International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology A A

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Citation: Int. J. Food Ferment. Technol., 13(01): 69-86, June 2023 E B ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

DOI: 10.30954/2277-9396.01.2023.7

Review paper

Development of Novel Biofertilizer by Combining the Banana

Waste and Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Agriculture
Sonam Mishra1, Shiwangi Kesharwani1, Mahesh Chivate1, Anil Kumar Chauhan2
and Vishal Mishra1*
School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
1

Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
2

*Corresponding author: [Link]@[Link]

Paper No.: 278 Received: 19-03-2023 Revised: 25-05-2023 Accepted: 07-06-2023

Abstract
This review article discusses the technologies for mass producing cyanobacterial biofertilizers as well as their applications
in industrial and agricultural contexts. The agriculture sector is always looking for novel approaches to boost crop yields
without sacrificing environmental sustainability. In this review paper, it is suggested that banana trash and cyanobacteria
that have been isolated from banana plantations be combined to create a unique biofertilizer. This review paper’s objective
is to use agricultural waste and naturally occurring microorganisms to create a sustainable alternative for crop fertilisation.
Banana waste, which is plentiful in banana-growing areas, a supply of nutrients that the cyanobacteria can use, which
will then give the soil nitrogen fixation and other advantageous qualities. The soil from a banana plantation will be used
to separate the cyanobacteria, which will then be examined for their capacity to stimulate plant development. A suitable
substrate for the cyanobacteria to grow and reproduce will be created from the processing of the banana trash. The efficacy
of the resultant biofertilizer in enhancing plant development and yield will be evaluated on a range of crops. The goal of
the study is to show how this strategy might support sustainable agricultural practises while also offering an economically
viable method for handling banana trash. Overall, this work gives a viable plan for creating a unique biofertilizer that may
completely transform the agricultural sector.
Keywords: Cyanobacterial biofertilizers, Banana waste, crop, yields

Modern agricultural crops heavily rely on chemical- The research accomplishments on cyanobacteria
based fertilizers to increase crop productivity, but and banana peel-based biofertilizer for agricultural
excessive use of these fertilizers can now seriously applications are the main topic of this review study.
harm human health and have a bad influence on Biofertilizers are the living microorganisms that
the environment. Therefore, research on fertilizer enrich the soil and enhance plant growth by fixing
is focused on developing more environmentally atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing soil minerals,
friendly agricultural practices that take advantage and producing phytohormones. Micro and macro
of microbes like cyanobacteria. These cyanobacteria nutrients are present in biofertilizers. Plant growth
promote agricultural output and soil fertility.
How to cite this article: Mishra, S., Kesharwani, S., Chivate, M.,
Cyanobacteria, tiny algae, rhizobacteria, ecto- and Chauhan, A.K. and Mishra, V. (2023). Development of Novel Biofertilizer
endo-mycorrhizal fungi, and any microbe capable of by Combining the Banana Waste and Cyanobacteria in Sustainable
coexisting with higher plants like banana plantains Agriculture. Int. J. Food Ferment. Technol., 13(01): 69-86.

