 S = {FT, FW, FO, IT, IW, IO, VT, VW, VO,

ET, EW, EO}

n( S ) = 12

(page 6.4 )
(page 6.5 )
Find the sample space S and the corresponding size There are 5 cards marked with the letters C, H, I, N and
n(S) for each of the following activities. A individually. Two cards are drawn at random one by
(a) Choose a number at random from all 3-digit one. Find the sample space S and the corresponding
numbers and record the units digit of the number. size n(S) for each of the following conditions.
(b) There are 3 black balls and 2 red balls in a bag. (a) The first card drawn is replaced.
A ball is drawn at random from the bag and its (b) The first card drawn is not replaced.
colour is recorded.
(c) A letter is chosen at random from each of the English
words ‘FIVE’ and ‘TWO’, the letters chosen are
recorded together. (a)  The first card drawn is replaced.
II
I C H I N A
C CC CH CI CN CA
H HC HH HI HN HA
(a) S = {0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7 , 8, 9}
I IC IH II IN IA
n( S ) = 10 N NC NH NI NN NA
A AC AH AI AN AA
(b) Let B1 , B 2 , B3 be the three black balls, R 1 , R 2
 S = {CC, CH, CI, CN, CA, HC, HH, HI, HN,
be the two red balls.
S = {B1 , B2 , B3 , R1 , R 2 } HA, IC, IH, II, IN, IA, NC, NH, NI, NN,
NA, AC, AH, AI, AN, AA}
n( S ) = 5
n( S ) = 25
(c)  The sample space of choosing a letter at
random from ‘FIVE’ = {F , I , V, E} (b)  The first card drawn is not replaced.
The sample space of choosing a letter at  CC, HH, II, NN, AA are impossible to happen.
random from ‘TWO’ = {T, W, O} II
C H I N A
I
T W O C CH CI CN CA

F FT FW FO H HC HI HN HA

I IT IW IO I IC IH IN IA

V VT VW VO N NC NH NI NA

E ET EW EO A AC AH AI AN

T.1
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
  S = {CH, CI, CN, CA, HC, HI, HN, HA, IC, (f) E = D
IH, IN, IA, NC, NH, NI, NA, AC, AH, = {30 , 31, 32 , 33, 34 , 35, 36}

AI, AN} n( E ) = 7

n( S ) = 20

(page 6.9 )

(page 6.7 ) There are 15 chips numbered from 5 to 19 in a bag. A

chip is drawn at random from the bag. Let A be the
There are 12 cards numbered from 30 to 41 in a box. If
event that the number is a prime number, B be the
a card is drawn at random, express each of the following
event that the number is larger than 10.
events as a set and find the corresponding size.
(a) Express A and B as a set each.
(a) A, where A is the event that the number is a multiple
of 5 (b) Express A  B and A  B as a set each.

(b) B, where B is the event that the number is a multiple

of 3
(c) C, where C is the event that the number is a prime
(a) A = {5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
number
(d) D, where D is the event that the number is larger B = {11, 12 , 13, 14 , 15, 16 , 17, 18, 19}
than 36
(e) B (b) A  B = {5 , 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
 {11, 12 , 13, 14 , 15, 16 , 17, 18 , 19}
(f) E, where E is the event that the number is not
= {11, 13, 17, 19}
larger than 36
A  B = {5 , 7 , 11, 13, 17 , 19}
 {11, 12 , 13, 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19}
= {5 , 7 , 11, 12 , 13, 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19}
(a) A = {30 , 35, 40}
n( A) = 3

(b) B = {30 , 33, 36 , 39} (page 6.10 )

n( B ) = 4 There are 4 cards marked as ‘H’, ‘O’, ‘U’ and ‘R’ each.
2 cards are drawn from the 4 cards without replacement.
(c) C = {31, 37, 41} (a) Find the sample space S and the corresponding
n(C ) = 3 size n(S).
(b) Express each of the following events as a set and
(d) D = {37, 38, 39, 40, 41} find the corresponding size.
(i) A, where A is the event that the letter on the
n( D ) = 5 first card is a vowel
(ii) B, where B is the event that the letter on the
(e)  S = {30 , 31, 32 , 33, 34 , 35, 36 , 37, 38, second card is a vowel
39 , 40 , 41} (iii) C, where C is the event that the letters on
B = {30 , 33, 36 , 39} both cards are vowels
 B = {31, 32 , 34 , 35, 37, 38, 40 , 41} (iv) A  B
(v) B  C
n( B ) = 8 (vi) B  C

