AMITY Department of Environmental Studies

UNIVERSITY

Content
• Nodal Environmental Agencies
•Government Organizations
•Indian NGOs
•International Organizations
•International NGOs
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Environmental Organisations

There are some Nodal agencies which look after

various activities related to Environmental
conservation in India.
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MoEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forest &
Climate Change) -
It is the main body which undertake the different
environmental education programs and award
various fellowships.
MoEFCC is the nodal agency in the administrative
structure of the Central Government for the
planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing
the implementation of India's environmental and
forestry policies and programmes.
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The broad objectives of the MoEFCC are:

1. Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests

and wildlife
Prevention and control of pollution
2. Afforestation and regeneration of degraded
areas
3. Protection of the environment and
4. Ensuring the welfare of animals
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Various awareness programmes -

• National Environment awareness campaign (NEAC) in
1986 by MoEFCC.
• Centre for Environment Education (CEE)
• CPR Environment Education Centre (CPR-CEE)
• Paryavaran Vahini ( Environmental Brigade) was made
in1992
• Eco- Clubs
• Production of Film and Audio- Visuals
• Awards & Fellowships
• Natural History Museum
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B. MoJS- Ministry of Jal Shakti - Department

of Water Resources, River Development and
Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR):

The Department of Water Resources, River

Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR,
RD & GR) is mainly responsible for laying down
policy guidelines and programmes for the
development, conservation and management of
water as a national resource.
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C. MNRE – Ministry of New & Renewable Energy:
The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy
new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy
requirements of the country. It was known as -
a. Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in
1981,
b. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(DNES) in 1982,
c. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)
in 1992,
d. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)
renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) in 2006.
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D. Ministry of Rural Development:

Being the nodal Ministry for most of the development
and welfare activities in the rural areas, the Ministry of
Rural Development plays a pivotal role in the overall
development strategy of the country. The vision and
mission of the Ministry is sustainable and inclusive
growth of rural India through a multipronged strategy for
eradication of poverty by increasing livelihoods
opportunities, providing social safety net and developing
infrastructure for growth.
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There are two type of Organizations associated with
environment conservation, they are -
1. Government Organizations: Run and controlled by Central
and State Governments.
2. Non-Government Organizations : A non-governmental
organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of
a government nor a conventional for-profit business.
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1. Government Organizations:
[Link] (Botanical Survey of India) -
Established in 1890 at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.
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ZSI (Zoological Survey of India) –

Established in 1916 in Kolkata. It’s mandate
was to do a symmetric survey of fauna in
India.
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iii. WII (Wild life Institute of India)

– Established in 1982 in Dehradun.
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iv. FRI (Forest Research Institute) - Forest

Research Institute, Dehradun begin as Forest
School established in 1878.
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v. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) -

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
statutory organisation, was constituted in
September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)

Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) and Surveillance
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Indian NGO
1. CEE (Centre for Environment Education)- Established
in August 1984 as a Centre of Excellence by the MOEFCC.
It’s headquarter is in Ahmedabad and has a mandate to
promote environmental awareness nation wide. CEE is
affiliated to the Nehru Foundation for Development and
inherits the rich multi- disciplinary resource base and varied
experience of Nehru Foundation for Development.
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2. CSE (Centre for Science & Environment):The Centre

for Science and Environment (CSE) is a public interest
research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi.
Ms. Sunita Narain is the Director General of CSE.

3. BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society): Established

in 1883 . It is wildlife research organization situated in
Mumbai. It’s mission is conservation of Nature, primarily
Biological Diversity through action based on Research,
Education and Public Awareness
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4. Tarun Bharat Sangh:

