2025-2026 Academic Year, TTA Global Academy, Pyapon.

First Semester Test (October)

GRADE-10 BIOLOGY (Marking Scheme) Time allowed: (2) Hours

WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE ANSWER BOOKLET

DO NOT COPY THE QUESTIONS

SECTION (A)

[Link] TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) TRUE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 Marks

2. Complete the following statements with appropriate words. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) six ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) angiosperm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) morphology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) nucleus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) kidney ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) hormones ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) body ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) negatively ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) antagonistic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

3. Choose the correct answer for the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(VII) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

SECTION (B)

[Link] All questions. (30 marks)

(a) Comparison between the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cell

Average diameter is 0.1-5 µm

Single copy DNA present and it is circular and contains only nucleic acid with no proteins(------------1M)

DNA is located in the cytoplasm

Nucleus absent

Ribosomes are about 20 nm in size(------------1M)

No membrane-bound organelles

Cell wall present, which is made up of murein, a peptidoglycan

Eukaryotic cell

- Average diameter is 10-100 µm(------------1M)

Multiple copies DNA present

They are linear and made up of nucleic acid and proteins.

DNA is located in the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria(------------1M)

Nucleus present

Ribosomes are about 25 nm in size

Membrane-bound organelles present

Cell wall present in plants and fungi only In plants, it is made up of cellulose or lignin while in fungi, it is made up of
chitin. Cell wall absent in animal cell. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks
(b) Explain the two main systems in the plant body.

The plant body consists of two main systems:

(a) The root system (underground part) - is composed of main roots and branches. (------------1M) These organs are
formed as the absorptive system; absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. (------------1M)

(b) The shoot system (above ground part) - is composed of stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits. (------------1M)The
stem acts as a support system and the flower performs as a reproductive system. (------------1M)Root system and
shoot system work together as a plant. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(c) Explain the role of support system in living things.

The support system is very important to all living things such as plants, animals and humans.(------- 1M) Plants
do not have skeletons like animals but they use their turgidity of cells within packing tissue and the strongly
constructed conducting tissue for support.(----------1M)

In humans and other animals, the main body support is provided by the internal skeletal system of bones in
association with cartilage and the muscular system. (------------1M) In some animals, the skeleton is external as in
insects and prawns . (-----------1M) In all animals and humans, the skeleton supports body weight, maintains body
shape, protects soft organs inside the body, provides place for muscle attachment and enables movement.(--------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(d) State the nature of cartilage found in human skeletal system.

State the nature of cartilage found in human skeletal system. If the two bones were in contact with one
another, they would rub together every time they moved and eventually, the ends of the bones would wear down.

(------------1M)But the ends of the bones are protected from wear by cartilage. (------------1M)

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that is found between the bones. (------------1M) It cush- ions the
bones and allows for smooth movements. (------------1M) The cartilage found in the chest holds neighboring ribs
together into one strong but flexible rib cage. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(e) Define the tropic movements and mention its types.

The movement of a plant in the direction of stimulus is known as tropic movement. (------------1M)Plant may
either show a positive or negative movement as a response to a stimulus. If the movement is towards the direction of
stimuli, it is known as positive tropism. (------------1M) If the movement is away from the stimuli, it is known as
negative tropism. Tropic movements in plants can be classified into six types. (------------1M) These are:

(a) Phototropism (d)Chemotropism(------------1M)

(b) Geotropism (e) Thigmotropism and

(c) Hydrotropism (f)Thermotropism(------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(f)How are amphibians able to move both in water and on land.

Locomotion in frog

The frog's powerful hind legs are adapted for both swimming and leaping. (------------1M) The strong extensor
muscles of the thigh contract, (------------1M) extending the limb and thrusting the foot against the ground or against
the water. (------------1M) The thrust is transmitted through the body of the frog by the pelvic girdle and the spine so
that the whole animal is pushed forward. (------------1M) Flexor muscles of the thigh contract to pull or flex the leg for
the next extension. (------------1M)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

[Link] any FOUR questions. (40 marks)

(a) Describe about the cell organization of living things.