T.2
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 II (a) The event that three tosses are heads = A  B  C
(a) I H O U R
H HO HU HR
(b) The event that only the first toss is a head
O OH OU OR
= A B C
U UH UO UR
R RH RO RU
(c) The event that only the first two tosses are heads
S = {HO, HU, HR, OH, OU, OR, UH, UO, = A B

UR, RH, RO, RU} Alternative method:

The event that only the first two tosses are heads
n( S ) = 12
= (The first two tosses are heads and the third
toss is a head) or (the first two tosses are
(b) (i) A = {OH, OU, OR, UH, UO, UR} heads and the third toss is a tail)
n( A) = 6 = ( A  B  C)  ( A  B  C )

(ii) B = {HO, HU, OU, UO, RO, RU} (d) The event that only two heads are obtained
n( B ) = 6 = (The first toss is a head and the second toss is a
head and the third toss is a tail) or (the first
(iii) C = {OU, UO} toss is a head and the second toss is a tail and
the third toss is a head) or (the first toss is a
n(C ) = 2 tail and the second toss is a head and the third
toss is a head)
(iv) A  B = {OU, UO} = ( A  B  C )  ( A  B  C)  ( A  B  C)
n( A  B ) = 2

(v) B  C = {OU, UO}

n( B  C ) = 2
(page 6.16 )
(vi)  B = {H R , OH , OR , U H , U R , R H}
There are four $1 coins, three $2 coins, two $5 coins
 B C =  and five $10 coins in a wallet. If a coin is drawn
from the wallet at random, find the probabilities of
n( B  C ) = 0
the following events happening.
(a) A $1 coin is drawn.
(b) The face value of the coin drawn is less than $5.

(page 6.11 )

A coin is tossed three times. Let A be the event that (a)  n( S ) = 4 + 3 + 2 + 5

the first toss is a head, B be the event that the second
= 14
toss is a head, C be the event that the third toss is a head.
Express the following events in terms of A, B and C. n(A $1 coin is drawn) = 4
n (A $1 coi n is d r a w n)
(a) The three tosses are heads  P(A $1 coin is drawn) =
n( S )
(b) Only the first toss is a head 4
=
(c) The first two tosses are heads 14
2
(d) Only two heads are obtained =
7

T.3
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (b)  n(Face value less than $5) = 4 + 3 (page 6.19 )
=7
There are some pigs in a pig-farm. The pigs are classified
 P(Face value less than $5) = 7 into three types, ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’, according
14
to their weights. A pig is chosen at random and its type
=1 is recorded before releasing it back to the pig-farm.
2
Such process is repeated 480 times and the records are
as follows.

Type of pig Small Medium Large

Frequency 224 168 88

(page 6.17 )
Find the experimental probabilities of the following
There are 7 white balls, 4 black balls and 11 yellow events happening.
balls in a bag. If a ball is drawn at random from the bag, (a) A large pig is chosen.
find the probabilities of the following events happening.
(b) A medium or large pig is chosen.
(a) A black ball is drawn. (c) The pig chosen is not a small pig.
(b) A black or white ball is drawn.
(c) The ball drawn is not white.

(a) P(A large pig is chosen) = 88

480
11
Let B be the event that a black ball is drawn, =
60
W be the event that a white ball is drawn.
(b)  Frequency of a medium pig or large pig
(a)  n( S ) = 7 + 4 + 11
= Frequency of a medium pig + Frequency of
= 22
a large pig
n( B ) = 4
= 168 + 88
 P( B) =
n( B ) = 256
n( S )
 P(A medium or large pig is chosen) = 256
4 480
= 8
22 =
2 15
=
11
(c) P(The pig chosen is not small)
(b)  n( B W ) = 4 + 7 = P(A medium or large pig is chosen)
= 11 = 8
15
n( B  W )
 P( B  W ) =
n( S )
11
=
22
1
=
2 (page 6.27 )