Established in Jaipur in 1975, Tarun Bharat Sangh was
initiated by a group of professors & students of
University of Rajasthan. TBS is working for the
empowerment of communities and watershed
management.
Mr. Rajendra Singh (popular as Waterman of India),
Chairman of TBS is the winner of Stockholm Water Prize’
2015; He has been honoured by Asia’s most
prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award’ 2001, for
Community Leadership. Along with India’s most
prestigious Jamnalal Bajaj Award’ 2005.
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5. Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Almora: The Uttarakhand Seva
Nidhi is a public charitable trust founded in 1967.
Subsequently, a research and resource centre, the
Uttarakhand Environmental Education Centre (UEEC), was
set up in 1993, also with support from the Department of
Education.
As activities continued to increase, a separate organisation,
the Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Paryavaran Shiksha Sansthan
(USNPSS), a registered society, was set up in 1999 to handle
all the environmental activities of the Nidhi.
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UNIVERSITY International Organizations
1. UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural organization): It was established in 1945 in
Paris, France.
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2. UNEP (United Nation Environmental Programme): UNEP
was Established in 1972 in UN General assembly after first
International conference on Human Environment.
It’s mission is "To provide leadership and encourage
partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring,
informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve
their quality of life without compromising that of future
generations."
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3. IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate
change): The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) is the international body for the assessment
of climate change.
It was established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a
clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in
climate change and its potential environmental and socio-
economic impacts. In the same year, the UN General
Assembly endorsed the action by WMO and UNEP in
jointly establishing the IPCC.
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4. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of

Nature): Headquarter situated in Switzerland established
in 1948, in Fontainebleau, France
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IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global
environmental organisation, with more than 1,200
government and NGO Members and almost 11,000
volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is
supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds
of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the
world.
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5. UNDP (United Nation Development

Programme): The United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations global
development network.
It established in 1965, Headquartered in New York City,
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6. WHO (World health Organization): The World

Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United
Nations that is concerned with international public health. It
was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
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International NGO
1. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature): The World Wide
Fund for Nature is an international non-governmental
organization founded on April 29, 1961, and is working on
issues regarding the conservation, research and
restoration of the environment.
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2. Greenpeace: It is a non-governmental environmental

organization with offices in over 40 countries and with an
international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in
Netherlands.
Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the
Earth to nurture life in all its diversity”. and focuses its
campaigning on world wide issues such as climate
change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial
whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues.
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3. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals): It is
an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk,
Virginia.
Founded: March 1980
Nonprofit category: Animal related Alliance/Advocacy
Organizations
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3. Fauna & Flora International (FFI): Formerly known as

Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, is an international
conservation charity and NGO.
FFI was originally founded in 1903 as the Society for the
Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire by a group
of British naturalists and American statesmen in Africa. It
later became the Fauna Preservation Society, before
being renamed Fauna and Flora Preservation Society in
1981.
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4. Conservation International: This
organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. The
organization's intent is to protect nature.
From its origins as it is dedicated to protecting tropical
biodiversity, CI has evolved into an organization that works
with governments, scientists, charitable foundations, and
business.
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Contents
• Introduction to Environmental Education
• Important meetings/conferences for Environmental
Education
• Types of Environmental Education
• Goals, objectives and aims of environmental education
• Branches of Environmental Education
• Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Education
• Need for Public Awareness
• Green Advocacy, Green Marketing & Green Media
• Environmental Calendar
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ENVIRONMENT
• The word Environment is derived from French word
environner, means to encircle or surrounding.
• So we can say Our surroundings is the environment
• In other words, circumstances and conditions that
surround an organism or group of organisms or the
social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or
community is called Environment.
• or
• The sum of physical, chemical, biological and social
components that directly or indirectly influence the
organisms is called environment.
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Important
UNIVERSITY meetings/conferences
for Environmental Education
•UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
•World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987)
•United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (1992)
•General Assembly Special Session on the
Environment (1997)
•World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
•UN Conference on Sustainable Development (2012)
•UN Sustainable Development Summit (2015)
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➢ The first United Nations conference on “Human

Environment "was held at Stockholm (Sweden)
in June 1972 and after the conference 5th June
was declared as “World Environment Day”.
➢ International workshop on Environmental
Education was held in Belgrade, Serbia in 1975.
➢ First Intergovernmental conference on
Environmental Education was held in Tbilisi,
Georgia (former USSR) in 1977.
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➢ An United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) was held at Rio-de-Janerio (Brazil)
in 1992 giving the stress on Environmental education and
Agenda 21. it is also popularly known as Earth Summit.
➢ Kyoto Protocol came in 1997 by UNFCC (United Nations
Framework on climate Change) for Global warming.
➢Montreal Protocol came in 16 September 1987 for
protection of Ozone layer depletion.
➢ In India Hon’ble Supreme Court mandated compulsory
environmental education at every level in the year 2003.
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TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

• There are two types of environmental education –

1. Formal Environmental Education – It includes the
environmental education provided in a systematic way
from primary schooling level to higher university level.

