidents and
the freshness of a new and unique type of story. Explain how Maxwell has highlighted these
in his story. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. In 'Mijbil the Otter', Maxwell vividly recounts his adventures with Mijbil, depicting the
otter's mischievous and inquisitive nature. The story includes funny moments, like Mijbil'
s antics and his interactions with people. There are also touching moments of bonding and
affection. Surprising events, such as Mijbil adapting to human life and his adventures, make
the story unique and engaging.
2. Mijbil the Otter is portrayed as an intelligent, friendly and playful animal who thrives on
affection. Discuss how these traits are depicted in the story 'Mijbil the Otter' by Gavin smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Maxwell. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)

Ans. In "Mijbil the Otter", Gavin Maxwell portrays Mijbil as smart through his problem-solving
ability and inquisitiveness. Mijbil' s friendliness is portrayed in his interactions with
humans, while his playfulness is revealed in his play and games. His attachment to Maxwell
shows that he needs love.
3. Mijbil turned out to be a playful pet. Elaborate. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Mijbil’s love for playing with various objects, such a ping-pong balls, marbles, and rubber
fruit, reveals his fun-loving nature. He invented his own game with the ping-pong ball,
displaying a playful and creative personality. It was fond of water. When Maxwell took it to
the bathroom, for half an hour, it went wild with joy in the water, plunging and rolling in it.

[146]
 English

12 Madam Rides the Bus

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Day after day she watched the bus, and gradually a tiny wish crept into her head and grew there;
she wanted to ride on that bus, even if just once. This became stronger and stronger, until it was
an overwhelming desire. Valli would stare wistfully at the people who got on or off the bus when
it stopped at the street corner. Their faces would kindle in her longings, dreams, and hopes.
(a) What was Valli’s usual habit? (2 Marks)
(b) How did the local bus influence her? (1 Mark)
(c) Pick the option that shows the list of words that collocate with ‘overwhelming’. (1 Mark)
(i) Response (ii) Lies (iii) Support (iv) Majority
(v) Pets (vi) Places
(1) (i),(v) and (vi) (2) (i),(iii) and (iv) (3) (ii) and (v) (4) (iii), (v) and (vi)
(d) ‘Valli would be jealous to listen ….’ This indicates Valli’s: (1 Mark)
(1) longing to ride the bus (2) nature as an envious person
(3) denial to accept her situation (4) inclination to trouble travellers
Ans. (a) Valli watched the bus going from her village to the nearest town day after day.
(b) The tiny wish crept into her mind to ride on that bus.
(c) (2) (i),(iii) and (iv)
(d) (1) longing to ride the bus
2. An elderly woman came and sat beside her “Are you all alone, dear?” She asked Valli as the
bus started again. Valli found the woman absolutely repulsive- such big holes she had in
her ear lobes, and such ugly earrings in them! And she could smell the betel nut the woman
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

was chewing and see the betel juice that was threatening to spill over her lips at any
moment. Ugh!- who could be sociable with such a person?
(a) Where was that woman sitting in the bus? (1 Mark)
(1) nearby window (2) beside Valli (3) near driver seat (4) beside conductor
(b) Why did Valli find the woman repulsive for her? (2 Marks)
(c) Why were the earrings ugly for Valli? (1 Mark)
(d) Choose the correct word that means the same as- causing dislike. (1 Mark)
(1) betel (2) repulsive (3) threatening (4) chewing
Ans. (a) (2) beside Valli
(b) Because she smelt the betel nut and the betel juice could spill over her lips at any time.
(c) Because these earrings were fitted in the big holes of her ear lobes.
(d) (2) repulsive
[147]
Compendium: Class 10
3. The conductor was a jolly sort, fond of joking. “Oh, please don’t be angry with me, my fine
madam,” he said. “Here, have a seat right up there in front. Everybody moves aside, please – make
way for madam.” It was the slack time of day, and there were only six or seven passengers on the
bus. They were all looking at Valli and laughing with the conductor. Valli was overcome with
shyness. Avoiding everyone’s eyes, she walked quickly to an empty seat and sat down.
(a) What was the nature of the conductor? (1 Mark)
(b) What did he ask others to do? (1 Mark)
(c) Why were there not many passengers in the bus? (2 Marks)
(d) How did Valli feel at that time? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) The conductor was a jolly person who was fond of joking.
(b) He asked others to make way for ‘madam’ Valli.
(c) It was the slack time of the day, therefore, there were not many passengers in the bus.
(d) Valli was overcome with shyness and avoided everyone’s eyes.
4. Her first Journey – what careful, painstaking, elaborate plans she had to make for it! She
had thriftily saved whatever stay coins came her way, resisting every temptation to buy
peppermints, toys, balloons, and the like, and finally she had saved a total of sixty paise.
How difficult it had been, particularly that day at the village fair, but she had resolutely
stifled a strong desire to ride the merry-go-round, even though she had the money.
(a) How did Valli plan her first journey? (1 Mark)
(b) What temptations did she have to resist? (1 Mark)
(c) How was her strong desire to ride the merry-go-round a test for her? (2 Marks)
(d) How did she save the money for her first bus ride? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Valli made very careful, painstaking and elaborate plans for her first journey.
(b) She had to resist every temptation to buy peppermints, toys and balloons.
(c) Because she had to stifle her strong desire to ride the merry-go-round with great difficultly.
(d) She saved the money thriftily, saving every stray coin that came her way.
5. Suddenly Valli clapped her hands with glee. A young cow, tail high in the air, was running
very fast, right in the middle of the road, right in front of the bus. The bus slowed to a crawl, smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

and the driver sounded his horn loudly again and again. But the more he honked, the more
frightened the animal became and the faster it galloped – always right in front of the bus.
(a) Why did Valli clap her hands? (2 Marks)
(b) What did the driver do? (1 Mark)
(c) What effect did honking have on the animal? (1 Mark)
(d) Why did the young cow gallop on the road? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Valli clapped her hands with glee when she saw a young cow running right in the middle
of the road.
(b) The driver sounded the horn very loudly again and again.
(c) More the driver honked, the more frightened the animal became, and faster it ran.
(d) The honk made by the bus had frightened the young cow.
[148]
 English
6. At last the cow moved off the road. And soon the bus came to a railroad crossing. A speck
of a train could be seen in the distance, growing bigger and bigger as it drew near. Then it
rushed past the crossing gate with a tremendous roar and rattle, shaking the bus. Then the
bus went on and passed the train station. From there it traversed a busy, well-laid-out
shopping street and, turning, entered a wider thoroughfare. Such big, bright-looking shops!
What glittering displays of clothes and other merchandise! Such big crowds!
(a) Where did Valli see the train? (1 Mark)
(b) How did the train change as it drew near? (1 Mark)
(c) What did Valli see in the shopping street? (2 Marks)
(d) Where was Valli going? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) She saw the train near the railroad crossing.
(b) The trains grew bigger and bigger as it drew near.
(c) In the shopping street, Valli saw bright-looking shops with glittering displays of clothes
and other merchandise.
(d) Valli was going from her village to the nearest town.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why was Valli overcome with shyness and avoided everyone’s eyes? (3 Marks)
Ans. It was the slack time of the day. There were only six or seven passengers on the bus. They
all were looking at Valli and laughing with the conductor. Valli was overcome with shyness.
She tried to avoid everyone’s eyes. She walked quickly to an empty seat and sat down.
2. What was the next problem after Valli had enough money? (3 Marks)
Ans. After she had saved enough money. Valli had her next problem. It was how to slip out of the house
without her mother’s knowledge. She solved this problem easily. Every day after lunch her
mother would nap from about one to four or so. She could easily venture out on her mission.
3. How did the conductor and other passengers react to Valli? (3 Marks)
Ans. The conductor was a jolly kind of man. He was fond of joking. He was very humorous. He
enjoyed joking with all alike. He requested Valli not to be angry with him. He addressed her
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

as, ‘madam’. He also taunted her saying ‘make way for madam.’ Some six or seven
passengers looked at Valli. They laughed with the conductor.
4. How did Valli react when someone called her ‘child’ ? What did the conductor add then? (3 Marks)
Ans. Valli stood on the seat to see outside. Then someone told Valli not to stand. She would fall
down. But Valli said that there was nobody there who was a child. She had paid her full fare
like others. At this the conductor added that she was a very grown-up madam. A mere girl
could not travel alone to the city.
5. What happened when an elderly woman entered the bus and sat beside Valli? (3 Marks)
Ans. An elderly woman entered the bus on a bus stop. By chance there was a vacant seat by
Valli’s side. She sat down by her side. Valli found the woman hateful. She had big holes in
her ear lobes. The earrings were ugly. Valli smell the betel nut that woman was chewing it.
The juice was coming over her lips.

[149]
Compendium: Class 10
6. What problem did Valli have after saving enough money for the bus ride? How did she solve
it? (3 Marks)
Ans. Valli had saved enough money for the bus ride. She faced the next problem. It was how to slip
out of the house without her mother’s knowledge. Every day her mother would nap for an hour
or so after lunch. Valli used this time for going out. So she ride the bus during this hour.
7. “Suddenly Valli clapped her hands with glee.” Why did Valli do so and when? (3 Marks)
Ans. Suddenly a young cow came running in the middle of the road. She ran before the bus also. She
raised her tail high in the air. The bus stopped. The driver sounded the horn. But the more he
honked, the faster she ran. She ran in front of the bus. Valli clapped her hands with glee at this.
8. What did Valli do after her destination had come? What did she tell the conductor then? (3 Marks)
Ans. At last the town came. The bus stopped. Valli did not get down. The conductor asked if she
was not getting down. Valli replied that she was not getting down. She was going back on
the same bus. She offered another thirty paise for fare. She told the conductor that she felt
like riding. And she did that.
9. Why did Valli not accept the conductor’s offer of a cold drink to her? What does this tell you
about her? (3 Marks)
Ans. The bus at last reached the town. It was its destination. All the passengers dropped here.
But Valli did not as she was going back by this same bus. The conductor finally offered Valli
a cold drink. But she declined the offer. She said that she did not have enough money. The
conductor said that would be his treat. But Valli firmly declined the offer. This shows that
Valli was a self-respecting girl.
10. How did Valli enjoy the things around her on her way back home? Why did she become sad
immediately thereafter? (3 Marks)
Ans. Valli enjoyed everything around her on her way back home. She greeted everything with
the same excitement. But she suddenly saw a dead cow by the roadside. She asked the
conductor about her. It was the same cow that had run before the bus earlier. Suddenly, life smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

became charmless and horrible. Valli became sad.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What was Valli’s obsession? How did she prepare and save money for her first bus journey? (6 Marks)
Ans. The most fascinating sight for Valli was seeing the bus that travelled from her village to the
nearest town. A tiny wish crept into her head. She wanted to ride on that bus, at least for
once. This wish became stronger until it was an overwhelming desire. She listened to the
conversation of her neighbours and people. They regularly used the bus. She found out after
questioning them that the both ways fare was sixty paise. It took forty-five minutes to reach
the town. It was six miles from her village.
[150]
 English
After gathering all necessary details, Valli started saving money thriftily. She saved every
coin that came her way. It was not an easy job for a girl of eight years. She had to resist her
temptation of buying peppermints, toys, balloons and having a ride on the merry-go-round.
When the money problem was solved quite easily. She planned her journey during the time
when her mother took a nap in the afternoon. All such elaborate planning led Valli to have
an enjoyable and smooth her first bus journey.
2. What did standing at the front door mean to Valli? (6 Marks)
Ans. Valli was just ‘a chit of a girl’. She was eight years old. She was very curious about things. She
was always anxious to gather all details, why and how about things. She was not very social
either. She had no playmates of her own age in her neighbourhood. Naturally, she could not
play games with friends. But, she more than compensated this drawback. Her favourite
pastime was standing in the front doorway of her house. Standing there, she could watch what
was happening in the street outside. But for Valli, standing at the front door was very enjoyable.
Actually, it was as enjoyable as any of the games other children played. Watching the street
gave her many new unusual experiences. The most fascinating of all these scenes was the scene
of the bus that travelled between her village and the nearest town. Seeing a new set of
passengers every time, she also wished to have the bus ride, at least for once.
3. What scene did Valli see on way back home that made her very serious? Why didn’t she
look outside then? (6 Marks)
Ans. Valli at last reached the town. The conductor told her to get down. But Valli told him that
she was going back on that same bus.
On way back, home Valli saw a young cow lying dead by the roadside. She asked the
conductor if the cow wasn’t the same that had run before the bus earlier. The conductor
shook his head. Valli was overcome with sadness. It lay there with spread out legs. There
was blood all over. The memory of this dead cow haunted Valli. She now no longer wanted
to look out of the window.
4. What kind of person is Valli? Illustrate your answer from the text that you have read. (6 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Valli was a determined, confident and brave girl. She was also a good planner and
executioner. She sacrificed a lot of things to achieve her dream. For example, she curbed
the temptation to buy sweets and riding on the merry-go-round in the fair, so that she could
save money for the bus ride. Sacrificing all these things at such a tender age is very difficult
for a child. She also behaved confidently in the bus and did not get hesitated and disturbed
in the presence of elders.
When the bus reached the town, Valli did not succumb (surrender) to the temptation of
going out to explore the town or having a drink. She did this as she had a limited amount of
money which she wanted to save for her return journey. So, Valli used her money wisely.
When the conductor offered her a drink, she showed good manners in refusing to have it.
This shows that she was also a polite and careful girl as in today’s era it is really difficult to
believe others. All these qualities make her different from other children of her age.
[151]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Upon encountering the deceased cow on the road, Valli was emotional. Comment with
reference to ‘Madam Rides the Bus’. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Valli, who had earlier been excited about her bus ride, felt deep sorrow and shock upon seeing the
dead cow. It made her realize the harsh reality of life and death, contrasting with her earlier joy.
2. How does Valli's journey to the city serve as her initiation into understanding the profound
mysteries of life and death, and how does her inquisitive nature shape her perceptions as she
encounters these aspects of human existence? (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Valli's journey to the city in Madam Rides the Bus serves as her initiation into the realities
of life and death. Her excitement and curiosity drive her to explore the outside world
independently. She enjoys the ride, observing people and landscapes with childlike.
wonder. However, her perception shifts when she witnesses the death of a young cow on
the road. This moment profoundly impacts her, making her realise the fragility of life. Her
inquisitive nature, which earlier fuelled her adventurous spirit, now leads her to contemplate
deeper aspects of human existence. Through this experience, Valli matures, understanding that
life is not just about joy and excitement but also about inevitable sorrow and loss.
3. How did Valli gather the details of the bus journey? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Valli gathered the small details about the bus journey by listening to the conversations
taking place between her neighbours and the people who used to the bus regularly as well
as she even asked a few discrete questions.
4. Valli was an extra-ordinary girl who had self-confidence. and courage to realise her
ambition by planning and drawing on her spirit of adventure. Discuss in reference to the
chapter ‘Madam Rides the Bus’. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. There is no doubt that courage and skill are essential to make your dreams come true. Valli
has shown extraordinary courage to go on a bus trip alone. She saved every penny she got.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
She made travel plans over and over in her head. After saving enough money for her trip,
she ventured out. She had never been to the city, but she mustered up the courage to get on
the bus by herself. She was very enthusiastic about riding the bus and enjoying the scenery
from the moving bus. Finally, she returned to her home on time without arousing any
suspicion. Because of her courage and ability, she was able to make her dream come true.
5. The people and surroundings are a great book to learn from. Valli in the lesson 'Madam
rides the Bus' learns a lot from others. Mention the traits of her character which help her
to learn from people and her surroundings. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. This curiousness led her to listen to the conversations of people going on the bus ride and
asking discreet questions so that she could gather as much information as she can regarding
the bus journey. On the bus journey, Valli acted confidently and behaved maturely .

[152]
 English
She did not consider herself to be any less than an adult. She was focused on fulfilling her
dream and did not get tempted to go outside the bus and explore the town when the bus
reached the town. On the return journey, she learnt about death when she came to terms
with the dead cow. This made her aware of the fact that death is a part of life and should be
accepted as it is a natural phenomenon. Thus, the bus journey made her learn a lot of things.
6. Valli was a mature girl and ahead of her age. Justify the statement with evidence from the
text. (CBSE 2022) (4 Marks)
Ans: In “Madam Rides the Bus,” Valli demonstrates maturity beyond her years in several ways. She
meticulously plans her bus journey by saving money and gathering information about the trip.
Despite being just eight years old, she refrains from spending her money on toys and treats,
showing self-control and determination. During the bus ride, she behaves sensibly and
confidently, insisting on paying her fare and sitting by herself. Additionally, when she sees a dead
cow on the road, she feels deep sadness, indicating her ability to empathize and understand life’s
harsh realities. These instances highlight Valli’s maturity and her keen sense of responsibility
7. As Valli, make a diary entry about your experience of riding the bus alone for the first time.
(CBSE 2022) (4 Marks)
Ans. 17th July 20××, Wednesday
10:00 PM
Dear Diary
Today was such an exciting day for me! I rode the bus all by myself for the first time. It felt
like a big adventure. At first, I was a bit nervous because I’ve always gone with Appa or
Amma. But once I got on the bus and found a seat, I started feeling brave. I watched the busy
streets and the people getting on and off. It was like seeing our town from a new
perspective.
I felt proud knowing I could travel alone like the older kids. Some moments were scary, like
when the bus stopped suddenly, but I held on tight. When I reached school, I felt like I had
achieved something special. Riding the bus alone made me feel independent and grown-up.
I can’t wait to do it again!
Love, Valli
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

8. “Valli was a mature girl and ahead of her age.” Justify the statement with instances from the
text. (100 - 150 words) (CBSE 2020) (4 Marks)
Ans: Valli was a country girl of eight years old. Her favourite pastime was standing on her front
porch and watching objects and people go by. Not only did she satisfy her curiosity, but she
also obtained new experiences. She was wise, astute, and sensible for her age. Her main
wish was to ride the bus. She painstakingly planned for it, obtaining data on distance, ticket
price, and fare. She was determined to avoid any temptation, such as buying peppermint,
toys, or a ride on the merry-go-round, in order to save sixty paise for the bus ride. She
boarded the bus without anyone’s assistance. She disliked being addressed as ‘Madam’ or
‘Child.’ She refused the conductor’s free treat and avoided strangers.
This demonstrates her dominating, assertive, and self-sufficient personality. This also
demonstrates her maturity and dedication for her age.
[153]
[154]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

13 The Sermon at Benares

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Kisa Gotami became weary and hopeless, and sat down at the wayside watching the lights
of the city, as they flickered up and were extinguished again. At least the darkness of the
night reigned everywhere. And she considered the fate of men, that their lives flicker up
and are extinguished again. And she thought to herself, “How selfish am I in my grief? Death
is common to all; yet in this valley of desolation there is a path that leads him to immortality
who has surrendered all selfishness.”
(a) Why did Gotami become weary and hopeless? (2 Marks)
(b) What was happening to the city lights? (1 Mark)
(1) They were fusing (2) They were glowing
(3) They were blacked out (4) They were flickering
(c) What did Kisa Gotami realise while watching the city lights? (1 Mark)
(1) That suffering is eternal
(2) That loss is not that bad
(3) That God is testing her
(4) That lives are like city lights and they flicker out too
(d) How in this valley of desolation can one attain immortality? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Gotami became weary and hopeless because she didn’t find a single house where no
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

one had ever died.

(b) (4) They were flickering
(c) (4) That lives are like city lights and they flicker out too
(d) In this valley of desolation one can attain immortality by surrendering all selfishness.
2. The Buddha said, “the life of mortals in this world is troubled and brief and combined with pain.
For there is not any means by which those that have been born can avoid dying, after reaching
old age there is death; of such a nature are living beings. As ripe fruits are early in danger of
falling, so mortals when born are always in danger of death. As all earthen vessels made by the
potter end in being broken, so is the life of mortals. Both young and adult, both those who are
fools and those who are wise, all fall into the power of death, all are subject to death.
[155]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) To whom is the Buddha preaching the above moral values? (2 Marks)
(b) What did Buddha say about the life of the people? (1 Mark)
(1) It is filled with pain (2) It is troubled
(3) It is brief (4) All of these
(c) What is the fate of all earthen vessels made by the potter? (1 Mark)
(d) What is the nature of the living beings? (1 Mark)
(1) They are vulnerable (2) They are egoist
(3) They are incomplete (4) They are bound to die
Ans. (a) The Buddha is preaching the above moral values of Kisa Gautami who was in great grief
for her son had died.
(b) (4) All of these
(c) The earthen vessels made by the potter are destined to be broken sooner or later.
(d) (4) They are bound to die.
3. The Buddha said, “the life of mortals in this world is troubled and brief and combined with
pain. For there is not any means by which those that have been born can avoid dying, after
reaching old age there is death; of such a nature are living beings. As ripe fruits are early in
danger of falling, so mortals when born are always in danger of death. As all earthen vessels
made by the potter end in being broken, so is the life of mortals. Both young and adult, both
those who are fools and those who are wise, all fall into the power of death, all are subject
to death.
(a) To whom is the Buddha preaching the above moral values? (1 Mark)
(b) How does his preaching affect the listener? (2 Marks)
(c) What is the fate of all earthen vessels made by the potter? (1 Mark)
(d) Is the fate of the fools different from the fate of the wise? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) The Buddha is preaching the above moral values of Kisa Gautami who was in great grief
for her son had died.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
(b) After listening to his preaching, the listener overcomes the inconsolable grief of losing
her son.
(c) The earthen vessels made by the potter are destined to be broken sooner or later.
(d) No, both the fools as well as the wise can’t avoid death, and meet with the same fate.
4. At twelve, he was sent away for schooling in the Hindu sacred scriptures and years later he
returned home to marry a princess. They had a son and lived for ten years as befitted
royalty. At about the age of twenty-five, the prince hereto fore shielded from the sufferings
of the world, while going out on hunting, chanced upon a sick man, then an aged man, then
a funeral procession, and finally a monk begging for alms. These sights so moved him that
he at once became a beggar and went out into the world to seek enlightenment concerning
the sorrows he had witnessed.
[156]
 English
(a) What was the unintended effect of the sights Buddha saw? (1 Mark)
(1) He felt dejected and sorrowful (2) He renounced royalty
(3) He decided to become an ascetic (4) He decided to consult a pandit
(b) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'chanced upon' in the given sentence from the
extract? (1 Mark)
" ......... while going out on hunting, chanced upon a sick man, then ......... "
(c) What did the sights Gautama witnessed at the age of twenty-five years drive him to?
(2 Marks)
(d) Why was Prince Siddhartha send away at the age of twelve? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) He renounced royalty
(b) 'Ran into'
(c) The sights Gautama witnessed at the age of twenty-five years moved him to become an
ascetic. He went out into the world to seek enlightenment concerning the sorrows he
had witnessed. He wandered for seven years and finally sat down under a peepal tree,
where he vowed to stay until enlightenment came.
(d) Prince Siddhartha was sent away at the age of twelve for schooling in sacred Hindu
scriptures.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What were the sights that moved and shocked Gautama? (3 Marks)
Ans. Prince Gautama had been deliberately shielded from all the sufferings of the world. One day
he chanced upon a sick man, then an aged man, and then a funeral procession. Finally, he
saw a monk begging for alms. These sights moved him. He went out into the world to seek
solution of all these sufferings. He wanted to seek enlightenment.
2. Did Kisa Gotami get a handful of mustard seeds as directed by the Buddha? (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Poor Kissa Gotami went from house to house. The people pitied her and were ready to give
a handful of mustard seeds to her. But, she couldn’t find a house where no one had lost a
child, husband, parent or friend.
3. What did Buddha say about the mortals of the world? (3 Marks)
Ans. The Buddha said to Kisa Gotami that the life of mortals is troubled and brief in this world.
Those who have been born can’t avoid dying. As ripe fruits are in danger of falling, so
mortals are always in danger of death. All earthen vessels end in being broken.
4. Describe the main message that the lesson, ‘The Sermon at Benares’ gives to the readers.
(3 Marks)
Ans. The Buddha wants us to understand that this world is full of sufferings, death and decay.
Death spares none. Death is the ultimate truth of life. Everything that is born today will die
sooner or later. No lamentation or grieving will bring the dead to life again.
[157]
Compendium: Class 10
5. What did Gautama Buddha do after he became a beggar? (3 Marks)
Ans. He felt sickness due to the sufferings of the world. He went out into the world to seek
enlightenment. It was concerned with the sorrows of the world. He wandered for seven
years. Finally, he sat down under a fig tree. He vowed to stay until enlightenment came. He
got it after seven days. He renamed it the Bodhi Tree (Tree of Wisdom)
6. What did Kisa Gotami say to Gautama Buddha? What reply did Gautama Buddha give to her?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Kisa Gotami reached Gautama Buddha. She told him everything about her son. She
requested him to give medicine to cure her son. He was dead. The Buddha asked her to
bring a handful of mustard seed. It should be from a house where no one has lost a child,
husband parent or friend. It means where death has not occurred.
7. How did Kisa Gotami get the ultimate truth of life? (3 Marks)
Ans. At last Kisa Gotami became weary and hopeless. She did not find any house where death
had not come. She realised the truth. She sat down. She watched the lights of the city. They
flickered and were extinguished again. Then came the darkness. And it considered the false
of men. It was like those lights. She then concluded that Death is common to all.
8. Who do not grieve as the world is afflicted with death and decay? (3 Marks)
Ans. The world undergoes the cycle of life and death. Anything that is born has to die one day. It
is afflicted with death and decay. No one can save the other from death. Relatives lament
when the dead mortals are carried off like an ox is led to the slaughter. But the wise men
do not grieve. They know the terms and nature of the world.
9. According to the Buddha, peace of mind is attainable by those who recognise terms of life
and let go of complain. Comment. (3 Marks)
Ans. Buddha preached that peace of mind can be achieved only when we accept the reality and
throw out the three arrows of complaining, lamentation and grief.
10. Kisa Gotami was hopeful when she talked to the Buddha. Do you agree? Justify your
response. (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, Kisa Gotami was very hopeful when she talked to Buddha. She was delusional in her
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
grief over the death of her son and hoped to revive him with some medicine. Therefore,
when Buddha agreed to revive her son she was very hopeful.
11. The Buddha did not see much suffering during his early years. Provide support for the
statement from the text. (3 Marks)
Ans. It is evident from the text that Buddha didn't see much suffering during his early years.
Buddha knew nothing of the sufferings of the world until the age of 25. He had been
shielded from the sufferings of the world. Therefore, when he finally witnessed the
sufferings of the world while he was out on a hunt, he was deeply affected.
12. According to Buddha, who are wise men? (3 Marks)
Ans. According to Buddha, wise men are those people who never complain or lament over their
loss. They accept the truth and move on such people are calm and composed. They lead a
blessed and peaceful life.

[158]
 English
13. Elucidate any one quality that Siddhartha demonstrated when he gave up his status and
family. Explain your choice. (3 Marks)
Ans. Siddhartha demonstrated compassion, kindness and his determination in his decision to
leave behind his family and prince hood. He felt sympathetic towards others. He was
disturbed to see people's sufferings and wanted to find out a solution to eradicate their
sufferings and diseases.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Describe the journey of Siddhartha Gautama becoming the Buddha. (6 Marks)
Ans. Gautama Buddha began his life as a royal prince. He was named Siddhartha Gautama. At
twelve, Gautama was sent away for schooling in the Hindu sacred scriptures. At the age of
sixteen, he returned home to marry a princess. The prince was deliberately shielded from
all sufferings of the world. But this attempt failed when the prince while out for hunting
chanced upon a sick man. Then, he saw an aged man. He also chanced to see a funeral
procession. Finally, he saw a monk begging for alms. These sights of suffering, sickness and
decay shocked and moved the prince. He wanted to seek the final solution of all these
sorrows and sufferings. He wandered for seven years in search of enlightenment. Finally,
he sat down under a fig tree. He meditated there until he was enlightened after seven days.
He renamed the tree the Bodhi Tree or the Tree of Wisdom. He became known as the
Buddha or the Awakened or the Enlightened one. The Buddha gave his first sermon at
Benares on the River Ganges.
2. Life is full of trials and tribulations. Kisa Gotami also passes through a period of grief in her
life. How does she behave in those circumstances? (6 Marks)
Ans. After the death of Kisa Gotami’s only child, she became very sad. She carried her dead child
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

to her neighbours in order to get medicine to bring him to life. Her neighbours thought that
she had gone insane as she was unable to accept the fact that her child is dead. It was then
that someone suggested her to meet Gautama Buddha. When she met Gautama Buddha, he
gave her an exercise to do. She was asked to collect mustard seeds from a house where no
one had ever died. She went from one house to another but was unable to find a single
house in the town where no one had died. This way she realised that death is a part of life
and anyone who is born is bound to die one day. Thus, Buddha changed her understanding
of death by this exercise. Buddha told her that only the wise do not grieve and they accept
the reality. Mourning brings only pain and sufferings to the body. One, who is composed,
obtains peace of mind and will be free from sorrow and be blessed. This gave her strength
to overcome grief.
[159]
Compendium: Class 10
3. What truth of life does Gautama the Buddha give out in his first sermon? What moral
teaching does he preach about the truths or sufferings of life? (6 Marks)
Ans. The Buddha says in his first sermon that human life is brief. It is troubled and painful. There
is no means by which one can avoid dying. Both young and adult, fools or wise fall to death.
They are led to death like an ox taken to slaughter.
Anyone will not obtain peace of mind from weeping or grieving. On the contrary, his pain
will be greater. His body will suffer. One who seeks peace of mind shall seek it if he
overcomes all sorrows. The wise know the truth of life. It is those who are born are to die
one day. So they don’t grieve on deaths.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. "Not from weeping or from grieving will anyone obtain peace of mind; on the contrary his
pain will be greater and his body will suffer." 3 Validate this preaching of Buddha with
reference to the story 'A Sermon at Benaras'. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. In 'A Sermon at Benaras', Buddha preaches that weeping and mourning do not result in
peace of mind but enhance one's misery. This is illustrated in the case of Kisa Gotami, who
approaches Buddha to bring her dead son back to life. Buddha assists her in understanding
the finality of death and the need to accept it, demonstrating that only acceptance, not
mourning, can result in peace.
2. You have been chosen to address the student gathering from the nearby schools, to speak
on “How to Deal with Loss Personal or Material”. Prepare the speech draft in not more than
120 words, with reference to the commonality of themes in John Benyman’s. “The Ball
Poem’ and ‘A Sermon at Benaras’. (CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
You may begin this way.
Good Morning everyone. Today, I’d like to discuss two pieces of literature that offer a
powerful insight into how we can learn to deal with loss. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

You may end in this way

To conclude, I’d like to say that -
Thank you.
Ans. Good morning everyone. Today, I’d like to discuss two pieces of literature that offer a
powerful insight into how we learn to deal with loss.
It is a bitter truth that sorrows are a part and parcel of life and one can attain peace only by
acceptance. The Buddha says that everything in this world is subject to death.
This world is full of sufferings, death and decay. Death spares none. Death is the ultimate
truth of life. Everything that is born today will die sooner or later. No lamentation or
grieving will bring the dead to life again.

[160]
 English
To conclude I would like to add gain and loss, getting and losing are the essentials in the
cycle of life. One should learn epistemology or the knowledge and nature of the loss like the
little boy did who had lost his priced possession (ball) for the first time in his life and we
must learn to accept harsh reality and move on.
Thank you
3. What message might the Buddha's story hold for those who are in positions of power and
privilege? (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. The Buddha wants us to understand that this world is full of sufferings, death and decay.
Death spares none. Death is the ultimate truth of life. Everything that is born today will die
sooner or later. Whether rich or poor, whether powerful or weak, death is common to all.
4. What did Kisa Gotami do after the death of her son? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. When her Kita Gotami’s son died, she went from house to house, asking if she could get
some medicine that would cure her child. No, she did not get it as her child was already
dead and no medicine could bring him back to life.
5. How, according to Buddha, can one obtain peace of mind? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans: According to Buddha in “The Sermon at Benares,” one can obtain peace of mind by
eliminating desires and cravings, which are the root causes of suffering.
6. How does Buddha bring about a different perspective in Kisa Gotami’s understanding of
life? (CBSE 2022) (4 Marks)
Ans. In “The Sermon at Benaras,” Buddha helps Kisa Gotami see life from a new perspective. Kisa
Gotami was grieving deeply over the death of her child and sought help from Buddha, who
advised her to bring him mustard seeds from a house where no one had died. As she
searched, she realized that death is a natural part of life and that every family has
experienced loss. This made her understand that her suffering was not unique, and it
helped her accept the impermanence of life. Buddha’s teachings shifted Kisa Gotami’s focus
from her personal grief to a broader understanding of suffering and compassion for others.
This experience led her to become a follower of Buddha and embrace his teachings on the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

nature of life and suffering.

7. How did the Buddha make Kisa Gotami realise the reality of death? (100 - 160 words)
(CBSE 2020) (8 Marks)
Ans. Kisa Gotami was bereaved at her son’s death and sought Buddha, pleading with him to
provide her medicine so that her son may live again. Buddha requested that she bring him
a handful of mustard seeds from a residence where no one had perished. However, Kisa
Gotami was unable to locate such a residence. She suddenly realised that death is
unavoidable and that no one can avoid it.
Later, in his talk, The Buddha told her that life is short and terrible. He compares life to an
earthen pot, claiming that just as the pot would break, so will life. A knowledgeable person
does not weep because he is aware of the truth. Weeping does not provide mental
tranquilly. Only those who have learned to control their grief will be at peace.

[161]
[162]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

14 The Proposal

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. And it’s impossible for me not to marry. In the first place, I’m already 35 – a critical age, so
to speak. In the second place, I ought to lead a quite and regular life. I suffer from
palpitations, I’m excitable and always getting awfully upset, at this very moment my lips
are trembling and there’s a twitch in my right eyebrow. But the very worst of all is the way
I sleep. I no sooner get into bed and begin to go off, when suddenly something in my left
side gives a pull, and I can feel it in my shoulder and head... I jump up like a lunatic, walk
about a bit and die down again, but as soon as I begin to set off to sleep there’s another pull!
And this may happen twenty times.
(a) Who is the speaker of the line, “I’m already 35 – a critical age, so to speak.” (1 Mark)
(1) Ivan Lomov (2) Natalya (3) Chubukov (4) None of these
(b) What kind of life does the speaker want to lead? (1 Mark)
(c) Why is the speaker so much upset with his physical condition? (2 Marks)
(d) Choose the correct word that means: A person who behaves in a stupid way doing crazy
and often dangerous things. (1 Mark)
(1) twitch (2) awfully upset (3) excitable (4) lunatic
Ans. (a) (1) Ivan Lomov
(b) The speaker wants to lead a quiet and regular (married) life.
(c) The speaker suffers from palpitations, hyper-tension and is awfully upset due to many
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

ailments.
(d) (4) lunatic
2. I can make you a present of them myself, because they’re mine! Your behaviour, Ivan
Vassilevitch, is strange, to say the least! Up to this we have always thought of you as a good
neighbour, a friend, last year we lent you our threshing machine, although on that account
we had to put off our own threshing till November, but you behave to use as if we were
gypsies. Giving me my own land, indeed! No, really, that’s not at all neighbourly! In my
opinion, it’s even impudent, if you want to know.
(a) Who is the speaker of the line, “We had to put off our own threshing till November”. (1 Mark)
(1) Ivan Vassilevitch Lomov (2) Natalya
(3) Chubukov (4) None of these

[163]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) What does the speaker want to present and to whom? (2 Marks)
(c) Whose behaviour seems to be strange? (1 Mark)
(d) What did Chubukovs lend to Lomovs? (1 Mark)
(1) meadows (2) washing machine
(3) threshing machine (4) fields
Ans. (a) (3) Chubukov
(b) The speaker wants to present Oxen Meadows to Chubukovs.
(c) According to Natalya, Lomov’s behaviour seems to be rather strange.
(d) (3) threshing machine
3. I can make you a present of them myself, because they’re mine! Your behaviour, Ivan
Vassilevitch, is strange, to say the least! Up to this we have always thought of you as a good
neighbour, a friend, last year we lent you our threshing machine, although on that account
we had to put off our own threshing till November, but you behave to use as if we were
gypsies. Giving me my own land, indeed! No, really, that’s not at all neighbourly! In my
opinion, it’s even impudent, if you want to know.
(a) What does the speaker want to present and to whom? (1 Mark)
(b) Whose behaviour seems to be strange? (1 Mark)
(c) What did Chubukovs lend to Lomovs? (1 Mark)
(d) What is not at all neighbourly? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The speaker wants to present Oxen Meadows to Chubukovs.
(b) According to Natalya, Lomov’s behaviour seems to be rather strange.
(c) Chubukov’s lent Lomvos their threshing machine.
(d) Giving her own land to her is not at all an act of a good neighbour.
4. There’s some demon of contradiction in you today, Ivan Vassilevitch. First you pretend that
the Meadows are yours; now, that Guess is better than Squeezer. I don’t like people who
don’t say what they mean, because you know perfectly well that Squeezer is a hundred
times better than your silly Guess. Why do you want to say he isn’t?
(a) What does Natalya accuse Lomov of? (1 Mark) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) What did Lomov pretend? (1 Mark)

(c) Who does Natalya think better than Guess? (2 Marks)
(d) Who does Natalya call silly? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Natalya accuses Lomov of suffering from self-contradictions.
(b) Lomov pretended that Oxen meadows belonged to him.
(c) Natalya thinks that her dog Squeezer is a hundred times better than Guess.
(d) Natalya calls Lomov’s dog Squeezer, a silly dog.
5. Yes really, what sort of a hunter are you, anyway? You ought to sit at home with your
palpitations, and not go tracking animals. You could go hunting, but you only go to argue
with people and interfere with their dogs and so on. Let’s change the subject in case I lose
my temper. You’re not a hunter at all, anyway!
[164]
 English
(a) Does Chubukov think Lomov is a good hunter? (1 Mark)
(b) What does Chubukov ask Lomov to do? (2 Marks)
(c) What does Lomov always do according to Chubukov? (1 Mark)
(d) Why does Chubukov ask Lomov to change the subject? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) No, Chubukov thinks Lomov is not a hunter at all.
(b) Chubukov asks Lomov to sit at home with his palpitations and not to go for hunting.
(c) Lomov always argues with people and interferes with their dogs.
(d) If Lomov doesn’t change the subject, Chubukov can lose his temper.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why does Lomov come to Chubukov? How does Chubukov react to his visit? (3 Marks)
Ans. Lomov, a landlord, pays a visit to Chubukov. The purpose of his visit is quite clear. He has
come with a proposal of marriage. He is interested in marrying Natalya who he considers a
good housekeeper and not bad looking Chubukov misunderstands the purpose of Lomov’s
visit. He thinks that he has come to borrow money from him. However, when he comes to
know that he has come with a marriage proposal, he is overjoyed and excited.
2. How does Chubukov react when he comes to know that Lomov has come with a proposal
of marrying his daughter Natalya? (3 Marks)
Ans. Soon the misunderstanding is cleared. Chubukov comes to know that Lomov has not come
to borrow money instead he has come with a proposal of marrying his daughter Natalya.
He is extremely happy to hear it. This is exactly what he wants. He embraces and kisses
Lomov. He calls him “darling” and “angel”. He tells Lomov that he has been hoping it for a
long time. He is ready to bless them.
3. Describe Oxen Meadows. How were they a bone of contention between Lomov’s and
Natalya’s family? (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Lomov and his rich landlord Chubukov are neighbours. A piece of land known as Oxen
Meadows become a bone of contention between the two families. Both of them claim their
ownership over the Meadows. Lomov says that Oxen Meadows were given to Chubukov’s
peasants for free use. They were to make bricks for the Lomovs. The Chubukovs contest
this claim of Lomov.
4. Why does Natalya think that Lomov’s behaviour is strange and he is simply joking and
making fun of her? (3 Marks)
Ans. Natalya thinks that Lomov’s behaviour is quite strange. He is only joking and making fun of
her. She claims that they have Oxen Meadows for nearly 300 years. She is suddenly told
that it is not theirs. It is strange that Lomov is making a present of the Meadows to them
which are not owned by him. It is unlike a good neighbour and a friend.