The following table shows the monthly salaries of a

(c)  n(The ball drawn is not white) = n(W )
group of fresh graduates.
= 4 + 11
= 15 Salary ($) Frequency
n(W )
 P(W ) = 6 001 - 8 000 3
n( S ) 8 001 - 10 000 48
15
= 10 001 - 12 000 37
22
12 001 - 14 000 12

T.4
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
If one of these graduates is chosen at random, find the (page 6.28 )
probability that the monthly salary of this graduate is
above $10 000. Two computers are used to generate a number each.
Computer A can generate numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 at
random, while computer B can generate numbers 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 at random. Find the probabilities of
the following events happening.
Total number of graduates = n( S )
= 3 + 48 + 37 + 12 (a) The sum of the numbers obtained is 6.
= 100 (b) The product of the numbers obtained is 6.
P(M o n t h l y s a la r y a b o v e $10 000)
(c) Two odd numbers are obtained.
= P($10 001 - $12 000 o r $12 001 - $14 000)
= P($10 001 - $12 000) + P($12 001 - $14 000) (d) The sum of the numbers obtained is 6 or the
37 12 product of the numbers obtained is 6.
= +
100 100 (e) The sum of the numbers obtained is 6 or two odd
49
= numbers are obtained.
100

B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A

(page 6.27 )
1   
  
2  
In a game, each participant needs to draw a ball 3   
  
with a number on it from a box. It is given that the 4 
probabilities of the number on the ball drawn is
smaller than 10, greater than 50, and between 15 and
5     
5 7 ︰ The sum is 6.
30 are 1 , and respectively. If a ball is drawn ︰ The product is 6.
24 12 18
at random, find the probabilities of the following  ︰ Two odd numbers.

events happening.
(a) Let X be the event of getting a sum of 6,
(a) The number on the ball is smaller than 10 or i.e. X = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}.
greater than 50.
 P( X ) = 5 = 1
(b) The number on the ball is between 15 and 30, or 35 7
greater than 50.
(b) Let Y be the event of getting a product of 6,
i.e. Y = {(1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 2)}.
 P(Y ) = 3
(a) P(Smaller than 10 or greater than 50) 35
= P(Smaller than 10) + P(Greater than 50)
(c) Let Z be the event of getting two odd numbers,
1 5
= + i.e. Z = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (3, 1),
24 12
(3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 1), (5, 3),
11
= (5, 5), (5, 7)}.
24
 P( Z ) = 12
(b) P(Between 15 and 30, or greater than 50) 35
= P(Between 15 and 30) + P(Greater than 50)
(d) P( X  Y ) = P( X ) + P(Y )
= 7 + 5 1 3
18 12 = +
7 35
29
=
36 = 8
35

T.5
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (e) P( X  Z ) = P( X ) + P( Z ) − P( X  Z )
1 12 3
= + − P(Product is smaller than 25)
7 35 35
= 1 − P(Product is greater than or equal 25)
=2
5 = 1 − P({(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)})
4
= 1−
36
8
=
9
(page 6.30 )

There are some white balls, green balls and yellow

balls in a bag. If a ball is drawn at random from the
bag, the probabilities of getting a white ball and a
(page 6.36 )
green ball are 2 and 3 respectively. If a ball is drawn
7 5
A fair dice is tossed once and a letter is chosen from
at random from the bag, find the probabilities of the
the word GOGGLE at random. Find the probability
following events happening.
that the number obtained is smaller than 3 and the
(a) The ball drawn is yellow. letter obtained is G.
(b) The ball drawn is not white.

Let A be the event of obtaining a number smaller than 3,

Let W be the event that a white ball is drawn, B be the event of obtaining a letter G.
G be the event that a green ball is drawn, P( A  B) = P( A)  P( B)
Y be the event that a yellow ball is drawn. 2 3
= 
6 6
(a) P(W ) + P(G ) + P(Y ) = 1 =
1
2 3 6
+ + P(Y ) = 1
7 5
P(Y ) = 4
35

(page 6.37)
(b) P (W ) = 1 − P (W )
2 The probabilities for Annie and Jackie to pass a test are
=1− 9 and 2 respectively. It is given that their test results
7
5 10 3
= are independent. Find the probabilities of the following
7
events happening.
Alternative method: (a) Both of them pass the test.
P(W ) = P(Y  G ) (b) Both of them do not pass the test.
= P(Y ) + P(G ) (c) Only one of them passes the test.
4 3
= +
35 5
=5
7
Let A be the event that Annie passes the test,
B be the event that Jackie passes the test.