are all included in the biotechnological toolbox. Source of Support: None; Conflict of Interest: None
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enhancing substances, antibiotics and organic and pesticides. They emphasise how farmers may
matter are present in soil with the help of nitrogen maintain their way of life while adapting to changing
fixation, mineralization of potassium and phosphate climatic conditions by engaging in sustainable
solubilization. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue- farming practises. According to the authors, using
green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that have a biofertilizers has a positive impact on the ecology. The
significant role in maintaining the health of aquatic environmental challenges that traditional chemical
and terrestrial ecosystems. Cyanobacteria are the fertilisers, which can result in pollution and other
primary producers that fix atmospheric nitrogen problems, have are not present with biofertilizers.
and convert it into ammonia, nitrate, and other Farmers may reduce pollution and preserve the
organic forms, which serve as a nutrient source health of their soil by employing biofertilizers rather
for plants. In heavy metal-contaminated effluents, than synthetic fertilisers.
nitrogen is frequently the limiting nutrient for algal
development; as a result, nitrogen fertilizers must (a) Benefits of sustainable farming methods
be supplied externally to support the process, which Sustainable agricultural practises seek to improve
can be expensive. This is crucial given the number social justice and economic viability while reducing
of fertilizers presently needed for food production, the environmental impact of farming. By ensuring that
which could cause synthetic fertilizers to become agricultural practises are ethically and economically
more and more costly if alternative strategies are not sound, this method hopes to protect natural resources
taken to reduce their use. and increase food security. Numerous methods,
such as crop rotation, integrated pest management,
Importance of sustainable agriculture practices and
and conservation tillage, are used to achieve this. By
biofertilizers
reducing soil erosion, saving water, and guarding
Traditional agricultural methods have contributed against pollution, these methods help maintain a
to soil erosion, water pollution, and environmental healthy environment. Farmers may earn from using
damage, making them no longer viable in the long sustainable farming practises when output rises and
run. The authors argue that sustainable agriculture input costs fall. Crop rotation is one strategy that
practices, which focus on minimizing the negative can help improve soil health and eventually boost
impact of agriculture on the environment, are crop production. Additionally, conservation tillage
essential for the future of agriculture. can reduce the need for expensive equipment and
fuel, saving farmers money. Sustainable agricultural
practises may promote social justice by ensuring that
farmers have access to the resources they need to
produce food. Access to markets, to water, and to land
are all included. By bolstering local food systems,
sustainable agriculture practises can contribute to
the establishment of jobs and economic growth in
rural areas. Sustainable agricultural practises can
raise the quality of the food produced by reducing
the use of dangerous chemicals and promoting the
use of natural pesticides and fertilisers. Customers’
Fig. 1 food may become healthier and more nutritional
as a result. By encouraging techniques like crop
The authors point out that using sustainable farming diversification and soil conservation, sustainable
methods may enhance soil health, boost yields, agricultural practices can aid in the development of
and cut back on the usage of artificial fertilizers

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climate change resistance. By using these techniques, phosphorus from soil minerals so that it is accessible
it may be possible to lessen the effects of extreme to plants include phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and
weather conditions on agricultural production, such mycorrhizal fungus. The potential of biofertilizers
as floods and droughts. Sustainable agricultural to enhance soil structure, water-holding capacity,
practices can aid in biodiversity preservation by and nutrient availability is another benefit. This
encouraging the use of agroforestry and other is accomplished by soil microbes, which work to
techniques that combine crops and trees. This can give decompose organic matter and release nutrients in
animals a home and aid in preserving biodiversity in a way that plants may easily absorb. Additionally,
agricultural environments. by encouraging the growth of advantageous
microorganisms that can outcompete dangerous
(b) Biofertilizer role in sustainable agriculture pathogens, biofertilizers can aid in the reduction of
The use of cyanobacterial biofertilizers can improve soil soil-borne illnesses.
fertility and plant growth, reduce the use of chemical
(c) Benefits of biofertilizer from banana peels
fertilizers, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Biofertilizers are living organisms that fix nitrogen, With an annual production of 40 million tonnes, or
solubilize phosphorus, and mobilize other nutrients roughly 35% of the weight of all bananas, banana
to improve the fertility and productivity of the soil. peel is a significant agricultural waste product.
When added to soil or plants, these microorganisms The sustainability and viability of using banana
can assist in lowering the need for artificial fertilisers by-products are the untapped opportunities and
and pesticides, which may have detrimental effects challenges for transforming these by-products, such
on the environment. Because they may assist improve as peels, leaves, mock stems, stalks, and inflorescence,
soil fertility, plant development and output, and the into vibrant food and non-food operations, serving as
negative environmental consequences of chemical thickening agents, colourants, and flavours, essential
fertilizers and pesticides, biofertilizers are a crucial sources of macronutrients and micronutrients,
part of sustainable agriculture. natural cuticles, animal feed, natural filaments, and
sources of naturally occurring bioactive composites
and bio-fertilizers. Anti-cancerous property is also
found in banana. Banana peel is a commonly found
organic waste material, which contains a wide
range of nutrients and organic compounds that
make it an effective biofertilizer. In recent years, the
use of banana skin as a biofertilizer has grown in
popularity due to its ability to increase crop output
and soil health while lowering the need for artificial
fertilisers. Numerous minerals, including nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, which are necessary
for plant growth and development, may be found in
Fig. 2 banana peel.
The two primary categories of biofertilizers are those
that fix nitrogen and those that solubilize phosphorus. Banana Peel Composition
Rhizobia, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter are Additionally, according to table given above banana
examples of nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers that can peel is also rich in other micronutrients such as
transform atmospheric nitrogen into a form that calcium, magnesium, and Sodium with values such
plants can utilise. Biofertilizers that help liberate as 0.18%, 0.08%, 0.02, 5.7% respectively, which are