Cell Organization

Atoms are are organized into molecules, molecules into organelles and organelles into cells. (------------1M)
Cells are divided into several compartments called organelles, each with a characteristic structure, biochemical
composition and function. (------------1M) The cell must possess enough information to specify which molecules are to
be associated in a specific compartment, It is ensured to route the appropriate groups of molecules to their
compartments. (------------1M)According to the cell theory, all living things are composed of one or more cells as
unicellular and multicellular organisms. (------------1M)

In unicellular organisms, the single cell performs all life functions independently. (------------1M) In
multicellular organisms, various levels of organization are present. They are made up of more than one type of cells
and have specialized cells that are grouped together to carry out specialized functions. (------------1M) Individual cells
may perform specific functions and also work together for the survival of the entire organism, The cells become
dependent on one another. (------------1M) There are five levels of organization in multicellular organisms: cells,
tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. (------------1M)

Cells are the simplest level of organization. Specialized cells show division of labour by being grouped into
tissues; the tissues may be further grouped into organs and the organs into systems. (------------1M) Each tissue,
/organ or system has a particular function and a structure appropriate to that function. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(b) Describe the main organ systems of human body and its functions.

Organ systems

organ system is a group of organs that function together to carry out the major activities of the body. (---------
1M) For example the seven main systems in the human body is given below. (------------1M)

(1) Digestive system - the digestive system is composed of the digestive tract, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.(------
1M) These organs cooperate in the digestion of food and the absorption of digested products into the body(----1M)

(2) Gas exchange system including the lungs which exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide(------------1M)

(3) Circulatory system - including the heart and blood vessels which transport materials around the body(----------1M)

(4) Excretory system - including the kidneys which filter toxic waste materials from the blood(------------1M)

(5) Nervous system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves which coordinate the body's actions(------------1M)

(6) Endocrine system - glands secreting hormones which act as chemical messengers(------------1M)

(7) Reproductive system producing male and female gametes, respectively and allowing the development of the
embryo. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(c) Describe the axial skeleton found in human.

The axial skeleton is made up of the bones found in the trunk and head of the body. (------------1M) The
bones of the axial skeleton support the weight of the body and protect the internal tissues. (------------1M) The axial
skeleton includes the 27 bones in the skull, the 33 bones that form the spine, the 12 pairs of ribs and the breast-
bone (sternum), the flat bone in the front of the chest that connects the ribs. (------------1M) Mandible or lower jaw
bone is attached flexibly to the skull. (------------1M)

The bones of the axial skeleton cover most of the body's vital organs. (------------1M)Vertebrae are serially
arranged bones of the spine that surround the spinal cord; there are cartilage discs between the vertebrae.
(------------1M)Ligaments, holding the vertebrae together, permit a degree of movement in the spine. (------------
1M)The bones of the skull are rigid and protect the brain but the lower jaw can move strongly in eating and
speaking. The ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs. (------------1M) Flexible tissues and muscles connecting
the ribs allow the chest to expand and contract during breathing. (------------1M) Flexible tissues in the spine
connecting vertebrae allow people to bend, turn and look behind. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(d) Why is it important its maintain a healthy musculoskeletral system?

The healthy musculoskeletal system allows for normal physical activities such as walking, running,
jumping and other activities. (------------1M)Abnormal joints and muscles result in osteoarthritis in which damaged
ends of bones rub against each other, causing joint pain and stiffness or the bones may become brittle and are
more prone to fracture. (-------1M) To maintain the musculoskeletal system the followings could be done. (-----1M)

(a) Stay active

Physical activities and exercises are necessary to maintain healthy joints between bones. These can also
strengthen muscles that hold the joints. (------------1M)

(b) Do not overextend the joints

Some movements can cause injuries. (------------1M) Rapid direction changes and twisting can lead to joint
damage involving cartilages and ligaments. (------------1M)

(c) Eat healthy food

Health of bones, joints and muscles can be supported by healthy food. (------------1M) Dark green
vegetables, olive oil, citrus fruits, fish and poultry have nutrients for bone and muscle development. (------------1M)
Vitamins C, K and A, iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are good for joints. Proteins play a critical role in
muscle and cartilage repair. (------------1M)

(d) Reduce weight and stay fit by exercising

Reducing body weight by exercising regularly reduces joint pain, improve joint health and keeps muscle
strong. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(e) Explain how insects are able to jump and fly with diagrams.