(a) P( A  B) = P( A)  P( B)
9 2
(page 6.31 ) = 
10 3
Two fair dice are thrown once. Find the probability that 3
=
the product of the numbers obtained is smaller than 25. 5

T.6
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (b) P(Three T-shirts drawn are not black)
(b) P( A ) = 1 − 9 = 1
10 10 = P( B1  B2  B3 )
P( B ) = 1 −
2 1
= = [1 − P( B1 )]  [1 − P( B2 )]  [1 − P( B3 )]
3 3 2 2 2
= (1 − )  (1 − )  (1 − )
P( A  B ) = P( A )  P( B ) 8 8 8
27
=
= 1 1 64
10 3
= 1
30 (c) P(Only two black T-shirts are drawn)
= P(( B1  B2  B3 )  ( B1  B2  B3 )
(c) P(( A  B )  ( A  B)) = P( A  B ) + P( A  B)  ( B1  B2  B3 ))
= P( A)  P( B ) + P( A )  P( B) = P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 ) + P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 )
9 1 1 2
=  +  + P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 )
10 3 10 3
11 = 113+ 131 + 311
= 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
30 9
=
64

(d) P(At least one T-shirt drawn is black)

(page 6.38 ) = P(Only one black T-shirt is drawn)
+ P(Only two black T-shirts are drawn)
There are 1 white T-shirt, 5 green T-shirts and 2 black + P(Three black T-shirts are drawn)
T-shirts in a drawer. Three T-shirts are drawn randomly = P(( B1  B2  B3 )  ( B1  B2  B3 )
one by one with replacement. Find the probabilities 9 1
of the following events happening.  ( B1  B2  B3 )) + +
64 64
(a) Three black T-shirts are drawn. = P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 ) + P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 )
9 1
(b) Three T-shirts drawn are not black. + P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 ) + +
64 64
(c) Only two black T-shirts are drawn. 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 9 1
=   +   +   + +
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 64 64
(d) At least one T-shirt drawn is black.
27 9 1
= + +
(e) The T-shirts drawn are of the same colour. 64 64 64
37
=
64

Alternative method:
Let Wi be the event that a white T-shirt is drawn in P(At least one T-shirt drawn is black)
the ith draw,
= 1 − P( B1  B2  B3 )
Gi be the event that a green T-shirt is drawn in 27
=1−
the ith draw, 64
37
Bi be the event that a black T-shirt is drawn in =
64
the ith draw,
where i = 1, 2, 3.
(e) P(The T-shirts drawn are of the same colour)
(a) P(Three black T-shirts are drawn) = P((W1  W2  W3 )  (G1  G2  G3 )
= P( B1  B2  B3 )  ( B1  B2  B3 ))
= P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 ) = P(W1 )  P(W2 )  P(W3 ) + P(G1 )  P(G2 )  P(G3 )
+ P( B1 )  P( B2 )  P( B3 )
2 2 2
=   1 1 1 5 5 5 1
8 8 8 =   +   +
8 8 8 8 8 8 64
1
= =
67
64 256

T.7
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (page 6.40 )
P(Esther wins the prize)
A test is performed for a kind of product before
= P(The first player cannot win the prize and Esther
launching the product. The test consists of two parts,
wins the prize)
A and B. A product is said to be passed for the test if
it passes both parts of the test. It is given that the = P(The first player cannot win the prize)
probabilities for a product to pass part A and part B  P(Esther wins the prize | The first player cannot
win the prize)
are 0.95 and 0.88 respectively.
7 1
(a) Find the probability for a product to pass the = 
8 7
test. 1
=
(b) Among three products, find the probability that 8
at least one of them does not pass the test. (Give
your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

(page 6.47 )
(a) P(Pass the test)
= P(Pass in part A)  P(Pass in part B) There are 12 students, 5 of them are boys and 7 of
= 0.95  0.88 them are girls. Two students are selected together at
random. Find the probabilities of the following
= 0.836 events happening.
(a) Both students selected are girls.
(b) Let X be the event that the first product passes
the test, (b) One boy and one girl are selected.