• 2. Non formal environmental education – it includes

the environmental education provided through Nukad
natak, lecture by society leaders, awareness programs,
rallies, advertisements by celebrities and competitions
viz. debates, quiz, poster making etc.
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Goals, Objectives and Aims of
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Environmental Education
• The main goal Environmental Education is to develop
concern and awareness among world population about
the total environment and its associated problems.
• Other goals of environmental education are:
1. To improve the quality of environment
2. To create awareness among the people on
environmental problems and conservations
3. To create an atmosphere so that people can participate
in decision-making and develop the capabilities to
evaluate the developmental programs
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The Objectives of Environmental Education are:

[Link]- to develop awareness and sensitivity

towards the environment and related problems.
2. Knowledge- to gain a variety of experiences and
acquire basic understanding of the environment
and its associated problems.
3. Attitudes – to acquire a set of values and feeling
of concern for the environment and the motivation
for actively participating in environmental
improvement and protection.
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4. Skills – to acquire skills for identifying

and solving environmental problems.
5. Participation - to provide social
groups and individuals with an
opportunity to be actively involved at
all levels working towards the
resolution of environmental
problems.
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Awareness

Participation Knowledge
Environmental
Education

Skills Attitudes
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Branches of Environmental Education

1. Environmental Science – It deals with the

scientific study of Environment.
2. Environmental Engineering – It deals with the
application of scientific study by technical
means/ technical study of environmental
processes.
3. Environmental Management – The study
about policy formation and management of
environment related issues.
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Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Education

1. Environment belongs to all the living beings so it is

important for all. Every person in the world is affected by
environmental issues like global warming, depletion of
ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of
global biodiversity etc.
2. Environment study deals with the analysis of the
processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which
leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for
establishing standard, for safe, clean and healthy natural
ecosystem.
3. Environment deals with issues like safe and clean drinking
water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air,
fertility of land, healthy food and development.
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Life Sciences
Physical
Sciences

Environmental
Studies

Engineering
Mathematics
and Computer
Science

Social Sciences
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• 4. Environmental studies educate the students to appreciate

the complexity of environmental issues and citizens and
experts in many fields. By studying environmental science,
students may develop an idea about the interdisciplinary and
methodological knowledge in the environmental field which
will enable them to facilitate the definition and solution of
various environmental problems.

• 5. It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach and its

components include Biology, Geology, Chemistry, Physics,
Mathematics, Engineering, Sociology, Health Sciences,
Anthropology, Economics, Statistics and Philosophy.
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❑Green Advocacy:
▪ Environmental laws and legislation is concerned
for creating awareness in general public
regarding environmental problems around them
through formal and informal education.
▪ With increasing emphasis on implementing
various acts and laws related to environment,
need for environmental lawyers has emerged,
who should be able to pled the cases related to
water and air pollution, forest and wildlife etc.
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Green Marketing
Green marketing refers to the process of selling products
and/or services based on their environmental benefits.
Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly
in itself or produced in an environmentally friendly way,
such as:
•Being manufactured in a sustainable fashion
•Not containing toxic materials or ozone-depleting substances
•Able to be recycled and/or is produced from recycled
materials
•Being made from renewable materials (such as bamboo, etc.)
•Not making use of excessive packaging
•Being designed to be repairable and not "throwaway"
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• Ecomark: India launched ‘ECOMARK’ as a

voluntary eco labelling scheme to
encourage industry to adopt ecofriendly
production methods and consumers to
pursue sustainable consumption patterns.
• The central pollution control board defined
the eco labelling criteria for the 14
products like soaps and detergents.
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• Cosmetics and aerosols propellants, food items and
additives, paper, architectural paints.
• Powder coating, lubricating oils, packaging, wood
substitutes, plastic and textiles.
• Batteries, electrical and electronic goods and recently for
leather and fire extinguishers.
• Ecomark certification is done by Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS).
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ISO 14001
• ISO 14001 is an internationally agreed standard that sets out
the requirements for an environmental management system.
• It helps organizations improve their environmental performance
through more efficient use of resources and reduction of waste,
gaining a competitive advantage and the trust of stakeholders.
• An environmental management system helps organizations
identify, manage, monitor and control their environmental
issues in a holistic manner.
• Like other ISO management systems, it uses a High-Level
Structure. This means it can be integrated easily into any
existing ISO management system.
• It also includes the need for continual improvement of an
organization’s systems and approach to environmental
concerns.
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❑Green Media:
• Environmental awareness can be spread
amongst masses through mass media
like television, radio, newspaper,
magazines, advertisement etc. and also
through social sites like facebook
twitters etc. For which environmentally
educated people are required.
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Content
• Role of Teachers and
Students
• Codes of Environmental
Ethics for Engineers
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ROLE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