Locomotion in grasshopper

Jumping

The flexor and extensor (antagonistic) muscles are attached to the internal surface of the exoskeleton.
(------------1M)Flexor muscles bend a joint. (------------1M)Extensor muscles straighten it. (------------1M)The rear legs
of a grasshopper are long and muscular and are adapted for hopping or jumping. (------------1M) When the flexor
muscle contracts, the lower leg (tibia) is pulled towards the body. (------------1M) The hind leg is folded in a Z shape
and ready for a jump. When the extensor muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, propelling the grasshopper
forward and up. (---------1M)

Flight

The movement (raising and lowering) of the wings, in flight of the grasshopper, is achieved by the alternate
contraction of extensor muscles (elevators) and flexor muscles (depressors) located inside the exoskeleton of the
thorax . (------------1M)
For figure ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 marks

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(f)Discuss how fish achieve locomotion and stability in swimming with diagrams.

Fish have a streamlined body shape for swimming in water to reduce friction. (------------1M) Fish moves forward as
a result of the contraction and relaxation of (antagonistic) muscles called myotomes on either side of the body and
the tail or caudaf fin propels the fish. (------------1M) The function of fins in fish is to balance the body in an upright
position in water. (------------1M)Pectoral fins are used to steer the fish. (------------1M)Pelvic fins are used to balance
the fish and prevent the body from diving or rolling. (------------1M)

For figure and caption ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 marks

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

( )

U Kyaw Ko Ko Win

Biology

Subject teacher

TTA Global Academ

 2025-2026 Academic Year, TTA Global Academy, Pyapon.
First Semester Test (October)
GRADE-11 BIOLOGY (Marking Scheme) Time allowed : (2) Hours

WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE ANSWER BOOKLET

DO NOT COPY THE QUESTIONS

SECTION (A)

[Link] TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 Marks

[Link] the following statements with appropriate words. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) natural ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) form ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) cell ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) specific ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) evaporate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) metabolism --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) stroma ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) grana ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) chemical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) dependent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

3. Choose the correct answer for the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)

(i) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii)A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x ) D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

SECTION (B)

[Link] All questions. (30 marks)

(a) How is proteins formed and joined many amino acids with peptide bond.

Proteins are naturally occurring macromolecules formed by joining many amino acids with peptide bond.
(------------1M)Amino acids are the simplest units of protein and form the building blocks of proteins. (------------1M) It
is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. (------------1M)The peptide bond is a covalent bond, which is
formed between the amine Group (-NH) from one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH)of another. (------------
1M) There are about 20 different naturally occurring amino acids, which can combine in different Ways to produce a
wide range of different proteins. Proteins are synthesized at ribosomes of living cells. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(b) Give the factors affecting the rate of diffusion.

Factors affecting diffusion

Extent of concentration gradient: the greater is the difference in concentration, the more rapid the rate of diffusion.
(------------1M)

Temperature: high temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules thus increases the rate of diffusion.

Surface area and thickness of cell membrane: increase surface area increases the rate of diffusion, whereas a thicker
membrane reduces the rate of diffusion. (------------1M)

Solvent density: is the density of a solvent increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. (------------1M)

Solubility: non-polar or lipid-soluble materials pass through plasma membrane easily and allow faster rate of
diffusion. (------------1M)

Distance travel: the greater the distance that a substance must travel, the slower the rate of diffusion. (---1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(c) Explain about structure of leaf.