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crucial for plant health. The 1.67 % of potassium biofertilizer. Several studies have demonstrated the
content in banana peel makes it an excellent source effectiveness of banana peel as a biofertilizer. In one
of fertilizer for crops like tomatoes, peppers, and study, banana peel extract was shown to increase
bananas, which require high levels of potassium. the growth and yield of tomato plants. Another
Potassium deficiencies in vegetation can result from study found that banana peel compost improved
several things aging of plant is shown by potassium the soil structure and nutrient availability, leading
deficiency which is shown by older leaves having to increased crop yield and quality. The use of
brown veins on it. Potassium is a crucial nutrient for banana peel as a biofertilizer has several potential
plant growth and development, so when the earth is benefits, including its eco-friendliness, affordability,
deficient in it, plants will exhibit signs of a shortage. and ability to improve soil health. Banana peel is a
pH of the soil increases that makes potassium less promising option for sustainable agriculture, studies
available to plants, which can cause shortage signs. shows that banana peel have antimicrobial and
Imbalanced of fertilisation causes by excessive use antifungal properties which is good for agriculture
of some fertilizers, especially nitrogen, can prevent sector.
plants from properly absorbing potassium, which
can result in a shortage. Stressful environmental Table 1: Banana peel decomposition content
circumstances, such as drought or extremely
high temps, can cause vegetation to exhibit signs Feedstock’s total solid 31%
of potassium deficiency. Stunted development, Moisture Content 47%
yellowing of the foliage, scorching of the leaf edges, Ash 67%
and lowered resilience to pests and illnesses are all Volatile Matter 69%
signs of potassium shortage in plants. Banana skins
have potassium concentration of about 200 mg per A major challenge in the manufacture of biofertilizers
fruit. When used in fields, banana leaves not only is the proper NPK allocation. According to author
serve as a pest deterrent but also provide nutrients Yunus research study, galvanised steel sheet was
to the plants. The use of banana peel as a biofertilizer used to construct a 30 litres bench-scale anaerobic
has several advantages. biodigester for the creation of biofertilizer from solid
refuse. A total of 12kg of substrate 4kg of poultry
Firstly, it is an eco-friendly option, as it uses an
manure, 7.5 kg of wastewater treatment sludge,
organic waste product that would otherwise be
and 0.5 kg of banana peel is then blended with
discarded. This reduces the amount of waste going
water in a 1:1 ratio. The sludge is delivered 24 kg
into landfills and reduces the environmental impact
(w/w) into the biodigester. 37 days are given for the
of chemical fertilizers.
mixture to remain at mesophilic temperature. The
Secondly, it is an affordable and easily accessible temperature during absorption is between 25 and
option for farmers, as banana peel is readily available 34 degrees Celsius, and the pH is between 6-7. After
in many regions. The use of banana peel as a decomposition, the feedstock’s total solid, moisture
biofertilizer can also strengthen the soil’s structure content, ash, and volatile matter all drop by roughly
and increase its organic content, which can enhance 31%, 47%, 67%, and 69%. Additionally, it was noted
soil health and lessen soil erosion. After analysing that the nitrogen level increased from 0.3783% to
various studies, it has been found that banana 0.6420%, phosphorus level increased from 0.1903%
peel contains maximum amount of potassium in to 0.2983%, and potassium level increased from
comparison to other elements. Banana peel is high 0.1876% to 0.3153%. After digestion, a 2:1:1 quantity
in potassium yet has low salt contain. From papers of biofertilizer is generated, which is suitable.
shown that Banana peel contains many minerals and
nutrients which can be actively used in farming as