[165]
Compendium: Class 10
5. Besides Oxen Meadows what is the other important cause of quarrel between Lomov and
Natalya? (3 Marks)
Ans. Natalya and Lomov have already quarrelled over the ownership of Oxen Meadows. Now crops
up a fresh cause of their quarrel. It is over their dogs, Squeezer and Guess. Natalya thinks that
their Squeezer is a thoroughbred animal. He is far better than his dog Guess. Natalya calls
Guess an old and a worthless dog. The quarrel continues even after they are married.
6. Give in brief the character-sketch of Lomov. (3 Marks)
Ans. Lomov is a middle-aged man of thirty five. He suffers from palpitations, cramps and numbness
of limbs. He is nervous and can’t speak and act like a calm composed man. He comes to
Natalya’s house with a proposal of marriage but soon forgets the real purpose of his visit. He
picks up unnecessary quarrels over Oxen Meadows and on their respective dogs.
7. What opinion of Chubukov do you form after reading ‘The Proposal’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Chubukov is a rich landlord and a neighbour of Lomov. He is short tempered and rash in
behaviour. He wants Lomov to be married to Natalya. But he forgets the main issue and joins the
quarrels between Lomov and Natalya. He adds only fuel to the fire. He can be abusive and
insulting. However, he grabs the opportunity and blesses Natalya and Lomov in the end.
8. What opinion do you form of Natalya after reading the play, ‘The proposal’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Natalya is a woman of twenty five years. Lomov considers her a good housekeeper and not bad
looking. She likes to get married with Lomov. However, she indulges in unnecessary quarrels
over Oxen Meadows and dogs. She even insults Lomov with harsh words. However, good sense
prevails upon her and she doesn’t lose the opportunity of marrying Lomov.
9. How does Lomov come to Chubukov’s house? What for does he come? How is he received?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Lomov comes to Chubukov’s house in evening dress with gloves on. He comes to propose
to his daughter Natalya. He is received with all the respect by Chubukov. It is clear by
Chubukov’s words like ‘My angel’, ‘My dear fellow’, ‘My treasure’.
10. What is the point of dispute between Lomov and Natalya when they meet the first time?
How does Lomov prove his point? (3 Marks) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. The point of dispute is of Oxen Meadows. Lomov says they are his. Natalya says they are
theirs. Lomov says that his aunt’s grandmother gave those Meadows to the peasants of
Natalya’s father’s grandfather. It was in return for their making bricks for them.
11. What does Natalya say to prove that Oxen Meadows are theirs? (3 Marks)
Ans. Natalya says that Oxen Meadows have been theirs for long. They had the land for nearly
three hundred years. These Meadows are not worth much to her. They are worth perhaps
300 roubles. But she won’t stand to unfairness. Oxen Meadows are theirs.
12. How do Lomov and Chubukov fight after talking about dogs etc.? (3 Marks)
Ans. Chubukov says that Lomov should sit at home with his heart-beats. He is not at all a hunter.
Lomov replies that he goes hunting to intrigue only. This starts their verbal fight. Lomov calls him
an ‘intriguer’. Chubukov calls him ‘pup’. Lomov calls him ‘old rat’. Chubukov calls him ‘fool’ etc.
[166]
 English
13. How is ‘The Proposal’ a great comedy? (3 Marks)
Ans. ‘The Proposal’ is a great comedy. It is because of the characters and the subject matter and
how they behave. Natalya, Lomov and Chubukov fight over foolish things. All these create
a lot of laughter. The verbal fights over Oxen Meadows and dogs are really full of humour.
14. How for is the title ‘The Proposal’ appropriate? (3 Marks)
Ans. ‘The Proposal’ is very appropriate if we see the subject. Lomov goes to Natalya’s house to
propose. He doesn’t propose at once. It is only in the end that he proposes to Natalya.
Natalya too wants this. The play is all about this. And it is a great comedy.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. In spite of being a good housekeeper educated and not bad looking, Natalya is quarrelsome,
vain and highly impulsive. Justify your answer. (6 Marks)
Ans. Natalya is daughter of a rich Russian landlord Chubukov. She is twenty-five-years old. She
knows that she must marry and not lose a suitable match for her. She doesn’t want to miss
any opportunity to marry her neighbour and landlord Lomov. Natalya is a good
housekeeper, educated and not bad looking. Even Lomov acknowledges her skill and
suitability as his life partner. He himself comes to her house with a proposal of marriage.
In spite of having many good qualities which helps her to be an ideal wife, Natalya has
certain weaknesses in her character. She is quarrelsome like her father. She doesn’t seem
to be practical and prudent. She is ‘a love-sick car’. She is dying to marry Lomov. However,
she forgets the main issue but indulges in unnecessary quarrels over the ownership of Oxen
Meadows. She irritates Lomov by proving the superiority of her dog Squeezer over his dog
Guess. However, she grabs the opportunity in the end. As directed by Chubukov, she
embraces, blesses and gets married to Lomov at once. But old habits die hard. She starts
her married life with a fresh quarrel.
2. Chubukov has all the attributes of a quarrelsome rich Russian landlord. Instead of solving
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

the problems, he only adds fuel into the fire in their quarrel over Oxen Meadows and the
dogs. Justify the statement. (6 Marks)
Ans. Chubukov represents a typical rich landlord of 19th century Russia. He seems to be fairly
rich and resourceful. Even his neighbour Lomov acknowledges the frequent help rendered
to him by Chubukov. He his threshing machine of Lomov. On account of this help, he has to
put off their own threshing till November. Chubukov is quite practical. He knows that
Lomov can be a good match for his daughter Natalya. So, he at once gives the assent to
Lomov’s proposal of marrying her. Actually, he has been waiting for such a proposal for a
long time. Chubukov is a landlord and can’t resist his hunger for land. He opposes the claim
of Lomov over the ownership of Oxen Meadows. He even threatens to send his mowers out
to the Meadows.

[167]
Compendium: Class 10
Chubukov can be quite quarrelsome, abusing and insulting. He always sides with his
daughter. He picks up a quarrel on Oxen Meadows. He calls Lomov “a landgrabber” and
“villain”. He abuses his grandfather of being a “drunkard” and his father a ‘gambler’. He
jumps into the quarrel and adds only fuel to the fire. However, Chubukov is a great
opportunity. He grabs the opportunity the moment Lomov comes into the senses. He makes
Natalya kiss and embrace Lomov and gets them married.
3. What are the main points of controversy over the ownership of Oxen Meadows between
Chubukov and Lomov? How and why does Natalya jump into the quarrel? (6 Marks)
Ans. The ownership of Oxen Meadows is claimed by both the families, the Lomov and the
Chubukovs. It becomes a bone of contention between them. Lomov claims that his Oxen
Meadows touch the birdwoods of Chubukov. Natalya contests the claim. She claims that
they belong to them. Lomov explains that his aunt’s grandmother gave the free use of the
Meadows to the peasants of the Chubukovs. In return they were to make bricks for the
Lomovs. Natalya claims that their land expands to Burnt Marsh. Hence, Oxen Meadows
belong to them. They have had the land for 300 years. Lomov is ready to present the
necessary documents to prove his ownership over the Meadows. Natalya threatens to send
her mowers to the Meadows. Chubukow comes in and jumps into the quarrel. He sides with
his daughter. Lomov threatens to go to the court. There is a free exchange of abuses and
insults. Chubukov calls Lomov’s grandfather a drunkard. Lomov calls Chubukov’s mother
hump backed. Natalya calls Chubukov’s mother hump-baked. Natalya calls Lomov
dishonest, rascal and mean. Chubukov calls Lomov a villain and a scarecrow. The dispute
ends, when Natalya comes to know about the marriage proposal. She surrenders her claim
and accepts that the Meadows belong to Lomov.
4. Neighbours must have a cordial relationship which Lomov and Natalya do not have.
Describe the first fight between them. (6 Marks) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Lomov meets Natalya and rather than proposing her he gets off the point. He tells her how
he inherited his land and how he respects her father. He also tells Natalya that his Oxen
Meadows touch Natalya’s Birchwood. On hearing this, Natalya says that Oxen Meadows are
theirs. They start arguing about it. Lomov clarifies that he is talking about the Oxen
Meadows that are between her Birchwoods and Burnt marsh. Natalya again insists that
they are theirs. Lomov refuses it. He tells her that his aunt’s grandmother gave those
meadows to her father’s grandfather. The peasants used the land for forty years and started
regarding it as their own. Natalya’s father comes and also starts quarrelling with Lomov.
They get into a heated argument and resort to name-calling and after some time, Lomov
leaves their house.
[168]
 English

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Lomov : Hear me out, I implore you! The peasants of your father’s grandfather, as I have
already had the honour of explaining to you, used to bake bricks for my aunt’s
grandmother. Now my aunt’s grandmother, wishing to make them a present.
Natalya : I can’t make head or tail of all this about aunts and grandfathers and
grandmothers. The Meadows are ours, that’s all.
Lomov : Mine
Natalya : Ours! You can go proving it for two days on end. (CBSE 2025)
(i) What is Lomov pleading for? (1 Mark)
(a) to be heard (b) bricks for his aunt’s grandmother
(c) documents of the Meadows (d) for two days time to prove himself
Ans. (a) to be heard
(ii) What effect does the following sentence have on Natalya? Why? (2 Marks)
‘The peasants of your father’s grandfather _____ used to bake bricks for my aunt’s grandmother.’
Ans. This sentence confuses and frustrates Natalya because she finds Lomov’s argument about
ancestors and land ownership irrelevant. She is only concerned about claiming the
Meadows as her own, without bothering about historical details.
(iii) Fill in the blank with the correct word from the bracket: (1 Mark)
The use of the phrase ‘can’t make head or tail adds toe a sense of _______ (confusion/
realization) to the extract.
Ans. confusion
(iv) What is Lomov trying to prove? (1 Mark)
Ans. Lomov is trying to prove that the Meadows rightfully belong to him by providing historical
references about his family’s ownership. However, his argument is complex and
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

unconvincing to Natalya.
2. Lomov : But you can see from the documents, honoured Natalya Stepanovna. Oxen
Meadows, its true were once the subject of dispute, but now everybody knows
they are mine. There’s nothing to argue about. You see my aunts grandmother
gave the free use of these Meadows in perpetuity to the peasants of your
father’s grandfather, in return for which they were to make bricks for her. The
peasants belonging to your father’s grandfather had the free use of Meadows
for forty years, and had got into the habit of regarding them as their own, when
it happened that _____________
Natalya : No, it isn’t at all like that ! Both grandfather and great grandfather reckoned
that their land extended o Burnt Marsh- which means Oxen Meadows were
ours. I don’t see what there is to argue about, its simply silly. (CBSE 2023)
[169]
Compendium: Class 10
(i) The subject of dispute was regarding (1 Mark)
(a) free use of Meadows (b) making of bricks
(c) peasants using Meadows (d) ownership of Meadows
Ans. (d) ownership of Meadows
(ii) Find the word from the extract which means ‘continuance’. (1 Mark)
(a) dispute (b) perpetuity (c) belonging (d) reckoned
Ans. (b) perpetuity
(iii) Lomov’s aunt’s grandmother gave Oxen Meadows to Natalya’s father’s grandfather in lieu
of ___________. (1 Mark)
Ans. baking bricks for her
(iv) According to Natalya why did Oxen Meadows belong to them? (1 Mark)
Ans. Both grandfather and great grandfather reckoned that their land extended to burnt Marsh
(v) Fill in the blank with one word only. (1 Mark)
The peasants had free use of Meadows for __________ years.
Ans. forty
3. Engaging in discussions and disputes rarely leads to problem resolution. Support the
statement with evidence from the text. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. In The Proposal, the characters argue excessively, delaying the actual marriage proposal.
Their disputes highlight how arguments hinder problem-solving instead of resolving
conflicts, emphasising that unnecessary quarrels often escalate situations rather than
bringing meaningful solutions.
4. Comment on the significance of the title 'The Proposal' in the play. Provide two examples
from the play to support your explanation. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The title "The Proposal" is significant since it all centres on the marriage proposal from
Lomov to Natalya. The proposal sparks humorous quarrels over belongings and dogs,
demonstrating the misunderstandings between the characters, ultimately leading to a
reconciliation and agreement. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

5. How did Chubukov react when Lomov asked for the hand of his daughter in marriage?
(CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. When Lomov says that he has come to ask for the hand of his daughter, Chubukov feels
ecstatic. He loses his balance and embraces Lomov. He even sheds a tear of joy and calls for
God’s blessings for Lomov and Natalya.
6. Write a brief character sketch of Lomov. (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. Lomov in “The Proposal” is portrayed as a hypochondriac landowner who is overly
concerned with property disputes and health issues. He is portrayed as nervous,
argumentative, and prone to overreacting
7. What was the objective of Lomov’s visit to Chubukov’s house? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. Lomov visited Chubukov’s house to propose marriage to Chubukov’s daughter, Natalya.
[170]
 English

15 Dust of Snow

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. The way a crow
Shook down on me
The dust of snow
From a hemlock tree.
(a) How did the crow come and sit on the tree? (1 Mark)
(b) What did the crow do to the hemlock tree? (1 Mark)
(1) Shook water (2) Shook snow (3) Shook dust (4) Shook feathers
(c) Where do you think was the poet then? (1 Mark)
(1) Under the hemlock tree (2) In his house
(3) On the street (4) In a park
(d) What happened to the poet? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) All of a sudden, a crow came from nowhere and sat on the hemlock tree.
(b) (2) Shook snow
(c) (1) Under the hemlock tree
(d) A fine dust of snow was falling on him from above when he was sitting / standing under
the hemlock tree.
2. Has given my heart
A change of mood
And saved some part
Of a day I had rued.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) What had given the poet ‘a change of mood’? (1 Mark)

(1) The falling of dust of snow on the poet had changed his mood.
(2) The falling of dust of sand on the poet had changed his mood.
(3) The falling of drops of rain on the poet had changed his mood.
(4) The falling of drops of dew on the poet had changed his mood.
(b) What does the crow symbolise? (1 Mark)
(1) The crow symbolises the poet’s sad and depressive mood.
(2) The crow symbolises happiness.
(3) The crow symbolises euphoria.
(4) The crow symbolises aporia.
(c) Why did the poet rue earlier? (1 Mark)
(d) What does the poet mean when he says that he had saved some part of the day? (2 Marks)
[171]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. (a) (1) The falling of dust of snow on the poet had changed his mood.
(b) (1) The crow symbolises the poet’s sad and depressive mood.
(c) Earlier, the poet felt deeply sad that the whole day had been wasted.
(d) The poet has saved some part of the day as he did not waste the time in repenting and regretting.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Describe the scene of falling of the dust snow. What impact does it have on the poet? (3 Marks)
Ans. It was a dull and depressive day of the winter. Snow was falling. The fine dust of snow had
accumulated on the top of the trees. Nature seemed to be in its elemental and raw state.
However, the fall of fine dust of snow brought a sudden change in the mood of the poet. His
depressive spirits were uplifted and his mood became cheerful.
2. ‘The crow’ and the ‘hemlock tree’ are generally considered to be inauspicious and ominous
symbols. Does the poet use them so? (3 Marks)
Ans. ‘The crow’ and ‘the hemlock tree’, no doubt, don’t represent cheerfulness or brightness.
Both of them are generally considered to be inauspicious. But ‘the crow’ in the poem causes
the dust of snow fall on the poet. This leads to the sudden change of mood in the poet. The
feeling of cheerfulness replaces the feeling of regret. Similarly, the hemlock tree is the tree
under which the poet is standing and experiencing the change of his mood.
3. What is the message that Robert Frost wants to convey to the readers in the poem ‘Dust of
snow’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Robert Frost gives quite a positive message to the readers. Depression and hopelessness
do cloud our hearts, spirits and moods. However, there is a silver lining beyond every cloud.
The poet had given up all hopes and declared that the whole day would go waste. Suddenly,
the falling of fine dust of snow on him, brings a sudden change in his mood. Cheerfulness
replaces the feeling of regret.
4. What happened when the dust of snow fell on Robert Frost? (3 Marks)
Ans. Robert Frost was unhappy. He was deep down in his heart due to some personal reasons.
When the dust of snow fell on him, his mental state changed. Now he looked at the
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
surroundings in a cheerful manner.
5. What did the poet think of the day before the fall of dust of snow on him? (3 Marks)
Ans. The crow sat on the tree and shook the dust of snow. It fell on the poet. Before the fall of
dust of snow, the poet thought he had a bad day. But the fall signalled something good and
joyful. The poet began thinking of the day in a good mood.
6. What is the theme or central idea of Robert Frost’s poem ‘Dust of Snow’? How has it been
illustrated? (3 Marks)
Ans. Robert Frost’s eight-line poem is built upon the idea that nature has its own subtle ways to
help us fight our depression. The poet stood under a tree. A crow shook the branch. The
snow dust fell on the poet. He at once got busy to clear the snow dust. He clearly forgot all
he was thinking about earlier, and shook off his depressive thoughts became cheerful to do
something useful.
[172]
 English
7. How has the poet observed nature in the poem ‘Dust of Snow’? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet has observed nature as a positive medium of change for him. He had been in the
sorrowful and depressive mood. But then the way a crow shook snow dust off, it changed
his mood. Nature gave him the inspiration to behave in a positive manner.
8. The trees have been shown to have human qualities in the poem. Justify the statement with
any two instances from the text. (3 Marks)
Ans. Nature represented by trees and forests, is struggling like women to escape from the
onslaughts of man to destroy it. The victorious march of the trees gives a message of hope
that nature can't be tamed or subdued by the arrogance of man.
9. 'Dust of Snow' is one of Frost's most loved poems. Elaborate why you think this is so. (3 Marks)
Ans. 'Dust of snow' is a beautiful poem written by Robert Frost. It depicts a simple moment, but
it is of great significance. The poet is depressed and has lost all hope. He is sitting under a
hemlock tree. A small incident changes his sad mood. The poem teaches us that one should
never be desperate and hopeless.
10. The poem evokes a sense of black and white. Justify. (3 Marks)
Ans. With reference to the poem 'Dust of Snow', the underlying message for us in our hectic life
is that we should enjoy nature to the utmost and we should have a positive outlook even
towards simple acts because they can lead to the learning of greater lessons of enjoying life.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Poets have great power of imagination. Robert Frost also explains his imagination very well
and proves that sometimes the bad symbols change into boon. Discuss. (6 Marks)
Ans. It is well known that poets have great imaginative power. On the basis of this power, the
poet gives this world a new idea and pleasure. They do deep down into the ocean of
imagination and carry the valuable things. Then they present before the world an exotic
moment. Robert Frost, in this poem, represents the crow and hemlock tree as inauspicious.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

But when the crow shakes off the dust of snow from the hemlock tree, it falls on the poet. It
changes his dejected mood and saves the day from being spoilt.
2. Our mental condition depends on our surroundings and it can be changed according to it.
Explain and prove. (6 Marks)
Ans. It is true that our mental condition depends on our surroundings. For example if we go at
greener places, or nearby waterfalls, we get immense pleasure.
This poem also describes it. The poet was sitting under a hemlock tree in dejected mood,
but when a crow shakes this tree and dust of snow falls on the poet, it changes the poet’s
mood. It was a pleasant incident.
3. Nature has the power to lift our mood even when we are highly despondent. Comment on
the basis of your understanding of the poem ‘Dust of Snow’. (6 Marks)

[173]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. The poem, ‘Dust of Snow’ by Robert Frost is a poem which enlightens us how small things of
nature can refresh us and cheer us for the rest of the day. Though Frost has beautifully depicted
a crow and a hemlock tree, both of these are associated with bad-omen and fear. But they have
been used by the poet Frost to uplift his mood and make him feel positive. Frost’s writing skill
as a poet lies in the fact that he is able to effectively convey to us how such a thing as the falling
of snow flakes from the top of tree can have a refreshing effect on the mind of man. So every
aspect of [Link] it a crow or hemlock tree can be a source of positivity and can be helpful in
lifting a depressed mind. In other words, everything in the world is beautiful. Nature and its
creations have the power to uplift mood even when we are in depressed state of mind. A small
incident of snow falling, that too by the action of a crow (who is considered a bad omen) takes
away the pall of sadness from the poet’s mind and refreshes him for the rest of the day.
4. Small things in life make significant changes in our life. Elaborate with reference to the
poem ‘Dust of Snow’. (6 Marks)
Ans. The poem, ‘Dust of Snow’, reiterates that the little things in life can make huge changes in
our future. It also shows that if we can take the hard times of life in stride, eventually
something will happen to change our situation into happier times.
The simple things that we do for others can make all the difference. Just think about those
random acts of kindness we do and how much they brighten a person’s day and sometimes
change their future. Noticing and appreciating all the small things in life will make our life
happier. It will also cause us to have a spirit that is willing to change and therefore succeed.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. In the poem "Dust of Snow", the 'hemlock tree' and the 'crow' hold specific meanings. Elaborate
on how these symbols are utilised within the context of the poem. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. In Dust of Snow, the hemlock tree and crow, traditionally symbols of negativity, represent
change and transformation. Their presence in the poem signifies an unexpected positive
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
shift, showing how even unremarkable moments can bring a fresh perspective on life.
2. Robert Frost's view of nature changes when he talks about it positively in 'Dust of Snow',
but negatively in 'Fire and Ice'. Justify the statement. (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Robert Frost presents contrasting views of nature in Dust of Snow and Fire and Ice. In Dust
of Snow, nature is portrayed positively as a source of transformation and hope. A simple
act-a crow shaking snow onto the poet-brightens his mood, symbolising nature's power to
uplift and heal. However, in Fire and Ice, Frost uses natural elements metaphorically to
represent destruction. Fire symbolises uncontrolled passion, while ice signifies hatred,
both leading to the world's end. Unlike the optimism in Dust of Snow, Fire and Ice presents
a grim perspective on human emotions and their consequences. This contrast highlights
Frost's ability to depict nature both as a source of comfort and a force of destruction.

[174]
 English
3. It is our attitude towards a situation that makes it positive or negative. Do you agree with
it? Express your views with reference to the poem 'Dust of Snow'. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. I agree that our attitude significantly influences our perception of situations, as presented in the
poem 'Dust of Snow.' The poem illustrates how a simple, seemingly insignificant moment-a crow
shaking snow from a hemlock tree onto the narrator-alters his mood and outlook for the day.
This encounter, though minor, shifts the narrator's perspective, turning his day positive. It
underscores how embracing moments, regardless of their simplicity, can change our outlook,
highlighting the power of attitude in transforming our experiences from negative to positive.
4. Imagine Robert Frost from 'A Dust of Snow' met with Lencho from 'A Letter to God' and
discussed the various ways nature can influence a person's mood. Create this conversation
in not more than 120 words. You may begin this way. Lencho As a farmer, my livelihood
depends on nature and sometimes nature can be cruel. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Lencho As a farmer, my livelihood depends on nature and sometimes nature can be cruel.
Once, I was looking forward to the rain. In fact, I was hoping for it for my crops, and when
it did start to rain, I was so satisfied. I even went outside in the rain to feel the rain on my
skin and breathe in the sweet air. However, the weather very quickly changed and the rain
turned into a hailstorm. As a result, all of my crops were destroyed.
Robert Frost I'm so sorry that happened to you. Nature can definitely be cruel but I've noticed
that it can also be full of hope. I was once having a bad day when some dust of snow fell on me. It
was so small and beautiful that it completely lifted my mood. I think the way nature influences
our mood depends on a variety of factors. I felt hope because I saw the beauty in that moment.
However, had I seen a hailstorm that destroyed a farm, I'm sure I would have felt hopeless too.
Lencho It's interesting you say that you found hope in nature. For me, I found hope and
faith in God. And you're right, there are definitely a lot of factors that contribute to how
nature can influence our mood. Once the hailstorm was over, my entire field was covered
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

in a sheet of white. Anyone else seeing that may have felt it was beautiful and the view may
have lifted their spirits. However, since that sheet of white meant that all my hard work had
gone to waste and my family would go hungry, to me, it only represented sorrow.
Robert Frost Yes, we may not know whether nature can influence someone's mood in a
good way or a bad way, but what we do know is that nature is powerful and capable of
affecting our moods and feelings.
5. "Has given my heart A change of mood" What is the poet's mood now? (CBSE 2021) (2 Marks)
(a) Appreciative of nature (b) Thoughtful
(c) Happy (d) Cool
Ans. (c) Happy

[175]
[176]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

16 Fire and Ice

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Some say the world will end in fire
Some say in ice
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favour fire.
(a) What does desire mean here? (1 Mark)
(1) Man’s passion (2) Man’s greediness
(3) Man’s violence (4) Both (1) and (3)
(b) What do others say? (2 Marks)
(c) What has the poet tasted? (1 Mark)
(d) Name the poetic device(s) used in the stanza. (1 Mark)
(1) Imagery (2) Symbolism (3) Personification (4) All of the above
Ans. (a) (4) Both (1) and (3)
(b) Others believe that in the end this existing world will be frozen to ice.
(c) The poet has tasted the passions and pangs of love and desire.
(d) (4) All of the above
2. But if it has to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

To say that for destruction ice

Is also great.
And would suffice.
(a) Pick the option that is NOT TRUE about the poet according to the extract. (1 Mark)
The poet __________________________
(1) is inclined to believe that the world would most likely end with fire.
(2) has heard divided opinions about the way the world would end in all likelihood.
(3) preaches love and kindness to combat the spread of hate among all.
(4) declares the power of ice to be as destructive as that of fire.
(b) What does the poet know enough? (2 Marks)

[177]
Compendium: Class 10
(c) The poem is a __________________, put across by the poet. (1 Mark)
(1) powerful warning (2) heart-felt apology
(3) earnest appeal (4) vengeful threat
(d) What does ‘ice’ symbolise in these lines? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (4) declares the power of ice to be as destructive as that of fire.
(b) The poet knows that there is enough of hatred in this world.
(c) (4) vengeful threat
(d) ‘Ice’ here symbolises cold reasoning devoid of all human warmth and feelings.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What do people think about the end of the world? Who does the poet side with and why?
(3 Marks)
Ans. People are divided over the cause of the end of this world. Some people think that ‘fire’
symbolised by unbridled passions, desires and fury will destroy this world. Others believe
that ‘ice’ symbolised by cold reasoning, indifference and hatred will be the cause of
destruction. The poet sides with those who believe that ‘fire’ or unbridled passions and
desires will result in the destruction for the world.
2. What will be the cause of the end of the world if it has to perish twice? (3 Marks)
Ans. This world is not eternal. Its end is certain. The poet sides with those people who think that
‘fire’ will cause the end of the existing world. But if this world has to perish twice then ‘ice’
is as strong to bring the end of the world as ‘fire’ is. Icy reasoning devoid of human love and
sympathy and hatred are sufficient to bring an end of this world.
3. How does the poet ‘know enough of hate’? Where will this ‘hate’ lead to? (3 Marks)
Ans. ‘Icy’ or cold reasoning can lead to rigidity, indifference and insensitiveness. This can take
away all warmth of human feelings, love and sympathy. The result can be disastrous.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
‘Hatred’ born out of cold and ‘Icy’ reasoning can lead to the destruction of the world.
4. What is the message of the poem ‘Fire and Ice’? (3 Marks)
Ans. The metaphors of ‘fire’ and ‘ice are used very effectively to convey a definite message to the
readers. ‘Fire’ here stands for our unbridled, uncontrolled and unchecked passions, desires,
lust and fury. Such passions are disastrous to human beings. Similarly cold reasoning
devoid of all human warmth, love, sympathy will bring insensitivity, cruelty and rigidity.
This hatred will lead to the end of this world.
5. How will the world end twice? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet says that if the world shall end twice, it will surely end. It will end due to hatred.
The poet feels that hatred is spreading much among the people of the world. It is a very sad
thing. This shall end the world one day.

[178]
 English
6. What’s the deeper meaning given in the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. The deeper meaning is that ‘desire’ and ‘hatred’ are spreading much in the world. People
say that the world shall end due to ‘fire’ or ‘ice’. But he feels that various human emotions
symbolise both of these. ‘Fire’ shall end it. But ‘ice’ shall end it twice.
7. Write the sum and substance of the poem ‘Fire and Ice’. (3 Marks)
Ans. The crystal clear message that the poet is trying to give is that nothing in this world is
eternal. The poet first concludes that the world must end in fire after considering his
personal experience with desire and passion, the emotions of fire. But at the same time, ice
or hatred can also bring total destruction of this world. We should thus, not forget this
supreme reality and keep ourselves above all selfish matters.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What do the metaphors of ‘ice and ‘fire’ convey to the readers? Don’t they represent the
two extremes of human behaviour that can lead to the destruction and death of this world?
What is the message that the poet wants to give to the readers? (6 Marks)
Ans. The poet has touched the universal issue of the ending of this existing world. He gives a
message as well as warning to human beings. Man is swaying between two extremes — ‘fire’
and ‘ice’. Sometimes he is torn by his unbridled fire of passions, desire, lusts, longings and fury.
This results in greed, avarice and passionate love. All such extremes can lead to unavoidable
conflicts and disasters. If not controlled, they can help in bringing an early end of this world.
The other extreme behaviour of human being is born out of cold and ‘icy’ reasoning. When
our cold reasoning becomes completely devoid of human warmth, feelings, love and
sympathy, it breeds hatred. Hatred born out of cold indifference, insensitivity and rigidity
is strong enough to cause the end of this world. Humanity can redeem itself and possibly
save or delay the end of the world by giving up such extremes of thinking and behaviour.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. The poem ‘Fire and Ice’, carries with it very deep thematic ideas. Elaborate on these darkest
traits of humanity. (6 Marks)
Ans. Frost presents the two of the darkest traits of humanity; the capacity to hate and the
capacity to be consumed by lust or desire. Of the two, he attributes the greater of the two
evils, is desire. In giving desire the foremost position with regard to the destruction of the
world, Frost is providing a powerful statement on the subject of greed and jealousy, saying
that above all else, desire is the trait of humanity that is most likely to lead to its demise.
Desire represents the greatest problem that attributes to the cause of the war, Frost then
attributes hatred with the same capacity to do harm. However, he lessens the relative
importance of hatred but still presents it as having the ability to lead to the destruction of
the world if it were to happen for a second time.
[179]
Compendium: Class 10
3. What deep meaning does the poem 'Fire and Ice' carry in it? (6 Marks)
Ans. The poet has compared fire to the dark side of humanity i.e., hatred and lust. According to
the poet, lust is a greater evil. Desire or lust is the cause of war. Hatred is also harmful. So,
the poem 'Fire and Ice' represents the two evils hatred and lust which lead to the
destruction of the world. According to the poet, fire stands for desire, greed and avarice.
The more you try to satisfy them, the more they grow. There is no end to it. They spread
rapidly like fire and ruin your whole life. On the other hand, 'ice' according to the poet,
stands for hatred, coldness and rigidity. One becomes insensitive and indifferent towards
the feelings of others. One becomes selfish and sometimes cruel also. The poet has used fire
and ice as symbols -not of natural disasters, but of humans ability to create disasters, of its
own due to their inner evil/feelings. The poet says that both fire and ice are growing with
such a rapid speed that the world would soon perish either way, in fire or in ice.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Some say the world will end in fire
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favour fire. (CBSE 2023)
(i) The speaker offers evidence to support his preference for one theory over the other.
Mention the evidence. (1 Mark)
Ans. Speaker offers the evidence of his own experience with desire for his preference for fire
(ii) What is the prediction of the poet about how the world will come to an end ? Answer in
about 40 words. (2 Marks)
Ans. (Any two value points) • views desire as a powerful force - can lead to destructive consequences
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
• sees desire as something intense and potentially destructive, can engulf and consume •
indicates desire can lead to chaos and upheaval, such as akin to raging fire. • believes that desire
has transformative qualities, as fire can purify and renew but also destroy.
(iii) “Fire” and “Ice” are used in the poem as _______. (1 Mark)
(a) similes (b) metaphors (c) repetition (d) oxymorons
Ans. (b) metaphors
(iv) Comment on the overall mood of the extract. (1 Mark)
Ans. (Any one value point) • overall mood- contemplative, introspective, reflective, sombre,
thought provoking, pessimistic, scary, frightening,(any other similar word) • speaker
reflects on the contrasting theories about the end of the world.