Structure of a Leaf

Most green parts of a plant can photosynthesize but the leaves are best adapted for this function. (----------1M)
For photosynthesis efficiency, leaves need to have a large surface area to absorb light, chlorophyll(------------1M) to
catch the light, veins including xylem and phloem to supply water and a system for carrying away the photosynthetic
products to other parts of the plant. (------------1M)They also release oxygen and water vapor from the leaf cells.
(------------1M) Most leaves are thin, flattened structures supported by petioles which support the leaf blades to be
angled to receive the maximum amount of sunlight. Inside the leaf, there are layers of cells with different functions.
(-----1M)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(d) Write a short note on Calvin cycle with an equation.

Dark reaction

The dark reaction is also called Calvin cycle. (------------1M) It is a light-independent process in which sugar
molecules are formed by using carbon dioxide with the help of ATP and NADPH produced from the light reaction.
(------------1M)This reaction converts six molecules of carbon dioxide into one sugar molecule i.e. glucose. (------------
1M)

For figure and caption ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 marks

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(e) Tabulate the differences between the light and the dark reactions of photosynthesis.

The main differences in light and dark reactions of photosynthesis

Light reaction Dark reaction

Occurrence the presence of light the absence of light(------------1M)

Phase photochemical phase biochemical phase(------------1M)

Place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in the stroma of the chloroplast(-1M)

Ions NADP utilizes H ions to form NADPH The H of NADPH combines with CO

Molecules The water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen Glucose molecules using CO(-----1M)

End product, ATP and NADPH Glucose(------------1M)

Photolysis occurs does not occur

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(a) Explain Aerobic respiration and write down the word equation.

Aerobic Respiration

In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down to release energy in the presence of oxygen, forming
carbon dioxide and water. The balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration is as follow: (------------1M)

For equation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Most of the energy released in aerobic respiration is released in mitochondria. Cells that require a lot
of energy have many mitochondria. (------------1M)For instance, insect flight muscle has numerous
mitochondria located between the muscle fibres. (------------1M)The mitochondria provide the energy for the
muscles to contract during flight. Liver cells have a high metabolism and have many mitochondria. The
 epithelial cells of the small intestine absorb glucose and other molecules by active transport, so have large
numbers of mitochondria. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

[Link] any FOUR questions. (40 marks)

(a) Define proteins and name of their four basic structure.

Structure of proteins

There are four basic structures of proteins. They are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures .
(------------1M)

(1) Primary structure - It is simply the linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds into a polypeptide
chain e.g., insulin(------------1M)

(2) Secondary structure - Form folded structures within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the
backbone of amino acids by hydrogen bonds(------------1M). The most common types of secondary structures are the
a-helix and the B-pleated sheet e g., collagen(------------1M)

(3) Tertiary structure The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called tertiary structure. (------------1M) It is
primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein. (------------1M)The
four types of chemical bonds that contribute to tertiary structure include hydrogen bond, ionic bond, disulphide
bond and hydrophobic interactions, eg, antibody(------------1M)

(4) Quaternary structure: Some globular proteas consist of two or more polypeptide chains. (------------1M)There are
four bonds as in the tertiary structure. (------------1M)This complex large molecule is referred to the quaternary
structure. e.g.. haemoglobin(------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(b) Explain the roles of components of cell membrane.

The roles of components of cell membrane

The principal components of cell membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins (integral and
peripheral proteins) and carbohydrates (glycolipids or glycoproteins). (------------1M)

Phospholipid layer acts as a barrier to most water-soluble substances, prevents tight packing, basic bilayer for other
components to bind. (------------1M)

Cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the membrane that prevents the membrane from becoming rigid, stabilizes the
hydrophobic layer and strengthens the basic bilayer of phospholipid, prevents ions and hydrophilic molecules from
passing through the membrane. (------------1M)

Proteins are diverse in structure, function and position in the membrane. (------------1M) Integral proteins are
embedded in the plasma membrane and may span all or part of the membrane. (------------1M) Integral proteins may
serve as channels or pumps to move materials into or out of the cell. (------------1M) Peripheral proteins are found on
the exterior or interior surfaces of membranes, sttached either to integral proteins or to phospholipid molecules.
(------------1M) Both integral and peripheral proteins may serve as enzymes, as structural attachments for the fibers of
the cytoskeleton, or as part of the cell's recognition sites. (------------1M)

