PROJECT

Ground Water Analysis

Araria District (BIHAR)
 Department of Civil Engineering
SHRI PHANISHWAR NATH RENU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE ARARIA- 854318

Presented By-
1. SATYAM KUMAR SINGH
2. BITTU KUMAR Under the Guidance of-
3. PRINCE KUMAR Md. Nadir
(Assistant Professor, Department of
4. HARSH VARDHAN Civil Engg. SPNREC Araria)
5. SURAJ KUMAR MANDAL
Content.
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Literature & Review
 Methodology
 Result Analysis
 Conclusion
 Reference
 Introduction
 Ground water is an essential and vital component of our life support system.
The ground water resources are being utility for drinking, irrigation and
industrial purposes.
 All plants and animals need water to survive. There can be no life on earth
without water. Because 60 percent of our body weight is made up of
water.
 Our bodies use water in all the cells, organs and tissue, to help regulate
body temperature and maintain other bodily functions. Because our bodies
lose of water through breathing,sweating,and digestion,it’s crucial to
rehydrate and replace water by drinking fluids and eating foods that
contain water.
Aim and Objective of Study

 The aim of the project is to test the groundwater of Araria district,

because the last Groundwater analysis was done 12-15 years ago in
this area.
 In-situ analysis of Water Quality Index (WQI) such as pH, ORP, EC,
TDS, Nacl, Resistivity, DO.
 Analysis of Water Quality Index (WQI) at laboratory for Chloride ion,
Fluoride ion, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Alkalinity (phenolphthalein & methyl orange), Carbonate
ion, Bicarbonate ion.
 Determining Water Quality Index (WQI) based on the analysis result.
 Determining the suitability of water for drinking purpose based on
Water Quality Index (WQI) as determined above
Literature and Review

1. Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in

Central Telangana,
2. As we study the research paper of Zahra Jamshidhadeh, they done
research on Water Quality Index for groundwater in Iran.
3. Research paper of Narsimha Adimalla and Ajay Kumar Taloor studies
urbanizing region of Telangana State, South India.
4. The study on groundwater quality in the Bokaro district highlights the
importance of monitoring and assessing water quality for drinking purposes
5. Groundwater is an important source for drinking water supply in hard rock
terrain of Bundelkhand massif particularly in District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh,
India
 Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking
and irrigation purposes in Central Telangana.
 In this study region people depend on groundwater and it is the only water
source for drinking and irrigation needs. Therefore, it is essential to execute
the hydrogeochemical studies in this semi-arid region with an objective of
inferring water quality with respect of drinking and irrigation uses.
 For this reason, a total of 105 groundwater samples collected from semi-arid
region of central Telangana, were executed in order to evaluate its suitability
for drinking and irrigation purposes.
 analyzed for various hydrochemical parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) as CaCO3,
calcium (Ca2þ), magnesium (Mg2þ), sodium (Naþ), potassium (Kþ), chloride
(Cl ), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulphate (SO4 2 ), nitrate (NO3-), and fluoride (F ).
 pH and TDS of water samples were measured in the field immediately after
the collection of the samples by using pH/EC/TDS meter (Hanna HI 9811-5).
 SO4 2 and NO3– were determined by colorimetry with an UV–visible
spectrophotometer
 pH values of the groundwater samples in the study region shows that
neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. Only 13% havea higher TDS value,
which indicates brackish water. The classification of groundwater based on
TH showed that 74% of the groundwater samples come under the hard
category and the 7% of the groundwater samples fall in the very hard
category.
 Irrigation water quality was evaluated through sodium adsorption ratio
(SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium per centage (%Na), Kelly’s
ratio (KR), and magnesium hazard ratio (MHR). Mostly,

 In the study area, most of the samples of groundwater come under the
safe category for drinking, with reference to concentration of SO4 2- , Cl-
,Ca2+ ,Mg2+ , Na+ and K+. Fluoride and nitrate concentrations in the
groundwater of the study area are exceeding permissible limits in 51% and
71% of samples, respectively.