[180]
 English
2. Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favour fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Complete the analogy with reference to the text. (1 Mark)
Wish : Desire :: Die : ____?___
Ans. Perish
(ii) Complete the sentence appropriately. (1 Mark)
It is clear that alliteration is the poetic device for the 'world will' because __________.
Ans. the initial sounds of 'w' repeats in the closely connected words.
(iii) State whether the following statement is True or False. (2 Marks)
The poet believes that both feelings like indifference and jealousy and violence and rage
will end the world one day. Can you justify your answer.
Ans. The given statement is true.
The poet believes that both feelings like indifference and jealousy, and violence and rage
will end the world one day. Indifference and jealousy , and violence and rage leads to wars.
This ultimately leads to loss of life and environmental degradation. Hence, slowly and
gradually, our world will be destroyed.
(iv) Select the appropriate option to complete the sentence, according to the extract. (1 Mark)
I _________ those who favour ice.
(a) disbelieve (b) support (c) betray (d) belittle
Ans. (b) support
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. Discuss how extreme behaviour can hasten the end of the world with respect to ‘Fire and
Ice’. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. ‘Fire’ symbolises desire and ‘Ice’ symbolises hatred. Desire is a kind of intense love or want
that focuses people on getting and possessing and acquiring. Our society is full of people
who spend their lives working to get a bigger and better TV, a more stylish car or a more
extravagant house. This kind of desire can lead people to destruction in the form of
bankruptcy or even broken relationships. Frost’s poem speaks on the issue of greed
corrupting people and even society. The power of hate, which is symbolised by ice, is just
as great as desire. While desire consumes quickly, hate produces shy yet restrained
devastation. For instance, hate is the root cause of racism and war. It can linger in people’s
mind for lifetimes. Moreover, it consumes the hater even more than the person being hated.
It thus, ruins lives.
[181]
[182]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

17 A Tiger In The Zoo

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the question that follow.
1. He stalks in his vivid stripes
The few steps of his cage,
On pads of velvet quiet,
In his quiet rage.
(a) ‘Pads of velvet’ means: (1 Mark)
(1) tiger’s skin (2) tiger’s soft soles (3) tiger’s whiskers (4) none of the above
(b) Name three poetic devices that has been used in this stanza. (1 Mark)
(c) How is he walking in the cage? (1 Mark)
(1) Fast (2) Zigzag (3) Slowly (4) Not walking at all
(d) Why is he in his ‘quiet rage’? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) tiger’s soft soles
(b) Personification, Oxymoron, Metaphor
(c) (3) Slowly
(d) He is unhappy and angry but controls his rage quietly.
2. He should be lurking in shadow,
Sliding through long grass
Near the water hole
Where plump deer pass.
(a) Why does the tiger lurk in shadow? (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) Why does he slide through the long grass? (2 Marks)

(c) According to the extract, the poet wishes for the tiger to be ‘sliding’ through the foliage
as this would: (1 Mark)
(1) assist in keeping the prey unsuspecting of the predator’s sound.
(2) aid in camouflaging the presence of the predator before it rushes in.
(3) help the predator pounce on the prey comfortably without getting tired.
(4) support the predator’s vision as it eyes its prey.
(d) ‘Shadow’ here refers to: (1 Mark)
(1) tiger (2) long grass (3) water hole (4) deer
Ans. (a) The tiger generally goes to the water hole in search of his victims.
(b) He slides through the long grass to ambush his prey unseen and unnoticed.
[183]
Compendium: Class 10
(c) (1) assist in keeping the prey unsuspecting of the predator’s sound.
(d) (2) long grass
3. He should be snarling around houses
At the jungle sedge,
Baring his white fangs, his claws,
Terrorising the village!
(a) Where should be the tiger snarling around? (1 Mark)
(b) Where are the houses situated? (1 Mark)
(c) How does he terrorise the villagers? (2 Marks)
(d) Does he really attack the villagers? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) He should be snarling around the houses of the human settlement.
(b) The houses are situated at the edge of the jungle.
(c) He terrorises the villagers by opening out his long sharp teeth and powerful claws.
(d) No, he doesn’t really attack but only terrorises the villagers.
4. But he’s locked in a concrete cell,
His strength behind bars,
Stalking the length of his cage,
Ignoring visitors.
(a) Where is the tiger locked? (1 Mark)
(b) What has gone wrong with his strength? (1 Mark)
(c) Where does he stalk around? (1 Mark)
(d) Why does he ignore the visitors? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The tiger is locked in a cage made up of cement and concrete.
(b) The powerful tiger has been put behind the bars.
(c) He stalks proudly around the length of his cage.
(d) He hates to entertain the visitors and stalks proudly just ignoring them.
5. He hears the last voice at night, smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

The patrolling cars,

And stares with his brilliant eyes
At the brilliant stars.
(a) Where is the tiger locked in? (1 Mark)
(b) What does he hear at night? (1 Mark)
(c) Why does he stare at the brilliant stars? (1 Mark)
(d) Why do cars patrol at night? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The tiger is locked in a cage in a zoo.
(b) He hears the voice of the patrolling cars at night.
(c) He stares at the brilliant stars because they are shining freely in the sky.
(d) Cars patrol at night to supervise and safeguard the animals lodged in the zoo.
[184]
 English
6. He should be snarling around houses
At the jungle's edge,
Baring his white fangs, his claws,
Terrorising the village!
But he's locked in a concrete cell,
His strength behind bars,
Stalking the length of his cage,
Ignoring visitors.
(a) Fill in the blank with one word. (1 Mark)
The tiger is reacting to his imprisonment in the zoo by ________ visitors.
(b) We should protect the tigers as (1 Mark)
(1) they are majestic to look at (2) they attract visitors to the zoo
(3) they are ferocious (4) they are part of our environment
(c) Why does the tiger terrorise the villagers? (1 Mark)
(d) Where should the strength of the tiger be used according to the poet? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) ignoring
(b) they are part of our environment
(c) The tiger terrorises the villagers as they have cleared his habitat.
(d) The strength of the tiger should be used in the forest to hunt.
7. But if it had to perish twice
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.
(a) State whether the following statement is True or False. (1 Mark)
Ice melts the hate and destructive forces present around us.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) What is 'ice' symbolic of in the above extract? (1 Mark)

(c) What does the poet mean by saying that 'ice would also suffice'? (2 Marks)
(d) The use of the word 'perish' corresponds best with (1 Mark)
(1) disembark (2) revive (3) replenish (4) disintegrate
Ans. (a) False
(b) In the given extract, ice is symbolic of qualities like coldness, indifference, insensitivity
and hatred, which can freeze relationships and foster cruelty.
(c) By the given statement, poet means that ice can also bring in great destruction to our
planet. Ice, or hatred, is also capable of destroying the world just as much as fire, or
desire and passion.
(d) (4) disintegrate

[185]
Compendium: Class 10
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How does the tiger terrorise the villagers? Does he have any intention of killing them?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Sometimes, the tiger roams around freely and comes near the edge of the jungle. He comes
very near to the houses of the villagers which are situated on the outskirts of the jungle.
Roaming there, he opens out his white sharp teeth and paws to terrorise the villagers. He
has no intention of killing them as he never attacks till he is provoked to do so.
2. Describe the tiger in the wild. (3 Marks)
Ans. The tiger in the wild is majestic. He freely lies under the shade and hunts for prey. He moves
near the water hole because food is in plenty there. Sometimes, he also growls and
terrorises the villagers.
3. How does the tiger feel locked in the concrete cell of the zoo? Why does he ignore the
visitors? (3 Marks)
Ans. The tiger is basically an animal of the wilds. He is a denizen of the forest. Being locked in a
concrete cell of the zoo, he feels quite helpless. His immense strength is of no use to him as
he is put behind the bars. He only stalks the length of his cage. He ignores the visitors who
came to see him after buying their tickets. He doesn’t want to present himself as an object
of entertaining others.
4. What does the tiger do at night? What does he feel when he stares at the brilliant stars in
the sky? (3 Marks)
Ans. The patrolling cars move around and the tiger hears their sound late at night. He is locked
in a cage but stares at the brilliant stars shining in the vast and open sky. The vast open sky
and the brilliant stars only intensify the feeling of helplessness that he feels inside the cage.
5. What message does the poem give? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poem gives out a very important message. It is that the animals in the zoo do not live
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
happily. They lead a miserable life in the cages. They want to be in their habitats. They can
do so only in their natural habitats. They should be taken care of well in zoos.
6. Interpret the theme of the poem A Tiger in the Zoo. How do you react to the two contrasted
settings for the tiger? (3 Marks)
Ans. The theme of the poem is that the tiger is in trouble in the zoo. He has been robbed of his
freedom of movement. In the cage he simply walks restlessly in silent anger. In the forest he
prowls at night and pursues his prey, growls and strikes terror with his claws, teeth and roar.
7. Why does the tiger express his rage quietly? (3 Marks)
Ans. The tiger expresses his rage quietly because he can do nothing from behind the bars of his
cage. He is helpless as he cannot use his strength to get out of the cage. He is no longer free
as he was in the jungle.

[186]
 English
8. What difference do you find in the mood of a tiger when he is in a zoo and when he is in a
forest? (3 Marks)
Ans. In the zoo, in his small cage and devoid of freedom, the tiger feels unhappy. He is frustrated,
restless and angry. In the forest, he enjoys moving majestically wherever he wants,
terrorizes the villagers by displaying his sharp teeth and claws. He is happy in the forest,
enjoying his freedom and surroundings.
9. How does the tiger prepare himself for hunting when he is in his natural habitat – the
jungle? (3 Marks)
Ans. The mighty tiger roams freely in his natural habitat – the wilds. He knows how to ambush his
prey. He waits for his prey lurking unseen in the shadow of trees. He slides through the long grass
quite unnoticed. He comes to the water hole where he can find his favourite prey – plump deer.
10. What does the tiger do at night? What does he feel when he stares at the brilliant stars in
the sky? (3 Marks)
Ans. The patrolling cars move around and the tiger hears their sound late at night. He is locked
in a cage but stares at the brilliant stars shining in the vast and open sky. The vast open sky
and the brilliant stars only intensify the feeling of helplessness that he feels inside the cage.
11. Maxwell was justified in thinking very highly of the air hostess. Justify. (3 Marks)
Ans. The air hostess was very friendly and cooperative. Maxwell took her into his confidence and
gave her a parcel of fish for Mijbil. He admired her and called her "the very queen of her kind".
The air hostess suggested that he should keep his pet on his knees during the flight.
12. Leslie Norris has described some of the activities of a tiger behind the bars of its cage. State
some of them. (3 Marks)
Ans. Some of the activities of the tiger behind the bars of its cage include stalking along the
length of the cage, ignoring visitors, hearing patrolling cars and staring al Lhe brilliant stars
shining in the sky.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

13. To say that for destruction ice is also great for the poet, what does 'ice' stand for? How is it
sufficient to bring destruction? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ice symbolises hatred and indifference. While desire consumes, hatred can linger (stay) in
one's mind and heart for a long time, leading to fury and cruelty. One becomes hardhearted
and insensitive to the feelings of others. This insensitivity and hatred, slowly and gradually
leads to the destruction of the world.
14. 'But if it had to perish twice'. How will the world perish twice? (3 Marks)
Ans. According to the poet, the world would definitely come to an end due to fire. However, he
states that if the world could end two times, then ice would also be a great cause. Ice is
symbolic of hatred. The poet feels that there is enough hatred in the world that is sufficient
to destroy the world.

[187]
Compendium: Class 10
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Give contrasting pictures of the tiger in his natural habitat and in the locked cage of the zoo.
How does he feel and behave differently in both places? (6 Marks)
Ans. The tiger is a denizen of the forest he loves to roam around freely in his natural habitat –
the jungle. There, he is totally free with on restrictions on his movements and activities. He
knows how to ambush his prey. He waits for his prey lurking silently in the shadow of the
trees. Then he slides unseen and unnoticed through the long grass. He knows where he can
find his favourite hunt – plump deer. It is the water hole where they come for drinking
water and become easy victims of the mighty tiger. The tiger knows no boundaries and
limits. Sometimes he rooms around the house which are situated on the edge of the jungle.
With his open white teeth and powerful paws, he terrorises the villagers. He rarely attacks
them until he is provoked.
However, it is a pathetic picture of the same tiger when he logged in the concrete cell in the
zoo. The mighty and ferocious animal is put behind the bars. There he stalks in ‘quiet rage’
the length of his cage. He becomes just a piece of entertainment for the visitors. But the
proud tiger just ignores them. At night from behind the bars, he keeps on staring at the
brilliant stars in the vast sky. The vastness of the sky and the brilliance of stars only
intensifies his loss of freedom.
2. Love for freedom is the natural instinct of every living being. Comment. (6 Marks)
Ans. It is rightly said that love for freedom is the natural instinct of every living being. Everyone loves
freedom and does not want to live in confinement (captivity). Similarly, the tiger also longed for
freedom. He was so fed up being caged that he even ignored the visitors. He took to and fro steps
in the cage as if trying to while away the time. The tiger wanted to escape this captivity.
God has made all living beings equally and thus, the animals too have the right to freedom.
They should not be caged. It is their right to enjoy their natural habitat i.e. the forest and run
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
freely in the wild. We should, thus, respect their freedom and should not put them in the zoo.
3. Is it right to confine wild animals into cages? Why or why not? (6 Marks)
Ans. Wild animals are meant to live in the wild. They are not meant to be caged and displayed in
the zoos. We all know that the majestic species of tiger is on the verge of extinction. There
used to be a time when they used to roam proudly and freely in the jungle. They are not
meant to live a life in confinement. They also have the right to freedom like all other living
beings. Confinement leads to depression and misery. Moreover, their offspring lose the
hunting capabilities as they are not trained to hunt in the wild. As a result, they would not
be able to feed themselves. Furthermore, confining wild animals disturbs the whole
ecological balance. We should, thus, let the animals run free in the wild. They belong to the
forest and not to the cage.

[188]
 English
4. Freedom is such an essential virtue that is valued not only by human beings but also by animals
alike. Justify the statement with reference to the poem 'A Tiger in the Zoo'. (6 Marks)
Ans. Freedom is an essential virtue valued by all. Not only humans but even the denizens of the
forest value it. No one knows it better than a caged tiger in a zoo. Animals, particularly the
animals of the wild, feel free only in their natural habitats. Locking them in cages will be
against natural justice. The tiger roams around in the jungle hunting its prey at will. He
rarely kills them for sport. He knows how to ambush his prey. He also knows where he can
find his favourite plump deer. The same tiger feels depressed and low in spirits when he is
put behind the bars. He stalks constantly the length of his cage in rage. He sadly keeps
staring at the stars in the open sky. This reminds him of his loss of freedom and intensifies
his grief.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. He stalks in his vivid stripes
The few steps of his cage,
On pads of velvet quiet,
In his quiet rage.
He should be lurking in shadow,
Sliding through long grass
Near the water pole
Where plump deer pass.
He should be snarling around houses
At the jungle's edge,
Baring his white fangs, his claws,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Terrorising, the village! (CBSE 2024)

(i) State any one point of contrast between the tiger in the zoo and in its natural habitat.
(1 Mark)
Ans. One point of contrast between the tiger in the zoo and its natural habitat is the confinement
and restriction of movement in the zoo compared to the freedom and expansiveness of its
natural habitat.
(ii) When the speaker suggests that the tiger should be "Snarling around houses at the jungle's
edge"? What does he insinuate about the tiger's natural behaviour and habitat? (1 Mark)
Ans. The speaker suggests that the tiger should be snarling around houses at the jungle's edge
to emphasise the unnatural and restricted environment of the zoo compared to the tiger's
natural behaviour of hunting and roaming freely in the jungle.

[189]
Compendium: Class 10
(iii) The poet's skilful use of imagery effectively depicts the confinement and frustration of the
tiger. Elaborate in about 40 words. (2 Marks)
Ans. The poet's skilful use of imagery effectively depicts the confinement and frustration of the tiger
by contrasting its vivid stripes with the dullness of the cage and its quiet rage with the natural
behaviours it should be exhibiting in the wild, creating a poignant portrayal of captivity.
(iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'quiet rage' in the given sentence from the extract?
The few steps of his cage on pads of velvet quiet in his 'quiet rage.' (1 Mark)
Ans. The phrase "inner turmoil" would correctly substitute 'quiet rage' in the given sentence.
2. Or if some time when roaming round,
A noble wild beast greets you,
With black stripes on a yellow ground,
Just notice if he eats you.
This simple rule may help you learn
The Bengal Tiger to discern. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Complete the sentence appropriately. (1 Mark)
The word 'discern' in line 6 of the extract means the same as ___________.
(Clue: explain contextual meaning here)
Ans. identify
(ii) In the given lines, what effect does the poet create? (1 Mark)
'Just notice if he eats you
This simple rule may help you learn
The Bengal Tiger to discern'.
(a) Irony (b) Terror (c) Sympathy (d) Criticism
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. (a) Irony
(iii) Select the appropriate option to complete the sentence. (1 Mark)
The tone of the poet when telling how to identify a wild animal is both scary and __________.
Ans. humorous
(iv) Identify the poetic device used and explain its usage in the given lines. (2 Marks)
With black stripes on a yellow ground………
………..Whose hide with spots is peppered
Ans. The given lines use the poetic device named imagery wherein the words create a picture in
the minds of the reader. The given lines in its description of the two animals helps us
visualise what the animal looks like.

[190]
 English
3. He stalks in his vivid stripes
The few steps of his cage,
On pads of velvet quiet,
In his quiet rage.
He should be lurking in shadow,
Sliding through long grass
Near the water hole
Where plump deer pass. (CBSE 2023)
(i) ‘Quiet rage’ refers to the tiger’s ______________. (1 Mark)
(a) helplessness
(b) he has not been able to hunt
(c) his prey has not come to the water hole
(d) he is not free
Ans. (d) he is not free
(ii) He is lurking in shadows because ______________. (1 Mark)
Ans. he is in captivity and longing for freedom.
(iii) Complete the sentence appropriately: (1 Mark)
It is clear that metaphor is the poetic device used for ‘pads of velvet’ because ______________.
Ans. it emphasizes the soft and silent nature of the tiger’s movements.
(iv) Find a word from the extract which means - to walk with measured, stiff or haughty strides:
(1 Mark)
(a) steps (b) lurking (c) pads (d) stalk
Ans. (d) stalk
(v) State whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE: (1 Mark)
The tiger is stealthily waiting for the deer to come to the water hole.
Ans. TRUE
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

4. He stalks in his vivid stripes

The few steps of his cage,
On pads of velvet quiet,
In his quiet rage
He should begin shadow
Sliding through long grass
Near the water hole
Where plump deer pass. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Complete the sentence appropriately.
The vivid stripes refer to the ____________. (1 Mark)
Ans. lines on the tiger’s body
[191]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Which word from the extract is the opposite of ‘loud’? (1 Mark)
Ans. quiet
(iii) The use of the phrase ‘pads of velvet’ means ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) neck (b) tail (c) skin (d) paws
Ans. (d) paws
(iv) State whether the following statement is True or False: (1 Mark)
The confinement of the cramped space of the cage has restricted the tiger’s steps.
Ans. True
(v) The tiger was lurking in shadow ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) to catch its prey (b) as the cage was dark
(c) as the velvet was quiet (d) as he was in a rage
Ans. (a) to catch its prey
5. The inherent instinct for freedom is a fundamental trait in all living creatures. Justify this
statement with reference to 'Mijbil the Otter' and 'A Tiger in the Zoo'.
(CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. The instinct for freedom is deeply ingrained in all living beings. In Mijbil the Otter, Mijbil
thrives when given the liberty to explore water and land, displaying his playful and
energetic nature. He enjoys his surroundings, adapting joyfully to new experiences. On the
other hand, in A Tiger in the Zoo, the caged tiger symbolises the loss of freedom. He paces
restlessly, his powerful presence reduced to mere captivity, longing for the wild where he
once roamed freely. His confinement contrasts sharply with Mijbil' s freedom, reinforcing
the idea that all creatures, whether wild or domestic, yearn to live in their natural habitat.
6. How does the poem point to the cruelty of animals in captivity? smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

OR
In what ways does the contrast between the tiger's natural habitat and its confinement in
a concrete cell enhance the poem's exploration of captivity and its consequences for wild
animals? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The poem hints at the cruelty of animals in captivity by contrasting the life an animal lives
in its natural habitat and zoo. The poet imagines how a tiger attacks a deer near the water
hole, terrorises the villagers living on the outskirts and snarls at night. On the contrary, it
shows how the same tiger is made to stay in a cramped space for the entertainment of
humans.

[192]
 English

18 How To Tell Wild Animals

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the question that follow.
1. Or if some time when roaming round,
A noble wild beast greets you,
With black stripes on a yellow ground,
Just notice if he eats you.
This simple rule may help you learn
The Bengal Tiger to discern.
(a) Who is the animal being referred to in the above stanza? (1 Mark)
(1) Asian Lion (2) Bengal Tiger (3) Bear (4) Crocodile
(b) Enlist below are the synonyms of the word ‘discern’ barring one. Pick that one out: (1 Mark)
(1) Perceive (2) Tepid (3) Discover (4) Recognise
(c) What will he do if he sees you? (1 Mark)
(d) How will the simple rule help you? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) Bengal Tiger
(b) (2) Tepid
(c) The moment he sees you, he will pounce on you to eat you.
(d) The simple rule will help you to understand that you are seeing the Bengal Tiger.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. The true Chameleon is small,

A lizard sort of thing;
He hasn’t any ears at all,
And not a single wing.
If there is nothing on the tree,
‘Tis the chameleon you see.
(a) The poet has ___________ a chameleon with a lizard in the above stanza. (1 Mark)
(1) contrasted (2) assimilated (3) annihilated (4) disparaged
(b) What does he lack in? (2 Marks)
(c) What can be said about the poet’s view of Chameleon? (1 Mark)
[193]
Compendium: Class 10
(d) The given stanza is aptly describing a chameleon. Find out the irrelevant statement from
the following: (1 Mark)
(1) The chameleon has a special quality of camouflaging.
(2) Chameleon has no ears.
(3) Chameleon is an animal without wings.
(4) They capture their prey by whipping out their tongues with incredible precision.
Ans. (a) (2) assimilated
(b) He doesn’t have any ears and wings.
(c) A Chameleon is similar to a lizard.
(d) (4) They capture their prey by whipping out their tongues with incredible precision.
3. Though to distinguish beasts of prey
A novice might nonplus,
The Crocodile you always may
Tell from the Hyena thus:
Hyenas come with merry smiles;
But if they weep they’re Crocodiles.
(a) Is it easy for a novice to distinguish wild animals or beasts of prey? (1 Mark)
(b) How can hyenas be recognised? (1 Mark)
(c) How can crocodiles be recognised? (2 Marks)
(d) Name the poem and the poet of these lines. (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) No, a novice may be easily confused while distinguishing the wild animals and beasts of prey.
(b) Hyenas come with their merry smiles .
(c) Crocodiles always weep and weeping can be recognised by their faces.
(d) The poem ‘How to Tell Wild Animals’ has been written by Carolyn Wells.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What are the distinctive features of the Asian Lion as given in the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. The Asian Lion is a large beast. He is brownish-yellow in colour. He roars loudly and the
sound is terrible to hear. This makes one almost die due to great fear. He is found in the
forest in the eastern countries of Asia. That’s why he is called ‘Asian Lion’.
2. How does the poet describe the crocodile and the hyena? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet describes the crocodile and the hyena humorously. The crocodile has tears in his
eyes when it comes near its victim. The hyena has happy smiles on its face. But this is not
so. The hyena’s face is made like this.

[194]
 English
3. How does the poet create humour in the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet creates humour by describing various beasts of prey differently. It is by the use of
words and emotions. The Bengal tiger is never ‘noble’ in his heart. The leopard kills his prey
in moments. The bear’s hug is never loving. The hyena never smiles happily.
4. How can you distinguish between a tiger and a leopard? (3 Marks)
Ans. A tiger has black stripes on its yellow coat. A leopard on the other hand, does not have any
stripes. It has spots peppered on its body. Moreover, a tiger kills only when it is hungry,
while a leopard can kill for the pleasure of killing by pouncing continuously on its prey.
5. How does a leopard behave when he sees someone? (3 Marks)
Ans. A leopard has black spots all over its body. As soon as it sees someone, it leaps over him at
once. It keeps on pouncing continuously on its victim, attacks him and starts eating him.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Every animal is unique and has some special characteristics. What tricks does the poet
adopt in distinguishing various wild animals? (6 Marks)
Ans. No doubt, every animal is unique. Every wild animal has his own special trait, colour, size
and characteristics. The Asian Lion is found in the jungles of the eastern regions. It is a huge
and mighty creature with brownish hide. His roar is enough to terrorise a person to death.
The Bengal Tiger is a ‘noble’ and impressive wild animal. He has yellowish hide and black
stripes all over it. The Leopard has dark spots all over his body. He is very agile. The moment
he sees its prey, he pounces upon it without showing any mercy. The bear is known by his
strong and tight hug. It becomes rather difficult for a novice to distinguish among wild animals.
However, hyenas and crocodiles can be easily recognised. Hyenas come smiling merrily while
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

crocodiles appear to be weeping. The chameleon is a small creature like a lizard. He has no ears
and doesn’t have even a single wing. You can find him sitting on a tree.
2. ‘Humour is the best medicine for every ailment in life’. Comment. (6 Marks)
Ans. Humour is infectious. When humour is shared, it binds people together and increases happiness.
Humour strengthens our immune system, boosts our energy, diminishes pain and protects
us from the damaging effects of stress. It is the priceless medicine for every ailment in life.
The poet, in the poem ‘How to Tell Wild Animals’ creates humour by describing various
beasts of prey. The way the poet explains the things is very funny yet interesting. The poet
has depicted the wildlife very vividly and in a lively manner. While reading the poem, the
readers enjoy the poet’s work and it leaves them refreshed and happy
[195]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. The true Chameleon is small
A lizard sort of thing;
He hasn’t any ears at all,
And not a single wing,
If there is nothing on the tree,
‘Tis the Chameleon you see. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Fill in the blank with one word: (1 Mark)
When the speaker says “If there is nothing on the tree, “Tis the Chameleon you see”, he
refers to________ as characteristic trait of a true Chameleon.
Ans. camouflaging
(ii) What does the speaker mean when he says, “A lizard sort of thing”? (1 Mark)
Ans. He means to say that a chameleon is a lizard sort of thing or looks like a lizard.
(iii) Which of the following best describes the speaker’s disposition while describing the
Chameleon? (1 Mark)
(a) Indifferent (b) Playful (c) Dismissive (d) Respectful
Ans. (b) Playful
(iv) Comment on the poet’s use of language in these lines. Answer in about 40 words. (2 Marks)
Ans. The above extract has been taken from How to tell wild animals written by Carolyn Wells. In this
poem the poet uses simple and playful language to describe the Chameleon, employing rhyme
and a light tone that engages the reader while conveying information about the creature.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
2. Though to distinguish beasts of prey
A novice might nonplus,
The crocodiles you always may
Tell from the Hyena thus :
Hyenas come with merry smiles;
But if they weep they’re crocodiles. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Select the appropriate option to complete the sentence, according to the extract :
Crocodiles can be identified by their ___________. (1 Mark)
(a) tears (b) attitude (c) smiles (d) attacks
Ans. (a) tears

[196]
 English
(ii) State whether the following statement is True or False : (1 Mark)
Hyenas are famous for weeping.
Ans. False
(iii) ‘Novice’ in line 2 means the same as : (1 Mark)
(a) learner (b) beast (c) tender foot (d) beginner
Ans. (d) beginner
(iv) In this extract the poet has presented two different behavioural traits of animals. They are
____________. (1 Mark)
Ans. hyenas with merry smiles; crocodiles weeping
(v) The poet uses “A novice might nonplus” instead of the novice might get confused. How does
this usage impact the poem ? (1 Mark)
(a) adds an incorrect option. (b) it is associated with beasts.
(c) it rhymes and adds humour. (d) it simplifies the meaning.
Ans. (c) it rhymes and adds humour.
3. If strolling forth, a beast you view,
Whose hide with spots is peppered,
As soon as he has leapt on you,
You'll know it's the leopard.
‘Twill do no good to roar with pain,
He'll only lep and lep again. (CBSE 2023)
(i) One can find out that it is a leopard by the way it __________. (1 Mark)
(a) leaps (b) eats (c) looks (d) roars
Ans. (c) looks
(ii) State whether the following statement is true or false an animal repeatedly leaps at a
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

person, it is a leopard. (1 Mark)

Ans. TRUE
(iii) Complete the sentence appropriately: (1 Mark)
It is clear that repetition is a poetic device used for 'lep and lep again' because (Clue : explain
how repetition is applied here.)
Ans. Lep word is repeated twice in the line.
(iv) The Royal Bengal Tiger has black stripes on yellow skin whereas a leopard has ____________.
(1 Mark)
Ans. Leopard has round black spots on the body.
(v) Complete the analogy with a word from the extract claws : nails . ___?___ : skin (1 Mark)
Ans. Hide
[197]
Compendium: Class 10
4. Or if some time when roaming round,
A noble wild beast greets you,
With black stripes on a yellow ground,
Just notice if he eats you.
This simple rule may help you learn
The Bengal Tiger to discern. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Who is ‘the noble wild beast’ ? (1 Mark)
(a) Zebra (b) Asian Tiger (c) Asian Lion (d) Bengal Tiger
Ans. (d) Bengal tiger
(ii) Complete the sentence appropriately. (1 Mark)
It is clear that ‘Alliteration’ is the poetic devices used for ‘roaming round’ because __________.
(Clue: explain how alliteration applies here)
Ans. the first letter (a consonant) in both the words is same
(iii) State whether the following statement is True or False. (1 Mark)
The extract helps to identify a Royal Bengal Tiger.
Ans. True
(iv) In the given lines, what effect does the poet create? (1 Mark)
‘Just notice if he eats you.
This simple rule may help you learn
The Bengal Tiger to discern.’
(a) Irony (b) Terror (c) Sympathy (d) Criticism
Ans. (b) Terror
(v) Which word in the extract tells you that you have recognised the ‘noble beast’? (1 Mark)
(a) Rule (b) Discern (c) Roaming (d) Notice
Ans. (b) Discern smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

5. Every creature possesses a unique characteristic that defines it, and this trait is closely
linked to its nature. This concept is beautifully illustrated in the poem "How to Tell Wild
Animals." Elucidate. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The poem How to Tell Wild Animals humorously describes how each animal's traits match
its nature. Their behaviours, such as a lion's roar or a bear's hug, help define their identity,
illustrating how characteristics are linked to nature.
6. Why does the poet use the term 'noble' and 'wild' for the tiger? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. In the poem 'How to tell wild Animals', the poet calls the Bengal tiger 'noble' as well as 'wild'
because the tiger hunts only when he is hungry unlike other animals who may kill a prey
for the pleasure of killing.
[198]
 English

19 The Ball Poem

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
1. No Use to say ‘O there are other balls’;
An ultimate shaking grief fixes the boy
As he stands rigid, trembling, staring down
All his young days into the harbour where
His all went.
(a) What is the significance of the lost ball for the boy? (1 Mark)
(b) What is the condition of the boy? (2 Marks)
(c) How does the boy feel when he lost his ball? (1 Mark)
(1) Confused (2) Shaken (3) Trembling (4) All of these
(d) Where is the boy standing? (1 Mark)
(1) On the beach (2) At the harbour (3) On the garden (4) At his balcony
Ans. (a) The lost ball is something very dear to the boy. Anything else is worthless for the boy.
(b) The boy is overpowered with grief, and stands like a statue staring down the harbour
where the ball was lost.
(c) (4) All of these
(d) (2) At the harbour
2. I would not intrude on him;
A dime, another ball, is worthless. Now
He senses first responsibility
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

In a world of possessions.
(a) Money or another ball is ___________ for the boy. (1 Mark)
(1) worthy (2) valuable (3) worthless (4) precious
(b) What does the poet mean by ‘first responsibility’? (1 Mark)
(1) To look after his things properly (2) To not cry after losing anything
(3) To be happy in every situation (4) None of these
(c) How does the boy prepare himself? (1 Mark)
(d) What kind of the world is it? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) worthless
(b) (1) To look after his things properly
(c) The boy senses his responsibility and composes himself calmly.
(d) This is the world where people run after possessing and grabbing material things.

[199]
Compendium: Class 10
3. He is learning, well behind his desperate eyes,
This epistemology of loss, how to stand up
Knowing what every man must one day know
And most know many days, how to stand up.
(a) Are his eyes shining with hope? (1 Mark)
(b) What is the epistemology of loss? (1 Mark)
(c) What should every man learn? (1 Mark)
(d) What lesson is the boy taught here? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) No, there is no hope in his ‘desperate’ eyes.
(b) It means the nature of loss and means to lose something.
(c) Every man has to learn that gains and losses are to be accepted with a balanced mind.
(d) The boy should learn how to stand up again and move ahead in life forgetting his loss
of childhood.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Does the lost ball stand for the metaphor of the boy’s lost childhood? How? (3 Marks)
Ans. The boy has lost his ball. It has fallen down into the harbour. It will not be found back again.
However, through the metaphor of the lost ball, the poet wants to highlight a bigger loss. It
is the loss of his childhood. Like the lost ball, the childhood days which he cherishes till now,
have been lost forever. This makes the loss inconsolable.
2. Why does the poet say: ‘No use to say ‘O there are other balls’? (3 Marks)
Ans. The loss of the ball looks like an ordinary incident. It seems that the boy should not make
such a fuss over it. Boys usually lose such balls and again buy new ones as they are not very
costly. But the boy seems to be inconsolable over the loss. No money can buy the same ball that
he has lost forever. Similarly, no wealth can buy back his childhood that he has lost for ever. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

3. What is the general rule of this ‘world of possessions’? Why is money ‘external’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Getting and losing is a natural cycle. Many more boys before him bought and lost their balls.
This process will go on forever. However, no amount of money can buy back the same ball
that has been lost forever. Money is external and has its own limitation. Wealth can’t
compensate such emotional losses such as the loss of one’s childhood days.
4. How can the boy stand up again? What everyman must know one day? (3 Marks)
Ans. The boy has to understand the epistemology of loss - the knowledge and nature of loss. This
is not the problem of the boy alone. Everyone has to know it sooner or later that it is useless
to weep over the loss of our dearest childhood days. One should move ahead forgetting all
such losses. Life has to be lived only by moving ahead in it.
[200]
 English
5. How does the poet express the sense of the loss of the boy? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet draws the effect of the loss on the emotional side of the boy. He has lost the ball.
Due to it he is shocked with grief. He stands hard. He trembles and stares into the harbour.
Memories of his past days come alive in his mind.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Why was the boy upset on losing his ball? (6 Marks)
Ans. The boy is upset. He has lost his ball. It is a cheap object, but he takes it to heart deeply. He
stands stiff, looking into the water. The poet knows that his offer of money to the boy to buy
another ball won’t soothe his feelings. So he decided to stand apart and not interfere in the
matter. Things like balls are generally important for young boys.
2. Why is it important for everyone to experience loss and to stand up after it? (6 Marks)
Ans. It is important for everyone to experience loss and to stand up after it in order to be strong
and to get on with life. One needs to stay strong no matter how much it hurts inside. Staying
strong is the only way to survive. Moreover, one needs to learn to accept and let go and not
cling to something that they can never have. One should understand that the past is gone
and it will never come back. Experiencing loss sometimes helps us to grow up and face
hardships, like loss. This helps us in breaking all the boundaries into freedom.
The poem teaches us a philosophy of life through the loss of ball. i.e. “Loss is a universal
truth in our life.” We have to lose something at one point of time. Through the loss of ball,
the boy learns real knowledge of the world. If he is able to bear the loss, he will be able to
face the difficulties of life courageously. The boy must know, how to stand up after a loss.
This is very essential for every human being to be able to move on or standing up after a
person has fallen or being knocked down. Here ball signifies losing something valuable that
cannot be bought or replaced. The poet wants us to understand that loss is inevitable and
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

everyone must learn to cope up with the loss with patience and courage.
3. Money, though is very important in our life, but it cannot replace everything. Explain. (6 Marks)
Ans. Money is very important in everyone’s life but the poem teaches us one thing more. Money
is external because it cannot buy everything that one loses. The poem can be interpreted
both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it is a picture of little boy growing up and
learning to deal with his first loss. Metaphorically it is the story of mankind learning to deal
with the loss of their loved ones. It is here where money cannot bring back our loved ones, we
must learn to cope up with these personal losses. However bit amount of money, we may have,
we cannot bring our loved ones from the clutches of death. Loss of a loved one can spell a period
of intense grief and depression for some of us. Money cannot provide any relief from this
situation. The moral is that we should stop running madly after money.

[201]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
1. No use to say 'O there are other balls
An ultimate shaking grief fixes the boy
As he stands rigid, trembling, staring down
All his young days into the harbour where his
ball went.
I would not intrude on him,
A dime, another ball, is worthless. Now
He senses first responsibility
In a world of possessions. People will take
Balls, balls will be lost always, little boy
And no one buys a ball back. Money is external
He is learning ___________. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Which of the following best describes the speaker's attitude towards the boy's reaction to
losing his ball? (1 Mark)
(a) indifferent as the ball is inexpensive
(b) sympathetic, understanding the depth of the boy's loss
(c) mocking, finding the boy's reaction exaggerated and unnecessary.
(d) panicked, sharing the boy's distress over the lost. ball.
Ans. (b) sympathetic, understanding the depth of the boy's loss
(ii) Comment on the use of metaphor in the above extract. (1 Mark)
Ans. The use of metaphor in the extract enhances the emotional depth of the poem by comparing
the loss of the boy's ball to a profound existential realisation about the transient nature of
possessions and the importance of personal responsibility.
(iii) Explain the phrase 'all his young days into the harbour' with reference to the extract. (1 Mark)
Ans. The phrase 'all his young days into the harbour' symbolises the boy's innocence and smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
carefree childhood being shattered by the loss of his ball, leading him to confront the harsh
realities of life and learn the value of responsibility.
(iv) Briefly state in about 40 words the boy's journey from 'shaking grief' to 'he is learning' in
the above extract. (2 Marks)
Ans. The boy's journey from 'shaking grief' to 'he is learning' reflects his transition from initial despair
and sorrow over the lost ball to a realisation about the impermanence of material possessions
and the importance of personal growth and · maturity in navigating life's challenges.
2. What is the boy now, who has lost his ball,
What, what is he to do? I saw it go
Merrily bouncing, down the street and then
Merrily over — there it is in the water!
No use to say ‘O there are other balls’: (CBSE 2023)
[202]
 English
(i) What does the expression ‘what, what is he to do’ denote ? (1 Mark)
(a) loss of the ball (b) ask the poet for another ball
(c) boy’s grief over the loss of the ball (d) go down the street
Ans. (c) boy’s grief over the loss of the ball
(ii) State whether the following statement is True or False : (1 Mark)
The poet was delighted to watch the ball bouncing down the street into the water.
Ans. False
(iii) The poet repeats the word ‘what’ in order to ___________. (1 Mark)
Ans. lay emphasis
(iv) There is no use to say ‘O there are other balls’ indicates that the poet feels that it would be
___________ to console the boy. (1 Mark)
(a) helpful (b) futile (c) easy (d) shameful
Ans. (b) futile
(v) ‘What is the boy now, who has lost his ball.’ (1 Mark)
Which feeling is expressed in thig line ?
(a) Regret (b) Cheer (c) Despair (d) Thrill
Ans. (c) Despair
3. 'The Ball Poem' deals with the undertones of loss and responsibility. How is the poem very
relatable to our lives and what important message/s do we learn from it?
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. "The Ball Poem" is universal because it portrays the common experience of loss. It shows
us how to embrace loss as part of life and own up to our mistakes. This realisation builds
strength and maturity, making us value the worth of our belongings and experiences.
4. Explore the theme of loss as it is depicted in both the "Ball Poem" and "The Sermon at
Benaras", highlighting the inevitable nature of this aspect in? (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Both The Ball Poem and The Sermon at Benares highlight the inevitability of loss. In The
Ball Poem, a young boy loses his ball, symbolising the loss of childhood innocence. He learns
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

that loss is an essential part of life, and material things cannot always be replaced. Similarly,
The Sermon at Benares teaches that death is inevitable, and one must overcome grief
through wisdom and detachment. Buddha's sermon to Kisa Gotami emphasises that
suffering is universal, and acceptance is the only way to inner peace. Both texts convey that
loss, though painful, is a stepping stone to maturity and enlightenment.
5. 'Money is external'. What does the poet mean by this expression?
OR
Why does the poet say 'Money is external in the poem'? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet says that 'Money is external' to make the boy understand about his responsibility
and that the loss is immaterial. By this phrase, the poet means that every loss cannot be
replaced by money. Money cannot buy the memories associated with a thing and cannot
replace the things that we love, for example the boy's lost ball.
[203]
[204]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

20 Amanda

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the question that follow.
1. There is a languid, emerald sea,
where the sole inhabitant is me
mermaid, drifting blissfully.
(a) What does Amanda want to do? (1 Mark)
(1) She wants to drift blissfully. (2) She wants to sprint.
(3) She wants to fly. (4) She wants to run bare-feet.
(b) What is the sea compared with? (1 Mark)
(c) Why does Amanda want to be drifting in the sea? (1 Mark)
(1) To find calm (2) To escape (3) To hide (4) To feel safe
(d) What is a mermaid? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (1) She wants to drift blissfully.
(b) The sea is very calm and the water is greenish like an emerald.
(c) (1) To find calm
(d) A mermaid is a mythical character which has its upper part like a girl and the lower
part like a fish.
2. I am an orphan, roaming the street.
I pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet.
The silence is golden, the freedom is sweet.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(a) The tone of the giving line is: (1 Mark)

(1) analytical (2) despairing (3) peaceful (4) nervous
(b) The golden silence is contrasted with the: (1 Mark)
(1) chaos of the street (2) constant instruction received
(3) sweetness of freedom (4) hushed, bare feet
(c) What does she want to do? (1 Mark)
(d) How are silence and freedom valued here? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) peaceful
(b) (2) constant instruction received.
(c) She wants to roam around the streets freely.
(d) She realises that silence is golden and freedom is the greatest virtue in the world.
[205]
Compendium: Class 10
3. I thought I told you to clean your shoes,
Amanda!
(I am an orphan, roaming the street.
I pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet.
The silence is golden; the freedom is sweet.)
Don't eat that chocolate, Amanda! (Amanda!)
(a) Which of the following best describes the symbolic meaning of the soft dust and
hushed, bare feet in Amanda's orphan daydream? (1 Mark)
(1) A sense of isolation and loneliness (2) Freedom and independence
(3) Poverty and hardship (4) Conformity and obedience
(b) What does the contrast between the speaker's commands and Amanda's daydream
suggest about her imaginative escape? (Answer in 30-40 words) (2 Marks)
(c) Complete the following with the impact on the reader. (1 Mark)
The lack of the special use of parentheses would have resulted in ___________.
(d) How does the line, "I thought I told you to clean your shoes, Amanda!" help us infer that
Amanda's actions are being closely monitored and directed. (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (2) Freedom and independence
(b) The contrast between the speaker's commands and Amanda's daydream about her
imaginative escape suggests the difference between their contrasting desires. In
reality, Amanda is not given any freedom or peace. As a result, her imagination becomes
her means of asserting her freedom, finding peace and resisting the limitations
imposed by her reality. It serves as a coping mechanism and a form of rebellion against
the constraints imposed on her.
(c) reduced importance of Amanda's daydreams resulting in the reader not recognising
the contrast between the external commands and her inner thoughts.
(d) The use of the given line suggests a reminder/ frustration on the part of the speaker,
supporting the idea that Amanda's behaviour is under close scrutiny. This implies a
relationship where Amanda is expected to adhere to specific instructions and fulfill
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
assigned tasks, reinforcing a sense of external control and authority over her actions.
4. I am Rapunzel, I have not a care;
life in a tower is tranquil and rare;
I’ll certainly never let down my bright hair!
(a) Who is Rapunzel? (1 Mark)
(b) Who imagines herself as Rapunzel? (1 Mark)
(c) Where does Rapunzel live? (2 Marks)
(d) What decision does she take about her hair? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Rapunzel is a beautiful fairy living all alone in a tower.
(b) Amanda imagines herself to be another Rapunzel.
(c) Rapunzel lives alone in a silent tower leading a carefree life.
(d) She will never let her hair down.
[206]
 English
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. List the things which Amanda’s mother doesn’t want her to do. (3 Marks)
Ans. Her mother doesn’t want her to hunch her shoulders and bend her body down. She stops
her from eating chocolates as it would not be good for her pimpled face. She wants her to
stop sulking as others would think that she is being nagged by her mother.
2. Why does Amanda want to be a mermaid? (3 Marks)
Ans. Amanda is an escapist. She imagines herself to be a mermaid. She wants to live on an island
where she is the only inhabitant. She loves freedom. She loves drifting blissfully like a
mermaid on that lonely island.
3. Why does Amanda want to be an orphan? (3 Marks)
Ans. Amanda values freedom more than anything in her life. She feels suffocated at home as she
is constantly nagged by her mother there. She wants to be an orphan. Like an orphan she
likes to wander about the streets freely with bare feet.
4. Why does Amanda want to be Rapunzel? (3 Marks)
Ans. Amanda is an escapist. She imagines herself as a fairy like Rapunzel. She wants to live
happily in her lonely tower far from the maddening crowd of the world. Like Rapunzel, she
wants to take care of her beautiful golden hair.
5. How does Amanda reply to the ‘nagging’ of the speaker in the first stanza? (3 Marks)
Ans. The speaker ‘nags’ Amanda by strange questions. Amanda replies to these in her own way.
Amanda says that she is a mermaid. She lives in the peaceful and green sea. She is the only
inhabitant in that island. She moves into it blissfully.
6. What three things did the speaker ask Amanda to do which are expected of a school going
child? (3 Marks)
Ans. These three things were : The speaker asked her if she had finished her homework. He also
asked her if the had tidied her room or did she clean her shoes? These are the things which
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

are expected of a school-going child.

