English Assignment
Diaspora secondary school
Grade 11th “A”
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2018 E.C
Table of Contents
1, Essay Writing .................................................................................................. 2
a) The Process Approach to Essay Writing ............................................................ 2
b) Structure of a Good Essay ........................................................................... 3
c) c) Types of Essay Writing ............................................................................ 4
2, Topic Sentence and Thesis Statement ...............................................................5
a) Topic Sentence ........................................................................................ 5
b) Thesis Statement ..................................................................................... 5
3, Gerunds and Infinitives ....................................................................... 6
a) Gerunds ................................................................................................ 6
b) Infinitives .............................................................................................. 8
4, Adverbial Clauses .................................................................................. 8
a) Adverbial Clause of Condition ....................................................................... 9
b) Adverbial Clause of Comparison ................................................................... 9
5, Present, Past, and Future Tense ........................................................... 9
Present Tense ............................................................................................ 9
Past Tense .............................................................................................. 11
Future Tense............................................................................................ 13
6, Types of Adverbs .................................................................................. 14
Types of Adverbs and Their Categories ............................................................. 15
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1, Essay Writing
Essay writing is a formal method of expressing ideas, arguments, or information in a structured
written format. It allows a writer to present thoughts clearly, logically, and coherently on a
specific topic. Essays are commonly used in academic settings to assess understanding, critical
thinking, and communication skills.
• An effective essay
• Presents a clear central idea (thesis)
• Develops arguments with evidence and examples
• Follows a logical structure
• Uses formal and clear language
a) The Process Approach to Essay Writing
The Process Approach focuses on writing as a series of steps rather than a one-time activity. It
emphasizes planning, drafting, revising, and editing.
1. Prewriting (Planning)
• Brainstorm ideas
• Research the topic
• Identify the purpose and audience
• Develop a thesis statement
• Create an outline
2. Drafting
• Write the first version of the essay
• Focus on getting ideas down without worrying too much about grammar
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3. Revising
• Improve clarity and organization
• Strengthen arguments and evidence
• Add or remove information where necessary
4. Editing
• Correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting errors
5. Publishing/Finalizing
• Prepare the final version for submission or presentation
This approach improves the quality of writing because it encourages reflection and refinement.
b) Structure of a Good Essay
A good essay generally follows a three-part structure:
1. Introduction
• Introduces the topic
• Provides background information
• Ends with a clear thesis statement
2. Body Paragraphs
• Usually 2–5 paragraphs
• Each paragraph focuses on one main idea
• Includes:
• Topic sentence
• Supporting details/examples
• Explanation/analysis
• Linking sentence
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3. Conclusion
• Restates the thesis (in different words)
• Summarizes key points
• Provides final thoughts or recommendations
c) Types of Essay Writing
There are several common types of essays:
1. Narrative Essay
• Tells a story
• Based on personal experience
• Uses descriptive language
2. Descriptive Essay
• Describes a person, place, object, or event
• Uses sensory details
3. Expository Essay
• Explains or informs
• Presents facts and logical explanations
4. Argumentative Essay
• Presents a clear position on an issue
• Supports it with evidence
• Addresses counterarguments
5. Persuasive Essay
• Attempts to convince the reader
• Uses emotional and logical appeals
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2. Topic sentence and thesis statement
a, Topic Sentence
A topic sentence is the main idea of a single paragraph. It tells the reader what the paragraph
will focus on and guides the rest of the paragraph. Every body paragraph in an essay usually has
one topic sentence.
Examples:
1. Reading improves vocabulary. Students who read daily learn new words faster.
2. Technology has changed education. Online learning platforms make knowledge accessible to
everyone.
3. Healthy eating is important for children. Proper nutrition helps them grow and stay active.
b, Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is the main idea of the entire essay. It presents the writer’s opinion,
argument, or focus and outlines the main points that will be discussed in the essay. It usually
appears at the end of the introduction.
Examples:
1. Reading regularly is essential because it improves vocabulary, enhances imagination, and
develops critical thinking skills.
2. Technology has transformed education by making learning accessible, interactive, and
flexible for students worldwide.3. Healthy eating is crucial for children as it boosts physical
growth, strengthens immunity, and improves concentration in school.
remember
• Topic Sentence: Main idea of a paragraph.
• Thesis Statement: Main idea of the whole essay
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3, Gerund and infinitive
a, Gerund
A gerund is a verb + -ing that works like a noun.
Structure: verb + ing
Examples: swimming,reading,playing
Uses of Gerund
1, As Subject (at the beginning of a sentence)
• Swimming is good exercise.
• Reading improves knowledge.
• Learning English is important.
Here, the gerund is the subject of the sentence.
2, As Object (after some verbs)
Some verbs are followed by gerunds:
Common verbs: enjoy, like, love, finish, avoid, suggest, keep, mind, practice, consider
Examples:
• I enjoy reading.
• She finished doing her homework.
• They avoid eating junk food.
• He suggested going early.
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3, After Prepositions
If there is a preposition (in, on, at, about, for, of, etc.), use gerund.
Examples:
• She is good at drawing.
• I am interested in learning English.
• He left without saying goodbye.
• Thank you for helping me.
4, After Certain Expressions
• It’s no use crying.
• I can’t help laughing.
• It’s worth trying.
b. INFINITIVE
Infinitive is The base form of a verb with “to” that shows action, purpose, or intention.
Structure: to + verb
Examples:to go,to eat,to study
Uses of Infinitive
1, To Show Purpose (Why?)
• I study hard to pass the exam.