Carbohydrates are found on the exterior surface of cells and are bound either to proteins forming glycoproteins or to
lipids forming glycolipids. (------------1M) Carbohydrates provide cushioning and protection for the plasma membrane,
important in cell recognition and act as a glue to attach cells together. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(c) Give a diagrammatic explanation on the process of phagocytosis with diagram.

(a) Phagocytosis
 Phagocytosis is cell eating in which solid particles e.g, bacteria are taken in by a cell like a white blood cell.
(------------1M) Such blood cells are called phagocytes. (------------1M) The process also happens when amoeba takes
Phagocytosis is cell eating in which solid particles e.g., bacteria are taken in by a cell like a in food . (------------1M)

For figure and caption ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

marks

[Link] of the plasma membrane extend outward and engulf particles to be ingested and form a vacuole around it.
(1M)

[Link] vacuole then frees itself from the membrane and the cytoplasm, forming a food vacuole. (------------1M)

3. Then, lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole or phagosome and release enzyme hydrolases into it. (------------1M)

4. When the content is digested, the products are absorbed and vacuole disappears. Any undigested content in the
vacuole will be egested through the reverse of the process. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(d) Draw a labelled diagram to investigate that light is essential for photosynthesis.

A destarched potted plant is taken and a portion of green leaf(------------1M) is sandwiched between two
pieces of black paper or black tape or aluminium foil. (------------1M) Then, the plant is placed in the light for a few
days. (------------1M)The black paper from the leaf is removed and tested for starch. (------------1M)

Only the portion of the leaf exposed to light will turn blue-black and(------------1M) the parts with black paper
will remain brown because there is no starch. (------------1M)

Therefore, light is necessary for photosynthesis. (------------1M)

For figure and caption ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 marks

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks
(e) Draw a labelled diagram to demonstrate anaerobic respiration in germinating seeds.

A test tube is filled with mercury and inverted over a glass bowl also containing mercury. (------------1M) Then
introduce germinating seeds through the open end of the test tube with the help of forceps. (------------1M) The seeds
will rise to the top of the test tube because they are lighter than mercury Killed seeds are also used as a control.
(------------1M)

After a few days, the level of mercury in the test tube falls because of the collection of gas. (------------1M) This gas
can be shown to be carbon dioxide by testing with potassium hydroxide or lime water. (------------1M) The level of
mercury with killed seedlings is not changed. (------------1M)

Initially the test tube was filled with mercury hence leaving no room for oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced by
the seeds must be due to anaerobic respiration. (------------1M)

For figure and caption ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 marks

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(b) Enumerate the usage of the energy released from ATP.

Energy Released from ATP

The energy released from ATP can be used in different forms for many activities. This is summarized below(------1M)

For word diagram ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 marks

Using energy

The energy released from ATP can be used for a variety of purposes, such as: (------------1M)
(a) cell division and growth(------------1M)

(b) synthesis of proteins, fats, vitamins, etc.

(c) conduction of nerve impulses and muscular movements(------------1M)

(d) maintenance of constant body temperature

(e) active transport of molecules and ions(------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

( )

U Kyaw Ko Ko Win

Biology

Subject teacher

TTA Global Academy

 2025-2026 Academic Year, TTA Global Academy, Pyapon.
First Semester Test (October)
GRADE-12 BIOLOGY (Marking Scheme) Time allowed : (3) Hours

WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE ANSWER BOOKLET

DO NOT COPY THE QUESTIONS

SECTION (A)

[Link] TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10
marks)

(i) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) FALSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) TRUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 Marks

[Link] the following statements with appropriate words. Do not copy the statements. (10
marks)

(i) interrelated ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) nucleotide ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) organisms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) evolutionary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) codon --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) template --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) nucleus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii) compact ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) absorption ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x) wet ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

3. Choose the correct answer for the following statements. Do not copy the statements. (10 marks)
(i) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ii) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iii) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(iv) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(v) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vi) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(vii) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(viii)B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(ix) C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

(x ) B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 mark

Total = 10 marks

SECTION (B)

[Link] All questions. (30 marks)

(a) Mention the nature of molecules to ecosystems, interactions in biological system.