7. What is the central idea of the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. The central idea of the poem is that children have certain habits. Their parents teach them
to mend those habits. These are for their benefits. Children have these habits because they
want freedom. They want to feel naturally at home in them. Amanda has certain habits. She
is politely asked to mend those.
8. Would you call Amanda a disrespectful child? Provide one reason to justify your opinion.
(3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, I would call Amanda a disrespectful child because she does not respond to her parent's
repeated instructions. She is lost in her imagination and does not even look towards her
mother when she is yelling at her.

[207]
Compendium: Class 10
9. The reader sympathises with the speaker in the poem. Support this opinion with a reason.
(3 Marks)
Ans. The speaker (probably Amanda's mother) is worried about Amanda as she is lost in her
thoughts. Amanda does not pay attention to what her mother says and this makes the
reader sympathise with her mother.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Why does Amanda escape into the dreamy world of mermaids, fairies and orphans? Does
she find any solace there? (6 Marks)
Ans. Amanda is a teenager. Like all teenagers, she loves freedom. She wants to lead her own kind
of life. She doesn’t want to be an overprotected child. Nor does she want that her parents
should control and guide her activities. What she should do and what not, is her own choice.
She should not be dictated by her mother. Mother’s constant nagging leads her away from
her. She creates a world of her own. Her world is not the world of harsh realities but it is an
imaginary world of fairies and mermaids. There she finds solace as she can wander in a
lonely island blissfully like a mermaid. She can enjoy freedom by roaming around the
streets like an orphan. She craves to live in a lonely tower leading a peaceful life like
Rapunzel. She avoids her mother as she doesn’t like her constant nagging. She even doesn’t
look at her while she is speaking to her.
2. Escapism is one way to run away from harsh realities. Discuss in context to the poem. (6 Marks)
Ans. By going through the whole poem, we come to know that Amanda’s parents, specially her
mother, keep instructing Amanda all the time. Amanda’s mother’s intention may be to
discipline her daughter and make her a mature person. But very frequent checking and
instructing using so many don’ts, leave no space for the child. Children need love and caring
attitude of their elders. An advice in the form of nagging leaves a very harmful impression
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
on the child’s mind. The reality becomes harsh for them and they try to escape these
realities by indulging in their own fantasy world. Here in this poem, life of Amanda is quite
frustrating as Amanda is forbidden to do anything without seeking permission. Continuous
instructions of her mother and correcting her all the time leave a very negative impact
on a child’s personality. In such situation, the child adheres to a defence mechanism
where she imagines herself to be free and without parents so that no nagging is don e.
Amanda drifts into an imaginary situation to escape from the harsh realities by her life. The
parent’s behaviour is forcing her to do so, as a result there will not be a balanced
development of her personality. Parents need to understand that their child also requires
freedom and his/her own space. If no space is given, child will develop one or the other
complex which may hamper his/her normal growth.

[208]
 English

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Don’t bite your nails, Amanda !
Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda !
Stop that slouching and sit up straight, Amanda !
(“There is a languid, emerald sea, where the sole inhabitant is me a mermaid, drifting
blissfully’’) (CBSE 2025)
(i) What image does the above extract create about Amanda’s mother ? (1 Mark)
Ans. The extract portrays Amanda’s mother as a strict and controlling figure who constantly
criticizes Amanda’s posture and habits. She appears to be overly concerned with discipline
and does not seem to understand Amanda’s need for freedom and imagination.
(ii) Why is the second verse written in brackets? (1 Mark)
Ans. The second verse is written in brackets to indicate Amanda’s thoughts and imagination. It
contrasts with her mother’s scolding, showing how Amanda escapes into a fantasy world
to cope with the constant nagging.
(iii) Amanda calls herself a mermaid because __________ (1 Mark)
(a) Mermaid is Amanda’s favourite fantasy character.
(b) Amanda loves watching a mermaid drifting in water.
(c) Amanda longs to be free like a mermaid which sails effortlessly in the sea.
(d) Amanda wants to sail with a mermaid in the deep-sea water.
Ans. (c) Amanda longs to be free like a mermaid which sails effortlessly in the sea.
(iv) Amanda wants to be the sole inhabitant in the sea. Elucidate. (2 Marks)
Ans. Amanda imagines herself as a mermaid in an emerald sea, where she is alone and drifting
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

blissfully. This symbolizes her desire for freedom, peace, and escape from her mother’s
constant instructions. She wishes to live without restrictions, enjoying solitude and
independence, unlike her current life where she feels controlled and burdened.
2. (I am Rapunzel, I have not care;
life in a tower is tranquil and rare;
I'll certainly never let down my bright hair!)
Stop that sulking at once, Amanda!
You're always so moody, Amanda!
Anyone would think that I nagged at you,
Amanda! (CBSE 2025)
[209]
Compendium: Class 10
(i) Complete the following suitably: Amanda sulked and became moody because ___________.
(1 Mark)
Ans. Amanda sulked and became moody because of the constant nagging and restrictions of her
mother.
(ii) What does the girl constantly yearn for? What do you pattern about Amanda from the
poem? (2 Marks)
Ans. The girl, Amanda, constantly yearns for freedom and escape from the constant nagging and
restrictions. From the poem, we understand that Amanda has a vivid imagination and a
longing for independence. She desires a peaceful, carefree life, free from constant
supervision and criticism.
(iii) What kind of picture is painted by the poet through the line, "life in a tower is tranquil and
rare"? (1 Mark)
Ans. The phrase "life in a tower is tranquil and rare" gives an image of isolation and quietness.
It brings an image of peaceful and undisturbed life, free from the chaos and needs of the
world outside. This depicts Amanda's desire for a peaceful and isolated life where she can
be herself without any interruption.
(iv) The tone of the speaker in the exclamation "Stop that sulking at once, Amanda!" is (1 Mark)
1. uncertain 2. Aggressive 3. Dominating 4. Meek
5. moody
(a) 1,2,4 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 2, 4 and 5 (d) 4 and 5
Ans. Correct Option: (b) 2 and 3 (Aggressive and Dominating) Explanation: - The commanding
tone of "Stop that sulking at once, Amanda!" suggests aggressiveness and authority. - The
speaker is scolding Amanda, indicating frustration and dominance. Other options are
incorrect: - (1) Uncertain and (4) Meek do not fit, as the speaker is assertive. - (5) Moody
describes Amanda, not the speaker. Thus, (2) aggressive and (3) dominating are the most
suitable choices.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
3. Don’t eat that chocolate Amanda!
Remember your acne, Amanda!
Will you please look at me when I’ speaking to you Amanda!
(I am Rapunzel, I have not a care; life in tower is tranquil and rare, I’ll certainly never let
down my bright hair) (CBSE 2023)
(i) The speaker’s toner is (1 Mark)
(a) loving (b) hopeful (c) instructive (d) indifferent
Ans. (c) instructive
(ii) Complete the analogy with a word from the extract: (1 Mark)
rare: uncommon :: peace: _______________
Ans. tranquil
[210]
 English
(iii) State whether the following statement is True or False : (1 Mark)
Amanda did not want anyone to invade her privacy and silence.
Ans. True
(iv) Select the appropriate option. (1 Mark)
Amanda’s mother is continuously _______________ Amanda.
(a) encouraging (b) reprimanding (c) motivating (d) disappointing
Ans. (b) reprimanding
(v) Which word in the extract is opposite in meaning to the word ‘dull’? (1 Mark)
(a) Dreary (b) Shady (c) Bright (d) Angry
Ans. (c) Bright
4. Don’t eat that chocolate Amanda!
Remember your acne, Amanda!
Will you please look at me when I’m speaking to you Amanda!
(I am Rapunzel, I have not a care; life in a tower is tranquil and rare, I’ll certainly never let
down my bright hair) (CBSE 2023)
(i) The Speaker’s tone is (1 Mark)
(a) loving (b) hopeful (c) instructive (d) indifferent
Ans. (c) instructive
(ii) Complete the analogy with a word from the extract: rare : uncommon :: peace : ______________.
(1 Mark)
Ans. tranquil
(iii) State whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE: Amanda did not want anyone to
invade her privacy and silence. (1 Mark)
Ans. TRUE
(iv) Select the appropriate option: Amanda’s mother is continuously ______________ Amanda.
(1 Mark)
(a) encouraging (b) reprimanding (c) motivating (d) disappointing
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. (b) reprimanding

(v) Which word in the extract is opposite in meaning to the word ‘dull’? (1 Mark)
(a) dreary (b) shady (c) bright (d) angry
Ans. (c) bright
5. Explain why Amanda wants to be an orphan. Refer to the given lines, from the text - I am
an orphan, roaming the street. I pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet. The silence is
golden, the freedom is sweet. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. She yearns to be an orphan so that she is able to roam the streets and make pattern using
her bare feet in dust. According to Amanda silence is golden because she feels that there
are so many restrictions imposed by her mother. She explains that staying quiet and
enjoying one’s company is the best. She further adds that freedom is so sweet, it means she
likes to enjoy liberty and wants to avoid her suffocating reality.
[211]
Compendium: Class 10
6. Why does Amanda wish to be a mermaid? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Amanda wishes to be a mermaid so she could float alone in the joyfully drowsy, emerald
ocean. She longs to be a vagrant so she can meander the ocean and make designs utilizing
her uncovered feet.
7. What impression do you form about Amanda in the poem? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The poem tells us that Amanda is a young, restless girl with a vivid imagination. Even as she is
being scolded by her mother, Amanda's mind wanders to imaginary scenarios where she is a
mermaid, an orphan or Rapunzel. We also get to know that she is not granted any freedom and
has no peace in her life as she is frustrated with the constant instructions that she gets.
8. “Don’t bite your nails, Amanda!
“Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda!
What does this reflect about Amanda’s mother and Amanda? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. “Don’t bite your nails, Amanda! Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda!” reflects
Amanda’s mother’s concern for her daughter’s habits and posture, showing her
attentiveness and desire for Amanda to present herself well.
9. Ananda was blamed for a number of things. Mention any two. (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. Ananda was blamed for laziness and being a bad influence on his younger brother.
10. Amanda was blamed for a number of things. Mention any two. (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
OR
Mention any two issues over which Amanda was nagged and scolded.
Ans. Amanda's mother nags or scolds her about the following things.
• Amanda is instructed to not eat chocolates and to clean her room as well as shoes.
• Amanda is also asked to finish her homework.

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

[212]
 English

21 The Trees

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the question that follow.
1. All night the roots work
to disengage themselves from the cracks
in the veranda floor.
The leaves strain toward the glass
small twigs stiff with exertion
long-cramped boughs shuffling
under the roof
like newly discharged patients
half-dazed, moving
to the clinic doors.
(a) What are the roots doing all night? (2 Marks)
(b) Identify the poetic device employed in the lines: (1 Mark)
‘long-cramped boughs shuffling under the roof like newly discharged patients’
(1) Alliteration (2) Metaphor (3) Simile (4) Onomatopoeia
(c) Why do the leaves keep straining? (1 Mark)
(1) Because they were unable to breathe properly into the forest.
(2) Because they are tired of being in unnatural surrounding.
(3) Because they want to free themselves by exerting pressure on the glass.
(4) Because they want to establish their freedom.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) What is the poetic device used in the last lines? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) The roots have been struggling all night to come out from the cracks of the veranda floor.
(b) (3) Simile
(c) (3) Because they want to free themselves by exerting pressure on the glass.
(d) There is an effective use of simile when the shuffling cramped boughs are compared to
the freshly discharged patients.
2. I sit inside, doors open to the veranda writing long letters in which I scarcely mention the departure
of the forest from the house.
The night is fresh, the whole moon shines
in a sky still open
the smell of leaves and lichen
still reaches like a voice into the rooms.

[213]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) The poet talks about the houses as: (1 Mark)
(1) a safe sanctuary from predators. (2) a place of confinement.
(3) a representation of family. (4) a concentrate alternative to a natural one.
(b) Identify the poetic device(s) used in the stanza. (1 Mark)
(1) Imagery (2) Alliteration (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of the above
(c) How is the night? (1 Mark)
(d) What is the smell of leaves compared with? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (2) a place of confinement.
(b) (3) Both (1) and (2)
(c) The night is fresh and the full moon is shining in the sky.
(d) The smell of leaves and lichen is reaching the rooms like a voice.
3. My head is full of whispers which tomorrow will be silent.
Listen. The glass is breaking.
The trees are stumbling forward into the night.
(a) What is echoing in her mind? (1 Mark)
(b) When will these whispers be silent? (1 Mark)
(c) What is breaking and why? (1 Mark)
(d) Where are the trees stumbling forward? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The poetess’ mind is full of whispers.
(b) These whispers will become silent the next morning.
(c) Glass is breaking as the trees are forcing to come out of it.
(d) The trees are stumbling forward victoriously towards the forest.
4. Winds rush to meet them.
The moon is broken like a mirror,
its pieces now flash in the crown smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

of the tallest oak.

(a) What does the word ‘them’ in the first line refer to? (1 Mark)
(b) Where do winds rush to? (1 Mark)
(c) What is broken into pieces? (1 Mark)
(d) Where are the pieces of the broken moon shining? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The word ‘them’ refers to the trees.
(b) Winds rush to meet the trees.
(c) The full moon is broken into many pieces like a mirror.
(d) The pieces of the broken moon are shining on the top branches and leaves of the tallest
oak tree.
[214]
 English
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why are the trees moving out into the forest? (3 Marks)
Ans. In the poem, the trees are presented as a metaphor for human beings. As humans value
freedom, nature can’t be subdued and controlled by man. The trees have been brought to
the artificial glasshouses. The natural habitat of trees is the forest. Therefore, after a long
and hard struggle, they are coming out of the artificial barriers. They are marching
victoriously towards the forest which is their original habitat.
2. Why doesn’t the poetess make any mention of the struggle waged by the trees to free
themselves to move towards the forest in her long letters? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poetess is sitting inside her room writing long letters. She is witnessing what is going
on in her house. The struggle of the leaves, twigs, boughs and roots of the trees to free
themselves takes place in her presence. However, she ignores such a historical event.
Perhaps she is shocked and embarrassed by the sudden and unexpected happenings.
3. What are the whispers that fill the head of the poet? (3 Marks)
Ans. The head of the poetess is full of whispers. These are the whispers of the silent struggle that
is going on in her house. The trees have been waging a heroic struggle to free themselves
from the bondage of man. They are moving to their original home — the forest. The poetess
is a witness to all that is happening in the house.
4. Why is the full moon broken to pieces like a mirror in the last lines of the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. Previously it was a peaceful night hiding the struggle that was going on silently. The moon
was full. But now the full grown up trees like oaks with their boughs spreading out all
around have obstructed the sight of the moon. The full moon is fragmented and partly
visible only through the top boughs and leaves of a huge oak tree.
5. What is the message that the poetess want to give to the readers through the poem ‘The
Trees’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Adrienne Rich uses trees as a metaphor for human beings, more particularly women. In a
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

male dominated society, women are in bondage. They are struggling to free themselves.
Similarly, nature, represented by trees and forests, is struggling to escape itself from the
onslaughts of man to destroy it. The victorious march of the trees gives a message of hope
that nature can’t be tamed or subdued by the onslaughts and arrogance of man.
6. What happens when the trees stumble forward into the night? (3 Marks)
Ans. When the tree stumble forward into the might they cause changes around. The grass
breaks. Winds start blowing. The moon is not full. But it is broken. The poet sees its broken
face. She sees it through the top twigs of the tallest oak.
7. What message does the poet give through the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. The message in the poem is the disappearance of forests. People have the trees and plants in their
homes. The forests have disappeared. Forests have come into the houses. When these expand,
houses will undergo changes. The poem centres round the conflict. It is between man and nature.

[215]
Compendium: Class 10
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Describe the sound and fury of the victorious march of the trees to the forest. (6 Marks)
Ans. The silent struggle of the trees know gets more vocal and visible. The trees have won their
hard – earned victory. The artificial glasshouse that imprisoned them has been broken into
pieces. The trees are stumbling forward towards the forest. Winds rush in to meet them.
Even the full moon is covered by the full-grown up oak tree. Only a fragmented moon is
visible through its expanding leaves and boughs.
2. ‘Departure is painful’, so is the departure of the trees painful for the poetess. What will
happen after their departure? (6 Marks)
Ans. Just like the departure of someone close to us is painful, so also is the departure of the tree.
When they are planted as a sapling they look nice and enhance the beauty of our surroundings.
But as they grow and spread out their branches, they look wild and require more space for
their growth. The roots create cracks in the floor and the leaves stretch out as if to move
towards the glass, perhaps in the need of sunlight. The soft twigs become strong and stiff. So
the trees need to be removed from the house. Know more do the leaves cover the sky, but the
trees breathe and they are welcomed by the wind. The moon resembles a broken mirror,
reflecting off the leaves. The poetess reveals that she will feel lonely after the trees’ departure.
3. The trees in the poem stretch out their branches, break barriers and struggle hard to move
out in open in their natural environment. Analyse the efforts that one puts in to break away
captivity and strive for freedom. (6 Marks)
Ans. For anyone, freedom is much more important than any kind of comfort, growth or development.
Even, when we have all the riches in the world but no freedom, we, do not really have anything.
Freedom is the most wanted thing in this world. A bird in golden cage also does not feel happy.
When it is freed, it flies feeling chirpy and happy. And those, who live with bare minimum
necessities but are able to live freely, are always the happiest. Just like the trees in the poem,
freedom is gained after a lot of effort. For example, the freedom movements of countries all
around the world, where people give up their lives to get freedom.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
1. I sit inside, doors open to the veranda writing long
letters in which I scarcely mention the departure
of the forest from the house. The night is fresh, the
whole moon shines in a sky still open.... (CBSE 2025)
(i) What atmosphere or mood is created by the language and imagery used in the above lines?
(2 Marks)
Ans. The atmosphere created is calm, reflective and somewhat melancholic. The imagery of the
"whole moon" shining in the fresh night sky suggests tranquillity, while the reference to
"the departure of the forest" hints at a sense of loss and detachment.
[216]
 English
(ii) Choose the option that correctly pairs the two different meanings implied by the use of
'open' twice in the extract. (1 Mark)
(a) entry point - vastness
(b) sharing a common space - great view
(c) allowing access and vision expanse of space
(d) advantage obstacles ahead
Ans. (d) allowing access and vision -expanse of space.
(iii) From the provided extract, what is conspicuously absent from the long letters the speaker
is writing while they sit indoors with the doors open to the veranda? (1 Mark)
Ans. The speaker does not mention the departure of the trees from the house in their letters.
Despite witnessing the trees leaving, they scarcely write about it, implying a disconnect
between their-· personal reflections and the significant change happening around them.
(iv) How does the poet describe the night? (1 Mark)
1. dark 2. frightening 3. dense 4. fresh 5. bright
Select the correct option:
(a) 1 and 5 (b) Only 3 (c) 4 and 5 (d) 2 and 4
Ans. Correct Option: (c) 4 and 5 (fresh and bright).
Explanation:
Option (a) 1 and 5 (dark and bright): Dark and bright are contradictory descriptions. The
extract describes the night as "fresh" and mentions the moon shining, which implies
brightness rather than darkness.
Option (b) Only 3 (dense): The word dense suggests a thick or heavy atmosphere, which
doesn't align with the description of the night being "fresh." The night is portrayed as light
and open, not dense.
Option (d) 2 and 4 (frightening and fresh): Frightening indicates fear or menace, which isn't
reflected in the passage. The passage describes a calm and introspective scene, without any
hints of fear or danger. Thus, the correct option is (c) 4 and 5, where the night is described
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

as fresh and bright.

2. My head is full of whispers
which tomorrow will be silent.
Listen. The glass is breaking.
The trees are stumbling forward
into the night. Winds rush to meet them.
The moon is broken like a mirror,
its pieces flash now in the crown
of the tallest oak. (CBSE 2025)
(i) The metaphorical expression used by the poet to describe the movement of the trees is
____________ (1 Mark)
Ans. "The trees are stumbling forward into the night."
[217]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Based on the tone, discuss how Adrienne Rich presents the conflict between man and
nature. (2 Marks)
Ans. Adrienne Rich employs a grave and dramatic tone to emphasise the struggle between man
and nature. The imagery of "glass breaking" and "trees stumbling" creates an image of
destruction and turmoil, indicating that human intervention has disturbed the natural
world. The poet presents nature as resisting and struggling against this disturbance,
stressing the tension and conflict induced by human interference.
(iii) What is the mood or atmosphere conveyed by the imagery in the passage? (1 Mark)
(a) Calm and tranquil (b) Eerie and foreboding
(c) Joyful and celebratory (d) Melancholic and traumatic
Ans. (b) Eerie and foreboding
(iv) Why would the whispers be silent tomorrow? (1 Mark)
Ans. The whispers will be still tomorrow because the commotions and clashes mentioned in the
poem will have come to a head or reached a resolution, hence the temporary silence. The
stillness is indicative of the end of the upheaval - the calm after the struggle between nature
and man.
3. My head is full of whispers
Which tomorrow will be silent.
Listen. The glass is breaking.
The trees are stumbling forward
into the night. Winds rush to meet them.
The moon is broken like a mirror,
its pieces flash now in the crown
of the tallest Oak. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Identify the figure of speech used in the line: “The Trees are stumbling forward into the smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

night”. (1 Mark)
Ans. Personification
(ii) Explain the significance of the line: (2 Marks)
“The moon is broken like a mirror, its pieces flash now in the crown of the tallest Oak.”
Answer in about 40 words.
Ans. The statement “The Moon is broken like a mirror’ is a metaphorical description that implies
the Moon has suffered significant damage or is in a fragmented state, resembling a
shattered mirror. While this statement is not factually accurate, it serves as a creative and
imaginative way to depict the Moon’s hypothetical destruction or alteration. Let’s delve into
the details of this metaphorical scenario.
[218]
 English
(iii) Complete the sentence with the appropriate option. In the third line, the word ‘Listen’ is
used to ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) serve no purpose but to complete the sentence.
(b) emphasize listening carefully to the sound of glass breaking.
(c) emphasize listening carefully as a change is about to take place.
(d) make the reader more attentive.
Ans. (c) emphasize listening carefully as a change is about to take place.
(iv) What does the line: “My head is full of whispers which tomorrow will be silent” tell us about
the poet’s state of mind? (1 Mark)
Ans. The poet’s mind is full of whispers which means her mind is occupied by numerous
thoughts about the departure/movement of trees. It is like a revolution for, the captivated
trees are now seeking their freedom, they are symbolic of the women captivated within the
domestic walls and dominated by the male patriarchs.
4. My head is full of whispers
Which tomorrow will be silent.
Listen. The glass is breaking.
The trees are stumbling forward
into the night. Winds rush to meet them.
The moon is broken like a mirror,
its pieces flash now in the crown
of the tallest Oak. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Identify the figure of speech used in the line: "The trees are stumbling forward into the
night". (1 Mark)
Ans. Personification
(ii) Explain the significance of the line: (2 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

"The moon is broken like a mirror, its pieces flash now in the crown of the tallest Oak."
Answer in about 40 words.
Ans. The moon is like a mirror and it appears to have been broken into pieces as the shadow of
the oak tree divides the moon into many fragments.
(iii) Complete the sentence with the appropriate option.
In the third line, the word 'Listen' is used to ___________. (1 Mark)
(a) serve no purpose but to complete the sentence.
(b) emphasise listening carefully to the sound of glass breaking.
(c) emphasise listening carefully as a change is about to take place.
(d) make the reader more attentive.
Ans. (c) emphasise listening carefully as a change is about to take place.

[219]
Compendium: Class 10
(iv) What does the line: "My head is full of whispers which tomorrow will be silent" tell us about
the poet's state of mind? (1 Mark)
Ans. Her head is full of the slow sounds made by the trees which are desperate to move out.
These sounds will not be heard the next day. The poet is feeling remorseful as tomorrow
everything will be silent.
5. What changes would the departure of the trees from the house bring to the forest?
OR
What happens to the house when trees move out of it? Comment. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The departure of the trees from the house to the forest would result in the birds sitting on
their branches again, insects hiding in them and the Sun hiding its rays in the trees'
shadows. The empty forest will become full of trees and there will be a balance in nature.
6. Both 'Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom' by Nelson Mandela and "The Trees' by
Adrienne Rich explore themes of transformation, Liberation and the power to change.
Examine the commonality of themes in both the works. (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Both Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom and The Trees explore transformation,
liberation, and change. Mandela' s struggle led to freedom from oppression, symbolising
resilience. Similarly, in The Trees, the trees breaking free symbolise women's fight against
societal restrictions. Just as Mandela fought for justice, the trees represent women
reclaiming their space and identity. Both works emphasise that true liberation comes
through perseverance and courage. They highlight the power of change, whether in a
nation's fight against discrimination or in women's struggle for freedom, ultimately leading
to growth, empowerment and transformation.
7. What message does Adrienne Rich want to convey through the poem, 'The Trees'?
(CBSE 2020) (8 Marks)
Ans. The Trees
In the poem 'The Trees' by Adrienne Rich, the poet conveys a message of renewal,
liberation, and resilience. Through the imagery of trees growing and reclaiming space, Rich
reflects on themes of personal and collective growth, resistance, and the reclaiming of
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
power. The poem presents the trees as symbolic of life's capacity for renewal and strength.
They are portrayed as breaking free from the constraints of their environment, bursting
through the boundaries, and reclaiming what is theirs. This action represents a struggle for
freedom and the will to thrive despite obstacles. Rich's trees also serve as metaphors for
the human spirit or societal conditions, indicating the potential for transformation. The
speaker of the poem seems to suggest that just as trees reclaim their space and grow
despite human interference, humans too can reclaim their agency, rebuild, and find
strength amidst adversity. In a broader sense, 'The Trees' can be interpreted as a call for
personal and social awakening. Rich might be emphasising that, like trees, individuals or
societies need to grow, break free from past limitations, and reclaim their potential for
growth and renewal. The poem carries a message of hope, renewal, and the importance of
resilience in the face of hardship.
[220]
 English

22 Fog

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extract and answer the question that follow.
1. The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbour and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
(a) Why does the poet use the metaphor of cat? (2 Marks)
(b) Where does the fog fall? (1 Mark)
(1) On the ground (2) On little cat’s feet
(3) On the water (4) Over the harbour and beneath the city
(c) How does it sit and what does it look? (1 Mark)
(d) Who is ‘it’ in the third line here? (1 Mark)
(1) The snowy weather (2) The little cat
(3) The fog (4) The little cat and the fog
Ans. (a) The poet uses the metaphor of the cat because the fog changes into a cat and the cat
morphs back into the fog.
(b) (4) Over the harbour and beneath the city
(c) The fog sits silently on its haunches overlooking the harbour and the city.
(d) (4) The little cat and the fog
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How does the poet employ the double imagery of the fog and the cat? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poetic device of metaphor is very effectively used in the poem. The fog is converted
into a cat and the cat is morphed back into the fog. The silent arrival of the fog is like a little
cat. The fog stays there sitting like the cat on its haunches.
2. Which aspect of nature Carl Sand burg presents in the poem ‘Fog’? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet presents nature in its raw and natural state. The fog comes as if from nowhere. It
comes suddenly and silently like a little cat. The fog’s power is overwhelming. It engulfs
everything, the city and the harbour in its all-embracing fold. Then following the law of
change, it disappears, no one knows where.

[221]
Compendium: Class 10
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. How does Carl Sandburg describe the arrival, stay and departure of the fog through the
image of a metaphorical cat? (6 Marks)
Ans. The poet employs a double image. The fog is converted into a cat and the cat morphs back
into the fog. The arrival of the fog is silent and sudden. It comes as if from nowhere. Its
arrival is like a small cat. It sits and stays for a while. It engulfs everything in its all’
embracing fold. It spreads its fold everywhere from the harbour to the city. It sits silently
as a cat sits on its haunches. The fog stays but not for long. A cat never stays at one place
for a long time. So, the fog moves ahead no one knows where. Carl Sandburg describes the
raw aspect of nature, the all-embracing and prevailing fog. Its silent power is felt
everywhere from the harbour to the city.
2. Difficulties come but they are not to stay forever, they come and go. Comment in reference
to the poem ‘Fog’. (6 Marks)
Ans. Difficulties, when faced by people, tend to leave them hopeless and shattered. It takes a lot of
courage to overcome any problem and to solve it. If we take a clue from the poem and
compare difficulties to fog, we find that just like fog, difficulties also come and go. One need
not be hopeless and lose courage when problems come, one should rather think of it as fog,
meaning that it has not come to stay but will always leave, like fog. Problems are also
temporary and they will go away like fog as they cannot stay or trouble anyone permanently.
3. Nature has many wonders that people take for granted and never pay attention to. How is
the poem ‘Fog’ different from this perspective? (6 Marks)
Ans. The poet has taken utmost pleasure in nature and natural phenomenon like fog. Fog is so
special to the poet that he cared enough not only to write about it, but also thought of its
resemblance with other things in the world. In his close attention to fog, he found fog
resembling a cat, in the way it moves and sits on its haunches. The fact that such a
resemblance was found by the poet shows how connected he is to various things in nature.
This poem serves as a motivation for people, who take nature for granted to find such smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

interesting comparisons and similarities around them.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
1. "The Fog comes on little feet." Highlight the significance of the metaphor employed in the
poem 'Fog' by Carl Sandburg. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. The metaphor "The Fog comes on little feet" indicates the silent and stealthy onset of fog,
similar to a cat. It shows how fog quietly covers the surroundings, giving rise to a peaceful
and mysterious environment.

[222]
 English
2. Examine the role of nature in the poems 'The Dust of Snow' and 'Fog' (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. In 'Dust of Snow' and 'Fog', Robert Frost explores nature's profound influence on human
emotions and perceptions. In 'Pust of Snow', a simple moment-snow falling from a hemlock
tree-shifts the speaker's mood from negative to positive, showing how nature's smallest
gestures can have a healing effect. The snow, often associated with purity and calm, offers
the speaker a moment of peace and renewal. In 'Fog', the fog is described as a mysterious,
almost living entity, moving silently like a cat over the city and harbour. This creates an
atmosphere of stillness and reflection, showing nature's ability to transform the
environment and change how we see the world. Through both poems, Frost emphasises
that nature, whether in small moments or mysterious forces, can deeply affect our emotions
and outlook on life
3. Interpret how nature is a living entity as characterised by Carl Sandburg in his poem.
(CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. In his poem 'Fog', Carl Sandburg personifies nature as a living entity by describing fog with
human-like qualities such as the ability to think, act and move purposefully. The fog 'comes
on little cat feet' and 'moves on'. It 'sits' on its 'silent haunches'. It appears suddenly and
silently, like a cat. This vivid and cohesive portrayal enhances the reader's understanding
by conveying the fog's quiet, subtle movements and observational, transient nature. It adds
depth to the poem, pointing our that even the mundane details of the natural world that
people take for granted are mysterious and beautiful.
4. What effect does the short structure of the poem 'Fog' have on its meaning?
(CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. The poem 'Fog' reflects the nature of fog through its concise structure and simple language.
The brevity of the poem, consisting of only six lines, mirrors the transient and elusive
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

nature of fog, which appears and disappears quickly. The line breaks to create a slow,
deliberate pace, mimicking the fog's gradual movement. Phrases like 'on little cat feet' and
'silent haunches' use minimal but vivid imagery to convey the fog's quiet and stealthy
presence. The short lines and simple structure reflect the fog's quiet, discreet arrival and
departure, making the poem feel like a quick, passing moment. The brevity leaves a
lingering impression, like a fog that momentarily shrouds a landscape before disappearing.
The poem's sparse, unembellished language reflects the fog's simplicity and subtlety,
avoiding complex descriptions to capture the essence of fog with directness and clarity.
This minimalist approach effectively encapsulates the fog's fleeting, gentle presence over
the harbour and city.

[223]
[224]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

The Tale of Custard The

23 Dragon
EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS
Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears,
And Ink and Blink chased lions down the stairs,
Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage,
But Custard cried for a nice safe cage.
(a) How is Belinda described in the stanza? (1 Mark)
(1) Indifferent (2) Lovely (3) Angry (4) Brave
(b) How did Ink and Blink show their strength? (1 Mark)
(1) By chasing seagulls (2) By chasing lions down the stairs
(3) By chasing tigers (4) By chasing pirates off the property
(c) What does the poet say about Mustard? (1 Mark)
(d) Why did Custard cry for a nice safe cage? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) Brave
(b) (2) By chasing lions down the stairs
(c) Mustard is as brave as a tiger when he is in rage.
(d) Custard was a coward and always cried to be put up in a nice safe cage.
2. Belinda tickled him, she tickled him unmerciful,
Ink, Blink and Mustard, they rudely called him Percival,
They all sat laughing in the little red wagon
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

At the realio, trulio, cowardly dragon.