• As we living on the planet Earth, whether rich or poor,
whether working in an office, factory or field, whether
groups or individuals, are responsible for the present
dismal state of the environment.
• Teachers can play a major role in promoting the
concept of sustainable development. Teachers can
teach the students how to design structures, how to
construct buildings, power plants, hydropower
systems with taking proper care towards
environmental factors and develop new methods to
produce less pollution.
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CODE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS FOR
ENGINEERS
➢ The WFEO (World Federation of Engineering Organisations)
Committee on Engineering and Environment, with a strong and
clear belief that man's enjoyment and permanence on this
planet will depend on the care and protection he provides to the
environment, states the following principles.

➢ TO ALL ENGINEERS
• When you develop any professional activity :
• Try with the best of your ability, courage, enthusiasm and
dedication to obtain a superior technical, achievement, which
will contribute to and promote a healthy and agreeable
surrounding for all men. In open spaces as well as indoors.
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• Strive to accomplish the beneficial objectives of

your work with the lowest possible consumption
of raw materials and energy and the lowest
production of wastes and any kind of pollution.
• Discuss in particular the consequences of your
proposals and actions, direct or indirect,
immediate or long term, upon the health of
people, social equity and the local system of
values.
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• Study thoroughly the environment that will be affected,

assess all the impacts that might arise in the state, dynamics
and aesthetics of the ecosystems involved, urbanized or
natural, as well as in the pertinent socio-economic systems,
and select the best alternative for an environmentally sound
and sustainable development.

• Promote a clear understanding of the actions required to

restore and, if possible, to improve the environment that
may be disturbed, and include them in your proposals.

• Reject any kind of commitment that involves unfair damages

for human surroundings and nature, and negotiate the best
possible social and political solution.
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• Be aware that the principles of ecosystemic interdependence,

diversity maintenance, resource recovery and interrelational
harmony form the bases of our continued existence and that
each of those bases poses a threshold of sustainability that
should not be exceeded.

• Always remember that war, greed, misery and ignorance, plus

natural disasters and human induced pollution and destruction
of resources, are the main causes of the progressive
impairment of the environment and that you, as an active
member of the engineering profession, deeply involved in the
promotion of development, must use your talent, knowledge
and imagination to assist society in removing those evils and
improving the quality of life for all people.
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• It is important that teachers should convey basic

concept and knowledge to students and develop
an environment friendly attitude amongst them
so that the care of environment and need of
protection of natural resources inherently reflect
in their activities.
• Students can play their role in protection of
environment by implementing what they have
learnt during their professional career.
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Content
• Bishnoi Community
• Chipko Movement
• Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Tehri Dam Conflict
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Bishnoi Community
Bishnoi community did a massive
sacrifice for the protection of trees in
September 1730 in the village of
Khejadali, near Jodhpur. As many as 363
Bishnoi men and women, led by Amrita
Devi, sacrificed their lives to protect the
Khejari trees from the soldiers of the
king Abhay Singh of Jodhpur.
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In 1730, almost 300 years after Guru