Organisms interact continuously with physical factors. (------------1M) Plants take up nutrients from the soil
and chemicals from the air and use energy from the sun. (------------1M) Interactions among plants, animals, and
other organisms affect the participants in varying ways. (------------1M) In feedback regulation, a process is regulated
by its output or product. In negative feedback, accumulation of the product slows its production. (------------1M) In
positive feedback, a product speeds up its own production. Feedback is a type of regulation common to life at all
levels, from molecules to ecosystems. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(b) List and state the economic value of livestock.

-Meat: Livestock can be raised for the production of a useful form of dietary protein and energy. (------------1M)

-Dairy products: Livestock can be used as a source of milk, other dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, butter. (-1M)

-Fibre: Livestock produce a range of fibre or textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool and mohair. (---1M)

Fertilizer: Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and
floors and can be used as a fuel for fires. The blood and bone of animals are also used as fertilizer. (------------1M)

- Sports: Livestock may be raised for sports purposes, such as raising horses for horse racing or polo. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(c) List and state the adaptions of DNA molecule to carry out its functions.

➤ The DNA molecule is adapted to carry out its functions in a number of ways: (------------1M)

➤ It is a very stable structure which normally passes from generation to generation without change. Only rarely does
it mutate. (------------1M)

➤ Its two separate strands are joined only with hydrogen bonds, which allow them to separate during DNA
replication and protein synthesis. (------------1M)

➤ It is an extremely large molecule and therefore carries a large amount of genetic information.

➤ By having the base pairs within the helical structure of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone, the genetic
information is to some extent protected from being corrupted by outside chemical and physical forces. (------------1M)
➤ Base pairing leads to DNA being able to replicate and to transfer information to mRNA. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(d) Explain the process of transcription stage involves in protein synthesis. (Answer any two stage)

➤ Initiation; For each gene, only one strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule is transcribed. (------------1M)

➤ This strand is called the antisense strand or template strand. (------------1M)

➤ The other strand, which is not transcribed, is called the sense strand or coding strand. It has the same sequence as
the product mRNA, with thymine instead of uracil. (------------1M)

➤ Elongation: During the elongation phase shown, the RNA polymerase complex works (------------1M)its way along
the DNA molecule, synthesizing a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the template strand of DNA in 5' to 3'
direction. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(e) Explain the nature of transport tissues as found in plants.

* Xylem tissue contains dead, empty hollow cells with no end walls. (------------1M) These are composed of
xylem vessels which are arranged in long lines to form a hollow tube. (------------1M)Water moves through these long,
hollow tubes by mass flow from the roots to all other parts of the plant. (------------1M)

Phloem tissue contains cells called sieve tube. Unlike xylem vessel, these are living cells and contain
cytoplasm and a few organelles but no nucleus. (------------1M)Their walls are made of cellulose. A companion cell is
associated with each sieve tube. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

(e) State two factors affecting on transpiration in plants.

* Wind speed and temperature: Transpiration rate may also be increased by an increasing in wind speed or rising
in temperature. (------------1M)

☆ Light intensity: In most plants, stomata open during the day and close at night. Most transpiration takes
place through the stomata, so the rate of transpiration is almost zero at night. (------------1M) Stomata must be
opened during the day to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf for photosynthesis. (------------1M) This
inevitably increases the rate of transpiration. (------------1M) Closing at night, when photosynthesis is impossible,
reduces unnecessary water loss. (------------1M)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 5 marks

[Link] any FOUR questions. (40 marks)

(a) Explain the importance of biology in daily life as far as you can.