(a) Why did the other animals call Custard Percival? (1 Mark)
(1) To mock him (2) To praise him (3) To be funny (4) To insult him
(b) What did Ink, Blink and Mustard do? (1 Mark)
(c) What did they do sitting in the little red wagon? (2 Marks)
(d) What did they generally think of Custard? (1 Mark)
(1) Careless (2) Coward (3) Careful (4) Cantankerous
Ans. (a) (1) To mock him
(b) The three of them mocked at the dragon calling him Percival, the brave.
(c) They sat in the little red wagon and laughed at the dragon.
(d) (2) Coward

[225]
Compendium: Class 10
3. Suddenly, suddenly they heard a nasty sound,
And Mustard growled, and they all looked around.
Meowch! cried Ink, and ooh! cried Belinda,
For there was a pirate, climbing in the winda.
(a) What kind of sound did they hear? (1 Mark)
(b) What happened after they heard the sound? (2 Marks)
(c) How did Ink and Belinda react? (1 Mark)
(d) Who was ‘climbing in the window’? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) They heard a nasty sound suddenly.
(b) They were surprised and looked around.
(c) Ink ‘mewed!’ and Belinda cried “ooh!” in surprise.
(d) A pirate was climbing through the window.
4. But up jumped Custard, snorting like an engine,
Clashed his tails like irons in a dungeon,
With a clatter and a clank and a jangling squirm
He went at the pirate like a robin at a worm.
(a) How did Custard snort? (1 Mark)
(b) How did Custard attack the pirate with his tail? (2 Marks)
(c) How did he squirm? (1 Mark)
(d) What is Custard’s fight with the pirate compared with? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Custard snorted like an engine.
(b) Custard, the dragon attacked the pirate with his tail as iron chains strike on the
dungeon floor.
(c) Custard squirmed making a jangling sound.
(d) Custard pounced upon the pirate as a robin pounces upon an insect.
5. The pirate gaped at Belinda’s dragon,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
And gulped some grog from his pocket flagon,
He fired two bullets but they didn’t hit,
And Custard gobbled him, every bit.
(a) How did the pirate watch the dragon? (1 Mark)
(b) What did he have in the flagon? (1 Mark)
(c) Did the bullets hit the dragon? (1 Mark)
(d) What fate did the pirate meet? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The pirate watched the dragon intently.
(b) He had wine in the flagon.
(c) No, the bullets didn’t hit the dragon.
(d) The dragon swallowed every bit of the pirate immediately.

[226]
 English
6. Belinda embraced him, Mustard licked him,
No one mourned for his pirate victim
Ink and Blink in glee did gyrate
Around the dragon that ate the pirate.
(a) How did Belinda treat Custard? (2 Marks)
(b) What did Ink and Blink do? (1 Mark)
(c) What did Mustard do to Custard? (1 Mark)
(d) Did they mourn the death of the pirate? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Belinda embraced Custard as he had killed the pirate.
(b) Ink and Blink danced around Custard.
(c) Mustard licked Custard out of love.
(d) No, none of them mourned the death of the pirate.
7. Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears,
And Ink and Blink chased lions down the stairs,
Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage,
But Custard cried for a nice safe cage.
(a) How brave were the kitten and the mouse? (1 Mark)
(b) How did Mustard show his bravery? (1 Mark)
(c) Why did Custard cry for a nice safe cage? Did this demand change by the end of the
poem? Give reasons. (2 Marks)
(d) The poet has used a poetic device in the given line. The effect that he wishes to create
by its use is ___________. (1 Mark)
"Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears"
(1) Contrast (2) Emphasis (3) Comparison (4) Humour
Ans. (a) The kitten and the mouse were so brave that they could chase wild animals.
(b) Mustard showed his bravery by getting angry like a tiger.
(c) Custard was a coward and so, he cried for the safety of a nice cage. No, this demand
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

didn't change by the end of the poem. Despite proving that he was braver than
everyone else when he killed and ate the pirate, Custard didn't change in his demand.
He still wanted his nice safe cage.
(d) (3) Comparison

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. What were the names of Belinda’s pets? Do their names reflect their personalities? (3 Marks)
Ans. Belinda has four pets. They are: a little black kitten, Ink, a little yellow dog, Mustard, a grey
mouse named Blink and a dragon called Custard. Yes, their names reflect their colours and
traits. The black kitten Ink is black like ink ; Mustard, the dog is yellow like mustard flowers.
The cowardly Custard has no strength of character like the dish, custard.

[227]
Compendium: Class 10
2. Describe the outwardly appearance of Custard, the dragon. Why did he always cry for a nice
safe cage? (3 Marks)
Ans. Outwardly, Custard was a picture of power and strength. His teeth were big and sharp.
There were spikes on top of him. His mouth spat fire. He had a big nose that resembled a
chimney. There were daggers on his toes. However, Custard didn’t possess the strength of
character. He lacked courage. He was not courage of his real strength and always begged
for a nice safe cage for his protection.
3. Why did Belinda and her pets prove ungrateful to Custard who killed the pirate? Why did
they again start calling him timid and cowardly? (3 Marks)
Ans. Belinda and her pets showed a temporary appreciation of Custard’s heroic feat. Belinda
embraced him and other pets danced around him. But that was the end of it. They again
started indulging in self-patting and self-praise. They showed their ungratefulness by
undermining and not acknowledging Custard heroic fight with the pirate.
4. What lesson or the message does the poet seem to give to the readers? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet gives a definite message. Merely outer appearances and physical strength don’t
make a person brave. One should have the strength of mind and self-confidence to be really
great. The dragon, Custard had a lot of physical strength and he swallowed the pirate.
Inspite of that, he was bullied and mocked at for his timidity and cowardly behaviour.
5. How did they all show their bravery? How was the dragon different? (3 Marks)
Ans. Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears. Ink and Blink were fearless. They chased the
lions down the stairs. Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage. Custard showed his
cowardice in crying for a nice safe cage.
6. What was the ‘nasty sound’ they all heard one day? How did they react to it? (3 Marks)
Ans. The ‘nasty sound’ was of a pirate. Mustard looked at him and growled at it. Ink gave out
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
‘Meowch’ sound. Belinda cried ‘ooh’. They looked around to see what kind of sound it was.
They were curious to know who had produced it.
7. How did they receive the dragon after he had swallowed the pirate? (3 Marks)
Ans. The dragon had swallowed the pirate. It was a daring act. He became a figure of praise.
Belinda embraced him Mustard licked him. Ink and Blink jumped round surrounding him.
They showed their extreme joy in this way. No one mourned for the pirate.
8. How did they boast of their false bravery then? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mustard boasted cleverly. He said that he would have been twice as brave if he had not got
nervous. Ink and Blink said that they had been three times as brave. Custard only said that
he agreed with them. They boasted only after the dragon had done away with the pirate.

[228]
 English
9. Were Belinda and her pets grateful to Custard for killing the pirate? How did Custard react
to their reactions? (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, Belinda and her pets were grateful to Custard for killing the pirate, but it was only temporary.
Soon after expressing gratitude, Mustard, Ink and Blink started giving excuses for their
cowardice and things went back to normal as it was before the pirate incident. Custard, the
dragon, reacted in a humble manner and accepted that all other pets were braver than him.
10. Was everyone really as brave as they claimed? (3 Marks)
Ans. Belinda and her three pets, excluding Custard, were very proud of their bravery but they
were not really brave. It was only Custard, who had the courage to face the pirate and fight
him. So, among all, only Custard was brave.
11. Custard humbly accepts that other animals are braver than him. Give a reason to support
your stance that humility is a virtue worth possessing. (3 Marks)
Ans. Custard humbly accepts that other animals are braver than him because humility is a virtue
worth possessing. Humility helps us in not placing too much importance to our
achievements. It also allows us to accept our vulnerabilities.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. The dragon, Custard was considered a coward. The humble dragon proved his bravery in
adversity. (6 Marks)
Analyse that certain qualities like bravery and courage are situational and spontaneous.
Express your views with reference to the poem.
Ans. It is true that bravery and courage are situational and spontaneous. Custard the dragon, does
not boast of his bravery as other pets of Belinda do. They boasted of their bravery and made
fun of the dragon’s cowardice. But when real danger came, none of them could face the danger
and hide themselves in some corner of the house. It was only dragon who dared to face the
frightening pirate who appeared really threatening with pistols and knife. Custard, the dragon
rose to the situation, showed his real bravery and gobbled up the pirate. It was a dangerous
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

situation and Custard behaved bravely in this situation. So we can say that qualities like
bravery and courage can only be tested when some one is actually put in a dangerous situation.
2. Do you think that one should be made fun of because of their preferences and choices in
life? Explain in the context of Custard, the dragon. (6 Marks)
Ans. It is not right to make fun of anyone on the basis of their lifestyle and their choices. Custard,
the dragon, always wanted comfort and safety for him and therefore always cried for a nice
safe cage. Belinda and other pets of the house made fun of him because they thought that
he was a coward. Custard proved that just because he likes comfort, he is not a coward. In
fact, he was the only one, who had the courage to face the pirate and kill him. At the time of
need, it was Custard the dragon, who had the courage to fight the pirate and gobble him up.
Others were only boastful of their bravery as they all disappeared when real need arose. So
no one should make fun of others without realising their real strength.
[229]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
1. Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears,
And Ink and Blind chased lions down the stairs,
Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage,
But Custard cried for a nice safe cage.
Belinda tickled him, she tickled him unmerciful,
Ink, Blink and Mustard, they rudely called him Percival (CBSE 2025)
(i) What poetic device is used in the first sentence? (1 Mark)
Ans. The poetic device used in the first sentence is simile (“as brave as a barrel full of bears”).
(ii) What was ironical about Custard being referred to as Percival? (2 Marks)
Ans. Percival was a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table known for his bravery. The irony is that
Custard, unlike Percival, was cowardly and preferred to stay safe rather than fight.
(iii) Complete the following suitably: (1 Mark)
The word ‘unmerciful’ in the given context implies that Belinda is _________.
Ans. The word ‘unmerciful’ in the given context implies that Belinda was teasing Custard
without any kindness or sympathy.
(iv) What image of Custard is created in the above lines? (1 Mark)
Ans. Custard is portrayed as a timid and cowardly dragon who prefers safety over bravery.
Unlike the other animals, he does not act fiercely and is mocked for his fearfulness.
2. Belinda giggled till she shook the house,
And Blink said Weeck! Which is giggling for a mouse,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ink and Mustard rudely asked his age,
When Custard cried for a nice safe cage.
Suddenly, suddenly they heard a nasty sound,
And Mustard growled, and they all looked around. (CBSE 2025)
(i) What inference can be drawn from the repetition of 'suddenly, suddenly' in the above extract?
(a) The scene shook the house (1 Mark)
(b) It highlights the swift assault
(c) It emphasises that an unexpected noise was heard
(d) It directs our notice to Mustard's growling
Ans. (c) It emphasises that an unexpected noise was heard.

[230]
 English
(ii) Despite its symbolism of captivity, what leads Custard to have a preference for staying in a cage?
Ans. Custard prefers staying in a cage despite its symbolism of captivity because he is timid and
cowardly by nature. Unlike the other pets, who pretend to be brave, Custard finds comfort
and safety in the cage, as it protects him from potential dangers. (2 Marks)
His preference highlights his lack of confidence and his contrasting personality compared
to the boastful characters in the poem.
(iii) Select the option that applies the same rhyme scheme as the lines of the first four lines of
the given extract. (1 Mark)
(a) Through the telescope she saw a star (b) Through the telescope she saw a star
which she thought was very far She stretched her hand
She stretched her hand As it was very far
and felt the crumple of the sand. But felt the crumble of the sand.
(c) Through the telescope she saw a star (d) Through the telescope she saw a star
Which she thought was very far Which she thought was very far
Her hand she stretched Her hand she stretched afar
But felt the crumble of the sand. But felt the crumble of the sand.
Ans. (a) Through the telescope she saw a star/ which she thought was very far/ She stretched
her hand/ and felt the crumple of the sand.
(iv) In the given extract,
The difference between the other animals and Custard is that Custard behaves like a _________.
(coward/dragon). (1 Mark)
Ans. coward
3. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Belinda paled, and she cried Help! Help!
But Mustard fled with a terrified yelp,
Ink trickled down to the bottom of the household, Which animal came out as a real hero in
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

this situation?
And little mouse Blink strategically mouse holed. (CBSE 2024)
(i) Which animal came out as a real hero in this situation? (1 Mark)
Ans. Custard came out as a real hero in this situation.
(ii) 'Help! Help! is an example of (1 Mark)
(a) personification (b) alliteration (c) simile (d) repetition
Ans. repetition
(iii) The phrase 'trickled down' means _________. (1 Mark)
(a) stepped down quickly (b) ran away fearfully
(c) tricked mercilessly (d) moved down slowly
Ans. (d) moved down slowly

[231]
Compendium: Class 10
(iv) How did Belinda react in the face of crisis? (2 Marks)
Ans. Belinda reacts to a crisis by becoming pale with fear, crying for help and being terrified.
4. Ogden Nash uses vivid imagery in ‘The Tale of Custard the Dragon’ to appeal to the senses.
Elaborate the imagery used for the Pirate. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. In ‘The Tale of Custard the Dragon’ poet uses a vivid imagery for the pirate by expressing
his formidable presence who makes ‘nasty’ sounds. He had pistol in each of his hands. He
looked scary, with ‘a cutlass bright’ in his teeth. This means that he held a bright piece of glass
between his teeth. Also, he had a wooden peg for a leg, like the pirates in stories often do.
5. Belinda and other animals have been described as brave. But on seeing the pirate they
behaved in a cowardly way. How did they react? (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. When the pirate came, Belinda cried for help and became pale with fear. Mustard ran away
with a terrified cry and Ink hid himself at the bottom of the house, while Blink disappeared
in his hole. It was only Custard who showed the courage and jumped in front of the pirate
to fight him.
6. Describe the Pirate who comes through the window. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The pirate had a wooden leg and his beard was black. He had a pistol in both his left and
right hand and he held a cutlass in his teeth.
7. What did custard look like? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The custard Dragon had big, sharp teeth. He had spikes on his head and scales underneath
the spikes. His nose was like a chimney and he breathed out fire all the time. His nails were
as sharp as daggers.
8. How did the other pets celebrate Custard getting rid of the pirate? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. After Custard ate the pirate, there was joy all around the house. No one mourned for the
pirate and everyone was grateful to the dragon. Belinda hugged Custard while Mustard
licked him. Ink and Blink started dancing around Custard. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

9. Describe how Custard the Dragon fights the pirate. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
OR
How did Custard prove 'the cowardly dragon' tag to be untrue? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. When the pirate came in Belinda's house, all of her pets, except Custard, hid themselves.
Custard jumped in front of the pirate to fight him. He even clashed his tail.
During this fight, the pirate shot two bullets at him but missed the aim. Finally, Custard ate
him and left no trace of him.
10. How did Custard prove ‘the cowardly dragon’ tag to be untrue? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. Custard proved the ‘cowardly dragon’ tag to be untrue by bravely facing a fierce dog that
threatened Belinda.
[232]
 English

24 For Anne Gregory

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. “But I can get a hair-dye
And set such colour there,
Brown, or black, or carrot,
That young men in despair
May love me for myself alone
And not my yellow hair.”
(a) The form of the given stanza is a part of: (1 Mark)
(1) an agreement (2) a disapproval (3) an engagement (4) an argument
(b) Why is the young man in despair? (2 Marks)
(c) What does the woman want? (1 Mark)
(d) Read the statements 1 and 2 given below and choose the option that correctly assesses
these statements. (1 Mark)
(i) The speaker wants to change her hair colour so that it may appeal to young men.
(ii) The speaker’s appearance due to her gorgeous yellow hair is largely the reason
young men hope to get her attention.
(1) (i) is false, (ii) is true and clearly inferred from the poem.
(2) (i) is true, (ii) cannot be clearly inferred from the poem.
(3) (i) cannot be clearly inferred from the poem, (ii) is false.
(4) (i) is true and can be inferred from the poem, (ii) is false.
Ans. (a) (4) an argument
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) The young man is in despair as he is disappointed in love.

(c) The woman wants to be loved for herself alone, as she is.
(d) (1) (i) is false, (ii) is true and clearly inferred from the poem.
2. “Never shall a young man,
Thrown into despair
By those great honey-coloured
Ramparts at your ear,
Love you for yourself alone
And not your yellow hair.”
(a) Who is being addressed to here? (1 Mark)
(b) Anne’s gorgeous hair have been compared to _________, symbolising outer beauty that
prevents anyone from looking inside her soul. (1 Mark)
(1) despair (2) a lock (3) a pitcher (4) parapet
[233]
Compendium: Class 10
(c) What is her falling hair on her ears, compared here? (2 Marks)
(d) Choose the correct word that means ‘hopelessness’. (1 Mark)
(1) Ramparts (2) Thrown (3) Despair (4) honey
Ans. (a) A young woman, Anne Gregory is being addressed to in these lines.
(b) (4) parapet
(c) The hair falling on her ears look like the ramparts walls around a fort.
(d) (3) Despair
3. “I heard an old religious man
But yesternight declare
That he had found a text to prove
That only God, my dear,
Could love you for yourself alone
And not your yellow hair.”
(a) Who did the poet hear? (1 Mark)
(b) What did he find to prove his point? (1 Mark)
(c) How can God love her? (1 Mark)
(d) What truth of life is expressed in the above stanza? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) The poet heard an old religious man.
(b) He found a text to prove his point.
(c) Only God can love her for herself alone, without caring for her external or physical beauty.
(d) Human beings love a woman for her physical beauty and for her beautiful blonde hair
while God judges and loves a woman for herself alone or as she really is
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why shall a young person never to be thrown into despair? (3 Marks)
Ans. Generally, a young man develops some fascination for a beautiful lady. Sometimes the
external appearance of the lady affects him deeply. The honey coloured hair of the lady may
lead him to love her without caring for her inherent qualities of her head and heart. It may
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
throw him into despair.
2. What does the lady want to do and why? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young lady, Anne Gregory doesn’t like that a young man should love her for her external
appearance or for her beautiful yellow hair. External appearances can easily be changed.
She can dye her hair black, brown or of carrot’s, the way she likes. She wants that she should
be loved not for her yellow hair but for ‘herself-alone’.
3. Why doesn’t the young woman like to be loved for her yellow hair? What does she want to
prove? (3 Marks)
Ans. The young lady has a point to prove. She wants to prove that she can change her external
appearance or the colour of her hair easily. She can dye her hair brown, black or of carrot’s
colour. But she doesn’t want to be loved for her beautiful long yellow hair. She should be
loved for ‘herself alone’ or for what she actually is.
[234]
 English
4. What did the old religious man declare? What did he want to prove? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poet heard an old religious man declare one truth the previous night. He quoted a text
to prove his point. He wanted to prove that only God can love a woman for ‘herself alone’
without caring for her beautiful exterior or yellow hair. Human beings can’t resist external
temptations or appearances.
5. What is the theme or the central idea of the poem? (3 Marks)
Ans. In ‘For Anne Gregory’ W.B. Yeats gives a definite message. Human beings can’t go beyond
the external appearances. Their love is just skin-deep. A young woman like Anne Gregory
may be liked and loved not for what she actually is but for the colour of her hair. Only
godliness in man can penetrate and go beyond these physical appearances and see the
inner beauty and nobility of the soul.
6. What message does the poem give out? (3 Marks)
Ans. The poem gives out a clear not message in the poem. The poet states that physical beauty
may be important for young men or the human beings. But God does not think these
important. He loves all the human beings. It is without their colour or physical aspects.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Do we love people because we like their appearances or we are fascinated by their physical
appearances? How does Anne Gregory want to be loved? (6 Marks)
Ans. This is the world of pomp and show. Things and people are often liked and loved not
because of their merit but because of their external appearances. Anne Gregory’s honey-
coloured yellowish hair look like the ramparts of a fort when they fall on her ears. There
are many who love Anne Gregory only for her yellow hair. However, Anne doesn’t like to
be liked and loved this way. After all, how does the colour matter? She can dye her hair the
way she likes. She can dye them brown, black, of carrot’s colour or the way she likes. If her
lover likes only for her beautiful hair, she won’t accept him. She should be loved for ‘herself
alone’ . But this world doesn’t go by her wish. Only God can love a person for what he is.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Human beings will go on being tempted by beautiful yellow hair.

2. God does not love a person for his/her outer appearance but for the person himself.
Elaborate. (6 Marks)
Ans. God does not love any person for his/her outer appearance and riches. Human beings pay
attention to material things. To prove this, the poet/speaker mentioned about a text found
by an old religious man that proves that only God can love a person for himself/herself. We
should not expect the same from human beings. Human beings prefer to see only outward
beauty. The speaker tells that only God can be so great as to avoid external beauty and look
beyond it. Man, on the other hand, falls for all things that appear pretty from outside and
never bothers about what lies inside. The poet wants to say that it is a truth since time
immemorial that men can not easily judge women on anything other than their looks.
[235]
Compendium: Class 10
3. The poet in the poem ‘For Anne Gregory’ conveys that we should give importance to the inner
beauty and not the physical appearance. Elaborate with reference to the poem. (6 Marks)
Ans. In the conversation that takes place between Anne Gregory and another speaker, the poet
has tried to show that inner beauty is real beauty whereas physical appearance is
changeable and hence, unimportant. The first speaker says to Anne that young men love
her for her beautiful yellow hair and may never love her for what she really is. To this, Anne
replies that her hair-colour can be changed into black, brown or carrot, meaning that
external beauty is all superficial and men should not love her for that. Through Anne’s reply,
the poet has made clear his preference for internal beauty over physical appearance.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. The idea of beauty is a one-dimensional cultural conception or one that has been created
by human beings themselves. Comment on the statement with reference to the
conventional ideas of beauty in the poem 'For Anne Gregory'. (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. In 'For Anne Gregory', the poem challenges conventional ideas of beauty, suggesting that
physical appearance is superficial. Anne Gregory wants to be loved based on her interior
rather than her exterior. The poem insists on the fact that beauty is inherent and that
human beings tend to construct and establish narrow and superficial standards of beauty.
2. How does the poet present the concept of beauty in the poem 'For Anne Gregory'?
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. In "For Anne Gregory", the poet redefines beauty beyond physical appearance. He asserts
that it is a matter of inner qualities and one should be cherished for these aspects, not just
for physical appearances, defying traditional ideas about beauty.
3. Physical beauty is not permanent, but the beauty of character or internal beauty is permanent.
Justify on the basis of your reading of 'For Anne Gregory'. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks) smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. In the poem 'For Anne Gregory', a conversation between Anne Gregory and another speaker,
most probably the poet, takes place. The poet through this conversation conveys that we
should give importance to the inner beauty and not the physical appearance. He tells Anne
Gregory that many young men fall in love with her because of her beautiful hair. They do
not love her for her inner qualities.
To such a statement, Anne replies that she would change the colour of her hair so that men
would love her for her personality and inner beauty. This reply along with the poet's
assertion that only God loves one for one's inner beauty, presents the poet's message
clearly. The poet believes that outward appearances are artificial and hence, are not true.
Thus, man must prefer internal beauty over physical appearance.

[236]
 English

25 A Triumph of Surgery

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. They were days of deep content, starting well with the extra egg in the morning, improved
and sustained by the midday wine and finishing luxuriously round the fire with the brandy.
It was a temptation to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest, but I knew Mrs Pumphrey was
suffering and after a fortnight, felt compelled to phone and tell her that the little dog had
recovered and was awaiting collection.
(a) Mr. Herriot would start well with the ___________ in the morning. (1 Mark)
(1) milk (2) brandy (3) extra egg (4) sandwich
(b) Why is Mr. Herriot tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest? (2 Marks)
(c) Find the word from the extract that means similar to: ‘To force somebody to do
something.’ (1 Mark)
(d) Mr. Herriot felt compelled to: (1 Mark)
(1) play with Tricki
(2) take Tricki along with them
(3) tell Mrs Pumphery that the little dog has recovered
(4) let Mrs Pumphery suffer
Ans. (a) (3) extra egg
(b) Mr Herriot is tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest because of the good food
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

and wine he is enjoying in Tricki’s name. He does not want to lose the luxurious inflow
of fresh eggs, wine and brandy.
(c) Compelled
(d) (3) tell Mrs Pumphery that the little dog has recovered
2. From then on, his progress was rapid. He had no medicinal treatment of any kind but all
day he ran about with the dogs, joining in their friendly scrimmages. He discovered the joys
of being bowled over, tramped on and squashed every few minutes. He became an accepted
member of the gang, an unlikely, silky little object among the shaggy crew, fighting like a
tiger for his share at mealtimes and hunting rats in the old hen house at night. He had never
had such a time in his life. All the while, Mrs Pumphrey hovered anxiously in the background,
ringing a dozen times a day for the latest bulletins.
[237]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) What does the reference to Tricki as a ‘silky little object’ signify? (2 Marks)
(b) Pick the option that reveals Tricki’s characteristics in the context of ‘fighting like a tiger
for his share at mealtimes and hunting rats in the old hen house at night.’ (1 Mark)
(i) selfish (ii) happy (iii) greedy (iv) confident
(v) sturdy (vi) cruel
(1) (ii), (iv) and (v) (2) only (ii)
(3) (i) and (v) (4) (iii), (iv) and (vi)
(c) Why does the narrator describe being ‘tramped on and squashed’ as joys? (1 Mark)
(1) To suggest the irony about the strange ways of dogs.
(2) To mention the simple pleasures of canine life.
(3) To compare it to Tricki’s earlier play-time at the house.
(4) To direct attention towards Tricki’s successful recovery.
(d) Find a word from the extract that means similar to ‘a short news report or an official
statement about a situation’ (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) Silky little object refers to Tricky, who is a dog that has been raised in the lap of luxury
with care and grooming by Mrs. Pumphrey. The reference signifies that Tricky is not
like the other dogs in the gang who are shaggy and have lived outdoors in tough
conditions.
(b) (1) (ii), (iv) and (v)
(c) (2) To mention the simple pleasures of canine life.
(d) bulletins

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
1. What plans did Dr Herriot make to get Tricki out of the house? (3 Marks)
Ans. Dr James Herriot realised that as long as Tricki was with Mrs Pumphrey, he would be
miserable. He suggested her that Tricki must be hospitalised for a fortnight. He would be
under his observation. The lady almost fainted on hearing this, but Dr Herriot took a firm
line. He insisted that the dog was ill and it was the only way of saving him.
2. How did the word ‘convalescing’ affect Tricki’s mistress, Mrs Pumphrey? (3 Marks)
Ans. The moment Mrs Pumphrey heard that Tricki was out of danger and convalescing, she was
excited. She started bringing fresh eggs, two dozen at a time, to build up his strength. Wine
and brandy were given to enrich Tricki’s blood. For a few nights, brandy was rolled around,
inhaled and reverently drunk.

[238]
 English
3. Why did Tricki become an uninteresting object for other dogs at the surgery? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tricki was to be hospitalised for a fortnight. The pathetic little dog was gasping for breath.
At the surgery, the household dogs surged around Dr Herriot. Tricki looked down at the
noisy dogs with dull eyes helplessly. He lay motionless on the carpet. The other dogs circled
around him sniffing for a few seconds. They decided that Tricki was an uninteresting object
for them. Therefore, they ignored him.
4. How was Tricki accepted as a member of the gang and the other dogs started enjoying his
company? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tricki was out of danger. He started taking interest in his surroundings. On the third day,
Joe, the greyhound and other dogs surrounded him. They rolled him over and inspected
him. Tricki followed them to the garden. He was running and rolling down in their company.
Now he was accepted as a member of the gang.
5. Wasn’t Mrs Pumphrey as overindulgent but silly and impractical mistress? (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, Mrs Pumphrey was fabulously rich. She could afford to be overindulgent towards her
favourite pet dog, Tricki. The dog was pampered like a spoiled child. She was silly enough
to provide cushions, toys, day-bed, night-bed, unnecessary items like, malt, cod-liver, oil
Horlicks, wine and brandy which are not available even to human being. Her impractical
nature led to overfeeding of Tricki. He grew hugely fat, listless and dull.
6. Why did Mrs Pumphrey say, ‘This is a triumph of surgery’? Did she know what Tricki’s
aliment was? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mrs Pumphrey was greatly delighted to see Tricki well again. She had lost the hope that
Tricki would be well. So she acknowledged that Tricki’s well being was due to surgery. She
didn’t know Tricki’s ailment. But she knew that its recovery was all due to surgery.
7. How did the author ‘treat’ Tricki at the surgery? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Herriot, the author, made a bed for Tricki. It was next to where the other dogs slept.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Tricki was given no food. It was given plenty of water. His habits needed to be regulated.
He was kept under a proper observation. This ‘treatment’ made it all right.
8. What made the author delighted to keep Tricki at the surgery? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Herriot, the author, felt delighted to keep Tricki at the surgery. It was because Mrs.
Pumphrey sent many delicacies for Tricki. But it would not need all of them. These were
fresh eggs, wine, brandy etc. Mr. Herriot and his staff could share these things also. This
made them delighted.
9. What evidence do you get from the text about Tricki’s affluent living? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tricki ate costly food items like chocolates, Horlicks etc. It was provided costly beds,
cushions, bowls and playthings. Mrs Pumphrey kept it like a human being. These evidences
show that Tricki had an affluent living.

[239]
Compendium: Class 10
10. Why was it a temptation to keep Tricki as a permanent guest? (3 Marks)
Ans. It was a temptation to keep Tricki as a permanent guest. It was because Mrs Pumphrey
started sending fresh eggs, two dozen at a time. The staff of Mr. Herriot ate these eggs. There
came bottles of wine etc. It was really a great thing for them.
11. What activities went on in Mrs Pumphrey’s house when Tricki was being taken to the
surgery? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tricki was being taken to the surgery. The staff of Mrs Pumphrey was roused. It brought
Tricki’s personal belongings like cushions, lunch bowl, breakfast bowl etc. All were in tears
when it was being taken to hospital.
12. Why was Mr Herriot tempted to keep Tricki permanently at his hospital? (3 Marks)
Ans. As long as Tricki stayed in Mr Herriot’s hospital, it was a merry time for the household.
They got regular supply of eggs, wine and brandy. It was meant for the dog, but these were
consumed by the members of the family. So Herriot had the temptation to keep Tricki
permanently at his house. But in view of Mrs Pumphrey’s suffering, he phoned her to take
Tricki back to her home.
13. Do you think Tricki was enjoying his stay at the hospital? Why? (3 Marks)
Ans. Tricki was certainly enjoying his stay at the hospital. He had befriended the gang of shabby
household dogs. He found a new joy in being bowled over, trampled on and squashed. He
had also become very energetic. He used to play and run all day long with the dogs. He was
having a great time.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Why did Dr James Herriot say that he was tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest?
Give a reasoned answer. (6 Marks)
Ans. Dr James Herriot was not only a competent veterinary surgeon but also a clever man of the
world. No doubt Tricki was in a highly miserable state when he was brought to Dr Herriot’s smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

surgery. The doctor gave no medical treatment to the dog. He didn’t give food but a plenty
of water for a few days. Tricki’s recovery was rather rapid. Soon, he was transformed into
a flexible and hard-muscled dog. The grateful mistress obliged Dr Herriot and his friends.
His partners and he himself had two eggs each for breakfast. Lunch became a ceremonial
occasion. The grateful and fabulously rich mistress of Tricki treated him warmly with
liberal serving of wine and brandy.
Dr James Herriot was enjoying the best of both the worlds. He had no hesitation in
accepting. Mrs Pumphrey’s tempting services. Naturally, it was a temptation for him to keep
Tricki on as a permanent guest. Those were days of deep content Fresh eggs in the morning,
wine at noon and finishing luxuriously around the fire with brandy. Who wouldn’t like such
a pleasant situation? After all, Dr Herriot was a clever and worldly wise man.
[240]
 English
2. Describe Tricki’s stay at Dr James Herriot’s surgery, highlighting his behaviour and his
rapid recovery. (6 Marks)
Ans. Dr Herriot found out quite early what was the real problem with Tricki. He knew that
Tricki’s only weakness was his greed for food. He, therefore, wanted Mrs Pumphrey to keep
Tricki on a strict diet and give him plenty of exercise. Dr Herriot instructed her that the dog
be hospitalised under his observation for a fortnight. At the surgery, Tricki looked down at
the noisy dogs with dull eyes. He lay motionless on the carpet. The other dogs ignored him
as an uninteresting object. A bed was made in a warm loose box next to the other dogs. For
two days, Dr Herriot kept an eye on him. He gave him no food but plenty of water. He gave
no medical treatment to Tricki.
Dr Herriot’s practical treatment worked First, Tricki started taking an interest in his
surroundings. His appetite returned. He started running along with the other dogs in the
garden joining in their friendly barkings. Then, Tricki’s stay at the surgery became quite
enjoyable. His indulgent mistress gave him fresh eggs, wine and brandy. Even Dr Herriot
was tempted to keep Tricki as a permanent guest. However, Tricki’s recovery was quite
rapid and he was handed over to his mistress. The grateful Mrs Pumphrey thanked Dr
Herriot and called his feat “a triumph of surgery!”
3. Describe in about 100 words how Mr Herriot ‘cured’ Tricki’s illness. (6 Marks)
Ans. Mr Herriot took Tricki to his Surgery. There he made up a bed for him. For two days he kept
an eye on it. He gave it no food but plenty of water. At the end of the second day, Tricki
showed some interest in its surroundings. It started searching some food. Mr Herriot also
gave brandy to Tricki. Its diet was—an extra egg in the morning, wine at noon and brandy
in the evening. These things had a great effect on Tricki. Then the company of dogs also
proved much important in Tricki’s improvement. Very soon, it became all right.
4. Describe Mrs Pumphrey’s love and worry for Tricki. (6 Marks)
Ans. In fact, Mrs Pumphrey has a great love for Tricki, her dog. She does not treat it as an animal.
She treats it as a human being, like her own child. This fact is seen in Tricki’s food. Tricki
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

has been given every sort of luxury, but no work. It has become very fat. The result is that
Tricki falls ill because it has no physical exercise. Mrs Pumphrey’s worries are great. She
calls Mr. Herriot, veterinary surgeon. He takes Tricki to his surgery. But he regulates its
diet. He gives it physical exercise. Tricki gets all right again.
5. Comment on the aptness of the title of the story ‘A Triumph of Surgery’. (6 Marks)
Ans. Surgery is the hospital for the sick dogs. It also refers to medical aid in allopathy. The title
refers to both these meanings. Tricki is the dear dog of Mrs. Pumphrey. It falls ill. Mrs.
Pumphrey gets sad at its illness. She calls the author who is also a veterinary surgeon. He
takes Tricki to the Surgery. He regulates Tricki’s diet. He makes it run with other dogs. But it
was all right after the treatment at the Surgery. So, the importance of the Surgery is clear. The
chapter is all about this. So, it is appropriately titled. The title is the main idea of the story.
[241]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Why did Mrs. Pumphrey think the dogs recovery is 'A Triumph of Surgery'?
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Mrs. Pumphrey considered Tricki' s recovery a triumph of surgery because she believed he
was critically ill and needed medical intervention. However, the vet simply put him on a
strict diet and exercise. Seeing Tricki active and healthy again, she exaggerated the recovery
as a miraculous success.
2. Lunch transformed into a significant ceremonial event for Mr. Herriot and his associates.
Do you agree? Explain with reference to 'A Triumph of Surgery'. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, I agree that the lunch transformed into a significant ceremonial event. In A Triumph of
Surgery, Mrs. Pumphrey' s overindulgence made Tricki sick, but Dr. Herriot' s strict care
restored him to health. When Tricki returned home, Mrs Pumphrey was so overwhelmed
with joy that she considered it a miraculous recovery. The way she expressed gratitude,
sending gifts and organising a feast, turned the occasion into a grand celebration,
highlighting her deep attachment to Tricki.
3. "The only way was to get Tricki out of the house for a period." Evaluate why James Herriot had
planned this in advance and how did he execute this plan at the surgery.(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. James Herriot intended to get Tricki out of the home for his health to break him away from
excesses. At the hospital, he limited Tricki' s diet and exercised him more, resulting in
Tricki' s recoy~lfand enhanced vitality.
4. What does Mr. Herriot mean by "happy period" for himself and his partners? Explain.
(CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Herriot was tempted to keep Tricki as a permanent guest as he and his friends enjoyed
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

eggs for breakfast, wine and brandy for lunch. He therefore calls it a happy period.
5. What does Mr. Herriot mean by “happy period” for himself and his partners? Explain.
(CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Herriot humorously says that he is tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest as he and
his friends enjoyed eggs for breakfast, which improved with wine at lunch and ended with
luxurious round of brandy. So he calls it a happy period for Mr Herriot and his friends.
6. What excuses did Mrs. Pumphrey make about Mr. Herriot’s advice ? (CBSE 2023)(3 Marks)
Ans. Herriot’s strict advice was to cut down Tricki’s diet and give him a lot of water and more
exercise to avoid illness. But Mrs. Pumphrey did not pay heed to his advice. She made an
excuse that Tricki seemed so weak that she had to relent and could not refuse him.
[242]
 English

26 The Thief’s Story

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. I had forgotten about them in the excitement of the theft. Whole sentences, I knew, could
one day bring me more than a few hundred rupees. It was a simple matter to steal — and
sometimes just as simple to be caught. But to be a really big man, a clever and respected man,
was something else. I should go back to Anil, I told myself, if only to learn to read and write.
(a) Hari Singh went back to Anil because : (1 Mark)
(1) to confess his mistake
(2) to give the money and leave
(3) to read and write
(4) to thank him
(b) What did Hari Singh forget in the excitement of the theft and what did he think about it
in the end? (2 Marks)
(c) Hari Singh realised that the education could give him: (1 Mark)
(1) respect (2) money
(3) arrogance (4) Both (1) and (2)
(d) Find the word from the passage that means opposite to: ‘Stupid’ (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (3) to read and write
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) Anil taught Hari Singh to write his name. He also promised to teach him making
complete sentences and adding numbers. In his excitement of the theft, he forgot all
about his education. But good sense prevailed and in the end, he realised that education
could give him respect and much more money.
(c) (4) Both (1) and (2)
(d) Clever
2. I think he knew I made a little money this way, but he did not seem to mind. Anil made
money by fits and starts. He would borrow one week, lend the next. He kept worrying
about his next cheque, but as soon as it arrived, he would go out and celebrate. It seems
he wrote for magazines - a queer way to make a living.

