THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DIGESTION &

NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

• INGESTION
• PERISTALSIS
• SECRETION
• DIGESTION
• ABSORPTION
• DEFECATION
Organs of
the
Digestive
System

Figure 14.1
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Pharynx and Esophshus Anatomy
Esophageal Problem
• Achalasia (lower part of the esophagus fails to relax)

7
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
 Common Stomach Problems

• GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease: simply known as

heartburn
• Treatment: weight loss, small frequent meal, remain upright after eating
• Alcohol, caffeine, smoking, salt intake

15
Common Stomach Problems
• Dyspepsia: indigestion (reflex disorder)

16
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Small Intestine Anatomy
Wall of the Small Intestine

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Small Intestine Anatomy
Small Intestine Anatomy
Common Problems of the Small Intestine

• Steatorrhea
• Caused by disease of intestinal mucosa or pancreatic enzyme
deficiency
• Treatment: use of MCT (portagen and oil)

22
Large Intestine
Common Problem of Large Intestine
• Irritable bowel syndrome (spastic colitis)

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Accessory Digestive Organs
▪ Teeth
▪ Salivary glands
▪ Pancreas
▪ Liver
▪ Gallbladder

Cummings
Pancreas
Pancreatic Problems

• Pancreatitis - when the enzymes damage the pancreas, which causes

inflammation.
• It can be acute or chronic

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 72
 Liver Problems
• Hepatic steatosis is a condition where excess fat builds up in the liver
• The main subtypes:
• metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly
"non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)
• alcoholic liver disease (ALD), with the category "metabolic and alcohol
associated liver disease"

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Functions of the Digestive System
The Stages of Swallowing

Figure 4-6 The stages of swallowing as they relate to appropriate food pathways.

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Deglutition (Swallowing)
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Functions of the Digestive System
Segmentation
Peristalsis in the Digestive Tract 75
Propulsion in the Stomach
Regulation of Pancreatic Juice Secretion
Functions of the Digestive System

Figure 14.13 (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
Functions of the Digestive System

Figure 14.13 (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
Functions of the Digestive System

Figure 14.13 (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
Hormones and Hormonelike Products
that Act in Digestion
Hormones and Hormonelike Products
that Act in Digestion
Others:

• Bile
• Insulin&Glucagon
• Epinephrine
• Cortisol
• Thyroxine
• Growth hormone
• Leptin
❖FOOD is an organic substance.
❖The food or nutrient is a substance, which an organism
uses as an energy source & provides raw material for the
biosynthesis of body constituents.

❖The intake of food together with utilization is called

NUTRITION.
❖Nutrition can also be defined as the process of intake of
food, its digestion, absorption and distribution in different
parts in plant & animal.
❖A nutrient is an organic or inorganic substance required for
the maintenance of life and survival of a living organism.

[Link]
CATEGORIES OF NUTRIENTS
 MACRONUTRIENTS
- needed in large quantities ( CHO, lipids, proteins )
- used for energy production or as sources for the “building blocks”
of life

 MICRONUTRIENTS
-needed in small quantities
( organic vitamins & inorganic minerals )
– used in enzymatic reactions or as part of certain proteins)
Nutrition
▪ Nutrient—substance used by the body for growth,
maintenance, and repair
▪ Major nutrients
▪ Carbohydrates
▪ Lipids
▪ Proteins
▪ Water
▪ Minor nutrients
▪ Vitamins
▪ Minerals
Five Basic Food Groups and
Some of Their Major Nutrients
Five Basic Food Groups and
Some of Their Major Nutrients
USDA Food Guide Pyramid
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
Chemical energy (high-energy electrons)
Mitochondrion
CO2
CO2 Chemical energy

Glycolysis Electron transport

Krebs chain and oxidative
Pyruvic cycle phosphorylation
Glucose acid

Cytosol H2O
of cell Mitochondrial
cristae

Via oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP ATP
ATP

Figure 14.19
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
Metabolic Pathways

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Metabolic Pathways Involved in
Cellular Respiration
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
ATP Formation
Fat Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Metabolic Functions of the Liver
Factors Determining BMR