Jambaji's 29 principles were recorded, the
king of Jodhpur wanted to build a new
palace. He sent soldiers to gather wood from
the forest region near Khejadali village,
where Bishnoi villagers had helped foster an
abundance of khejri (acacia) trees. When the
king's men began to harm the trees, the
Bishnois protested in anguish but were
ignored by the soldiers, who were under
royal orders.
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Amrita Devi was a female villager

who could not bear to witness the
destruction of both her faith and the
village's sacred trees. She decided to
literally hug the trees, and
encouraged others to do so too,
proclaiming: “A chopped head is
cheaper than a felled tree.”
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Bishnois from Khejri and nearby

villages came to the forest and
embraced the trees one by one to
protect them from being cut down. As
each villager hugged a tree, refusing to
let go, they were beheaded by the
soldiers. This voluntary martyrdom
continued until 363 Bishnoi villagers
were killed in the name of the sacred
Khejarli forest.
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Once word got back to the King about the

incident he rushed to the village and
apologized and ordered the soldiers to
cease the operation. Soon afterwards, the
King designated the Bishnoi village as a
protected area, forbidding harm to trees
and animals. This legislation still exists
today in the region.
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In the memory of the 363 Bishnois,

a number of Khejri trees are
planted around the area, which is
still notably lush and rich with
animal life. The Bishnoi sacrifices
became the inspiration for a much
larger Chipko movement that is still
growing today.
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Chipko Movement
The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan is a
movement that practiced the Gandhian methods
of satyagraha and non-violent resistance, through
the act of hugging trees to protect them from being
felled. This was first initiated by Amrita Devi while
protesting against a King's men to cut the tree. The
modern Chipko movement started in the early
1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand,
then in Uttar Pradesh with growing awareness of
rapid deforestation.
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The event took place on March 26, 1974, when a group of

peasant women in Reni village, Hemwalghati, in Chamoli
district, Uttarakhand, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and
reclaim their traditional forest rights, which were threatened
by the contractors assigned by the state Forest Department.
Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the
grassroots level throughout the region. By 1980s, the
movement had spread throughout India and led to the
formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a
stop to the open felling of trees in regions as far as
the Vindhyas and the Western Ghats. Today, it is seen as an
inspiration and a precursor for Chipko movement of Garhwal.
The movement was led by Sunderlal Bahuguna.
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Narmada
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Bachao Andolan
• Narmada Bachao Andolan is the most powerful mass
movement, started in 1985, against the construction
of huge dam on the Narmada river. Narmada is the
India's largest west flowing river, which supports a
large variety of people with distinguished culture and
tradition ranging from the indigenous (tribal) people
inhabited in the jungles here to the large number of
rural population. The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam
and Narmada Sagar will displace more than 250,000
people. The big fight is over the resettlement or the
rehabilitation of these people. The two proposals are
already under construction, supported by US$550
million loan by the world bank. There are plans to
build over 3000 big and small dams along the river.
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• It is a multi crore project that will generate a big revenue for

the government. The Narmada Valley Development plan is
the most promised and most challenging plan in the history
of India. The proponents are of the view that it will produce
1450 MW of electricity and pure drinking water to 40 million
people covering thousand of villages and towns. Some of the
dams have been already been completed such as Tawa and
Bargi Dams.
• But the opponents says that this hydro project will
devastate human lives and bio diversity by destroying
thousand of acres of forests and agricultural land.
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• On the other hand it will overall deprive thousands of

people of their livelihood. They believe that the water and
energy could be provided to the people through
alternative technological means, that would be ecologically
beneficial.
• Led by one of the prominent leader Medha Patkar, it has
now been turned into the International protest, gaining
support from NGO'S all around the globe. Protestors are
agitating the issue through the mass media, hunger strikes,
massive marches, rallies and the through the on screen of
several documentary films. Although they have been
protesting peacefully, but they been harassed, arrested and
beaten up by the police several times.
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• The Narmada Bachao Andolan has been pressurizing the

world bank to withdraw its loan from the project through
media. The strong protests through out the country not only
made impact on the local people but has also influenced the
several famous celebrities like film star Aamir Khan , who
has made open efforts to support Narmada Bachao
Andolan. He said he only want that those who have been
rendered homeless should be given a roof. He pleaded to
the common people to take part in the moment and come
up with the best possible solutions.
• In 1961, the original project envisaged irrigation of
almost 2 million acres (8,100 km2) in West India at a cost
of $100 million. By 2011, it had escalated to $3 billion.
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Tehri Dam Controversy

• The Tehri Dam has been the object of protests by
environmental organizations and local people of the
region. In addition to the human rights concerns, the
project has spurred concerns about the environmental
consequences of locating such a large dam in the
fragile ecosystem of the Himalayan foothills. There are
further concerns regarding the dam's geological
stability. The Tehri dam is located in the Central
Himalayan Seismic Gap, a major geologic fault zone.
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• This region was the site of a