• She went to the market to buy food.
• He works hard to earn money.
It answers the question “Why?”
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2, After Certain Verbs
• Some verbs are followed by infinitives:
Common verbs: want, need, decide, plan, hope, promise, agree, refuse, learn, try
Examples:
• I want to sleep.
• She decided to leave.
• They plan to travel.
• He promised to help.
3, After Adjectives
• I am happy to see you.
• She is ready to start.
• It is difficult to understand.
4, After Question Words
• I don’t know what to say.
• She explained how to solve the problem.
• He showed me where to go.
4, adverbial clause
An adverbial clause (also called an adverb clause) is a dependent clause that functions like an
adverb — it modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb by giving more information
a) Adverbial Clause of Condition
An adverbial clause of condition is a dependent clause that shows under what condition
something happens
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It usually begins with subordinating conjunctions such as: if, unless, provided that, as long as,
in case, even if
Examples:
• If it rains, we will stay inside.
• You cannot enter unless you have a ticket.
• I will help you as long as you tell the truth.
b) Adverbial Clause of Comparison
An adverbial clause of comparison is a dependent clause and it is used to compare two people,
things, or actions. It shows similarities or differences between them
Common conjunctions include: than, as…as, as if, as though, liked
Examples:
• She is taller than I am.
• He runs as fast as his brother does.
• It was not so difficult as I expected.
5. Tenses (Present, Past, and Future)
a, present tense
1, Simple Present Tense :used for Daily routines,Habits,General facts,Timetables
Structure:
Subject + base verb
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Examples:
• I play football.
• She plays football.
• The sun rises in the east.
2, Present Continuous Tense :used for
• Action happening now,
• Temporary actions
• Future plans (fixed arrangements)
Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing
Examples:
• I am reading a book.
• She is cooking now.
• They are playing football.
3) Present Perfect Tense: used for
• Action finished but time not mentioned
• Life experiences
• Action that started in past and affects now
Structure:
Subject + has/have + past participle (V3)
Examples:
• I have finished my homework.
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• She has visited Delhi.
• They have seen that movie.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense: used for
• Action started in the past and still continuing
• To show duration (for/since)
Structure:
Subject + has/have + been + verb + ing
Examples:
• I have been studying for two hours.
• She has been working since morning.
• They have been playing for 30 minutes.
b, past tense
1) Simple Past Tense: used for
• Action completed in the past
• Time is mentioned (yesterday, last night, ago, etc.)
Structure:
Subject + V2 (past form of verb)
Examples:
• I visited my grandmother yesterday.
• She finished her homework.
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• They went to school.
2) Past Continuous Tense: used for
• Action was happening at a specific time in the past
• Two actions happening at the same time (one long, one short)
Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + ing
Examples:
• I was reading at 8 pm.
• She was cooking when I arrived.
• They were playing football.
3) Past Perfect Tense: used fo
• One action happened before another action in the past
Structure: Subject + had + past participle (V3)
Examples:
• I had finished my work before dinner.
• She had left when I reached.
• They had completed the project.
4)Past Perfect Continuous Tense: used for
• Action started in the past and continued for some time before another past action
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• Shows duration (for/since)
Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + ing
Examples:
• I had been studying for two hours before the exam started.
• She had been working since morning before she took a break.
• They had been playing for an hour before it rained.
c, future tense
1) Simple Future Tense:used for
• Action that will happen in the future
• Promises
• Decisions made at the moment
• Predictions
Structure: Subject + will + base verb
Examples:
• I will call you tomorrow.
• She will help you.
• They will visit us next week.
2) Future Continuous Tense: used for
• Action that will be happening at a specific time in the future
• Polite questions about future plans
Structure: Subject + will be + verb + ing
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Examples:
• I will be studying at 8 pm.
• She will be traveling tomorrow.
3)Future Perfect Tense: used for
• Action that will be completed before a certain time in the future
Structure: Subject + will have + past participle (V3)
Examples:
• I will have finished my homework by 7 pm.
• She will have left before you arrive.
• They will have completed the work.
4) Future Perfect Continuous Tense: used for
• Action that will continue for some time before a specific time in the future
• Shows duration (for/since)
• Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + ing
Examples:
• I will have been studying for two hours by 8 pm.
• She will have been working for five years next month.
• They will have been playing for an hour before sunset.
6. Adverbs and Their Types; An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a
verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It gives more information about how, when, where, how
often, or to what extent an action happens. Many adverbs end in -ly, but not all
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Types of Adverbs and Their Categorie
1, Adverbs of Manner (How?)
Use: Tell us how an action happens.
Examples:
• She sings beautifully.
• He runs fast.
• They worked carefully.
• (Commonly end in -ly)
2, Adverbs of Time (When?)
Use: Tell us when something happens.
Examples:
• I will call you tomorrow.
• She came yesterday.
• We are leaving now.
3 Adverbs of Place (Where?)
Use: Tell us where something happens.
Examples:
• She looked everywhere.
• The children are playing outside.
4, Adverbs of Frequency (How often?)
Use: Tell us how often something happens.
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Examples:
• I always wake up early.
• She often reads books.
• They never lie.
(Common words: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never)
5,Adverbs of Degree (How much? How much intensity?)
Use: Tell us the intensity or degree of something.
Examples:
• She is very happy.
• The water is too cold.
• I almost finished.
(Common words: very, too, quite, almost, enough)
6,Adverbs of Reason (Why?)
Use: Tell us why something happens.
Examples:
▪ He was late, therefore he apologized.
▪ She was tired, so she slept.
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