 The suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes depends on the effect

of mineral constituents of groundwater on both plants and soils. Wilcox
diagram reveals that most of the groundwater is suitable for irrigation
 The study on groundwater quality in the Bokaro
district highlights the importance of monitoring
and assessing water quality for drinking purposes
 The study collected 102 groundwater samples from the Bokaro district in Jharkhand, India,
during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2014-2015. The samples were analysed for
various physicochemical parameters, including pH, TDS, TH, Ca2+ , Mg2+, Na+, K+ ,Cl- ,SO4 2-
,HCO3- , F- and NO3- .The results were compared with drinking water standards set by the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The study utilised
the Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS techniques to assess groundwater quality and spatial
variations in the study area.
 The findings revealed that groundwater in the Bokaro district exhibited a slightly acidic to
slightly alkaline nature, with certain parameters exceeding permissible limits for drinking water
quality standards. The hydrochemical analysis indicated the dominance of weathering of
rocks and ion exchange processes in controlling groundwater chemistry. The Water Quality
Index (WQI) values ranged from 54.73 to 228.02 during the pre-monsoon season, highlighting
the need for sustainable treatment of water before consumption.
 Overall, the study underscores the significance of sustainable water treatment practices to
ensure safe drinking water for the residents of the Bokaro district. The findings have
implications for policymakers and stakeholders involved in water resource management,
emphasising the importance of continuous monitoring and remediation efforts to safeguard
public health and environmental sustainability.
 As we study the research paper of Zahra
Jamshidhadeh, they done research on Water Quality
Index for groundwater in Iran.
 As we study the research paper of Zahra Jamshidhadeh, they done research on Water
Quality Index for groundwater in Iran. The study aims to consider the general conditions of
groundwater for drinking purposes in a coastal aquifer by using an integrated approach of
hydrochemistry evaluation and drinking water quality index
 The area under study is a part of an extensive coastal aquifer located in the south of the
Caspian sea and provides water demands for different human activities. In recent years,
the groundwater table in this area has declined due to urbanization, industrialization, and
over exploitation of groundwater for agricultural activities, and groundwater quality has
degraded in the central and discharge zones This study aims to illustrate an integrated
approach that includes the diagnosis of hydrogeochemical process responsible for
groundwater chemistry, and calculation of drinking water quality indices along the
groundwater flow path from the recharge zone towards the discharge zone.
 The Results of the analysis of ten physiochemical parameters i.e pH, TDS, EC, (Ca2+) (Mg2+),
(Na+ ), (K+ ), (HCO3- ), (SO4 2-) and (Cl- ) from Seventy sampling points were conducted by
the Mazandaran Regional Water Company, during Oct 2015. Physiochemical analysis of
samples was carried out according to the standard methods of APHA(American Public
Health Association). Methods used for the analysis of Quality parameters (APHA 2021).
 Study Area

Link- [Link]
 Araria is a district in Bihar, India, belonging to the Eastern Region, located 320 km
from Patna. The total geographical area of the district is 45 square kilometres. This
project proposes a study on the groundwater resources in Araria district, Bihar.
The project aims to assess the water level and quality for drinking and irrigation
purposes. Araria district is part of the Purnia division and occupies an area of
2,830 square kilometres. The district offers a view of Mount Kanchenjunga, one of
the great peaks of the Himalayan range.
 Araria district comprises two sub-divisions, Araria and Forbesganj, and nine blocks.
The major rivers in the district are Kosi, Sawara, Kali, Parmar, and Koli. According
to the 2011 census, Araria district has a population of 2,811,569, with a population
density of 993 inhabitants per square kilometre. The population growth rate over
the decade from 2001 to 2011 was 30%.
 Groundwater is a vital freshwater resource, especially in regions with limited
surface water availability. Araria district has witnessed a rise in groundwater levels
in recent years. In 2019, the water table was recorded at 2.32 meters below
ground level (bgl), representing a 30.28% increase compared to 1.78 meters bgl
in the previous year. However, there is a lack of data on the quality of
groundwater in Araria District specifically for drinking and irrigation purposes. No
surveys have been conducted, and no survey data is available for this area yet.
 We have collected samples from various locations as indicated above in the study
area section. Samples were collected in the month of July 2024 and should be
considered as pre monsoon sample collections. The samples were collected from
handpumps, bore well and government established water supply system. The
parameters like, pH, TDS, ORP, EC, Resistivity, DO and NaCl were determined at the site
itself using Water Quality Bench top Meter. Other parameters like, Chloride ion, Fluoride
ion, Total hardness, Calcium Hardness, Mg Hardness, Alkalinity, Carbonate ion and Bi
Carbonate ion were determined in the laboratory. The detailed description of various
methods applied for the determination of these parameters are mentioned below.
Sample Location
Sample collection Time
Methodology
Visual Representation
 ❖Result and Analysis
 pH
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the safe
pH range for drinking water should be between 6.5 and 7.5. However, in some locations, the pH levels fall
below 6.5, making the water unsafe for drinking based on pH standards. These locations include: Subhankar
Pur (RT Mohan Road) ,Mithila Public School, Forbesganj ,P School, Bishanpur ,Baba Chowk, Bishanpur ,
Ghoraghat ,Tharia Bakiya (Doria Matiyari) ,Madhulata Village , Haria ,M S Raghopur ,Pothia ,HP Petrol Pump
,Hospital Road, Forbesganj ,Patel Chowk, Morballa, Araria Bus Stand.