*Scientific research and the development of new tools and techniques have undoubtedly improved the quality
of our lives. (------------1M)

*Generally, the relevance of biology is the important of the human society and humankind. (------------1M)

Biology is also important to our everyday life because it allows human beings to know better their bodies,
(------------1M) their resources and potential threats in the environment. (------------1M)

Biology being the study of living things help us to understand every organism. (------------1M) As a field of
science, biology helps us to understand the living world and the ways its many species (including humans) function,
evolve, and interact. (------------1M)

Advances in medicine, agriculture, biotechno- logy, and many other areas of biology have brought
improvements in the quality of life. (------------1M)
 Fields such as genetics and evolution give insight into the past and can help shape the future, and research in
ecology and(------------1M) conservation inform how we can protect this planet's precious biodiversity. (------------1M)

Biology has also helped us to understand the characteristics of living things, the similarities between plants
and animals, as well as how germs work and help us staying healthier. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(b) Discuss the role of leeches and viper venom as animal- based medicine.

Leeches are slimy bloodsuckers that can eat ten times, its own body weight of blood. (------------1M) Today,
medicinal leeches are used after severe trauma to help reattach digits, close wounds and help mend skin after plastic
surgery. (------------1M)The leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical
use. While the leech feeding on the surface of the skin, they also secrete anti-coagulants which helps to keep the
blood flowing. (------------1M) The blood pools in the reattached thumb can be sucked out by the leech until the veins
redevelop. (------------1M)

A molecule called bradykinin from the viper venom is found to be related to a class of molecules that stop
Angiotensis-Converting Enzymes (ACE) from blocking bradykinins, a protein that causes blood vessels to dilate and
lower blood pressure. (------------1M) Bradykinins were eventually developed into the drug captopril, used to treat
hypertension, cardiac conditions and to preserve kidney functions in diabetics. (------------1M) Vags are small,
voracious eaters that feed on diseased and dying flesh. (------------1M) Their feeding habit is a life-saving asset for
those suffering from chronic wounds and infections. (------------1M)

Maggots can turn a chronic wound into an acute wound in a matter of days by eating the chronic tissue and
bacteria. (------------1M) From there the wound becomes treatable and can finally heal. These hungry insect larvae are
sterile, work quickly and also cost less than traditional treatments. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(c) Write down the nature and structure of DNA molecule excluding antiparallel structure.

➤ DNA is a double helix structure consisting of two polynucleotide strands twine around each other. (------------1M)

➤ Each polynucleotide strand is made up of many nucleotide molecules.

➤ Each nucleotide in DNA is composed of a five-carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-
containing base, all linked together by covalent bonds. (------------1M)

➤ Four different nitrogenous bases in DNA that can be categorized into two different forms: purines and pyrimidines.
(------------1M)

➤ The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). They have two fused rings in their chemical structures.

➤ The pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C) and thymine (T). They have a single ring in their chemical structure. (----1M)

➤ Each strand forms a backbone of alternating phosphate groups and sugars. (------------1M)

➤ The bases of each nucleotide are attached to each sugar and protrude inward at regular intervals along each
strand.

➤ There is a constant total distance between the sugar-phosphate backbones. (------------1M)

➤ The two strands of a DNA molecule are not identical but are, instead, complementary to each other.

➤ This means that a purine molecule is always paired with a pyrimidine molecule. (------------1M)

➤ Specifically, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). This pairing is
called complementary base pairing. (------------1M)

➤ As the same bases always complement each other, the base sequence of one strand can be determined from the
base sequence of the other strand. (------------1M)
➤ Hydrogen bonds link each complementary base pair. A and T are joined by two hydrogen bonds, while C and G
with three hydrogen bonds. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(d) How do you understand the role of vitamin A in golden rice and also explain the stages of golden rice
production. (Without diagram)

➤ Rice is a staple food in many parts of the world. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness. (------------1M)

➤ Even more importantly, lack of vitamin A can cause an immune deficiency syndrome, and this is a significant cause
of mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in children. (------------1M)