Y be the event that the second product passes

the test,
Z be the event that the third product passes
the test. Let Bi be the event that the ith student selected is a boy,
Gi be the event that the ith student selected is a girl,
P(At least one of the products does not pass the
test) where i = 1, 2.
= 1 − P(All three products pass the test) First student Second student
= 1 − P( X  Y  Z ) 4
= 1 − P( X )  P(Y )  P( Z ) 11 B2
5 B1
= 1 − 0.836  0.836  0.836 12 7 G2
= 0.416 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.) 11
5
7 11 B2
12 G1
6 G2
(page 6.46 ) 11

In a lucky draw, each player has one chance of (a) P(Both students selected are girls)
drawing an envelope from a box at random without = P(G1  G2 )
replacement. The player who draws the envelope = P(G1 )  P(G2 | G1 )
printed with $ will have a prize of $10 000. There are
7 6
8 envelopes in the box, where 1 of them is printed = 
12 11
with $. Esther will draw at the second turn, find the
probability that she wins the prize. = 7
22

T.8
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
(b) P(One boy and one girl are selected) P(T ) = P(( X  T )  (Y  T )  ( Z  T ))
= P(( B1  G2 )  (G1  B2 )) = P( X  T ) + P(Y  T ) + P( Z  T )
= P( B1  G2 ) + P(G1  B2 ) = P( X )  P(T | X ) + P(Y )  P(T | Y ) + P( Z )  P(T | Z )
1 2 1 3 5 17
=
5 7 7 5
 +  =  +  + 
12 11 12 11 4 5 3 4 12 20
169
35 =
= 240
66

Alternative method:
P(One boy and one girl are selected)
= 1 − P(( B1  B2 )  (G1  G2 ))
5 4 7 6 (page 6.49 )
= 1− (  +  )
12 11 12 11 It is found that in a set of 2 free throws of a basketball
= 35 player, the performance in the second shot is affected
66
by the first shot. The probability for him to have the
first successful free throw is 0.86, while the probability
for him to have both successful free throws is 0.52.
Find the probability for him to have the second
successful free throw, given that he has the first
(page 6.48 ) successful free throw.

The probabilities for Yuki to go shopping at supermarkets

A, B and C are 1 , 1 and 5 respectively. After shopping,
4 3 12
Let A be the event that the player has the first
the probabilities for Yuki to go home by taxi
successful free throw,
from supermarkets A, B and C are ,
3 1 and 3
5 4 20 B be the event that the player has the second
successful free throw.
respectively. Find the probability that she does not
go home by taxi after shopping at a supermarket.  P( A) = 0.86
P( A  B) = 0.52
P( A  B)
 P( B | A) =
P( A)
Let X, Y and Z be the events that Yuki goes shopping 0.52
=
at supermarkets A, B and C respectively, T be the 0.86
event that Yuki goes home by taxi, then T is the = 26
43
event that Yuki does not go home by taxi.

3
5 T (X  T )
X
1 2 T (X  T )
4 5 (page 6.50 )
1
1
4 T (Y  T ) There are some white balls and black balls in three
3
Y boxes A, B and C as shown below:
3 T (Y  T )
4 Box A Box B Box C
5 3 Number of black balls 10 15 6
12 20 T (Z  T ) Number of white balls 20 5 4
Z
17 T (Z  T )
20 Now all the balls are put into a big box and a ball is
drawn at random from this box, find the probabilities
of the following events happening.