pH
8

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

pH
 Total Dissolved Solid
Based on the water quality index, the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) and NaCl (sodium chloride) levels in
drinking water should ideally not exceed 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, respectively. However, in some water
samples from various locations, the TDS levels were found to be higher than 500 mg/L, which indicates
that the water from these locations is unsafe for drinking.

The affected locations include:HP Petrol Pump ,Renu Dwar ,Hospital Road, Forbesganj, Patel Chowk,
Forbesganj ,Morballa ,Bhadrashwar ,Pothia ,Haria ,Araria Bus Stand .While the TDS levels in these
samples are above the safe limit, making them unsuitable for drinking.

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

TDS
NaCl
 Based on the water quality index, the NaCl (sodium chloride) levels in drinking water should not
exceed 1,000 mg/L. In all the water samples collected from various locations, the NaCl levels were
found to be below 1,000 mg/L, which indicates that the water is safe for drinking in terms of
sodium chloride [Link] the NaCl levels in the samples are within the safe range, the water
from these locations is considered safe for drinking based on NaCl content.

NaCl
1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

NaCl
 Chloride Ion

 Based on the water quality index, the chloride (Cl-) levels in drinking water should not
exceed 250 mg/L. In all the water samples collected from various locations, the chloride
levels were found to be below 250 mg/L, which indicates that the water is safe for drinking
with respect to chloride [Link] the chloride levels in the samples are within the safe
range, the water from these locations is considered safe for drinking based on chloride
content.

Chloride Ion(Mg/L)
250

200

150

100

50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Cl-(Mg/L)
 Total Hardness

 Based on the water quality index, the Total Hardness (TH) in drinking water should not exceed 200
mg/L. However, some water samples from various locations have TH levels higher than 200 mg/L,
making the water unsafe for drinking.

 The affected locations include:

 Pothia ,SPNREC (Front) ,HP Petrol Pump, Renu Dwar, Hospital Road, Forbesganj ,Patel Chowk,
Forbesganj, Morballa ,BhadrashwarThese samples are considered unsafe for drinking due to the
elevated Total Hardness levels
Total Hardness (mg/L)
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Total Hardness (mg/L)

 .Calcium Hardness

 Based on the water quality index, the calcium (Ca) levels in drinking water should not exceed 75
mg/L. However, several water samples from various locations have calcium levels higher than
75 mg/L, making the water unsafe for drinking.

 The affected locations include: H School Bara

 Subhankar Pur (RT Mohan Road) ,Doria Sonapur, SPNREC Araria, Mehta Chowk Rampur
,Mithila Public School, Forbesganj , Ghoraghat ,Sahbajpur, Madhulata Village, Bhattabari, P
School Chhpurchhpuria, Lakshmipur, Halhalia, Aurahi West (Haldia) ,Aurahi East, Mandir
Pachchiari Jhiruwa, Bhagkohaliya, Baliyadih, UHS Chaura Parwaha, Tower Chowk Manikpur,
Haria, M S Raghopur, Pothia, Amhara Village, SPNREC (Front) ,HP Petrol Pump ,Renu Dwar,
Hospital Road, Forbesganj, Patel Chowk, Forbesganj ,Morballa , Bhadrashwar .These samples
are considered unsafe for drinking due to the elevated calcium levels.

