12/3/2025

INTRODUCTION:
CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation:

(BASIC LIFE SUPPORT) ØCardio: Heart

ØPulmonary: Lungs

ØResuscitate: Revive (To bring back)

• So cardiopulmonary resuscitation is reviving the heart & lungs.

• CPR is a lifesaving technique. It aims to keep blood and oxygen flowing through the
body when a person’s heart and breathing have stopped.

• Two types of CPR exist and both have a potentially life-saving impact. They are:

1. Hands-only CPR.
Involves calling for help and then pushing on Life support classified in two categories:
the chest in a rapid motion i.e., chest compressions.
1. Basic life support
Hands-only CPR can prevent a delay in getting blood
2. Advanced cardiac life support
moving through the body.
DEFINATION:
2. Traditional CPR with breaths. Basic Life Support (BLS) is performed to support the patient’s circulation and

Also called CPR with breaths, this alternates respiration through the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) until advanced

chest compressions with mouth-to-mouth breaths. life support arrives.

This type of CPR can give the body more oxygen BLS doesn’t include the use of drug or invasive skill.

in the critical moments before help arrives.

1
 12/3/2025

PURPOSE: INDICATION
A. To save life of the patient. • Cardiac arrest

B. Prevent a condition worsening. • Respiratory arrest

C. Promote recovery. • Drowning

D. To maintain an open & clear airway. • Hypoglycemia

E. To maintain breathing by external ventilation. • Electrolyte imbalance

F. To maintain blood circulating by external cardiac massages. • Road traffic accident: unconscious & unresponsive person

• Hypothermia

C.A.B. APPROACH OF C.P.R. (BASIC LIFE

CONTRAINDICATION:
• Chest Injury SUPPORT):
• Do-Not-Resuscitate order • There is common acronym in BLS used to guide providers in the appropriate steps
to assess & treat patient in respiratory & cardiac arrest.
PRINCIPLE OF CPR (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT): • This is CAB: Compression, Airway & Breathing.
• To restore effective circulation & ventilation.

• To prevent irreversible central or brain damage due to anorexia (when the heart fails to 1.
maintain the cerebral circulation for approximately four minutes the brain may suffer
irreversible damage). • Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
• Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.

2
 12/3/2025

For Adult:
• Place the lower palm (heel) of your hand over the center of the person's chest, between
the nipples.
• Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position
your shoulders directly above your hands.
• Push straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) but no
more than 2.4 inches (6 centimeters). Use your entire body weight (not just your arms)
when doing compressions.
• Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute. The American Heart
Association suggests performing compressions to the beat of the song "Stayin' Alive."
Allow the chest to spring back (recoil) after each push.

For Child: For Infant:

• Place two hands (or only one hand if the child is very small) on the lower • Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of
half of the child's breastbone (sternum). one hand just below this line, in the center of the chest.
• Using the heel of one or both hands, press straight down on (compress) the • Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters).
chest about 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not greater than 2.4
• Count aloud as you push in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should push at a rate of 100
inches (approximately 6 centimeters). Push hard and fast — 100 to 120
to 120 compressions a minute, just as you would when giving an adult CPR.
compressions a minute.

3
 12/3/2025

• Jaw Thrust: Place one hand on either

2.
side of the head. Place your fingers in the

angles of the jaw and lift the jaw forward

• Head-Tilt, Chin-Lift: Place one hand on the forehead without tilting the head back. It is used
and the fingers of the other hand on the bony part of the when patient suspected to or have spinal
chin. Tilt the head back using the hand on the forehead,
cord injury.
and at the same time lift the jaw upwards with the fingers

of the other hand.

• Finger Sweep: Used with abdominal

thrusts to clear a foreign body airway

3.
obstruction in an unconscious casualty.

Open the mouth by grasping the lower

ASSESSMENT OF BREATHING:
jaw and tongue between thumb and fingers

and lifting the jaw. Insert the index finger • Look: look for chest movement
of the other hand along the inside of the cheek, • Listen: breath sound
• Feel: air movement from nose
and deeply into the throat. Use a hooking action

to dislodge any foreign object.

4
 12/3/2025

METHODS OF BREATHING
For adult:
There are two methods to deliver breathing to patient:
• After opening the airway (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver),
1. Mouth to mouth breathing
pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the
[Link] to nose breathing
person's mouth with yours, making a seal.