T.9
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (a) (i) A black ball is drawn. Alternative method:
(ii) A ball from box A is drawn. Among the 31 black balls, 10 of them come from
(iii) A black ball from box A is drawn. box A.
(b) A black ball is drawn, given that the ball come s  P( X | K ) = 10
31
from box A.
(c) A ball from box A is drawn, given that the ball is
black.
(page 6.50 )

Two fair dice are tossed. Given that the product of

the numbers obtained is an even number, find the
Let K be the event that a black ball is drawn,
probabilities of the following events happening.
X be the event that a ball from box A is drawn.
(a) At least one 4 is obtained.
Total number of balls = 10 + 15 + 6 + 20 + 5 + 4 (b) Exactly one odd number is obtained.
= 60

(a) (i) P(A black ball is drawn) = P( K )

10 + 15 + 6
= Let A be the event that the product of the numbers
60
31 obtained is an even number,
=
60 B be the event that at least one 4 is obtained.

(a) P(A) = 1 − P(The product is an odd number)

(ii) P(A ball from box A is drawn) = P( X )
= 1 − P(Two numbers obtained are odd numbers)
10 + 20
=
60 =1− 3  3
1 6 6
= 3
2 =
4
(iii) P(A black ball from box A is drawn) = P( K  X )  There are totally 6  6 = 36 possible outcomes
10 for tossing two fair dice. For A and B to
= happen simultaneously, there are 11 possible
60
1 outcomes, i.e.(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2),
= (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4) and (6, 4).
6
11
 P( A  B) =
1
(b) P( K | X ) = 6
1
36
11
2
P( A  B)
1 Probability required = P( B | A) = = 36
= 11
= P( A) 3
4
27
3

Alternative method: (b) Let C be the event that exactly one odd number
Among the 30 balls in box A, 10 of them are is obtained.
black balls.  There are totally 6  6 = 36 possible outcomes
 P( K | X ) = 10 for tossing two fair dice. For A and C to
30 happen simultaneously, there are 18 possible
1
= outcomes, i.e.(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1),
3 (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1),
(4, 3), (4, 5), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1),
1 (6, 3) and (6, 5).
(c) P( X | K ) = 6
31
60  P( A  C ) = 18
36
= 10
31 =1
2

T.10
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 1
P( A  C ) 2 (page 6.56 )
Probability required = P(C | A) = = 2
3
=
P( A) 3
4
There are 36 students in S5A, where 10 of them have
obtained grade A in the Mathematics examination.
Now five students are randomly selected, find the
probabilities of the following events happening.
(page 6.55 )
(a) All selected students have obtained grade A.
There are 30 students in S5A, 28 students in S5B and (b) All selected students have not obtained grade A.
24 students in S5C. If two students are selected
randomly, find the probabilities of the following (c) At least one of the selected students has obtained
events happening. grade A.
(a) Two students from the same class are selected. (d) Exactly three of the selected students have obtained
(b) Two students from different classes are selected. grade A.

(a) Number of combinations of selecting two students (a) P(All selected students have obtained grade A)
from the same class
C510
= C230 + C228 + C224 =
C536
= 435 + 378 + 276
1
= 1 089 =
1 496
Number of combinations of selecting two students
= C282 (b) P(All selected students have not obtained grade A)
= 3 321 C526
=
 P(Two students from the same class are selected) C536
1 495
= 1 089 =
3 321 8 568
121
=
369 (c) P(At least one of the selected students has
obtained grade A)
(b) P(Two students from different classes are selected) = 1 − P(All selected students have not obtained
= 1 − P(Two students from the same class are selected) grade A)

= 1 − 121 = 1 − 1 495
369 8 568
248 7 073
= =
369 8 568

Alternative method:
(d) P(Exactly three of the selected students have
P(Two students from different classes are selected) obtained grade A)
C130 C128 + C130 C124 + C128 C124 C310  C226
= =
C282 C536
30  28 + 30  24 + 28  24
= =
1 625
3 321 15 708
248
=
369

T.11
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (page 6.57 )

There are 9 digital cameras, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I.

(a) If these 9 digital cameras are arranged in a row,
how many permutations are there?
(b) If these 9 digital cameras are randomly arranged
in a row, find the probability that D, E, F and G
are placed next to each other.

(a) Number of permutations to arrange 9 digital

cameras in a row
= 9!
= 362 880

(b) P(D, E, F and G are placed next to each other)

6!  4!
=
9!
= 1
21

T.12
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.