[243]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) Anil made money ‘by fits and starts’ means that he: (1 Mark)
(1) deemed it fit to start investing money.
(2) started earning money in the recent past.
(3) received money intermittently.
(4) put his money to use frequently.
(b) The information in the extract suggests that Anil could be a: (1 Mark)
(1) salaried professional (2) freelancer
(3) businessman (4) volunteer
(c) Why did Hari Singh feel that Anil’s job was queer? (2 Marks)
(d) Find a word from the extract that means similar to ‘strange or unusual’. (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (3) received money intermittently.
(b) (2) freelancer
(c) Anil contributed to magazines. He wrote for a living. He didn’t earn much, nor did he
have a fixed source of income. He couldn’t afford to have a servant. So it was difficult
for Hari Singh to understand his profession.
(d) Queer

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why did Hari Singh justify himself to rob Anil? (3 Marks)
Ans. No doubt, Hari Singh was experienced and clever enough to justify his act. He justified the
robbing of a careless and unsuspecting man like Anil. Hari Singh told himself that he was
out of practice. He must rob. If he didn’t take the money, Anil would waste it on his friends.
Moreover, Anil didn’t pay him.
2. How did Hari Singh steal the money that Anil got from selling his book to a publisher? (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. Hari Singh saw with his own eyes how Anil tucked the bundle of money under the mattress
of his bed. When Anil was asleep, Hari Singh crept up to the bed. He slid his hand under the
mattress and drew the money out of the bundle without making a sound. Anil sighed in his
sleep and turned on his side, towards him. Hari Singh got startled and quickly came out of
the room.
3. What did Hari Singh think when he as standing alone on the deserted platform? (3 Marks)
Ans. The train had gone. Hari Singh was in a dilemma. He was standing alone on the deserted
platform. He had no idea where to spend the night. He had no friends. Nor did he want to
go to a hotel. The only person whom he knew and who could perhaps help him was the man
whom he had robbed a few hours ago.

[244]
 English
4. Did Hari Singh understand the value of education? How can you prove it? (3 Marks)
Ans. Hari Singh clearly understood the value of education. Education could bring him respect,
status and money. If he learnt how to write like an educated person, then sky would be the
limit for him. In the heat and excitement of the theft, he forgot all about it. He decided to
have an education at any cost and went back to Anil.
5. Why didn’t Anil hand Hari Singh over to the police even when he knew all about the theft?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Anil was careless and unsuspecting but not a fool. He knew how the boy stole money out of
the daily shopping. He also knew all about the theft of his 600 rupees. He could have easily
handed him over to the police. However, he didn’t want to ruin Hari Singh’s life. He wanted
to give an education to the unfortunate boy. So, he gave a fifty rupee note and promised to
pay him regularly. Neither his lips nor his eyes showed anything about the theft.
6. (a) Why was the thief grateful to Anil? (3 Marks)
(b) Why did he want to become an educated man?
Ans. (a) The thief was grateful to Anil. It was because Anil gave him a place to sleep and to live.
The thief had no place to sleep and to live.
(b) He wanted to become an educated person because he realised that educated persons
could easily earn money. They are also respectable.
7. What did Anil say he would teach the narrator? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anil told the narrator that he would teach him how to cook. He would also teach him to
write his name. He also told that he would soon teach him to write full sentences. He would
also do small mathematical calculations.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

8. What did the thief do after stealing Anil’s six hundred rupees? (3 Marks)
Ans. The narrator was, indeed, a thief. He looked at Anil’s six hundred rupees. He stole them
when he got a chance. Then he went to the railway station. He roamed in bazaar. He sat in
a park. He took shelter in a clock tower when it rained.
9. ‘Anil was the most trusting person he had ever met.’ What made Hari think so? Did he
betray that trust? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anil trusted a total stranger like Hari. He handed the boy the key of his room. He sent the
boy to do shopping. Hari once made off with Anil’s money and betrayed his trust, but Anil
forgave him. Hari restored the stolen notes to such a simple and trusting employer.

[245]
Compendium: Class 10
10. State the events that took place on the night of the theft. (3 Marks)
Ans. After stealing Anil’s money and leaving Anil’s house, Hari went to the railway station but
didn’t board the train to Lucknow. He walked slowly through the bazaar as he did not know
anyone who would provide him shelter except Anil, for he didn’t have any friends. He was
forced to take shelter under the clock tower later when it started raining heavily.
12. How was the morning after the night of the theft? (3 Marks)
Ans. The morning after the night of the theft was just like a normal one. Hari woke up late and
Anil had made tea by then. Anil gave a fifty rupee note to Hari and told him that he will now
be paid regularly. Hari was aware that Anil knew about the theft but he didn’t show
anything.
13. How do you think Anil may have come to know about the theft? (3 Marks)
Ans. Anil may have come to know about the theft because of the dampness of the notes because
of rain. He was a kind but wise man. It wouldn’t have been difficult for Anil to make out the
series of events that would have taken place in the night.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Love, human sympathy and education can transform even a thief. How could Anil bring
such a change in Hari Singh? (6 Marks)
Ans. Man is a product of circumstances and environment. Hari Singh was just a boy of fifteen but was
an experienced and fairly a successful hand. Circumstances made him a thief. In spite of being no
use to Anil, he was retained to work for him. They say old habits die hard. After all a thief couldn’t
leave stealing and cheating. He made a rupee every day from the buying of the day’s supplies.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
However, Anil was not a fool. He knew everything and also all about the theft. But he was kind,
large-hearted and full of human sympathy. He taught the unfortunate boy to write his name. He
also promised him to write sentences and add numbers. This left a deep impression on the boy
thief. He started realising that education could bring him respect and money.
Hari Singh breached Anil’s trust but Anil was all forgiving and compassionate. In the heat and
excitement of theft Hari Singh forgot about education. Then came the true realisation and
transformation. The boy-thief realised that the only man who could help him was the man he had
robbed a few hours ago. Then he realised the value of education that could give him respect and
more money than he could get by stealing. He realised where he should go. Large-hearted Anil
not only forgave him but also gave him a fifty-rupee note, and promised to pay him regularly.

[246]
 English
2. ‘He was the most trusting person I had ever met.’ Justify this statement of Hari Singh about
his benefactor, Anil. Did he breach Anil’s trust? (6 Marks)
Ans. After his first introduction, Hari Singh understood Anil’s nature and his character rather
well. He lied that he knew how to cook. Still, Anil allowed Hari to work for him. Even at the
age of 15, Hari Singh was an experienced and successful hand. He knew all the tricks of his
trade. He made one rupee every day from buying the day’s supplies. Anil knew it but didn’t
mind. Anil was really a trusting person. He had given Hari a key to the door and he could
come and go as he pleased. But it was ‘so difficult to rob him’. It is easy to rob a greedy man.
It was difficult to rob a careless and trusting man like Anil. Sometimes, he didn’t even notice
that he had been robbed. That took all the pleasure out of Hari Singh’s work.
Anil was no fool. He knew all about the theft, when and how it was committed. Neither his
lips nor eyes showed that he saw Hari placing the money back under the mattress.
Trust begets trust. Ultimately, the boy thief realised that the only person who could help
him was the man whom he had robbed a few hours ago. Naturally, Anil was the most
trusting man Hari Singh had ever met in his life. Anil forgot the breach of his trust but
rewarded Hari by giving a fifty-rupee-note and promising to pay him regularly.
3. Hari Singh could have lived like a rich Arab for a week or two. Why did he choose to go back
to Anil in the end? (6 Marks)
Ans. Hari Singh definitely had a bumper catch. The money he stole from under Anil’s bedroom’s
mattress was perhaps the largest amount he had ever stolen in life. When he was on the
road, he counted the money. It was a sum of rupees six hundred, in fifties. With that money,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Hari Singh could live in luxury like a rich Arab, at least for a week or two. He decided to run
away with the money and came to the station. He found that the Lucknow Express had just
moved. He could have jumped into one of the compartments but couldn’t do so. Perhaps
something troubled him. He hesitated and remained standing alone on a deserted platform. He
had no friends. The only man he knew was Anil whom he had robbed only a few hours ago.
The thing that motivated Hari Singh go back to Anil was his love for getting an education.
He realised that education could give him respect, status and much more money than he
could get from stealing. Anil had promised him to teach writing and adding numbers. Hari
Singh’s urge to get an education brought him back to Anil.

[247]
Compendium: Class 10
4. Write a character-sketch of the thief. (6 Marks)
OR
What kind of a boy was the narrator in the beginning? What change did come on him in the
end of the story?
Ans. The narrator of the story is a boy thief. He passes his time in stealing or working at different
places. He needs a place to live in. So, he makes friends with Anil. He works for Anil. He buys
things for Anil from the market. He makes about a rupee a day from this. But the company
of Anil brings a change in his mind. Anil teaches him also. The thief steals, Anil’s money. The
narrator wants to go to Lucknow. But he does not go. He finds his heart completely changed.
He wants to be an educated person. He comes back to Anil’s room. He puts the money back.
5. How did the narrator find Anil as a man and as an employer? (6 Marks)
Ans. Anil finally agreed to let the narrator work for him if he knew cooking. But the narrator had
told a lie as he couldn’t cook. When he cooked, Anil gave the cooked meal to a stray dog.
Anil asked him to get away. But later he agreed to let him live in the room. Anil told him
that he would teach him how to cook. He also taught him to write his name. He would also
teach him to add numbers. The narrator found Anil to be a kind hearted and generous
person. That’s why, he told that it was very difficult to rob a trusting person.
6. How did Anil earn his livelihood? What made the narrator state that it was difficult to rob
Anil? (6 Marks)
Ans. Anil was a freelance writer. He wrote for the magazines. So his income was not regular. But
when he would get them, he would spend with a free heart. The narrator had been working
for Anil for a month. He had been cheating about a rupee a day in shopping for Anil. He had
not stolen anything as he had won the trust of Anil. So that narrator added that he found
Anil the most trusting person. It was easy to rob a greedy man. But it was difficult to rob a smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

trusting man. There was no romance of robbing in that.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. There was a fifty rupee note between his fingers. My heart sank. I thought I had been
discovered. "I made some money yesterday," he explained. "Now you'll be paid regularly."
My spirits rose. But when I took the note, I saw it was still wet from the night's rain. "Today
we'll start writing sentences," he said. He knew. But neither his lips nor his eyes showed
anything. (CBSE 2025)

[248]
 English
(i) In the context of the given extract: (1 Mark)
What was the feelings UNLIKELY to have been on seeing 'a fifty rupee note between his
fingers'?
(a) joyous (b) sad (c) unhappy (d) worried
Ans. (a) joyous
Explanation:
- The narrator's heart sank, which indicates fear or worry, suggesting that he thought he
had been caught.
- Worried, sad, or unhappy could be possible emotions, but joyous is the least likely since
the initial reaction was fear of discovery.
(ii) How does the prospect of being paid regularly affect the narrator's motivation and hope for
the future? Answer in about 40 words. (2 Marks)
Ans. The possibility of earning a regular salary provides the narrator with a sense of stability
and security. It lifts his morale and encourages him to work hard, as he visualises a steady
source of income guaranteeing his financial prosperity.
(iii) Fill in the blank with the correct word from the bracket: (1 Mark)
The person spoken about did not let the narrator realise that his act of stealing was caught.
It reflects the ___________ (nobility/dishonesty) of his character.
Ans. Correct Option: "nobility"
Explanation:
- Despite knowing about the theft, he did not humiliate or expose the narrator, showing his
kindness and dignity rather than dishonesty.
- "Dishonesty" would be incorrect, as he did not deceive but rather chose to handle the
situation with grace.
(iv) Compare the meanings of the expressions: (1 Mark)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

"My heart sank", and "My spirits rose".

Ans. "My heart sank'' suggests a feeling of sudden disappointment, fear, or sadness. On .. the
other hand, "My spirits rose" suggests a feeling of hope, happiness, or relief.
2. I went back to the bazaar and sat down in the shelter of the clock tower. The clock showed
midnight. I felt for the notes. They were damp from the rain.
Anil’s Money. In the morning he would probably have given me two or three rupees to go
to the cinema, but now I had it all.
I couldn’t cook his meals, run to the bazaar, or learn to write whole sentences any more.
I had forgotten about them in the excitement of the theft. Whole sentences, I knew, could
one day bring me more than a few hundred rupees. It was a simple matter to steal- and
sometimes just as simple to be caught. (CBSE 2024)

[249]
Compendium: Class 10
(i) Which of the following is NOT a reason why Hari Singh thinks he would not be able to write
whole sentences? (1 Mark)
(a) Anil would not be there to teach him.
(b) He had robbed Anil and left.
(c) He would not go back to Anil to learn.
(d) He had no money to take admission in school.
Ans. (d) He had no money to take admission in school.
(ii) Why is it fair to say that Hari Singh’s tone, when he says “I couldn’t cook his meals, run to
the bazaar or learn to write whole sentences any more,” is filled with remorse and regret?
Answer in about 40 words. (2 Marks)
Ans. Hari Singh’s tone is filled with remorse and regret because the reflects on the consequences
of his actions, realizing that he can no longer carry out the basic responsibilities and
learning to read and write from Anil due to the theft.
(iii) What do you infer about Hari Singh from this statement? (1 Mark)
“Whole sentences, I knew, could one day bring me more than a few hundred rupees.”
Ans. Inferred about Hari Singh: Hari Singh understands the potential value of education and the
ability to write complete sentences, realizing they could bring him more financial
opportunities in the future.
(iv) State True or False with reference to the given extract. (1 Mark)
The reason Hari Singh was filled with a feeling of guilt was because Anil trusted him.
Ans. True
3. According to a popular quote - "Kindness is stronger than iron bars." Anil did not hand the
thief over to the police. In what way did Anil' s act of wisdom and forgiveness transform
Hari Singh? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. Anil' s wise action and forgiveness changed Hari Singh by demonstrating trust and kindness
towards him. Rather than turning him into the police, Anil offered Hari an opportunity to
reform, which changed Hari' s mind about his actions and his need to change for the better.
4. Hari Singh says- "He knew it but neither his lips nor his eyes showed anything." Anil
successfully addressed the situation by not addressing it at all. Elaborate based on your
reading of The Thief's Story. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Anil had realised that he had been robbed. He knew this probably because all the notes were
wet and damp from the rain. However, he did not say anything to the thief and behaved
normally. He gave a fifty-rupee-note to Hari Singh the next morning and he promised to give
him more money, though he did not have any contract for giving any money.

[250]
 English
5. Why did Hari Singh smile in his most appealing way towards the end of the story?
(CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. On earlier occasions, Hari Singh’s ‘appealing smile’ had been artificial. It was full of flattery.
But in the end, his smile was real. It was natural and appealing.
6. What does the thief say about the different reactions of the people when they are robbed?
(CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The thief says that the different types of people show different reactions when they are
robbed. The greedy ones show fear when they are robbed. The rich people show anger and
the poor ones accepts their loss calmly. He is a good judge of human nature.
7. Trust and compassion can reform a person. Justify this statement in the light of the lesson
‘The Thief’s Story’. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Man is a product of circumstances and environment. Hari Singh was just a boy of 15 but
was an experienced and fairly a successful hand. Circumstances made him a thief. In spite
of being no use to Anil he was retained to work for him. They say old habits die hard. After
all a thief couldn't leave stealing and cheating. He made a rupee every day from the supplies
of the day. However Anil was not a fool. He knew everything and also all about the theft but
he was kind, large hearted and full of human sympathy. He taught the unfortunate boy to
write his name. He also promised him to write sentences and odd numbers. This left a deep
impression on the boy. He started realising that education could bring him respect and
money. Hari Singh breached Anil's trust but Anil was all forgiving and compassionate. In
the heat and excitement of theft Hari Singh forgot about education. Then came the true
realisation and transformation. The boy thief realised that the only man who could help
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

him was the man he had robbed a few hours ago. Then he realise that the value of education
that could give him respect and more money than he could get by stealing. He realised
where he should go. Large hearted Anil not only forgave him but also gave him a 50 rupee
note and promised to pay him regularly. It was only because of the faith and compassionate
which was showered by Anil on Hari Singh the thief. Such faith and compassionate turned
Hari Singh into a good boy.
8. Why does Anil not hand Hari Singh over to the police? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. Anil refuses to turn over the thief to the authorities because he believes Hari has learned
his lesson and changed for the better. When he discovered that Hari had stolen the money
but kept it, he realised that it was Hari’s conscience that had compelled him to do so.

[251]
[252]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

27 The Midnight Visitor

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. “You are disillusioned,” Ausable told him. “But take cheer, my young friend. Presently you
will see a paper, a quite important paper for which several men and women have risked
their lives, come to me. Some day soon that paper may well affect the course of history. In
that thought is drama, is there not?”
(a) Pick a word from the passage which opposite of word ‘satisfied’- (1 Mark)
(1) Important (2) Several (3) Risk (4) Disillusioned
(b) Who is being addressed as ‘my friend’ by Ausable? (1 Mark)
(1) A waiter (2) Fowler (3) Audience (4) Max
(c) What did Ausable say to cheer the listener? (1 Mark)
(d) What is the possible reason of listener’s disillusionment? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (4) Disillusioned
(b) (2) Fowler
(c) In order to cheer up the listener Ausable reveals about a very important document
which may affect the course of history.
(d) Fowler was a young writer and wanted to meet Ausable, thinking him to be a spy he
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

had ever read. But Ausable didn’t had any match with his pre occupied concepts
regarding a spy, so he was disillusioned.
2. Keeping his body twisted so that his gun still covered the fat man and his guest, the man at
the window grasped the frame with his free hand to support himself. Then he swung his
other leg up and over the window-sill.
The doorknob turned. Swiftly Max pushed with his left hand to free himself from the sill
and drop to the balcony. And then, as he dropped, he screamed once, shrilly.
(a) Who are being referred as ‘the fat man and the guest’? (1 Mark)
(1) Ausable and Max (2) Ausable and the waiter
(3) Ausable and Fowler (4) Ausable and Max

[253]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) Which of the following word is having similar meaning of word ‘shrilly’. (1 Mark)
(1) High-pitched (2) Inaudibly (3) Silently (4) Softly
(c) Why was Max holding a gun in his hand? (1 Mark)
(d) Comment on the fate Max met. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) Ausable and Fowler
(b) (1) High-pitched
(c) Max was afraid that Ausable would get him arrest or would play some other trick on
him so he was holding a gun in his hand.
(d) Max was trapped by Ausable with fake information about a balcony and possible arrival
of a police cop. Assuming that there is a balcony outside of the room he jumped from
the 6th floor of the building.
3. "Instead, you have spent a dull evening in a French music hall with a sloppy fat man who,
instead of having messages slipped into his hand by dark-eyed beauties, gets only a prosaic
telephone call making an appointment in his room. You have been bored!". The fat man
chuckled to himself as he unlocked the door of his room and stood aside to let his frustrated
guest enter. "You are disillusioned," Ausable told him. "But take cheer, my young friend.
Presently you will see a paper, a quite important paper for which several men and women
have risked their lives, come to me. Someday soon that paper may well affect the course of
history. In that thought is in drama, is there not?"
(a) Which of these describes what Ausable is doing in the extract? (1 Mark)
(1) He is relating to Fowler and attempting to change his view.
(2) He is justifying his appearance to Fowler as that of a real spy.
(3) He is summarising events to help Fowler make sense of them. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(4) He is shaming himself so that Fowler's disappointment reduces.

(b) What does being disillusioned mean? (2 Marks)
(c) According to the extract, which elements are expected to be present in the life of a spy?
(1) Attractive women who deliver information. (1 Mark)
(2) Discreet phone calls from other famous spies.
(3) Dramatic events that involve guns and action.
(4) An athletic body that moves in an agile manner.
(d) Complete the sentence appropriately. But take cheer my young friend the author means
(1 Mark)
[254]
 English
Ans. (a) (4) He is shaming himself so that Fowler's disappointment reduces.
(b) Being disillusioned means to be disappointed at something being different from what
one had expected it to be.
(c) According to the passage, the elements mentioned in (1), (3) and (4) are to be present
in the life of a spy.
(d) be happy or not be disappointed

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.

1. Ausable did not fit any description of a secret agent. Comment. (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable did not fit any description of a secret agent. He did not seem to be so smart, active,
movable, aggressive and romantic as we read in books or see in films. He was very fat and
sloppy. Crack of pistols, wine and dark-eyed beauties are normally associated with secret
agents like James Bond. These qualities had nothing to do with Ausable.
2. What is the important paper that Ausable talks of? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable is a secret agent. He has been assigned an important job. He has an important paper
regarding some new missiles under his custody. The paper may well affect the course of
history. It is of so much importance that several men and women have risked their lives to
get them. Even Max, a secret agent himself, comes to grab them from Ausable’s room.
3. What was the real story of the balcony below the window of Ausable’s room? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable had an instant and fertile mind. He could cook up all kinds of stories that fit in
different situations. Actually, there was no balcony below the window of his room. Ausable
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

cooked up a story that the balcony below his room had become a big nuisance. It was the
second time that someone had got into his room through it. Actually, he wanted to confuse
Max and make him jump out of the window to get rid of him.
4. How did Max react when Ausable told him that the loud knockings at the door were of the
police? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable cooked up the police’s story. He told that he himself had sought the protection of
the police. The knockings at the door signalled their arrival. Max’s face was black with
anger. Max swung a leg over the windowsill and shouted to send the police away. He
threatened him to obey. If not, he would take his chance and shoot.
[255]
Compendium: Class 10
5. How did clever Ausable outwit and get rid of his rival or enemy secret agent Max? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable very cleverly convinced Max that there existed a balcony below the windowsill of
his room. Actually, it was a trap to make Max jump out of the window. He unnerved Max by
cooking up a false story of the arrival of the police. Confused and panicky, Max jumped out
on the balcony which did not exist. In this way, Ausable got rid of his enemy or rival.
6. Why did Fowler want to meet Ausable? Why was he disappointed? (3 Marks)
Ans. Fowler was a writer. He wanted to meet Ausable to cover him up for writing. He expected
Ausable to look like a spy. But he was disillusioned because he didn’t look like that. He was
fat. In fact, he had nothing to look like a spy.
7. Why did Max's face turn black with anger? What did he want Ausable to do? (3 Marks)
Ans. Max's face turned black with anger because he felt that his plan of extracting the important
document from Ausable was in danger. He knew his plan could fail due to the knocking on
the door, which Ausable identified as the police. He wanted Ausable to send the police away.
8. "Ausable shows great presence of mind in a situation of danger and surprise." Do you agree
with this statement? If yes, why? (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, I agree with this statement. A usable showed great presence of mind when Max pointed
a gun at him as he entered the hotel room with Fowler. He remained calm and cool and
started inventing stories as required to fool Max into jumping to his death.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. How did crafty and foxy Max failed to take away the all important report concerning some
new missiles from Ausable? (6 Marks)
OR
How did Ausable outsmart and outwit the crafty Max and got rid of him?
Ans. Naturally, it was a fight between two secret agents belonging to two different organisations.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
The bone of contention was the all-important report concerning some new missiles. It was
with Ausable, and Max wanted to take it away by the use of his gun. The report was so
important that several men and women had risked their lives to get it. Some day that report
might well have affected the course of history. No doubt, Max had come prepared. When
Ausable switched on the light, he found Max standing halfway across the room with a small
automatic pistol in his hand. Ausable had to use his presence of mind and fertile brain to
outwit Max. His cooking up of two stories related to the balcony below his window and the
police, were his masterstrokes. In his simple way, Ausable succeeds in convincing Max that
both the stories were true. Actually, there was no balcony below his window. He wanted to
unnerve Max by planting the false story that the loud knockings at the door were of the police.
In desperation, Max jumped out of the window and Ausable got rid of his crafty rival forever.
[256]
 English
2. Sometimes, appearances can be very deceptive. How does this statement prove with this
story? (6 Marks)
Ans. Yes, it is true that sometimes we fail to identify the real personality of a man due to his
different appearances. So, it can be said that appearances can be deceptive. Fowler was
young and romantic. He was a writer of adventurous stories. Ausable was a secret agent-a
detective. He faces danger in his work. So, Fowler wanted to meet him for some
adventurous stories. But when he met Ausable in a French hotel with a damp corridor,
Fowler felt disappointed. But Ausable proved himself after reaching his room. A man
named Max was found inside Ausable’s room with a gun in his hand. Ausable at once proved
that he possessed quality of a true detective. He told Max about a balcony next to the
window, and police at the door. Max believed him because Ausable’s way of talking was so
real. Thus, we find that sometimes appearances can be deceptive.
3. Max was a cunning spy but his carelessness and foolishness proved fatal for him. Do you
agree that it were these characteristics that led to his downfall?
Ans. Yes, I agree that carelessness and foolishness led to the downfall of Max. Though Max was
a cunning secret agent, he was indeed careless and foolish. He was overconfident and proud
which failed his mission. As a clever spy, Max was sent on an important mission of
procuring a vital document on the new missiles from his rival, Ausable. But, he was
deceived. Max's pride and foolishness led to his downfall. He, in his carelessness, did not
take any pains to inspect the hotel as well as Ausable's room in advance. Consequently,
when Ausable tells him about a balcony outside his window and the police knocking at the
door, Max believes him without any doubt. He trusted his rival blindly without any thoughts
and as a result, failed himself as well as his mission. Unlike him, A usable' s calmness and
presence of mind saved him, his guest Fowler and the important papers he was about to
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

receive. He set up a successful trap by putting up very little efforts. Max foolishly fell into
this trap. This carelessness and foolishness rendered him to be a little spy before Ausable
and also cost him his life.
4. How did Ausable make Fowler ‘disillusioned’ and ‘happy’ later? (6 Marks)
Ans. Fowler was a young and romantic writer. He had read that secret agents are mysterious,
smart and romantic. So he wanted to see all these things is meeting Ausable, a secret agent.
But Fowler found Ausable a fat man. So Ausable ‘disillusioned’ Fowler. But the next moment
Ausable made Fowler ‘happy’ when he outsmarted Max, another secret agent. Ausable
opened the door of his room. He found Max in it. He wanted certain papers on new missiles.
But Ausable misled him that the police was knocking on the door. He also told him that
there was a balcony, though it was not there. Max jumped into the ‘balcony’.
[257]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Ausable moved to an armchair and sat down heavily. “I’m going to raise the devil with the
management this time, and you can bet on it,” he said grimly. “This is the second time in a
month that somebody has gotten into my room through that nuisance of a balcony!”
(CBSE 2020) (1 x 4 = 4 Marks)
(a) Who is Ausable?
(i) A secret agent (ii) A tourist in a hotel
(iii) A reporter (iv) A businessman
Ans. (i) A secret agent
(b) Why was Ausable angry with the management?
(i) His room was unsafe. (ii) The food was not good.
(iii) The balcony was a nuisance. (iv) The armchair was not soft.
Ans. (i) His room was unsafe.
(c) Was there a balcony with the room? Yes/No.
Ans. No
(d) Ausable was playing a _____ on his visitor.
Ans. trick/joke
2. What story did Ausable cook up regarding the arrival of the police? How did it affect Max?
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable cleverly fabricated a story about the police arriving for extra security due to important
papers in his possession. This panicked Max, who feared being caught. In desperation, Max
tried to escape through the non-existent balcony and ultimately fell to his doom.
3. Fowler's disappointment arose when he laid eyes on Ausable. Rationalise the statement.
(CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. Fowler, a young writer, expected Ausable to be a smart adventurous spy. However, his
disappointment arose when he saw Ausable as a fat, ordinary man in a dull hotel room.
Ausable's appearance and setting didn't match Fowler's idea of a thrilling spy story, leading
to his initial dismay.
4. Describe Ausable' s fabricated tale regarding the balcony. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable, a clever secret agent, outwitted his enemy, Max, by fabricating a story about a
balcony outside his window. He calmly claimed that the balcony was used by police and
hotel staff, making Max anxious about getting caught. In reality, no such balcony existed.
This deception led Max to hastily escape through the window, ultimately falling to his
doom. Ausable' s quick thinking and ability to manipulate the situation made him victorious
without any physical confrontation.

[258]
 English
5. Who was Henry? What role did he play in Ausable's plan? (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Henry was the waiter of the hotel in which A usable lived. He helped Ausable
unintentionally by coming on time and by not telling from outside the door that he had
brought the drink he ordered. As a result, Max believed Ausable and jumped out of the
window to his death.
6. The non-existent balcony plays a crucial role in 'The Midnight Visitor'. How? Examine the
witty strategy used by Ausable in emerging as a super spy. (CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
Ans. In The Midnight Visitor by Robert Arthur, the non-existent balcony, which Ausable claims
to overlook from his window, serves as a crucial plot device. It stands as a representation
of both illusion and deception, two vital components of a spy's toolkit. When confronted by
Max, Ausable strategically invokes the idea of the balcony and misdirects Max's attention,
creating the illusion that there is an escape route and a potential danger that could disrupt
Max's plans. This critical moment highlights Ausable's brilliance in turning a seemingly
trivial detail into a life-saving diversion.
Ausable's ability to conjure the image of the balcony showcases his resourcefulness. As a
spy, he employs keen observation and a deep understanding of human psychology. By
invoking the nonexistent balcony, he persuades Max to second-guess himself, realising the
uncertainty and danger that a possible escape route could entail. In doing so, Ausable not
only escapes his imminent threat but also reshapes the power dynamics of their
confrontation.
In conclusion, 'The Midnight Visitor' masterfully weaves together themes of intellect,
deception, and survival, with the non-existent balcony playing a crucial role in Ausable's
emergence as a super spy. By deftly manipulating perceptions and creating illusions, usable
showcases the power of wits over weapons, reinforcing the notion that the mind is indeed
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

a formidable weapon in the high-stakes world of espionage.

7. How did Ausable get rid of Max without using a weapon. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Ausable was a secret agent who handled Max cleverly. He told Max that he would complain
to the hotel authorities. There was a knock and he said it is the police. Max asked Ausable
to send the police back and in the meantime Max would go and wait on the balcony and this
is how Ausable got rid of Max as Max fell down from the sixth floor as there was no balcony.
8. Describe Max as a secret agent. (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. Max was a secret agent and an enemy of Ausable. He was thin but not very tall. He appeared
clever and cunning like a fox. (Fowler comes across him in -Ausable's room when he saw
Max. Max had come to take the important report about new missiles. However, he is
deceived by Ausable who made him jump out of his window.)
[259]
[260]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

28 A Question of Trust

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. The voice was suddenly sharp. “Why should I? You were going to rob me. If I let you go,
you’ll only rob someone else. Society must be protected from men like you.” Horace smiled.
“I’m not a man who threatens society. I steal only from those who have a lot of money. I
steal for a very good reason. And I hate the thought of prison.” She laughed, and he begged,
thinking that he had persuaded her, “Look, I have no right to ask you for anything, but I’m
desperate. Let me go and I promise never to do this kind of thing again. I really mean it.”
She was silent, watching him closely. Then she said, “You are really afraid of going to prison,
aren’t you?”
(a) Identify the speaker “Society must be protected from men like you”. (1 Mark)
(1) The owner of the house
(2) The impersonated lady who pretended to be the owner
(3) The policeman
(4) Horace Danby
(b) What reason does Horace furnish defending himself? (2 Marks)
(c) Find the word from the passage that means similar to ‘Make somebody do something
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

by giving him/her good reasons.’ (1 Mark)

(d) Horace says “I’m not a man who threatens society.” Which quote from the following
suits the best to counter his statement? (1 Mark)
(1) All’s well that ends well. (2) Two and two makes four.
(3) Fortune favours the brave (4) Ends do not justify means.
Ans. (a) (2) The impersonated lady who pretended to be the owner
(b) Horace furnishes the reason for defending himself that he steals only from those who
have a lot of money, and he steals for a very good reason like he is fond of books.
(c) Persuade
(d) (4) Ends do not justify means.

[261]
Compendium: Class 10
2. But he never got the chance to begin his plan. By noon a policeman had arrested him for the jewel
robbery at Shotover Grange. His fingerprints, for he had opened the safe without gloves, were all
over the room, and no one believed him when he said that the wife of the owner of the house had
asked him to open the safe for her. The wife herself, a gray-haired, sharp-tongued woman of sixty,
said that the story was nonsense. Horace is now the assistant librarian in the prison. He often
thinks of the charming, clever young lady who was in the same profession as he was, and who
tricked him. He gets very angry when anyone talks about ‘honour among thieves’.
(a) The plan devised Horace was to: (1 Mark)
(1) tell about the safe to owner of the house.
(2) blackmail the wife of the owner later.
(3) look for another safe for stealing books.
(4) tell police the truth before the lady could deceive him.
(b) Find a word or an adjective that means similar to ‘To be someone who often criticizes
and speaks in a severe way’. (1 Mark)
(c) What is meant by honour among thieves? (2 Marks)
(d) Based on the extract, choose what you think are the main feelings Horace probably has,
for the young lady who tricked him, when he thinks about her? (1 Mark)
(1) anger and blame (2) admiration and respect
(3) respect and gratitude (4) anger and vengeance
Ans. (a) (3) look for another safe for stealing books.
(b) Sharp-tongued
(c) ‘Honour among thieves’ is a very popular code among thieves despite them doing all
the unethical deeds. It is believed that thieves never double cross each other or commit
crimes against each other.
(d) (2) admiration and respect

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why was Horace Danby not completely honest? (3 Marks)
Ans. Generally, people thought that Horace Danby was a good, honest and respectable citizen.
However, he was not completely honest. He robbed a safe every year. This was done to get
necessary money for the purchase of ‘rare and expensive’ books. The money he stole was
enough to last a year. He secretly bought the books he loved through an agent.
2. Describe the unexpected meeting of the young lady in red and Horace. (3 Marks)
Ans. When a voice advised Horace to find a suitable treatment of his hay fever, he was surprised.
It was a quiet, kindly voice but one with firmness in it.
A young woman, quite pretty and dressed in red was standing there. She walked to the fire
place and straightened the ornaments. She said that she “didn’t expect to meet a burglar”.

[262]
 English
3. Why did the woman in red threaten to telephone the police? (3 Marks)
Ans. Horace was caught red-handed. The woman in red said that she didn’t expect to meet a
burglar there. She added that she knew that it had been a great inconvenience for him to
meet her. She also asked what he was going to do. Horace replied that he was thinking of
running away. The lady threatened that if he did so, she would telephone the police and tell
them all about him. They would get him at once.
4. When and why did the woman in red say, “Society must be protected from men like you”?
Doesn’t it sound ironical? (3 Marks)
Ans. Horace assured the woman in red that he would not hurt her. She must forget she ever met
him. It made her angry. She couldn’t let him go, otherwise he would rob someone else.
Society must be protected from people like him. It sounds ironical because she herself was
a thief and had come for the same purpose for which Horace was there in the house.
5. Do you think that the young woman in red proved far smarter than Horace Danby? Give
reasons. (3 Marks)
Ans. Definitely, the young woman in red proved far smarter than Horace Danby. She played her
part of being the lady of the house with complete perfection. She was an example of self-
confidence. She didn’t show any hesitation. She spoke and acted with an air of complete
confidence and authority. Poor Horace became a puppet who couldn’t take himself out of
her spell. She threatened to telephone the police and made him open the safe, while Horace
was later on caught and arrested. She decamped with the jewels.
6. Why did Horace Danby prefer books to collecting paintings? (3 Marks)
Ans. Horace Danby had a passion for books. Collecting and buying rare and expensive books was
his passionate hobby. He resorted to rob a safe every year to buy them. When the
preference between collecting books and paintings came, he chose the former. Paintings
took up too much space. In a small house like his, books were a better choice.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

7. Did Horace get the jewels from the Grange safe? If not, why did the police arrest him? (3 Marks)
Ans. Yes, Horace did get the jewels from the Grange’s safe. But he did not get them for himself.
He stole them for the young and pretty lady. The police arrested him because his
fingerprints were everywhere. The police didn’t have any proof against the lady. So it
couldn’t arrest her.
8. (a) What do you think is the meaning of the phrase ‘honour among thieves’? (3 Marks)
(b) Which of the two lacked honour?
Ans. (a) The phrase ‘honour among thieves’ means that thieves do not cheat another thief. They
do not play trick on other thieves. They have certain principles. They abide by the
principle of ‘honouring’ another thief.

[263]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) The young and pretty lady lacked this ‘honour’. It was because she tricked another thief
Horace Danby. Not only that, she told the police about him. He was arrested. Danby,
however, kept this ‘honour’. It was not to a thief but to ‘the lady of the house’.
9. Who was Horace Danby and what kind of a person was he? (3 Marks)
Ans. Horace Danby was about 50 and unmarried. He was a good and honest citizen. He had a
successful career in lock making. He had social prestige also. He was quite honourable. He
remained quite well and happy. However, he had attacks of hay fever in summer.
10. How did the lady impress that she was actually the lady of the house? (3 Marks)
Ans. The lady was bold and shrewd. She had a quiet and kindly voice. When she met him, she
met him with full confidence of the lady of the house. This impressed Horace Danby. He
believed that she was the real lady of the house.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.

1. Give a character sketch of Horace Danby. (6 Marks)
Ans. Horace Danby was an uncommon kind of thief. Everyone thought him to be a good and
honest citizen. He was respectable. But he was not completely honest. He loved rare and
expensive books. He robbed a safe every year. He planned everything before robbery. But
Danby was tricked in by a young and pretty lad. She was a thief like him. She posed to be
the wife of the owner. He asked her to let her go. But she made out a story. She asked Horace
Danby to take out the jewels from the safe. Horace did so, but the police arrested him for
the robbery.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
2. Horace Donby was a successful thief. What went wrong when he robbed Shotover Grange
and was arrested? (6 Marks)
Ans. Horace Danby hoped that he would succeed to rob the Shotover Grange. But when he
entered the house, he met a pretty young lady. She behaved with Danby like the lady of the
house. However, she was a thief. She made up the story of the jewels cleverly. She told him
that she wanted to wear the jewels to a party. She had forgotten the number of the safe to
open it. Her husband won’t be back before a month. Danby was taken in by her false story.
He opened the safe. As a result, he left the fingerprints all over the room. He was arrested.
No one believed his story.