For child:
• Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one
• After using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver to open the airway, pinch the child's
second — and watch to see if the chest rises.
nostrils shut. Cover the child's mouth with yours, making a seal.
• If the chest rises, give a second breath.
• Breathe into the child's mouth for one second and watch to see if the chest rises. If
• If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give a it rises, give a second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift
second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths is maneuver first, and then give the second breath. Be careful not to provide too

considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with many breaths or to breathe with too much force.

too much force. • After the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and
breaths.

5
 12/3/2025

For infant:
• Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.

• Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver
Note: If there are two people available to do CPR on the child, change
gentle puffs of air (instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe
rescuers every two minutes — or sooner if the rescuer is fatigued — and into the baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the breath. Watch to see if
give one to two breaths every 15 compressions. the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue breath. If the chest does not
rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath.

• If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, continue chest compressions.

• P – Pain: The patient makes a response of any kind on the application of pain
• Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If two people are performing CPR, give
stimuli such as a central pain stimulus like a rub on his breastbone or a peripheral
one to two breaths after every 15 chest compressions.
stimulus such as squeezing his fingers.

STEPS OF C.P.R. (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT): • U – Unresponsiveness or Unconsciousness: This outcome is recorded if the
patient does not give any eye, voice or motor response to voice or pain.
1. Assess the scene safety: if a patient or person find lying on ground, first of all assess the scene
safety or free from danger for first aider to respond the down patient. 3. Check circulation: Check the patient for a palpable carotid pulse (in adult &
children) & brachial (in infant) for 5-10 seconds .
2. Assess the responsiveness: Use AVPU scale to measure the patient responsiveness.

• A – Alert: The person fully awake. Spontaneously open eyes & respond voice command. 4. Shout for help & call the emergency medical system or ambulance.

• V – Voice: The person makes some kind of response when talk to him/her. 5. If there is no pulse & no/abnormal breathing start CPR by following CAB
approach.

6
 12/3/2025

.
6. To start CPR place the patient in supine position on a firm or flat surface.
• Each rescue breath should last approximately 1 second.
. 7. Kneel down to the patient & locate the position for chest compression on patient
• Watch chest rise.
chest (it depends on patient age).
• Allow time for the air to expel from the patient
8. Give chest compression as patient age or number of rescuers.

9. Open the airway: after giving chest compressions open victim’s airway by 11. 1 cycle of adult CPR is 30 chest compressions to 2 rescue breath (100-120

using the head tilt chin lift method & jaw thrust method. compressions & 6-8 minute per minute).

10. Rescue breathing: A technique (mouth to mouth & mouth to nose) used to 12. Perform 5 cycle of CPR (Last approximately 2 minutes).

resuscitate a person who has stopped breathing, in which the rescuer forces air
into the victim’s lungs at intervals of several seconds.

CRITERIA TO STOP THE C.P.R. (BASIC

13. If two providers are present switch rolls between compressor & rescue breather
every 5 cycle. LIFE SUPPORT):
14. Recovery Position: 1. Victim revives

The recovery position is designed for unconscious casualties (but do not use if 2. Trained help arrives
you suspect the casualty has neck or spinal injuries). It helps to maintain an open 3. Unsafe scene
airway and allows vomit and other fluid to drain freely from the mouth. To move a 4. Cardiac arrest for more than 30 minutes.
casualty lying on their back into the recovery position.

7
 12/3/2025

CRITERIA OF HIGH-QUALITY C.P.R. (BASIC COMPLICATION OF C.P.R. (BASIC LIFE

LIFE SUPPORT): SUPPORT):
1. A compression rate of at least 100/minute PUSH FAST. • Fracture of rib/sternum/collar bone.

2. A compression depth of at least 4 cm in infant & 5 cm in Adult & children PUSH • Laceration of the liver or spleen.

HARD. • Pneumothorax

3. Allowing complete chest recoil, minimizing interruptions in compressions & avoiding • Hemothorax

excessive ventilation. • Spinal cord injury

4. For best result, deliver chest compressions on a firm surface.

ROLE OF FIRST AIDER IN C.P.R. (BASIC

LIFE SUPPORT):

• Save the life.

• Provide high quality CPR

• Prevent further injury or complication.