6.8 magnitude earthquake in October 1991, with
an epicenter 53 kilometres (33 mi) from the location
of the dam. Dam proponents claim that the complex
is designed to withstand an earthquake of
8.4 magnitude, but some seismologists say that
earthquakes with a magnitude of 8.5 or more could
occur in this region. Were such a catastrophe to
occur, the potentially resulting dam-break would
submerge numerous towns downstream, whose
populations total near half a million.
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• The relocation of more than 100,000 people from the

area has led to protracted legal battles over resettlement
rights, and ultimately resulted in the project's delayed
completion.
• Since 2005, filling of the reservoir has led to the reduced
flow of Bhagirathi water from the normal 1,000 cubic feet
per second (28 m3/s) to a mere 200 cubic feet per second
(5.7 m3/s). This reduction has been central to local
protest against the dam, since the Bhagirathi is
considered part of the sacred Ganges whose waters are
crucial to Hindu beliefs. At some points during the year,
the tampering with Bhagirathi waters means this
tributary stops flowing.
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• This has created resentment among many

Hindus, who claim that the sanctity of the
Ganges has been compromised for the
generation of electricity. Though the officials
say that when the reservoir is filled to its
maximum capacity the flow of the river will
again become normal. In spite of concerns
and protestation, operation of the Tehri Dam
continues.
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SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT

• Environment is divided in to four

segments. These are
1. Atmosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Lithosphere
4. Biosphere
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Content
• Structure & Function of Lithosphere
• Biosphere
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The Lithosphere
The lithosphere (from the Greek
[lithos] for "rocky" + [sphaira] for
"sphere") is the rigid outermost shell of
a rocky planet. It comprises the crust
and the portion of the upper mantle
that behaves elastically on time scales
of thousands of years or greater.
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Earth's Lithosphere
• In the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the
uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid
outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is underlain by
the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part
of the upper mantle.
• The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically
reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
through the soil forming process is called the
pedosphere.
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4. The 6-35 km (4-21 miles) thick

lithosphere. Earth's crust.

3. The 2900 km (1.800 miles) thick

Mantle layer formed from rapidly
flowing magma.
2. The 2000 km (1,250 miles) thick outer core containing
such molten heavy metals as nickel and iron.
1. The 1370 km (851 miles) thick inner core, which is in a
crystalline state because of the influence of heat and
high pressure.
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The Crust
• It is the outermost layer of the earth.
• It has a depth of about 32 to 40 km.
• It is the thinnest layer
• Uppermost layer of the crust is known as SIAL.
It is composed mainly of silicon and aluminum.
• The bottom layer of the crust is called SIMA. It
is made mostly of silicon and magnesium.
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Crust are further divided into two major parts:

Continental crust
It is about 32 kilometers thick, made mainly
of granite rocks.
The elevated portion of the crust.

Oceanic Crust
The ocean bed, it is about seven kilometers
thick and made mainly of basalt.
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The Mantle
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Located just below the crust.

It is denser than crust, about 2,900 km
thick.
It is composed mainly of very hot, solid
rocks that flow.

The region between the crust and the

mantle is called MOHOROVICIC
DISCONTINUITY OR MOHO.

Scientists have been able to confirm the

differences in density between rocks of the
crust and those of the mantle by studying
the Moho.
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The Core
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It is about 4,960 km deep.

It is divided into:
1. Outer core
It is about 2,270 km thick
Composed mainly of nickel and
iron melted by intense heat.
The temperature ranges from
4,000 C to 5,000 C
2. Inner Core
It is composed mainly of solid iron and nickel. The
temperature is around 5,000 C to 6,000 C. The pressure is
exceedingly high.
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Rocks of Lithosphere
• There are three types of rocks found in the
lithosphere.
1. Igneous rock – formed by the cooling and
solidification of molten rock material. E.g. – Granite,
Rhyolite, Pumice
2. Sedimentary rock – formed by the gradual
decomposition of igneous rocks. E.g. – lime stone,
breccia and sand stone
3. Metamorphic rock – Formed by the metamorphosis
of igneous and sedimentary rocks. Eg. – White
marble, slate, schist.
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Soil
• Soil is the important component of environment as it
give the habitat to different organisms and provide
nutrition to all sort of life.
• Soil can be defined as the composition of organic and
inorganic materials that support the life.
• Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks found in the
lithosphere.
• Soil is divided in to various horizons depending upon
composition.
• Weathering of rocks takes place by three ways i.e.
Physical, Chemical and Biological Weathering.
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• The part of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere
where life sustains is known as Biosphere.
• It includes all the plants, animal, and microbes.
• It also include various interactions, biogeochemical
cycles and all ecosystems.

ATMOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE
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ATMOSPHERE
The composition of gases which envelops the earth’s
is called atmosphere. It is a thin layer of gases
separating earth from the outer space. Earth is only
the planet with an atmosphere that support life.

Composition & properties of atmosphere:

on the basis of the percent contribution gases are divided
into three categories –

A. Major Gases: N2–78.08 % and O2 – 20.94%

B. Minor Gases: Ar – 0.93% and CO2 - 0.039%
C. Trace Gases: like CH4, Ne, He etc.
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• Role and Importance of Atmosphere:

1. It absorb harmful radiations comes from outer space
2. It maintain the heat balance on the earth surface
3. It regulates the climatic conditions and recycle water and gases.
4. It also absorbs various harmful gases emitted from human
activities.
5. Atmosphere protects the earth from UV rays.
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Elemental Properties of the Atmosphere

According to the geographical range of influence, the atmospheric scales may be
classified as
▪Macroscale:
▪Mesoscale
▪Microscale
Other elemental properties are-
▪Heat
▪Greenhouse Effects
▪Evaporation-Condensation Cycle
▪Conduction
▪Convection
▪Pressure
▪Wind
▪Moisture
▪Relative Humidity
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Structure of Atmosphere

• Earth’s atmosphere is divided in following layers.

a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere or Ionosphere
e. Exosphere

• The transition boundary of all sphere are

Tropopause, Stratopause, Mesopause and
Thermopause.
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a. Troposphere:
It is the lowermost part of the atmosphere and
contains 80% of total mass of the atmosphere.
It lies between 0 -12 km from the equator and
average temperature varies from 15°C to -56°C.
Changing climate only exist in this part of
atmosphere.

b. Stratosphere: It lies above the troposphere

(between12-50 km) and also known as
Ozonosphere as it contains Ozone layer.
Temperature increase (-56 to -2°C) with height.
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c. Mesosphere: It lies from 50 km to 85 km above the

stratosphere. In this region temperature decreases (21-
to -92°C) with height and no chemical species except
some migratory O3 molecules near stratopause is
present in the region.
d. Thermosphere: This is the outermost layer of
atmosphere lies from 85 km to 500 km also known as
Ionosphere. Ions of N and O are present in the sphere
and temperature increase with height (more than
1200°C).
e. Exosphere: It is the outer opening of Atmosphere to the
space.
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• The hydrosphere is the part of the earth

that contains water or
The hydrosphere is the liquid water
component of the Earth. It includes the
oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and
streams. The hydrosphere covers about
70% of the surface of the Earth and is
the home for many plants and animals.
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THE EARTH’S HYDROSPHERE:

Distribution of Water on Earth
SNo. Type of water Volume Percent
1. Oceans 7 Seas (Salt water) 1350 x 1015 m3 97.3

2. Cryosphere 29 X 1015 m3 2.1

(Glaciers & Polar ice)
3. Underground (Aquifers) 8.4 x 1015 m3 0.6
4. Lakes & Rivers 0.2 x 1015 m3 0.01
5. Atmosphere 0.013 x 10 m3 0.001
6 Biosphere 0.0006 x 1015 m3 0.00004
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The Hydrologic Cycle

Water cycle is a continuous process to maintain the water
on the earth surface. In water cycle water moves in between
atmosphere and earth in a cyclic mode.