[264]
 English
3. Horace was clever but the lady in red was cleverer. Do you agree with this statement?
Justify your answer. (6 Marks)
Ans. Yes, I agree with this statement. Horace was clever, as he planned the robbery carefully,
studied the target, took the proper tools and also took his gloves, to ensure leaving no
fingerprints. But the young lady in red had all the necessary information and posing as the
mistress of the house, exploited Horace’s fear on being discovered, tricked him into
cracking open the safe and handing her the jewels. She even ensured that Horace left his
fingerprints at the site, as she distracted him by picking up a cigarette which Horace offered
to light after removing his gloves. Thus the lady outwitted him.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Explain why and how Horace Danby was mistakenly accused and caught for a theft he did
not commit in the story 'A Question of Trust'. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Horace Danby was falsely accused and apprehended for a burglary he did not commit
because he was duped by a clever woman who pretended to be the owner of the house. She
manipulated Horace into opening the safe, and he unknowingly helped her steal. When his
fingerprints were discovered at the crime scene, Horace was unfairly accused.
2. How did the lady in -red manage to outsmart and out maneuver the other thief, Horace
Danby, by robbing the safe without leaving a single fingerprint? (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. The lady in red in "A Question of Trust" outsmarts Horace Danby by robbing the safe
without leaving fingerprints using meticulous planning and ·skill. She wears gloves, wipes
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

down surfaces and, employs techniques to avoid detection,. showcasing her cunning and
expertise in theft. Despite Danby' s careful measures, the lady in red demonstrates superior
cunning and skill in executing the heist flawlessly.
3. What does the phrase ‘honour among thieves' mean? Why does Horace get angry at this
phrase? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. The lady promised to let him go if he would take the jewels out for her. But she didn't keep
her promise and three days later Horace was caught for robbery at Shot over Grange. The
lady didn't keep 'the honour among the thieves'. That's why Horace gets very angry when
anyone talks about 'honour among thieves'.

[265]
[266]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

29 Footprints Without Feet

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. “My poor mother used to sit in that chair,” she moaned. “To think it should rise up against
me now!” The feeling among the neighbours was that the trouble was caused by witchcraft.
But witchcraft or not, when news of the burglary at the clergyman’s home became known,
the strange scientist was strongly suspected of having had a hand in it. Suspicion grew even
stronger when he suddenly produced some ready cash, though he had admitted not long
before that he had no money.
(a) The burglary happened at : (1 Mark)
(1) a store (2) the neighbourhood
(3) the clergyman’s house (4) all of these
(b) People suspected the scientist for the: (1 Mark)
(1) kidnapping (2) murder (3) burglary (4) witchcraft
(c) Find a word/ phrase from the extract that means the same as ‘to believe to be guilty’. (1 Mark)
(d) Why was the strange scientists strongly suspect of having a hand in the burglary at the
clergy man’s house? (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) (3) the clergyman’s house
(b) (3) burglary
(c) Suspected
(d) The strange scientist, Griffin, was strongly suspected of having a hand in burglary at
the clergy man’s house because of his weird behaviour.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. He escaped easily enough from the boys who followed his footprints in London. But his
adventures were by no means over. He had chosen a bad time of the year to wander about
London without clothes. It was mid-winter. The air was bitterly cold and he could not do
without clothes. Instead of walking about the streets he decided to slip into a big London
store for warmth.
(a) Why it was bad time of the year? (1 Mark)
(1) It was mid-winter (2) It was hot summer
(3) It was raining (4) It was spring time
(b) Why did Griffin slip into a big London store? What did he do inside the shop? (2 Marks)
(c) The boys followed the ______________ in London. (1 Mark)
(1) thefts (2) fingerprints (3) footprints (4) streets
(d) Find the word from the extract that means ‘to move behind someone/ something’ (1 Mark)
[267]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. (a) (1) It was mid-winter
(b) Griffin slipped into a big London store to save himself from the unbearable cold. He ate
cold meat & drank coffee and wore warm clothes.
(c) (3) footprints
(d) followed

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How and why did a brilliant scientist like Griffin degenerated into a lawless and homeless
wanderer? (3 Marks)
Ans. There can’t be any doubt that Griffin was a brilliant scientist. After all, the man who
discovered invisibility of the human body couldn’t be an ordinary person. But he misused
the discovery. He utilised it for his petty interests. He indulged in petty thefts, burglaries
and beatings of innocent persons. He made illegal and unlawful entries in stores and shops
only to feed and dress himself without paying anything. All these illegal activities made him
a lawless person and an anarchist.
2. Why did Griffin hurry to Drury Lane the centre of the theatre world? (3 Marks)
Ans. The invisible but naked Griffin decided to try the stock of a theatrical company in London.
He hoped of not only finding clothes for himself but also something would hide the empty
space above his shoulder. He hurried to Drury Lane, the centre of the theatre world. He
made his way, invisible, upstairs. He came out a little later. He was wearing bandages round
his forehead, dark glasses, false nose, big bushy side-whiskers, and a large hat.
3. Why did Griffin have to burgle a clergyman’s house in Iping? (3 Marks)
Ans. All the stolen money didn’t last long. He had no more ready cash. He pretended to Mrs. Hall
that he was expecting a cheque to arrive at any moment. He needed money immediately.
The burglary committed by Griffin in a clergyman’s house very early in the morning was a
desperate attempt to steal some cash.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
4. Why did Mrs. Hall think that the room was haunted by ghosts? What did the neighbours think
about the strange incident, the movement of furniture in the stranger’s room? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mrs. Hall was highly surprised and terrified to see the furniture in her guest’s room moving
and dancing. She saw how the chair pushed her and her husband out of the room and the
door was shut and locked. She thought that the room was haunted by spirits and ghosts.
The stranger had somehow caused those spirits to enter into her furniture. The neighbours
thought that the trouble was caused by witchcraft.
5. Whose footprints did the two boys follow? Why were they charmed by what they saw? (3 Marks)
Ans. The two boys followed the footprints. They appeared on the muddy ground. But they did
not see any man. These footprints were of Griffin. He had become invisible and was walking
on the road. They followed these footprints because they saw this all strange and unusual.

[268]
 English
6. Describe Griffin’s discovery. How did he make it successful? (3 Marks)
Ans. Griffin was a brilliant scientist. He discovered how to make the human body transparent.
He conducted various experiments to prove that the human body could be made
transparent. For that he swallowed some rare drugs. His body became transparent like a
sheet of glass.
7. Why was Griffin suspected of having stolen money from the clergyman’s house? (3 Marks)
Ans. Soon the news of the clergyman’s money having been stolen spread in Iping. The suspicion
fell on Griffin. It was because he had said that he had no money. But after a short time, he
had suddenly produced it. So the doubt of stealing clergyman’s money fell on him.
8. What did the scientist do when he became furious? Why were the people in the bar
horrified? What happened to the constable? (3 Marks)
Ans. The scientist was furious. He started throwing off bandages, whiskers, spectacles and his
false nose. It took him only one minute to do so. Within moments he became headless.
The people in the bar were horrified. The scientist had become a headless man. He knocked
down the constable.
10. What were the three extraordinary things that happened in Griffin’s room? (3 Marks)
Ans. While the landlord and his wife were investigating Griffin’s room, the invisible scientist
arrived suddenly. The hat leapt up and hit Mrs Hall’s face. The chair became alive, sprang
in the air and attacked her. Finally, the chair pushed them both out of the room.
11. What did the Halls see in the scientist’s room? (3 Marks)
Ans. Griffin’s room was normally shut and locked. But that morning, the landlord and his wife
found the door wide open and nobody appeared to be inside. This was a golden chance to
survey the room. They found, to their surprise, the clothes and bandages that he always
wore, about the room.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

12. How did the visible man become invisible? (3 Marks)

Ans. The invisible man became angry with Mrs Hall for asking him an explanation for the
mysterious happenings. In a fit or rage he took off all his bandages, whiskers, spectacles
and even the fake nose. He became headless without those coverings. Soon the constable
Mr Jaffers arrived to arrest him, but the invisible man threw off all his clothes to become
invisible. In the ensuing scuffle, he knocked Jaffers unconscious and escaped.
13. How did the visible man become invisible? What did he do then? (3 Marks)
Ans. The visible man got angry with Mrs Hall and threw off all he was wearing on his head so
that he became a man without a head. Soon the constable Jaffers arrived to arrest him, but
the invisible man threw off all his clothes to become invisible and in the ensuing scuffle,
knocked Jaffers unconscious and escaped.
[269]
Compendium: Class 10
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.

1. Why did Griffin leave London and came to live in the village of Iping? How was he received
there? (6 Marks)
Ans. Griffin was eager to get away from crowded London. There he could be an easy target of so
many searching eyes. Therefore, he took a train to the village of Iping. He booked two rooms at
the local inn. The arrival of a stranger at an inn in winter was quite an unusual event. So, the
landlady Mrs. Hall was more than happy to receive him. She tried to be friendly with him.
However, Griffin snubbed her. He told clearly that his reason for coming to Iping was “a desire
for solitude”. He didn’t want to be disturbed, He also told that an accident had affected his face.
Mrs. Hall was convinced that her strange guest was an eccentric scientist. She excused his
strange habits and irritable behaviour because he had paid her in advance. The opinion of
the people towards Griffin changed after the burglary in the clergyman’s house and the
strange behaviour of Mrs. Hall’s furniture. Mrs. Hall thought that the room was haunted by
spirits and her guest Griffin had caused those spirits to enter into her furniture. The
neighbours thought that the trouble was caused by the witchcraft. The news of the burglary at
the clergyman’s house made them suspect that it was caused by the stranger. Griffin had no
money earlier but when he produced ready cash suddenly, their suspicion rested on him.
2. Describe Griffin’s encounter with the village constable Jaffers. Why did nobody lay his
hands on Griffin? (6 Marks)
Ans. The village constable Jaffers had been informed about the wrong doing of the stranger staying
at the inn. And he appeared on the scene. He completely surprised to find that he had to arrest
a man without a head. But Jaffers was a determined person. He couldn’t be easily prevented
from doing his duty. There followed a wonderful scene. The policeman tried to get hold of
Griffin. As he came near, Griffin started throwing off his clothes one after another. As Griffin
threw off his clothes more invisible he became. Finally, a shirt flew into the air and Griffin
became absolutely invisible. The constable was trying to catch hold of a person whom he smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

couldn’t see at all. Some people tried to help Jaffers. They were beaten back by the invisible
man. In the end, Jaffers made the last attempt to hold on to the unseen scientist, Griffin Jaffers
was knocked down unconscious. The people were nervous and excited. They were crying,
“Hold him!” Griffin had shaken himself free. No one knew where to lay hands on Griffin.
3. How did invisibility help Griffin in escaping on different occasion in the story? When did
invisibility become a curse for Griffin? (6 Marks)
Ans. Griffin, once a brilliant scientist, had worked hard to discover that human body could
become transparent and invisible. He didn’t utilise this great discovery for the welfare of
the society but only for his petty crimes, thefts and burglaries. He became a lawless man
hitting, beating and robbing innocent people. But invisibility helped him in escaping when
there was a danger of his being caught and arrested.
[270]
 English
The first time when his invisibility helped Griffin was when he lay asleep fully dressed on a pile
of quilts. In a big London store, when the employees saw him, he panicked. When he was
chased, he threw away all his clothes and saved himself after being invisible. The second time
Griffin’s invisibility helped him was when he burgled a clergyman’s house. He decamped with
all the money that was in the clergyman’s desk. The invisible Griffin created a scene when he
hit Mrs. Hall with a hat into her face and pushed both of them out by using a chair. This led Mrs.
Hall to think that her house was haunted by spirits. In revenge, Griffin had set the house of his
landlord in London on fire. He had to throw off all his clothes to become invisible and save
himself. Finally, when the village constable Jaffers came to arrest him, he made him
unconscious and hit all those who came to his help. Nobody knew how to face an invisible man.
But invisibility was also a curse for him. He had to be without clothes to become invisible.
And to be without clothes in the chill weather was very challenging and dangerous. Invisibility
made him a lawless and homeless wanderer, without clothes and without money.
4. Griffin was not a true scientist as he misused a scientific discovery. Discuss. (6 Marks)
OR Griffin was not a true scientist as he misused his scientific discovery. Illustrate this point
by giving two incidents from the story.
Ans. A true scientist is always law-abiding. He does something useful for the mankind. The
scientists study nature. so the old name for a scientist was ‘a natural philosopher’. A
philosopher will never do such acts. These are like setting a house on fire, looting a
shopkeeper or stealing cash. So Griffin was not a philosopher. Therefore, he was not a true
scientist either. One wonders why he did not put his discovery to some better use. He easily
lost control on himself. But a scientist has to be very patient. In the end, he escapes like a
criminal. These things show that he was certainly not like a true scientist.
5. What makes you think that Griffin was a lawless person? (6 Marks)
Ans. Many facts in the story prove that Griffin was a lawless person. He did many antisocial acts.
But he never felt guilty. First, he set fire to his landlord’s house. He ran away after making
himself invisible. Since he was without clothes, the bitterly cold London air troubled him
much. So he slipped into a London store for warmth. There he stole clothes and food. His
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

next victim was a shopkeeper of theatrical goods. Once again he stole the goods from it. He
attacked the shopkeeper also from behind. In the village of Iping he stole money from the
clergyman’s house. When the people suspected him, he got angry and beat them.
6. Who was the invisible man? Describe his adventures in your own words. (6 Marks)
Ans. The invisible man was Griffin. London air was very cold for him. So he entered a big London
store for warmth. He broke open the boxes. He put on rich warm clothes. It was morning.
The ship assistants came, saw and chased him. He had to take off all his clothes to escape
them. He stole some articles from a shop dealing in theatrical goods. He went to Iping.
In Iping he hired two rooms at an inn. But the stolen money did not last long. He broke open
the clergyman’s desk and stole money. People called in the village constable. The constable
tried to catch him. The scientist threw off his bandages, whiskers, spectacles and false nose.
Now he was a headless person. He knocked the constable down unconscious. Then he escaped.
[271]
Compendium: Class 10

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Mrs. Hall almost fell down the stairs in hysterics. She was convinced that the room was
haunted by spirits and that the stranger had somehow caused these to enter into her
furniture. (CBSE 2023)
(i) Mrs. hall tripped because __________. (1 Mark)
(a) the floor was oily (b) she was standing on a chair
(c) she was in a state of panic (d) the door was slammed
Ans. (c) She was in a state of panic (medium)
(ii) Mrs. Hall suspected everything in the room was put under a spell of witchcraft by _______. (1 Mark)
Ans. the stranger
(iii) Fill in the blank with one word only: (1 Mark)
Mrs. Hall was afraid that spirits had entered _________.
Ans. into furniture
(iv) According to the extract, the feeling of Mrs. Hall can be best described as
(1) stunned (2) happy (3) awestruck (4) nervous
(5) outraged (6) agitated
Select the correct option. (1 Mark)
(a) (2) and (4) (b) (3) and (6) (c) (5) and (6) (d) (1) and (6)
Ans. (3) and (6)
(v) ‘Spirits’ in the above lines means the same as (1 Mark)
(a) ghosts (b) conscience (c) ego (d) attitude
Ans. (a) ghost
2. His landlord disliked him and tried to eject him. In revenge, Griffin set fire to the house, To
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
get away without being seen he had to remove his clothes. Thus it was that he became a
homeless wanderer, without clothes, without money and quite invisible – until he
happened to step in some mud, and left footprints as he walked! (CBSE 2023)
(i) Griffin’s landlord tried to eject him because ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) he was a lawless person (b) he had set his house on fire
(c) he didn’t like him (d) he was a drug addict
Ans. (c) he didn’t like him
(ii) Fill in the blank with one word only. (1 Mark)
Griffin deliberately removed his clothes because he wanted to become ___________.
Ans. invisible

[272]
 English
(iii) Select the option that correctly captures the application of the word ‘fire’ as used in this
extract. (1 Mark)
(a) Griffin said that he would fire the manager.
(b) His remarks provoked heavy fire from the political opponents.
(c) The Amar Place was completely destroyed by the fire.
Ans. (d) The Amar Palace was completely destroyed by the fire.
(iv) Griffin’s presence was felt when ____________. (1 Mark)
(a) he jumped into the water with a splash (b) he wore clothes
(c) he left muddy footprints (d) he stepped in mud
Ans. (c) he left muddy imprints
(v) Which of the following is not true with reference to the given extract? (1 Mark)
(a) Griffin had become penniless.
(b) Griffin promised to behave himself.
(c) Griffin revealed himself by his muddy footprints.
(d) No one could see Griffin when he took off his clothes.
Ans. (b) Griffin promised to behave himself
3. Mrs. Hall's suspicion on Griffin for the theft grew stronger and she confronted him. Describe
Griffin's reaction. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. When Mrs. Hall accused Griffin for the theft, Griffin responded in an aggressive manner.
Griffin grew angry and exposed his invisibility to get out of the situation. This shocking
exposure resulted in an uproar and further increased Mrs Hall's suspicions about his
sinister and mysterious personality.
4. Discuss Griffin as a brilliant scientist who degenerates into a lawless and homeless
wanderer? (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Griffin, the protagonist of The Invisible Man, is a brilliant scientist who invents a formula
for invisibility. His intelligence and scientific achievements make him remarkable, but his
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

lack of morality leads to his downfall. Instead of using his discovery for good, he misuses it
for selfish and criminal purposes. He burns down his landlord's house, steals food and
money, and terrorises people. His growing arrogance and inability to reintegrate into
society turn him into a lawless fugitive. With no home or allies, he becomes isolated and
desperate. Ultimately, Griffin's misuse of science and disregard for ethics transform him
from a genius into a tragic, homeless wanderer, leading to his inevitable downfall.
5. Evaluate Griffin's character as a brilliant scientist and a lawless person.
(CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Griffin was undoubtedly a brilliant scientist, as he successfully discovered a formula that made
him invisible. His experiment was a groundbreaking achievement, proving his intelligence
and innovative mind. However, his genius was overshadowed by his immoral actions.
[273]
Compendium: Class 10
Instead of using his discovery for good, he misused his invisibility to commit thefts and
crimes. He set fire to his landlord's house, stole from shops, and terrorised people. His
lack of ethics and lawlessness ultimately led to his downfall. Thus, while Griffin was a
remarkable scientist, his actions proved that knowledge without morality can be dangerous.
6. Imagine that Griffin's conscience pricks him and he decides to write a diary entry, about
misusing science and endangering society, in the context of his own experience.
Write this diary entry, as Griffin, in about 120 words. (Reference: Footprints without Feet
by H. G. Wells) (CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
Ans. Wednesday, 27 February 20××
10:45 pm
Dear Diary
There is no denying the fact that science contributes to make this world a better place,
however I could not use this opportunity for the same. My unbridled ambition made me a
lawless and violent person. I didn’t show humanity or kindness towards anyone, just
because of my ego. None of my actions were for the betterment of humans. I set my
landlord's house on fire, attacked a shopkeeper and even fooled Mr. and Mrs. Hall. I even
terrified them and stole money from the clergy's house. I now realise that though I am a
brilliant scientist, but have a negative bent of mind. I have acted so cruelly number of times.
But it is now when my conscience has pricked me.
I feel that if a person does something wrong and realises later, he can always make amends
and rectify his mistakes. It is an old saying that kindness pays, rudeness never. Anger can
never resolve any problem, rather it aggravates it.
Discoveries of science can be used for the welfare of mankind. I could have also done that.
But it is never too late.
Griffin
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
7. Discoveries of science can be used for the welfare of mankind as well as for its destruction.
How is this applicable to Griffin’s scientific discovery? Explain giving examples from the
text. (100 - 150 words) (CBSE 2020) (8 Marks)
Ans. Griffin was a researcher. One day, while doing a scientific experiment, he found a liquid that
has the capacity to render objects invisible. During his scientific experiment, he discovered
this. Griffin, on the other hand, mishandled this liquid and used it to destroy humans, i.e.,
he used it to set fire to his landowner’s mansion. Yes, I agree with the statement. We may
relate this statement to Griffin, a great scientist who found a liquid that can make things
invisible. However, Griffin was a lawless person who used his discovery for devastation,
such as setting fire to his landowner’s house, carrying theft, etc., and we can conclude that
whether the found thing is useful or damaging is entirely dependent on the users
[274]
 English

30 The Making of A Scientist

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. Then in the seventh grade he got a hint of what real science is
When he entered a county science fair — and lost. “It was really a sad
Feeling to sit there and not get anything while everybody else had won
Something,” Ebright said. His entry was slides of frog tissues, which
He showed under a microscope.
(a) Which fair did the Ebright enter? (1 Mark)
(1) International Science Fair (2) County Science Fair
(3) Both of these (4) None of the above
(b) Ebright presented the slides of : (1 Mark)
(1) butterfly wings (2) caterpillars
(3) frog tissues (4) frog eggs
(c) What lesson does Ebright learn when he does not win anything at a science fair? (2 Marks)
(d) How did Ebright feel after loosing at the fair? (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (2) County Science Fair
(b) (3) frog tissues
(c) He realised that the winner had tried to do real experiments and not simply make a
neat display as he had done of frog tissues.
(d) He was sad.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. “I didn’t get any real results,” he said. “But I went ahead and showed that I had tried the
experiment. This time I won.” The next year his science fair project was testing the theory
that viceroy butterflies copy monarchs. The theory was that viceroys look like monarchs
because monarchs don’t taste good to birds. Viceroys, on the other hand, do taste good to
birds. So the more they look like monarchs, the less likely they are to become a bird’s
dinner. Ebright’s project was to see whether, in fact, birds would eat monarchs. He found
that a starling would not eat ordinary bird food. It would eat all the monarchs it could get.
(a) Choose the option listing Ebright’s qualities as depicted by the above extract. (1 Mark)
(i) persevering (ii) visionary (iii) determined (iv) liberal
(v) conceited
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (iii) and (v) (3) (i) and (iii) (4) (iv) and (v)
[275]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) Choose the statements that are TRUE for the given extract contextually. (1 Mark)
(i) Ebright didn’t get any results for the experiment he conducted on butterflies.
(ii) Monarchs tasted awfully to the birds.
(iii) Ebright wanted to explore the possibility of monarchs getting eaten by birds.
(iv) He wanted to prove that viceroys are lookalikes of monarchs.
(1) (i), (ii) (2) (ii), (iii) (3) (i), (iii) (4) (ii), (iv)
(c) Why do viceroy butterflies copy the monarch butterflies? (2 Marks)
(d) Find the word from the passage that means similar to ‘not unusual or different from
others’. (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (3) (i) and (iii)
(b) (2) (ii), (iii)
(c) Birds eat viceroy butterflies because they taste good to them, whereas monarch butterflies
do not taste good to the birds. So, the viceroys try to copy the Monarch butterflies.
(d) Ordinary
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. How did Richard Ebright excite the scientific world at the age of twenty-two? (3 Marks)
Ans. Richard Ebright was just twenty-two when he ‘excited’ the scientific world with a new
theory. It was on how cells worked. Ebright and his college roommate explained the theory
in an article in the ‘Proceedings of the National Academy of Science’. It was the first time
that this famous scientific journal had ever published the work of college students.
2. How did Ebright’s basement became a home to thousands of monarch butterflies? (3 Marks)
Ans. Richard Ebright used to send tagged monarch butterflies to Dr Urquhart for his research
work. Chasing butterflies one by one was difficult and he couldn’t catch many. So, he
decided to raise some of the butterflies in his basement. He would catch a monarch
butterfly, take her eggs and raise them. Then, he would tag the butterflies’ wings and let
them go. So, his basement became a home to thousands of monarch butterflies.
3. Why do viceroy butterflies copy monarch butterflies? What reasons did Richard Ebright
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
give in this regard? (3 Marks)
Ans. One of Richard Ebright’s projects was to test the theory that viceroy butterflies copied
monarch butterflies. Viceroys looked like monarchs because monarchs didn’t taste good to
birds. Viceroy butterflies, on the other hand, tasted good to birds. So, they try to copy and
look like them to protect themselves from birds.
4. Were twelve tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa just ornamental? What did Richard Ebright
prove in this regard? What honours did this project bring to Richard Ebright? (3 Marks)
Ans. Many thoughts that the twelve gold spots on a monarch pupa were just ornamental. But Dr
Urquhart didn’t believe it. Richard built a device that showed that the spots were producing a
very important hormone. That hormone was necessary for the butterfly’s full development.
This project won Ebright first place in the county fair and an entry into the International
Science and Engineering Fair.
[276]
 English
5. How did Richard Ebright grow cells from a monarch butterfly’s wing? What did that project
win for Ebright? (3 Marks)
Ans. Richard Ebright continued his journey further. He grew cells from a monarch’s wing in a
culture. He showed that cells could divide and develop into normal butterfly wing scales.
They must be fed from the hormone received from the gold spots. This project won first
place of Zoology at the International Fair.
6. How did Ebright show the signs that he would do amazing things when he would grow up?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Ebright always wanted to learn. His mother helped him in that. She always encouraged him
to do something worthwhile. By the time he was in second grade, he had collected all
twenty-five species of butterflies. These were found around his hometown. His doing so
indicated that he would do amazing things.
7. What did Ebright do to make the tagging of butterflies successful? (3 Marks)
Ans. Ebright raised butterflies in the basement. He would catch a female monarch. Then he
would take her eggs, and raise them through their life cycle from egg to adult butterfly.
Then he would tag the butterflies’ wings and let them go.
8. According to Mr Weiherer, what makes Richard Ebright a winner? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mr Weiherer, the social studies teacher, said that Ebright had many sided interests. He took
great pains to prepare his debate. He was competitive for the right reasons. He wanted to
do his best and deserved the prizes. He had first rate mind and curiosity. He never lost his
scientific curiosity.
9. In high school Ebright began the research that brought him great laurels and recognition
as a scientist. What was it? (3 Marks)
Ans. In his second year in high school, Richard began the research and discovered an unknown
insect hormone. He tried to find out the purpose of the twelve tiny gold spots on a
monarch’s pupa. Dr Urquhart did not believe that the spots were just ornamental. Ebright,
with his partner, built a device to show that the spots were producing a hormone necessary
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

for the butterfly’s full development.

10. “Science shows a connection between structure and function.” Describe the spots Ebright
saw on monarch pupas. (3 Marks)
Ans. Ebright grew cells from a monarch’s wing to show that cells could divide and develop into
a normal butterfly wing scales, only if they were fed with the hormones from the gold spots.
Later, he identified the chemical structure of the hormone and found how cells can read the
blueprint of its DNA.
11. How did Ebright get the idea for his new theory about cell life? (3 Marks)
Ans. The new theory about cell life came to Ebright while he was looking at X-ray photos of the
chemical structure of a hormone. Along with his findings about insect hormones, the photos
gave the answer to tell biology’s puzzle of how the cell can read the blueprint of its DNA.

[277]
Compendium: Class 10
12. Hobbies play a very important role in one’s life; elaborate this with reference to “The
Making of a Scientist”. (3 Marks)
Ans. As there were no one to play with Ebright, his mother encouraged him to learn new things.
Richard Ebright started collecting butterflies as a hobby. This led him to research and
discovers many things. Hence, hobbies play an important role in one’s life.
13. Validate the importance of small, fun learning tasks towards successful careers, in the
context of Richard Ebright in 'The Making of a Scientist'. (3 Marks)
Ans. Richard Ebright started the collection and breeding of butterflies as a fun activity. He got
curious about the gold spots and the secretion from them. He was able to develop a theory
of cell structure and later DNA because of it. Thus fun learning resulted in his career as a
renowned successful scientist.
14. Why did Viceroy butterflies copy the Monarchs? (3 Marks)
Ans. Birds eat Viceroy butterflies because they taste good to them; whereas Monarch butterflies
do not taste good to the birds. So the Viceroys try to copy the Monarchs to protect
themselves from the birds.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Who inspired Ebright further after he had collected all twenty-five species of butterflies
found around his hometown? What did Ebright do? (6 Marks)
Ans. Ebright had collected all the twenty-five species of butterflies while in second grade. Then
his mother got him a children’s book called, ‘The Travels of Monarch X’. This book opened
the world of science to Ebright. The readers were invited to help study butterfly migrations.
They were asked to tag butterflies for research by Dr. Frederick A. Urquhart of Toronto
University, Canada. Ebright started tagging the butterflies. But he couldn’t catch many. He
caught a female monarch and took her eggs. He raised them in his basement from egg to
adult butterfly. Then he would tag the butterflies’ wings and let them go.
2. How did Ebright get the idea for his new theory about cell life? How important was it and
how will it be useful for humanity? (6 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
Ans. Ebright got the idea for his new theory about cell life during his junior year. He got it while he
was looking at X-ray photo. These were of the chemical structure of a hormone. He believed
that the photos gave him the answer to the biological puzzle : how the cell can ‘read’ the
blueprint of its DNA. DNA is the blueprint of life. Ebright and his roommate James R. Wong
drew pictures and made plastic models of molecules. They also wrote the research paper that
explained the theory. If the theory proves correct it will be a big step towards understanding
the processes of life. It might also lead to new ideas for preventing cancer and other diseases.
3. Discuss the role of Ebright’s mother in making him a scientist. (6 Marks)
Ans. Richard’s mother played a huge role in making him a great scientist. She would take him on
trips to encourage learning, He was a single child. After his father died, his mother made
him the focus of her life. She would buy him all kinds of microscopes, telescopes and other
equipment. After dinner, she gave him problems to solve. This helped Richard to learn a lot.
[278]
 English
She was his only companion for a long time. She always tried to give him work that required
no physical labour but those works enhanced his learning skill. It was his mother who got
him the book ‘The Travels of Monarch X’. This book opened the world of science for Richard.
She also wrote to Dr Urquhart to guide her son. The scientist helped Richard and guided
him. Thus, his mother actually shaped him into an extraordinary scientist.
4. Richard Ebright displayed a well-rounded personality. Do you agree? Elucidate in the
context of the given text. (6 Marks)
Ans. Richard was obvious by the time he was in his second grade. He managed to collect all twenty-five
species of butterflies around his hometown and classify them. He also loved to collect coins, fossils
and rocks. Science was not his only passion. He was an active member of his school’s oratory club
and model United Nations Club and was an effective debater and a public speaker. He loved
photography as well. He was an enthusiastic canoeist and an outdoor person. Learning was easy for
him. So, he found it simple to devote time and energy to many other interests. He became a champion
in whatever he did. He believed in the spirit of competition to win. But, he did not wish to defeat
others just to win. He wanted to win to do his best. Thus, he displayed a well-rounded personality.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Books play a significant role in shaping the personality of a person. In what way did a book
cause a significant shift in Richard Ebright's life? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. A book, The Travels of Monarch X, played a crucial role in Richard E. Bright's life by
introducing him to the world of science. It inspired his interest in butterflies and scientific
research, leading him to become a dedicated scientist from an early age.
2. Ebright' s journey of becoming a leading scientist conveys a strong message to us. His
inquisitiveness and competency drove him to become a great scientist. In what manner
does Richard Ebright' s perseverance, dedication and inquisitiveness inspire you to pursue
your dreams? (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Richard Ebright' s determination, passion and curiosity motivate me to chase my dreams
by exhibiting the value of hard work and curiosity. His never-ending drive for scientific
facts, from capturing butterflies as a kid to pursuing advanced research, shows how
curiosity and dedication can drive one toward remarkable accomplishments. Ebright' s life
teaches me that accepting curiosity and having an obstinate mentality towards learning are
key to accomplishment. His perseverance and determination to achieve his objectives
inspire me to be resilient and driven in my endeavours, reminding me that commitment
and curiosity are essential ingredients in realising one's aspirations.
3. What is common about the role that Dr. Urquhart and Mr. Weiherer played in Richard
Ebright' s life? Describe any one commonality with evidence from the text "The Making of
a Scientist". (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)

[279]
Compendium: Class 10
Ans. In "The Making of a Scientist," Dr. Urquhart and Mr. Weiherer both played crucial roles in Richard
Ebright' s life as mentors who recognised his potential and provided support and guidance. One
commonality between their roles is their influence in shaping Ebright' s academic and scientific
pursuits. For instance, Dr. Urquhart, a high school science teacher, recognised Ebright' s talent
and encouraged him to pursue scientific research. He provided Ebright with opportunities to
conduct experiments and guided him in developing his scientific skills. Similarly, Mr. . Weiherer,
Ebright' s Chemistry teacher, also recognised his abilities and supported his academic interests
by providing challenging coursework and encouraging him to participate in science
competitions. Both mentors played pivotal roles in fostering Ebright' s passion for science and
nurturing his talent, ultimately setting him on the path to become a successful scientist. Their
guidance and encouragement demonstrate the importance of mentorship in shaping the
academic and professional trajectory of aspiring scientists like Richard Ebright.
4. Justify how Ebright’s mother played an important part in his becoming a scientist.
(CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
Ans. Richard’s mother played a huge role in making him a great scientist. She would take him on
trips to encourage learning. He was a single child. After his father died, his mother made
him the focus of her life. She would buy him all kinds of microscopes, telescopes and other
equipment. After dinner, she gave him problems to solve. This helped Richard to learn a lot.
She was his only companion for a long time. It was his mother who got him the book The is
of Monarch X. This book opened the world of science for Richard. She also wrote to Dr
Urquhart to guide her son. The scientist helped Richard and guided him. Thus, his mother
actually shaped him into an extraordinary scientist.
5. What lesson did Ebright learn when he did not win anything at a science fair?
(CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. When Ebright did not win anything at the science fair he realised that the winner had tried
to do real experiments and not simply make a neat display as he had done of frog tissues.
6. Why did Richard Ebright raise a flock of butterflies? (CBSE 2023) (3 Marks)
Ans. In order to study butterfly migration Richard would tag butterflies. The butterfly collecting
season around Reading lasts for only 6 weeks in late summer so it wasn't possible to catch
very many butterflies. As a result he decided to raise a flock of butterflies. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

7. What are the essential qualities for becoming a scientist, according to Ebright’s teacher?
(CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. According to Ebright’s teacher in “The Making of a Scientist,” essential qualities for
becoming a scientist include curiosity, determination, patience, and the ability to think
critically and analytically.
8. What role did Ebright’s mother play in his success? (CBSE 2022) (2 Marks)
Ans. Ebright’s mother played a crucial role in his success by fostering his interest in insects and
supporting his scientific pursuits.
9. Why did Ebright lose interest in tagging butterflies? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. Ebright used to brand butterflies’ wings and then release them. In reality, thousands of
monarch butterflies lived in the basement of his house. He began to lose interest in it
because it was a monotonous job with little feedback.
[280]
 English

31 The Necklace

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. “She suffered incessantly, feeling herself born for all delicacies and luxuries. She suffered
from the poverty of her apartment, the shabby walls and the worn chairs. All these things
tortured and angered her. When she seated herself for dinner opposite her husband who
uncovered the tureen with a delighted air, saying, “Oh! the good potpie! I know nothing
better than that...,” she would think of elegant dinners of shining silver; she thought of the
exquisite food served in marvellous dishes. She had neither frocks nor jewels, nothing. And
she loved only those things. She had a rich friend, a schoolmate at the convent, who she did
not like to visit- she suffered so much when she returned. She wept for whole days from
despair and disappointment.”
(a) Which word does ‘delicacies’ NOT correspond to? (1 Mark)
(1) etherealness (2) elegance (3) exquisiteness (4) robustness
(b) What would Matilda often dream of? (2 Marks)
(c) Find the word from the passage that means similar to ‘a savoury pie baked in a deep
dish, typically with a top crust only.’ (1 Mark)
(d) Choose the characteristic displayed by M Loisel in the extract. (1 Mark)
(1) conceited (2) contended (3) appeased (4) subdued
Ans. (a) (4) robustness
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(b) Matilda would often dream of all the delicacies, luxuries, elegant dinners, marvellous
dishes, rich silver, beautiful dresses, jewels, adoration and a life of glory. She would
escape into her dreams from the dullness of her very humble existence.
(c) Potpie
(d) (2) contended
2. And she responded, “I am vexed not to have a jewel, nothing to adorn myself with. I shall
have such a poverty-stricken look. I would prefer not to go to this party.” He replied, “You
can wear some natural flowers. In this season they look very chic.” She was not convinced.
“No”, she replied, “there is nothing more humiliating than to have a shabby air in the midst
of rich women.” Then her husband cried out, “How stupid we are! Go and find your friend
Mme Forestier and ask her to lend you her jewels.”
[281]
Compendium: Class 10
(a) To what is she saying ‘no’? (1 Mark)
(1) To borrow the necklace (2) To buy a new dress
(3) To go to the party (4) All of these
(b) What did the Matilda mean by there is nothing more humiliating than to have a shabby
air in the midst of rich women? (2 Marks)
(c) Why did her husband ask her to go to Mme Forestier? (1 Mark)
(1) To borrow footwear (2) To borrow a dress
(3) To borrow jewels (4) None of these
(d) Find a word from the passage that means similar ‘To add something in order to make a
thing or person more attractive or beautiful’. (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (3) To go to the party
(b) After buying a pretty dress Mme Loisel was bothered by yet another problem. She had
no jewels to adorn herself with. She said she would feel inferior and have a poverty-
stricken look. Her husband suggested that she should wear some natural flowers.
However she refused and said that there was nothing more humiliating than to have a
shabby air in the midst of rich women.
(c) (3) To borrow jewel
(d) Adorn

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why did Matilda think that she was born in a family of petty clerks by some error of destiny?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Matilda was a beautiful young lady with high dreams and aspirations. She had no dowry, smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

no hopes, no fame and no wealth. She lost all hopes of marrying a man either rich or
distinguished. She believed that she was born into a family of clerks only by some error of
destiny. So, she allowed herself to marry a petty clerk in the office of the Board of Education.
2. Why didn’t Matilda like to visit her rich friend? (3 Marks)
Ans. Matilda or Mrs. Loisel always dreamt of things that were beyond her means. She dreamt of
a grand house, costly dishes, good dresses and jewels. She was disillusioned that she
couldn’t get them. When she visited her rich friend, she really suffered because she became
intensely conscious of her poverty in the presence of her fortunate and rich friend. She
suffered so much when she returned to her modest and miserable surroundings.