➤ Children of families living in poverty often lack animal products in their diets as they are too expensive. (------------
1M)

➤ Even if such children have a diet containing a wide range of vegetables rich in carotenoids, it is still difficult for
them to avoid vitamin A deficiency. (------------1M)

➤ Further research showed that substituting the gene from daffodils plant with one from maize gave even higher
quantities of carotene, and the single transformation with these genes is the basis of all current Golden Rice.
(------------1M)

➤ The genetically modified rice is called Golden Rice, because it contains a lot of the orange pigment beta-carotene
which can be converted into vitamin A when it is eaten. (------------1M)

The process of golden rice production

➤ The genes that give golden rice its ability to make betacarotene in its endosperm come from daffodils and Erwinia
bacteria. (------------1M)

➤ These genes are inserted into the plasmids that occur inside Agrobacterium. (------------1M)

➤ These agrobacteria are then added to a petridish containg rice embryo. As they infect the embryo, they transfer
the genes encode the instructions for making beta-carotene. (------------1M)

➤ The transgenic rice plants must now be crossed with strains of rice that are grown locally and are suited to a
particular regions climate and growing conditions. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(e) Discuss about the movement of water in a plant including apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway. from
one cell to another.

☆ In the active absorption, the water first enters the cell sap and passes This type of movement where
protoplasm is involved is called symplast(------------1M). In passive absorption, water moves through the apoplast of
the root. The apoplast path includes the cell ☆ wall and intercellular spaces. (------------1M)

Two pathways are apoplastic and symplastic that initiate the passage of water along with ions from root hair via
root cortex to xylem. (------------1M) These routes may exist either simultaneously or separately having different rates.
(------------1M)

Apoplastic pathway

☆ Most water travels via the apoplastic pathway (when transpiration rates are high), which is the series of
spaces running through the cellulose cell walls, dead cells, and the hollow tubes of the xylem. (------------1M)

The water moves by diffusion (as it does not pass through a partially permeable membrane).

* The intercellular spaces. The movement of water through the apoplastic pathway occurs more rapidly than
the symplastic pathway. (------------1M)
 * When the water reaches the endodermis the presence of a thick, waterproof, waxy band of suberin within the
cell wall blocks the apoplastic pathway. (------------1M)

* This band is called the Casparian strip and forms an impassable barrier for the water.

Symplastic pathway

* A smaller amount of water travels via the symplastic pathway, which is the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata or
vacuole of the cells. (------------1M)

* The water moves by osmosis into the cell (across the partially permeable cell surface membrane), possibly
into the vacuole (through the tonoplast by osmosis) and between cells through the plasmodesmata. (------------
1M)The movement of water in the symplastic pathway is slower than the apoplastic pathway. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

(e) Write an essay type of translocation process as found in plants.

Translocation is the movement of dissolved substances through a plant. (------------1M)In general, water and
dissolved salts from the soil travel upwards through the vessels of the xylem and food synthesized in the leaves
passes downwards or upwards in the sieve tubes of the phloem. (------------1M)

When leaves photosynthesize, they produce carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are transported out of the
leaf in the form of sucrose to the stem. (------------1M) Once in the stem it may travel upwards to actively growing
regions or maturing fruits and seeds or downwards to the roots and underground storage organs. (------------1M) Both
upward and downward movement may take place at the same time in the phloem. (------------1M)

The phloem tissue is a complex tissue. The consisting components are sieve tube, companion cell, phloem
parenchyma and phloem fibre. (------------1M)They are living cells except phloem fibre. (------------1M)In the
translocation process, sieve tubes or sieve cells which have no nucleus and companion cells possess do work
together. (------------1M)They are cylindrical cells with layers of cytoplasm like materials just inside their cell walls.
They are so called because of the presence of perforations in the cell septate walls known as sieve plates. (------------
1M)These are main components through which translocation take place and permit the plant materials to pass from
one cell to another. (------------1M)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total = 10 marks

( )

U Kyaw Ko Ko Win

Biology

Subject teacher

TTA Global Academy