Water cycle can also be defined as the movement of water

from earth to atmosphere and return back to earth. It
involves the process of evaporation and transpiration from
the earth surface, condensation and cloud formation in
atmosphere and return back by the process of precipitation.
Water precipitate in different forms from the atmosphere.
This cycle is important to make the water budget on the
earth.
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ENVIRONMENTALISTS
An environmentalist broadly supports the goals of the
environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement
that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural
environment through changes to environmentally harmful
human activities".
India have good number of environmentalist who worked a
lot for the environment and also done remarkable work for
the conservation of nature.
There are a number of environmentalists who initiated a
number of environmental conservation movements and are
recognized globally for their work. The details of some
famous environmentalist are as follows-
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1. Smt. Indira Gandhi: In her political career, Poverty and
Environment had been the two most important issues
always on her agenda.
Ms. Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister of India participated
in the historic U.N. Conference on Human Environment
at Stockholm in 1972.
During her tenure by 1969, a bill, the Prevention of Water
Pollution, had been introduced. Ultimately, a modified
version, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, passed in 1974.
The Department of Environment, created in 1980,
performed an oversight role for the central government.
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Project Tiger is a Tiger conservation programme launched in
1973 by the Government of India by the Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi.
Wild life Protection Act came in 1974 and Forest Act enacted in
1980 under her tenure
In 1981, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was
passed.
After her death during the Rajiv Gandhi tenure as Prime
Minister the historic Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, was
passed by the Parliament designed to act as umbrella
legislation on the environment.
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2. Sunderlal Bahuguna: Sunderlal Bahuguna is a noted
Garhwali environmentalist, Chipko movement leader and a
follower of Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of Non-violence and
Satyagraha.

He was one of the first people to point out the fallacies of

judgment when creating the Tehri Dam. Awarded with
PadmaVibhushan in 2009.
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3. Chandi Prasad Bhatt: He is an Indian environmentalist and
social activist, who founded Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh
(DGSS) in Gopeswar, Uttarkhand in 1964. This DGSS later
became a mother-organization to the Chipko Movement, in
which he was one of the pioneers, and for which he was
awarded the Ramon Magsawsay Award for Community
Leadership in 1982, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2005.
In 2013, he was the recipient of the most prestigious Gandhi
Peace Prize.
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5. Dr. G.D. Agarwal: He was Born in 1932 in Muzaffarnagar

district of Uttar Pradesh, Presently he resides in Chitrakoot,
Madhya Pradesh. He is now a days known as Swami Gyan
Swarup Sanand. He is well known for Stopping construction of
dams on the Bhagirathi River in 2009 through Fasting.
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6. Medha Patekar: She is the founder member of
Narmada Bachao Andolan and was National Convener
of National Alliance of People's Movements
(NAPM). National Alliance of People's Movements, the
organisation she leads, filed a public interest litigation in the
Bombay High Court against Lavasa (a private, planned city
being built near Pune).
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7. Dr. Vandana Shiva: She got Right Livelihood Award in

1993, Sydney Peace prize in 2010 and Fukuoka Asian Culture
Prize in 2012.
She is a critics of GM Crops and trained the farmers to
cultivate the crops through traditional methods and get good
yield.
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8. Sunita Narain: In 2005 she was awarded the Padma Shri
by the Indian government. She has also received the
Stockholm Water Prize in 2005 for work on rainwater
harvesting and for its policy influence in building paradigms for
community based water management.
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9. Rajendra Singh: (born 6 August 1959) is a well-known

water conservationist from Alwar, Rajasthan. He is known as
"waterman of India",.
He got the Stockholm Water Prize, an award known as "the
Nobel Prize for water", in 2015. He runs an NGO called 'Tarun
Bharat Sangh' (TBS), which was founded in 1975.
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10. M. C. Mehta: He has been conferred the Governor's
Gold Medal, the Goldman Environmental Prize,
considered on alternative Noble Prize in USA and Europe,
the UN's Global 500 Award for 1993 and above all the
Magsaysay Award for 1997."
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11. Rachel Carson: Rachel Carson is regarded by many as

the founder of the modern environmental movement.
Her most famous work, however, was 1962's
controversial Silent Spring, in which she described the
devastating effect that pesticides were having on the
environment. In 1980, Carson was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United
States.
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12. Wangari Maathai: Wangari Muta Maathai was a Kenyan
environmental and political activist. She got Nobel Peace Prize
in 2004 and so many other awards for her work for
environmental conservation.
13. Al Gore: Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. is an American
politician, advocate and philanthropist, who served as the
45th Vice President of the United States, under President Bill
Clinton. He also got Nobel Peace prize in 2007.