[282]
 English
3. How was Matilda’s demand of adorning herself with jewels fulfilled? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mrs. Loisel was adamant on having some jewels to adorn herself for the ball. Her poor
husband felt helpless. However, an idea struck him. He told her that she could borrow
jewels from her rich friend Madam Forestier. Madam Forestier easily agreed and placed
her jewellery box before Matilda to make her choice. In the end, Matilda chose a superb
diamond necklace and Madam Forestier happily gave the necklace to her friend.
4. Why didn’t Madam Forestier recognise Matilda? How did both the ladies look? (3 Marks)
Ans. One day, Matilda was taking a walk in the Champs-Elysees. She suddenly saw a woman
walking with a child. It was Madam Forestier. She was still young, pretty and still attractive.
But Mrs. Loisel looked just the different. Her face was telling her story. She had so much
changed that Madam Forestier couldn’t recognise her. She could only say, “Oh! my poor
Matilda! How you have changed!”
5. Matilda and her husband suffered to payoff the debts which they took on their heads for a false
necklace. Comment. Do you find the ending of the story unexpected and ironical? (3 Marks)
Ans. In the end, Madam Forestier told Matilda that the necklace which she lent to her and for
whose replacement they had to suffer so much, was really a false one. The ending of the
play is quite unexpected but logical. It is ironical as well. The necklace that bought so much
ruin and miseries to Matilda and her husband turned out to be a false one.
6. What happened at the ball? Was her dream fulfilled? What spoiled the pleasure? (3 Marks)
Ans. Mme. Loisel was greatly appreciated by all at the ball. She was the prettiest of all. They
wanted to be presented to her. She was greatly elated at this success. Her dream to be
known was fulfilled, but loss of the diamond necklace spoiled the pleasure. It nearly spoiled
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

her future life.

7. What did Mr. Loisel do to find the lost diamond necklace? (3 Marks)
Ans. Loisel went to look for the lost diamond necklace where they had walked. But he found nothing.
Then he went to the police to file a complaint. He also went to the cab offices. He enquired about
the lost necklace. He also put an advertisement in the newspapers. He offered a reward.
8. What would Matilda often dream of? (3 Marks)
Ans. Matilda regarded herself a charming princess. Though poor, she dreamt high about elegant
dinners, luxurious apartment and her worth. She loved to be noticed and admired at the
party. She would escape into her dreams from the dullness of her very humble existence.

[283]
Compendium: Class 10
9. Why did Matilda (Mme Loisel) leave the ball in a hurry? What does it show about her
character? (3 Marks)
Ans. Matilda left the ball in a hurry when her husband threw the modest wraps around her
shoulders, whose poverty clashed with the elegance of the ball costume. She did not wish
to be noticed by the other women who had wrapped themselves in rich furs.
It shows the hypocrisy and show-off life of Mme Loisel. It shows her dissatisfaction, anger
and frustration with life.
10. How did Mme Loisel now know the life of necessity? (3 Marks)
Ans. To pay the debt of eighteen thousand francs, Loisel let go of their decent living. They lived in
impoverished (poor) neighbourhood. Matilda had to cook, clean, wash, mend, bring water and
bargain with the butcher and grocer. Her husband worked day and night to save every sou.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What were the reasons which caused a great suffering to Matilda? (6 Marks)
Ans. Matilda was a very pretty young woman. But she was dreamy. She was born in a poor
family. But she dreamt to be loved and known by the rich. One day, her husband brought
home an invitation card. They had been invited to a minister’s party at the Minister’s
residence. Matilda borrowed a diamond necklace from her friend Mme. Forestier for the
party. She felt overjoyed. But she lost the borrowed diamond necklace. They decided to
replace it. But they had to spend a lot on it. It took them ten years to repay the borrowed
money. These ten years were very painful for them. They led a horrible life of want. They
had to save every sou. But the borrowed diamond necklace turned out to be artificial.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

2. What kind of life did Matilda and her husband live after the loss of the diamond necklace?
(6 Marks)
Ans. Matilda decided to replace the lost diamond necklace. It cost them 36,000 francs. They were
poor. It proved to be a great burden for them. Mr. Loisel borrowed it from usurers at high
rates of interest. They sent away the maid. They moved to cheap room. She washed the
dishes. She clothed like a very ordinary woman. She went to the grocer’s the butcher’s and
the fruiterer’s with her basket. She haggled to the last sou. The husband worked evenings
and nights. It took them ten years to repay the borrowed money. Matilda looked very old
now. The life of want had brought this change into her.

[284]
 English
3. Mme Loisel’s disposition invites her doom. Comment in the context of the text you’ve read.
(6 Marks)
Ans. Mme Loisel belongs to a family of clerks. Her existence is quite average. They live on meagre
income, enough for basic needs but not to fulfil aspirations. She gets married to a clerk and
is so caught up with her dreams of wealth and pleasure that she is out of touch with the
truths of her real life. In order to keep up appearances and just to flatter her pride, she
blows up four hundred francs on a gorgeous dress. And, not contented, she goes on
borrowing a necklace from her friend. And, all of this is just to impress the wealthy and the
rich with her beauty and glamour (even if on loan). No doubt, her pride is flattered and her
wish of fine dining, expensive dresses and jewels satisfied but at a great price.
Unfortunately, the necklace has lost and the couple has to cough up their entire inheritance
and borrow as well to replace it. Repayment of the debt eats away the next ten years of
their youth. They live poor. All the household chores and cares of a life of poverty visit them.
Hence, her disposition invites her doom.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. "He was silent, stupefied, in dismay, at the sight of his wife weeping. He stammered, "What
is the matter? What is the matter?" By a violent effort, she had controlled her vexation and
responded in a calm voice, wiping her moist cheeks, "Nothing. Only I have no dress and
consequently I cannot go to this affair.
Give your card to some colleague whose wife is better fitted out than I." He was grieved, but
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

answered, "Let us see, Matilda. How much would a suitable costume cost, something that
would serve for their occasions, something very simple?" She reflected for some seconds
thinking of a sum that could ask for without bringing with it an immediate refusal and a
frightened exclamation from the economical clerk."
(i) What can we infer about Matilda's emotions and financial situation based on her husband's
reaction and her response to not having a dress for the affair? (2 Marks)
Ans. Matilda feels distressed about not having a suitable dress, highlighting her dissatisfaction
with her financial situation. She longs for a luxurious life and fears social inferiority. Her
husband's concern shows they must manage expenses carefully. She hesitates before
suggesting a cost, fearing refusal, reflecting both financial limits and social insecurity.

[285]
Compendium: Class 10
(ii) Which of the following is NOT a reason for Matilda's distress in the extract? (1 Mark)
(a) She has no suitable dress for the affair.
(b) She is upset about her husband's reaction.
(c) She is worried about the cost of a suitable costume.
(d) The card did not bear her name.
Ans. (d) The card did not bear her name.
Explanation: In The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, Matilda's distress is caused by her lack
of a suitable dress and jewellery for the ball, as well as concerns about her husband's
reaction and the cost of appearing presentable. However, there is no mention of any issue
regarding the invitation card not bearing her name, making option (d) the correct choice.
(iii) What did Matilda suggest that her husband do with the card? (1 Mark)
Ans. Matilda suggested that her husband should return the invitation to his superior, as she felt she
had nothing appropriate to wear for the grand event and would be embarrassed to attend.
(iv) In the given extract what does the term 'economic clerk' imply? (1 Mark)
Ans. The term "economic clerk" implies that Matilda's husband was a low-paid government
employee, working in a modest clerical position. This highlights their financial limitations,
which played a crucial role in Matilda's distress over attending the ball.
2. Why is Matilda unhappy with her life? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Matilda is dissatisfied with her existence because she craves richness and luxury. Despite
having a comfortable middle-class life, she constantly dreams of opulence and feels
dissatisfied with her modest circumstances. Her desire for material possessions and social
status makes her feel discontented and unfulfilled.
3. Considering 'The Necklace' as a tale of dissatisfaction and excessive materialism, analyse smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Matilda's primary flaw. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)

Ans. Matilda's primary flaw in "The Necklace" is her excessive pride and desire for material
wealth. Dissatisfied with her modest life, she borrows a costly necklace, resulting in years of
hardship when it gets lost. Her vanity and discontentment ultimately lead to her downfall.
4. Why was Madam Loisel shocked at the end of the story? (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. Madame Loisel was shocked to know that the necklace that she and her husband had
replaced with an expensive necklace, and for which they had borrowed a huge amount of
money was actually a low-priced imitation necklace. It had taken ten years to pay off debt
and had demanded hard work as well.

[286]
 English
5. A character arc is the transformation or development of a character throughout a story and refers
to the changes a character undergoes as a result of their experiences, challenges and interaction
with other characters. In the light of the above information, trace the character arc of Matilda in
Guy De Maupassants' ‘The Necklace’, in about 120 words. (CBSE 2024) (6 Marks)
Ans. Matilda was a pretty and young lady born into the family of clerks as an error of destiny.
Married to a clerk, she had no means to become known and rich. She always suffered from
poverty. She was unhappy with her middle-class life and was always dissatisfied. She thinks
that she is a victim of social injustice and irony of fate. She was ungrateful despite her
husband' s relentless efforts to please her.
One fatal mistake of hers hits her and a tragedy befalls upon her. She is forced to work
tirelessly to repay her debt. As she struggles with poverty, her beauty fades away. Thus, we
see that when she faced crucial circumstances, she finds herself face to face with the bitter
consequences of her folly. That loss makes her more careful and responsible person. Her
grumbling over the poor lot of her husband gives way to respect and gratitude for tolerance
and generosity. After the loss, she became more mature and humbler. This change in her
character is a result of her circumstances and problems she faced in life.
6. Mme Loisel’s disposition invites her doom. Elucidate with reference to the text.
(CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Mme. Loisel belongs to a family of clerks. Her existence is quite average. They live on
meager income, enough for basic needs but not to fulfill aspirations. She gets married to a
clerk and is so caught up with her dreams of wealth and pleasure that she is out of touch
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

with the truths of her real life. In order to keep up appearances just to flatter her pride, she
blows up four hundred francs on a gorgeous dress. And, not contented, she goes on
borrowing a necklace from her friend. And, all of this is just to impress the wealthy and the
rich with her beauty and glamour (even if on loan). No doubt, her pride is flattered and her
wish of fine dining, expensive dresses and jewels satisfied but at a great price.
Unfortunately, the necklace has lost and the couple has to cough up their entire inheritance
and borrow as well to replace it. Repayment of the debt eats away the next ten years of
their youth. They live poor. All the house hold chores and cares of a life of poverty visit
them. Hence, her disposition invites her doom.

[287]
Compendium: Class 10
7. Matilda realised that one little act of negligence can lead to total ruin. What do you learn
from this and how would you move on in life? (CBSE 2022) (6 Marks)
Ans. From Matilda’s story in “The Necklace,” we learn the profound lesson that small mistakes
can have big consequences. Even a tiny act of carelessness can lead to significant hardships.
In life, it’s crucial to be mindful and responsible in every action, no matter how small it may
seem. Moving forward, I would prioritize attention to detail and value what I have, avoiding
unnecessary risks or desires that could lead to unexpected troubles. Learning from
Matilda’s experience, I would focus on gratitude and careful decision-making to prevent
unnecessary hardships in my own life
8. As a reader do you sympathise with Matilda? Give reasons from the text to support your
answer. (CBSE 2022) (4 Marks)
Ans. In “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant, Matilda Loisel is depicted as a woman dissatisfied
with her life and yearning for wealth and status. As a reader, you may sympathize with her
because her desire for a better life is something many people can understand. Matilda’s
mistake of borrowing and then losing a valuable necklace plunges her into years of
hardship and deception. Her relentless efforts to replace the necklace, only to discover it
was fake, reveal the tragic consequences of her actions. Despite her flaws, Matilda’s story
resonates with readers due to its universal themes of ambition, the pursuit of status, and
the harsh realities of life’s choices. It serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of
prioritising material desires over contentment.
9. Mme Forestier proved to be a true friend of the Loisels. Elaborate. (100-150 words)
(CBSE 2020) (8 Marks)
Ans. Mme Forestier proved to be a loyal Loisels’ friend. Mme Forestier was an important smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

character in the plot. She sincerely assisted Matilda when she needed her. Matilda had a
gorgeous figure and always felt she was born for a family of luxuries rather than a family of
clerks. She lacked the opulent lifestyle she desired. As a result, she was dissatisfied with her
existence. While she was constantly envious of Mme. Forestier’s lavish lifestyle, Mme.
Forestier was a devoted companion. When Matilda requested for a necklace, she showed
her a plethora of jewels and did not hesitate. Even after Matilda had lost the necklace and
replaced it, she did not even inspect it; she simply trusted her with the necklace and felt
awful for the pain she had to endure in order to replace it. This demonstrates her sincerity.
As a result, she proved to be a genuine friend.

[288]
 English

32 Bholi

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. She remembered how a few days ago their old cow, Lakshmi, had been turned out of the
house and sold. “N-n-n-n No, no-no-no,” she shouted in terror and pulled her hand away
from her father’s grip. “What’s the matter with you, you fool?” shouted Ramlal. “I am only
taking you to school.” Then he told his wife, “Let her wear some decent clothes today, or
else what will the teachers and the other schoolgirls think of us when they see her?” New
clothes had never been made for Bholi. The old dresses of her sisters were passed on to her.
No one cared to mend or wash her clothes. But today she was lucky to receive a clean dress
which had shrunk after many washings and no longer fitted Champa. She was even bathed
and oil was rubbed into her dry and matted hair.
(a) Why did Bholi shout in terror? (1 Mark)
(b) Why did she remember ‘Lakshmi’? (2 Marks)
(c) Why did Ramlal call Bholi a fool? This was because: (1 Mark)
(1) Bholi had become hysterical and was screaming.
(2) Bholi shouted in fear and pulled her hand away.
(3) Bholi was behaving foolishly and was running away.
(4) Bholi had been behaving very strangely with her father.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) Why was Bholi’s hair matted? (1 Mark)

(1) It was entangled and oiled.
(2) It was never oiled and combed.
(3) It was not combed regularly
(4) It was unkept and oiled.
Ans. (a) Bholi shouted in terror as she thought that her father was turning her out of her house.
(b) She remembered her cow Lakshmi because Lakshmi had also been turned out of the
house a few days ago.
(c) (2) Bholi shouted in fear and pulled her hand away.
(d) (2) It was never oiled and combed.
[289]
Compendium: Class 10
2. Ramlal stood rooted to the ground, his head bowed low with the weight of grief and shame.
The flames of the sacred fire slowly died down. Everyone was gone. Ramlal turned to Bholi
and said, “But what about you, no one will ever marry you now. What shall we do with you?”
And Sulekha said in a voice that was calm and steady, “Don’t you worry, Pitaji! In your old
age I will serve you and Mother and I will teach in the same school where I learnt so much.
Isn’t that right, Ma’am?”
The teacher had all along stood in a corner, watching the drama. “Yes, Bholi, of course,” she
replied. And in her smiling eyes was the light of a deep satisfaction that an artist feels when
contemplating the completion of her masterpiece.
(a) What satisfaction did the teacher have? (2 Marks)
(b) Bholi had refused to get married as ___________. (1 Mark)
(1) her father couldn’t afford the dowry that was demanded
(2) the bridegroom had been greedy and was disrespectful
(3) the bridegroom had insulted her father
(4) her father was getting her married to an old man
(c) Find a word from the extract which means ‘thinking deeply’. (1 Mark)
(d) Ramlal stood rooted to the ground because he ___________. (1 Mark)
(1) was moved by what he heard
(2) was influenced by Bholi’s words
(3) was in a state of shock
(4) was in an immovable position
Ans. (a) The teacher had the satisfaction of seeing her Bholi turn into a bold girl willing to fight
for her rights.
(b) (2) the bridegroom had been greedy and was disrespectful
(c) ‘Contemplating’ from the extract means ‘thinking deeply. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

(d) (3) was in a state of shock

3. "What's the matter with you, you fool"? shouted Ramlal. "I am only taking you to school."
Then he told his wife, "Let her wear some decent clothes today or else what will the
teachers and the other school girls think of us when they see her? New clothes had never
been made for Bholi. The Old Dresses of her Sisters were passed on to her. No one cared to
mend or wash her clothes. But today, she was lucky to receive a Clean Dress which had
shrunk after many washings and no longer fitted Champa. She was even bathed and oil was
rubbed into her dry and matted hair. Only then did she believe that she was being taken to
a Place better than her Home! When they reached the School, the Children were already in
their Classrooms."
[290]
 English
(a) Why did Ramlal call Bholi a fool? (1 Mark)
(b) Pick the sentence that brings out the meaning of 'decent' as used in the extract. (1 Mark)
(1) He gets a decent amount of salary.
(2) One must be decent when having a conversation with strangers.
(3) She was dressed in a decent manner for the interview.
(4) It was very decent of him to lend me some money.
(c) Pick the option that best describes how Bholi felt at the end of her first day in school.
(1) Lost and scared (2) Calm and Peaceful (1 Mark)
(3) Elated and Peaceful (4) Hopeful and Elated
(d) Bholi was a neglected child. Justify. (2 Marks)
Ans. (a) This was because Bholi shouted in fear and pulled her hand away.
(b) She was dressed in a decent manner for the interview.
(c) (4) Hopeful and Elated
(d) Bholi was a neglected child because she never got new clothes to wear. She was always
passed on the old dresses of her sisters. Her clothes were not even washed or mended
by anyone.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Describe two accidents that had disfigured Bholi and made her a backward child. (3 Marks)
Ans. At birth, Bholi was very fair and pretty. When she was two years old, she had an attack of
small pox. Her entire body was permanently disfigured with deep pock marks. When she was
just ten months old, she fell off her cot. Perhaps a part of her brain was damaged. It made her
a backward child. She learnt speaking at the age of five and stammered while speaking.
2. What preparations were made to send Bholi to school? When did she begin to think that
school was a better place than her home? (3 Marks)
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Ans. Ramlal asked his wife to arrange some decent clothes for Bholi. He didn’t want the teachers
and other school girls to make any bad image of the family. Therefore, Bholi was lucky to get
a clean dress that didn’t fit Champa. Bholi was bathed. Oil was rubbed into her dry and matted
hair. Only then Bholi began to think that she was going to a better place than to her home.
3. When and why did Bholi feel that her heart was throbbing with a new hope and a new life?
(3 Marks)
Ans. Bholi had achieved what she could have never even dreamed. With the encouragement and
help of her teacher she could pronounce her name: “Bh - Bho - Bholi” and say: “Ye - Ye - Yes.”
Then the teacher gave her a picture book. She was sure that Bholi would finish it within a
week. In time she would be more learned than anyone in the village. Then, nobody would
ever dare to laugh at her. Bholi felt her heart throbbing with a new hope and new life.

[291]
Compendium: Class 10
4. Was Bishamber a suitable bridegroom for Bholi? Give your opinion. (3 Marks)
Ans. No, Bishamber was not at all a suitable match for Bholi. No doubt, he was rich, had a big
shop, a house of his own and thousands of rupees in the bank. But he was mean, greedy and
a worthless man. When he came to know of the pockmarks on Bholi’s face, he demanded a
dowry of 5000 rupees to marry her. Even the turban of Ramlal at his feet couldn’t melt his
heart. Bholi did the right thing to reject him.
5. Why didn’t Bholi at first oppose the proposal of the unequal match? Why did she agree to
it? (3 Marks)
Ans. Bholi knew that she was just a burden for her parents. They thought her worthless and
couldn’t even dream of a good marriage proposal for her. When she realised that her
parents were happy to find such a rich and prosperous bridegroom for her, she bowed to
their wish. She didn’t oppose it to keep the honour of the family intact. He agreed to marry
a man who was of the age of her father and had grown up children from his first wife.
6. Why did Bholi throw the wedding garland into the fire? (3 Marks)
OR
Why did Bholi refuse to accept Bishamber as her husband when she had agreed to his
proposal earlier?
Ans. Earlier, Bholi couldn’t oppose the proposal as she wanted to save the honour of the family.
But now enough was enough. Bishamber had no regard and respect for her parents. He was
ready to marry her for 5000 rupees. When he moved forward to garland her, she threw the
wedding garland away into the force. She declared that she would not have such a mean,
greedy and cowardly person as her husband.
7. How did Bholi react to the remarks of an old woman who called her “a shameless girl” and
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
“a harmless dumbcow?” (3 Marks)
Ans. When Bholi refused to accept a mean greedy and cowardly man as her husband, everybody
was stunned. An old woman called her “a shameless girl.” She had thought her “a harmless
dumbcow.” Bholi turned violently on the old woman. She told that everybody had thought her
a dumb cow and so they wanted to hand her over to such a heartless creature. She reminded
that the ‘dumb cow’ had got a tongue’ now and she could speak out to defend herself.
8. Why did Bholi’s parents accept Bishamber’s marriage proposal? Give three reasons. (3 Marks)
Ans. The three reasons were : One, Bholi would be lucky to get such a rich bridegroom. Second,
Bishamber did not ask for any dowry. He was ready to marry her. That wouldn’t to burden
on Bholi’s father. Third, he had a big shop and a house of his own.
[292]
 English
9. What misfortunes did Bholi face since her childhood? (3 Marks)
Ans. Bholi could be called unfortunate. She fell off the cot headlong. Some part of her brain got
damaged. Then she had had smallpox when she was two years old. It left her body
disfigured with permanent black spots. She stammered and could not speak properly.
10. Why did a triumphant smile appear on Bishamber’s greedy face? (3 Marks)
Ans. A triumphant smile appeared on Bishamber’s greedy face. It was because he had demanded
five thousand rupees as dowry. At first Bholi’s father didn’t pay this dowry. But later he
gave it to her. He saw that by this Bishamber would accept Bholi as his wife.
11. Why did Chubukov misunderstand the purpose of Lomov's visit? (3 Marks)
Ans. Chubukov misunderstood that Lomov had come to borrow money because Lomov himself
didn't reveal clearly his purpose of that visit. Moreover, he confused Chubukov by saying
that he had come to trouble him with a request for help
12. "The Lomovs and the Chubukovs have always had the most friendly and I might almost say
the most affectionate, regard for each other." How would you evaluate Lomov and
Chubukov' s relationship as neighbours? (3 Marks)
Ans. Lomov and Chubukov are neighbours. They have a controversy on the issue of ownership
of the Oxen meadows. They also have a difference of opinion on the superiority of the breed
of their dogs, Lomov wants to resolve the issue and visits Chubukov with a proposal is
accepted by Chubukov and both Lomov and Natalya got married.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. Discuss the role of the teacher in moulding the personality of Bholi. (6 Marks)
Ans. A teacher is truly an artist who makes his pupils learn new things. These pupil’s are his
different pieces of art, Bholi is a new piece of art of her teacher. From the very beginning,
she encourages Bholi. She shows love to her. It is her teacher’s firm faith, determination
and devotion. These sow a new seed of a different Bholi in her. With the passage of time,
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Bholi stops being a dumb cow. She slowly learns to be a real human being. It is by the love
and encouragement of her teacher. Bholi rightly refuses to marry Bishamber. She feels that
it is injustice done to her. It is all due to her teacher’s sincere love and encouragement.
2. School education turned Bholi from a dumb cow into a bold girl. How did she save her father
from a huge expense and become his support in his old age? (6 Marks)
Ans. Gone are the days when girl’s education was considered as an unacceptable right as they
were not allowed to come out of their houses. But education is the answer to all social ills.
Illiteracy and ignorance bring nothing but poverty, suffering and misery. Bholi lacks
confidence initially because of her disabilities. She is silent, timid and weak in mind. Her
ugliness and her stammer do not let her progress. She is afraid to speak as others make
fun of her. School changes her life completely. It opens a new world of hope for her.
[293]
Compendium: Class 10
Her teacher treats her with love and kindness. Her affection and support help Bholi to have
faith in herself. She studies and grows into a confident young woman. She knows her rights
and she asserts them as well. She refuses to marry a man who demands dowry. Thus, being
educated changes the life of Bholi. Here, Bholi represents all the girls of society who take
stand for their rights and know what is right or what is wrong. This happens only due to
the proper education to girls. If a girl is educated, she can change the society and nation.
She is like the base of the family and imparts her knowledge and experience to her family
and next generation. So education is the right and must for the girls.

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Why was Bholi frightened to go to school? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Bholi was frightened to go to school because she had never stepped out of her home before.
She feared being away from her parents and recalled how their cow, Lakshmi, was sold.
Additionally, her lack of confidence and speech defect made her anxious.
2. Bholi is sent to school for an uncommon reason, leading to a distinctive twist in her story.
Elucidate. (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. Bholi was sent to school as her parents saw her as a burden. Education transformed her,
giving her confidence and self-respect. In the end, she boldly rejected an unfair marriage,
proving the power of education in changing lives.
3. Bholi's heart was brimming with "fresh optimism and a renewed existence." What significance
does the expression "a new hope and a new life" hold for Bholi? (CBSE 2025) (3 Marks)
Ans. For Bholi, "a new hope and a new life" symbolises her empowerment and self-realisation.
Once a neglected and hesitant girl, she gains confidence through education. Rejecting an
unfair marriage, she chooses dignity and independence. Her decision marks a new
beginning where she values herself, embraces knowledge, and stands against societal
norms, shaping her future on her own terms.
4. It is truly said that a good teacher is the light that helps one cross even the darkest of paths smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

through honing their inherent qualities which enable them to shine bright and strong in
life. In what ways, does Sulekha' s teacher epitomise this saying? How did she become the
pillar of support and strength for Sulekha? (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Sulekha's teacher is the true embodiment of the saying that an excellent teacher is the
beacon which guides one to traverse even the darkest of routes. Her teacher understood
Sulekha' s potential and endowed her with the guidance and encouragement required to
transcend her problems. Nurturing Sulekha' s natural capabilities, the teacher gave her
strength and enabled her to hone her skills. The teacher's motivation and faith in Sulekha's
ability allowed her to become a bright and shining star, changing the course of her life.
This support and mentorship exemplify how a dedicated teacher can become a pillar of
strength, helping students navigate difficulties and achieve their full potential.
[294]
 English
5. Destiny had been cruel to Bholi yet she made a place for herself in conservative society.
Discuss. (CBSE 2023) (6 Marks)
Ans. Bholi was the fourth daughter of Ramie!. She got her brain damaged when she was only ten
months old. At the age of two, she had an attack of smallpox which left permanent
pockmarks on her body. She stammered while speaking. Thus she was a neglected child in
her family. Nobody took care of her. Nobody loved her. Nobody had any expectation from
her. Her parents called her a dumb cow and treated her so. The old dresses of her sister
were passed on to her. No one cared to mend or wash her clothes. New clothes had never
been made for Bholi. No one oiled her hairs or tried to teach her anything. Luckily she was
sent to school and her teacher changed her life entirely. Now she was a learned girl. When
her parents decided to marry her with Bishamber a fifty years old lame, greedy person, she
did not speak a word and agreed to it silently for the sake of her parents. She did not even
protest. Later on, when Bishamber insulted her parents and demanded 5000 rupees, she
refused to marry him and declared that she will never marry anyone and will always serve
her parents in their old age. Thus in spite of being a neglected child, Bholi acted like all
daughters in Indian societies.
6. Imagine you are Bholi and you have been invited to give a speech on the importance of girl’s
education. Write the speech on ‘Girl Education and Empowerment.’ (CBSE 2022) (4 Marks)
Ans. Good morning everyone,
I am Bholi, and I am honoured to speak about the importance of girls’ education. Education
is a powerful tool that can transform lives. For girls, it means more than just learning to
read and write. It means gaining confidence, making informed choices, and building a better
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

future. When girls are educated, they can achieve their dreams, contribute to their families,
and help their communities grow. Educated girls become strong women who can stand up
for their rights and inspire others. Let us support and encourage girls’ education so that
every girl can reach her full potential and create a brighter, more equal world.
Thank you
7. Why did Bholi not marry Bishamber? (CBSE 2020) (2 Marks)
Ans. Bholi was devoted to her parents and for their sake respect and pleasure she agreed to
marry Bishamber. When Bishamber wanted 5,000 rupees as dowry and insulted her father,
she refused to marry him in order to safeguard Ramlal’s dignity.

[295]
[296]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

 English

The Book That Saved The

33 Earth

EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. OOP : I haven’t a clue. I’ve been to seven galaxies, but I’ve never seen anything
like this. Maybe they’re hats. (He opens a book and puts it on his head.)
Say, maybe this is a haberdashery!
OMEGA : (bowing low) Perhaps the Great and Mighty Think-Tank will give us the
benefit of his thoughts on the matter.
THINK-TANK : Elementary, my dear Omega. Hold one of the items up so that I may view
it closely. (Omega holds a book in the palm of her hand.) Yes, yes, I
understand now. Since Earth creatures are always eating, the place in
which you find yourselves is undoubtedly a crude refreshment stand.
OMEGA : (to Iota and Oop) He says we’re in a refreshment stand.
OOP : Well, the Earthlings certainly have a strange diet
THINK-TANK : That item in your hand is called a sandwich.
OMEGA : (nodding) A sandwich.
IOTA : (nodding) A sandwich.
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

OOP : (taking book from his head) A sandwich?

THINK-TANK : Sandwiches are the main staple of Earth diet. Look at it closely. (Omega
squints at book.) There are two slices of what is called bread, and
between them is some sort of filling.
(a) Why did Omega bow low before Think-Tank? (1 Mark)
(1) As a mark of respect and recognition of supremacy.
(2) To flatter and appease the character.
(3) As a sign of submission and understanding of his strength.
(4) To curry favour and goodwill from the character.

[297]
Compendium: Class 10
(b) Choose the option that explains what Think-Tank meant by saying Elementary, my dear
Omega. (1 Mark)
(1) “It’s simple general knowledge, Omega.”
(2) “It’s something that a primary school person won’t understand, Omega.”
(3) “It’s quite obviously deducible, Omega”
(4) “It’s a little more than complicated, Omega.”
(c) What guesses are made by ‘Think- Tank’ about the books found on the earth? (2 Marks)
(d) Find the word from the extract that means similar to ‘small items used in sewing, such
as buttons, zips, and thread.’ (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) (1) As a mark of respect and recognition of supremacy.
(b) (3) “It’s quite obviously deducible, Omega”
(c) Think-Tank first thinks that the books are sandwiches that earthlings eat. He calls the
cover of the book the two slices of bread and the pages as some sort of filling. Then he
says it is a communication sandwich. When Iota, Omega and Oop are unable to hear
anything from it, he calls it a sandwich for eye communication.
(d) Haberdashery
2. NOODLE : Where shall we go, sir?
THINK-TANK : A hundred million miles away from Mars. Order the invasion fleet to
evacuate the entire planet of Mars. We are heading for Alpha Centauri,
a hundred million miles away. (Omega, Iota, and Oop run off right as
Noodle helps Think-Tank off left and the curtain closes. Spotlight shines
on Historian down right.)
Historian : (chuckling) And that’s how one dusty old book of nursery rhymes saved
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature
the world from a Martian invasion. As you all know, in the twenty-fifth
century, five hundred years after all this happened, we Earthlings
resumed contact with Mars, and we even became very friendly with the
Martians. By that time, Great and Mighty Think-Tank had been replaced
by a very clever Martian — the wise and wonderful Noodle! Oh, yes, we
taught the Martians the difference between sandwiches and books. We
taught them how to read, too, and we established a model library in
their capital city of Marsopolis. But as you might expect, there is still one
book that the Martians can never bring themselves to read. You’ve
guessed it — Mother Goose! (She bows and exits right.)

[298]
 English
(a) What was the name of the book? (1 Mark)
(b) Why did the Historian chuckle? (2 Marks)
(c) Which word in the extract is a synonym of ‘Conquer’? (1 Mark)
(d) Find the word from the extract which is opposite of ‘hostile’ (1 Mark)
Ans. (a) ‘Mother Goose’ was the name of the book.
(b) The historian chuckled at the idea that the misinterpretation of a book saved the Earth.
(c) ‘Invasion’ from the extract is the synonym of’ conquer’.
(d) hostile

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 40 to 50 words.
1. Why does Think-Tank say that ‘the peculiar items’ found by Captain Omega on the earth
may be eating items? (3 Marks)
Ans. Think-Tank says that the peculiar item found by Captain Omega may be eating one. It is
because he understands that the earth creatures are always eating. So ‘the peculiar items’
(books) found there may be sandwiches. Sandwiches are the staple diet of the earth
creatures.
2. How does Think-Tank misinterpret the picture of Humpty Dumpty and the related nursery
rhyme? (3 Marks)
Ans. Think-Tank says after looking at Humpty’s picture that it is him. It has physical
resemblance. It is his great and mighty balloon brain. He discloses some wonderful things.
He says that the Earthly people are after his life. They also plan to capture Mars Central
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

Control and him.

3. How were friendly relations established between Mars and Earth? (3 Marks)
Ans. The Martians and the Earthly people became very friendly with the passage of time. The
Martians were taught the difference between sandwiches and books. A model library was
established in the capital city of Marsopolis. This was to help them in various things.
4. What meaning does Think-Tank take out of the nursery rhyme of ‘Hey diddle ... spoon’? (3 Marks)
Ans. Think-Tank finds it more alarming. He says that the Earthings have taught their
domesticated animals many things. These are music, culture and space techniques. They
may also be launching an attack of millions of cows on other planets.

[299]
Compendium: Class 10
5. What does Noodle tell Think-Tank about the books ? (3 Marks)
Ans. Initially Think-Tank considers books as a crude refreshment, may be sandwiches, but later
Noodle informs him that the earthlings did not eat books rather they used them for
communication.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in 100 to 120 words.
1. What guesses do Think-Tank and Noodle make about the books found on earth? (6 Marks)
Ans. Think-Tank gets in contact with Martians space probe. Captain Omega reports to Think-
Tank that they have arrived at the earth. They find two thousand books. They have not seen
books. Think-Tank says they are ‘sandwiches’. Think-Tank asks them to eat and report
about them. Then Noodle says that he has received a data in his mind. He calls the books as
communication devices. They say that the books may be eye communication. Then they
hear the ‘Mistress Mary’ nursery rhyme. Think-Tank guesses that the Earthlings grow
metals like silver etc. They also grow explosives. So the books may be explosives also.
2. How, according to historian, did one dusty old book of nursery rhyme save the world from
a Martian invasion? (6 Marks)
Ans. The Martian space probe is actually the invasion fleet. It is going to take over the Earth.
Think-Tank is its Commander-in-Chief. He gets into contact with Captain Omega of the
invasion fleet. He wants to know where they are. Captain Omega talks with Think-Tank
about the books found on the earth. He calls them ‘sandwiches’, communication devices’,
explosives’ etc. Sgt. Oop reads nursery rhymes from the old dusty book. They treat them as
secret codes. Think-Tank misinterprets their meanings. From the last rhyme ‘Humpty
Dumpty’ he understands that the Earth people are after him. He asks Noodle to prepare a
space capsule for him. He would escape to Alpha Centuri planet. smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

CBSE BOARD PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow:
1. Think-Tank : That’s better Noodle, I wish to be placed in communication with our
manned space probe to that ridiculous little planet we are going to put
under our generous rulership. What do they call it, again?
Noodle : Earth, your Intelligence.
Think-Tank : Earth — of course. You see how insignificant the place is? But first
something important. My mirror. I wish to consult my mirror. (CBSE 2023)

[300]
 English
(i) Think-Tank wants to communicate with the _________. (1 Mark)
(a) People of Earth (b) Scientists on Earth
(c) Environmentalists on Earth (d) Martians on Earth
Ans. (d) Martians on Earth
(ii) Complete the analogy by selecting the suitable word from the passage. (1 Mark)
read : learn :: explore : __________
Ans. communication
(iii) Your Intelligence refers to (1 Mark)
(a) Earth (b) Noodle (c) Little (d) Think-Tank
Ans. (d) Think-Tank
(iv) What does Think-Tank want to do? (1 Mark)
Ans. Think -Tank a Martian, wants to invade the earth along with other Martians.
(v) Fill in the blank with one word only. (1 Mark)
Think-Tank is a ________ of the Martian team.
Ans. ruler
2. Half-baked knowledge is always dangerous. Rushing to conclusions without going deep
into the details of things always leads to uninvited chaos and disasters. Explain the above
mentioned statements in the light of Think-Tank's interpretation of the rhymes in the book
'Mother Goose'. (CBSE 2025) (6 Marks)
Ans. Half-baked knowledge often leads to misunderstandings and disastrous decisions. In The
Book That Saved the Earth, Think-Tank, the ruler of Mars, misinterprets the nursery
rhymes from Mother Goose, assuming that Earthlings are an advanced and dangerous
species. He believes that the rhyme "Humpty Dumpty" refers to an Earthling leader who
had a great fall, and he panics, fearing an Earth attack. Without verifying facts, he makes
smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature

irrational decisions, ultimately retreating from Earth. This highlights the dangers of
incomplete knowledge-jumping to conclusions without deeper understanding can cause
unnecessary chaos, fear and misjudgements.
3. A well known book of nursery rhymes saved the world from a Martian invasion. Comment
with reference to ‘The Book that Saved the Earth’. (CBSE 2024) (3 Marks)
Ans. The Martians strove hard for invading the Earth in the twenty-first century, i.e. in 2040.
Think-Tank conceived that the Earthlings had come to know about his plan, and they
intended to imprison him. He misinterpreted the line “Had a great fall” and thought that the
residents of the earth had planned to capture Mars Central Control. He considered it an
invasion of Mars and decided to escape without any delay He ordered his people to leave
earth and remove all traces of their visit.
[301]
[302]
Compendium: Class 10

smd_data$\PNCF\2025-26\Compendium\10th\English\Language & Literature