 Ca2+ (mg/L)
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40
Magnesium hardness

 Based on the Water Quality Index, the magnesium hardness should not exceed 30.
However, only a few samples have a magnesium hardness of less than 30, which is
considered safe. The safe locations are: Purwari Jhirwa,H school Bara,Subhankar Pur( RT
Mohan Road),Doria SonaPur,SPNREC Araria,Mithila Public School forbishganj,Baba
chowk Bishanpur,Tharia Bakiya (Doria Matiyari),Madhulata
Village,Halhalia,Bhagkohaliya,Baliyadih,UHS Chaura Parwaha,H School
Simraha,Haria,M S Raghopur,Dhamia , Haldia,Haldia Ward N0-11,SPNREC. All other
samples are unsafe in terms of magnesium hardness.

Mg2+ (Mg/L)
250

200

150

100

50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Mg2+
.Phenolphthalein alkalinity

 According to the Water Quality Index, phenolphthalein alkalinity should not exceed 200.
The phenolphthalein alkalinity in the samples from all our locations is below 200, which
indicates that the water is safe according to WQI on the basis of Phenolphthalein alkalinity

Phenolpthatein Alkalinity ( as CaCo3) in mg/L

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Phenolpthatein Alkalinity
HCO3-

 According to the Water Quality Index, the concentration of HCO3- (bicarbonate) should not exceed
300. However, some samples have HCO3- levels higher than 300, making them unsafe based on WQI
standards. These locations include: Bhagkohaliya,UHS Chaura Parwaha,Haria,Amhara
Village,SPNREC ( Front ),HP Petrol Pump,Renu dwar,Hospital Road
Forbishganj,Morballa,Bhadrashwar ,Araria Bus stand . These samples are not safe according to WQI
standards on the basis of HCO3-.

HCO3-
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
S10

S14
S15

S19
S20

S24
S25

S29
S30

S34
S35

S39
S40
S11
S12
S13

S16
S17
S18

S21
S22
S23

S26
S27
S28

S31
S32
S33

S36
S37
S38
S5
S1
S2
S3
S4

S6
S7
S8
S9

HCO3-
 Total Alkalinity

 According to the Water Quality Index, total alkalinity should not exceed 30. However,
some samples have total alkalinity levels higher than 30, which makes them unsafe based
on WQI standards. These samples are from the following locations: SPNREC
Araria,Mithila Public School forbesganj,Baba chowk Bishanpur,Tharia Bakiya (Doria
Matiyari),Bhattabari, Halhalia, Aurahi west(Haldia),Mandir Pachchiari jhiruwa ,
Bhagkohaliya,UHS Chaura Parwaha,Towar Chowck Manikpur,Haria,Pothia ,Amhara
Village, SPNREC ( Front ),HP Petrol Pump,Renu dwar,Hospital Road forbesganj ,Patel
Chowk forbesganj,Morballa,Bhadrashwar ,Araria Bus stand. These samples are not safe
according to WQI standards on the basis of total alkalinity.

Total Alkalinity (as CaCo3) in Mg/L

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Total Alkalinity
Fluoride ion

 According to the Water Quality Index, fluoride ion should not exceed 1. The Fluride ion in
the samples from all our locations is below 1, which indicates that the water is safe
according to WQI on the basis of fluoride ion.

 Fluoride Ion
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40
 Co3^2-
250

200

150

100

50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40
Co3^2-

ORP

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

ORP
 1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

OH-

Dissolved Oxygen(mg/L)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

DO(mg/L)
Electro Conductivity

Electo Conductivity (EC)

12

10

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Electo Conductivity (EC)

Resistivity
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Resistivity
 Water Quality Index (WQI)
 We have calculated the Water Quality Index on the basis of parameters like pH, EC, TDS, Nacl, Chloride
ion, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, P-Alkalinity, MO-Alkalinity, Bicarbonate
ion, Fluoride ion.

