410-T.
Dosage Form Science
EXTRACTS
Lecture By
Prof. Dr. Amber Nawab
Chairperson(Pharmaceutics)
Faculty of Pharmacy
Jinnah University for Women.
Goals and learning Objective:
To learn about the extracts as galenical solid dosage
form.
To describe the methods of preparations.
To discuss the types of extracts with examples.
To explained the storage and packaging of extracts.
EXTRACTS
Are concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal
drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents
of the respective drugs with suitable menstruum,
evaporation of all or nearly all the solvents, and
adjustment of the residual masses or powders to the
prescribed standards.
6-8% more strong extract by weight (due to
evaporation of menstrum) gets to be more
concentrated.
Methods of Preparation:
Maceration
Percolation
Infusion
Decoction
Digestion
Prepared by percolation or other extraction methods
then evaporate the solvent either by distillation under
pressure and using reduced heat.
Methods Continue..
Infusion : Fresh infusions are prepared by
macerating the crude drug for a short period of
time with cold or boiling water. These are dilute
solutions of the readily soluble constituents of
crude drugs.
Decoction : In this process, the crude drug is
boiled in a specified volume of water for a
defined time; it is then cooled and strained or
filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting
water-soluble, heat stable constituents.
• Maceration:
• Percolation:
Percolation:
DIGESTION:
This process is a modified form of maceration where the drug is
extracted by heating at a particular pressure. This will increase the
penetration power of the menstruum, so that there is complete
extraction of the drug.
Apparatus:
The apparatus is known as ‘Digestor’ is a vessel made up of metal.
The whole of the drug is placed in the body of the digestor; placed
the cover over it and bolted it with the help of nuts.
The drug is treated with menstruum for a definite period under
specified condition of temperature and pressure.
Types of Extract:
3 Forms of Extract (depending upon the extent of
the removal of solvent).
1. Semi liquid extracts: are those of a syrupy
consistency.
2. Pilular: or solid extracts of a plastic consistency.
In pilular the concentration of menstrum is more
reduce than semi liquid .
3. Powdered extracts: prepared to be dry by the
removal of all the solvent. Brought to complete
evaporation of menstrum for dryness.
Packaging and Storage of Extracts:
Must be packaged in wide mouth containers or
plastic tubes and closely tight to prevent loss of
moisture which would result in its becoming hard
and unstable for use.
Examples:
Belladonna Extract NF(Pilular and powder forms) use as
an anti cholinergic.
Cascara Sagrada Extract NF (Powder Form) use as an anti
cholinergic and cathartic.
Pure Glycyrrhiza Extract (Pilular ) use as a cathartic.
RESIN:
Resins are solid preparation prepared by
extracting vegetable drug containing resins and
resinous substances.
Preparation Method: Percolation is widely
used.
For example; Ipecauac resin
Resins are insoluble in water so simply
percolate with alcohol as menstrum then add
water to produce precipitates which filter out
and brought to dryness as prescribed standard.
Natural resin:
Resin are solid or semi solid exudates of plants or
from insects that feed on the plant. Chemically
they are oxidized terpenes of volatile oil of plant.
For example; Rosin use as an adhesive.
References:
PharmaceuticalPreparation by Gupta.
Ansel’s: Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms & Drug
Delivery Systems (8th Ed): by Howard C.
American Pharmacy.
Mehta R.M. 2010, Introduction to Pharmaceutics,
5th edition Published by Vallabh Prakashan,
p.p150-167