 Good Water Quality (9 locations):-

Purwari Jhirwa ,Madraganj Masgid ,H School Bara ,Subhankar Pur (RT Mohan Road) ,Doria SonaPur
,SPNREC Araria ,Mehta Chowk Rampur ,Mithila Public School Forbishganj ,P School BishanpurModerate

 Moderate Water Quality (14 locations)

,Baba Chowk Bishanpur ,Ghoraghat ,Sahbajpur ,Tharia Bakiya (Doria Matiyari) ,Madhulata Village
,Bhattabari P School Chhpurchhpuria ,Lakshmipur , Halhalia, Aurahi West (Haldia), Aurahi East ,Mandir
Pachchiari Jhiruwa, Bhagkohaliya ,Baliyadih ,

 Poor Water Quality (7 locations):-

UHS Chaura Parwaha, Towar Chowck Manikpur ,H School Simraha ,Haria ,M S Raghopur ,Dhamia-Haldia
,Haldia Ward No-11,
 Very Poor Water Quality (10 locations):-
Amhara Village ,SPNREC (Front) ,HP Petrol Pump ,Renu Dwar, Hospital Road Forbishganj ,Patel
Chowk Forbishganj, Morballa, Bhadrashwar, Araria Bus Stand
This categorization helps in understanding which areas have better water quality and which areas need
urgent attention and improvement in their water quality management

Water Quality Index (WQI)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

WQI
. Conclusion
 The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment across various locations provides a clear picture of the drinking
water quality in the studied areas. By analyzing parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), NaCl, chloride ions, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity,
bicarbonate ions, and fluoride, we have categorized water quality into four distinct groups: Good, Moderate,
Poor, and Very Poor.

 Good Water Quality was identified in nine locations, including Purwari Jhirwa and Mithila Public School,
Forbesganj, indicating that these areas have water that is safe for consumption with minimal treatment.

 Moderate Water Quality was found in fourteen locations, such as Baba Chowk Bishanpur and Madhulata
Village. While the water in these areas may have some elevated parameters, it is generally safe but requires
occasional monitoring and minor treatment to ensure continued safety.

 Poor Water Quality in seven locations, including UHS Chaura Parwaha and Haria, indicates significant
contamination that makes the water unsuitable for drinking without treatment. These areas require focused
interventions to improve water quality.

 Very Poor Water Quality in ten locations, including Amhara Village and Hospital Road, Forbesganj, highlights
critical levels of contamination that pose serious health risks. Immediate action is needed in these areas to
address the severe water quality issues and provide safe drinking water to the local population.

 Overall, this categorization underscores the need for targeted water quality management efforts, prioritizing the
most affected areas to ensure the safety and well-being of the communities involved.
 Sample

Good 22.5% Moderaste 35% Poor17.5% Very Poor 25%

 Reference
1. BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) 10500, Indian Standard Drinking water specification,
First revision, 1991.
2. WHO (World Health Organisation) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd Ed.,1993,
Vol 1 An Integrated Approach of Hydrogeochemisrty , Statistical Analysis, and Drinking
Water Quality Index for Groundwater Assessment, Zahra Jamshidhadeh
3. Hydrogeochemical investigation of groundwater quality in the hard rock terrain of
South India using Geographic Information System (GIS) and groundwater quality index
(GWQI) techniques, Narsimha Adimalla, Ajay Kumar Taloor
4. Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Central
Telangana, India, Narsimha Adimalla, Ratnakar Dhakate, Anusree Kasarla, Ajay Kumar
Taloor
5. Assessment of groundwater quality status by using water quality index (WQI) and
geographic information system (GIS) approaches: a case study of the Bokaro district,
India, Poornima Verma,Prasoon Kumar Singh,Ritu Ranjan Sinha, Ashwani Kumar Tiwari
6. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework,
Arjun Ram, S. K Tiwari, H. K Pandey, Abhishek Kumar Chaurasia, Supriya Singh, T. V Singh
7. BIS 10500:2012, Indian Standard for drinking water-specification IS 10500:2012,
[Link] retrieved on 11 November 2021.