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Methods of preparation of banana peel biofertilizer presents a chance to minimise pollution and advance
sustainable agriculture. Banana peel preparation,
Composting is a natural process that transforms
inoculation, moisture correction, incubation, drying,
organic waste products, such discarded food and
and packing are all stages in the SSF technique for
yard trash, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment that
making biofertilizer out of banana peels. Banana
may be utilised to increase the fertility of the soil
peels are gathered in the first stage, washed, and
and the development of plants. Banana peels can be
then sliced into tiny bits. The components are then
composted along with other organic waste, such as
thoroughly dried, either outside in the sun or inside a
food scraps, leaves, and grass clippings, to form a
dryer. Following drying, bacteria, fungus, and yeast
nutrient-rich soil supplement. During the composting
are injected into the dried banana peel pieces. A 1:10
process, temperature is crucial. Higher temperatures
ratio of inoculum is introduced to the banana peels,
in the thermophilic range help to destroy pathogens
and water is then added to get the moisture content
and clean the organic waste. Simply layer the organic
down to around 60%.
waste with soil or other compost to create a compost
pile and keep it moist and well-aerated. The waste This guarantees that the bacteria have access to
will eventually decompose into compost, which adequate moisture to develop and proliferate. Banana
may be used to fertilise plants. A study discovered peels that have been vaccinated are then incubated
that composting banana peels along with other for 7–14 days in sealed containers. During this time,
organic waste produced a nutrient-rich mixture the microorganisms break down the organic matter in
that enhanced soil fertility and plant development. the banana peels and convert it into nutrients that can
The compost has high quantities of organic matter, be used by plants. After incubation, the biofertilizer
nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, which are is removed from the containers and dried in the sun
vital elements for plant development, according to or using a dryer until it is completely dry. The dried
the researchers. biofertilizer is then packaged in airtight containers
or bags and stored in a cool, dry place until it is
LIQUID ready for use. According to studies, banana skin SSF
COMPOSTING
BIOFERTILIZER used to make biofertilizer is an abundant source of
potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, all of which
VERMI
BANANA PEEL
POWDERED are vital for plant development. The biofertilizer
COMPOSTING BIOFERTILISER
BIOFERTILISER also includes advantageous microbes that support
AERATED
healthy soil and plant development. The SSF
COMPOST TEA BIOCHAR
technique has several benefits over other processes
SOLID STATE
FERMENTATION
for making biofertilizer from banana peels. It is a
straightforward and economical procedure that is
simple to build up for industrial output. 0.5 kg of the
Fig. 3 banana peels were thoroughly cleaned with water to
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a method for get rid of any contaminants and dust that had been
transforming organic waste into usable goods by attached to the outside of the fruit. With the use of
utilising microorganisms. Banana peels are an a high-speed mechanical blender, the gutted peels
abundant supply of organic matter, and in recent were torn into little bits and combined with regular
years, SSF has been used to create biofertilizer from water. To create a homogeneous slurry, the thick
them. Large amounts of banana peels are produced slurry was combined with the specified amount of
as trash in both homes and the businesses that potassium hydroxide and agitated for 1 minute. The
handle bananas. Consequently, the use of banana alkaline amalgamated peel slurry was subjected to a
leaves as a substrate for the creation of biofertilizer 30-minute boil while being stirred. After boiling, the

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slurry was allowed to cool at room temperature so is nutrient-rich. These castings are a concentrated
that it could be processed further. Vacuum filtering supply of nutrients and beneficial bacteria that
was used to separate the cold slurry into thick, dark can aid to enhance the health of the soil and plant
brown sludge and clear, brown filtrate. As a result, development. The resultant vermicompost can be
the clear filtrate was heated to around 70 °C while utilised in a range of applications, such as gardening,
being continuously rotated at 300 rpm. Urea and landscaping, and agriculture, as a soil supplement or
citric acid were then added gradually until the pH fertiliser. Vermicompost formed from banana peels
value reached about 5. At 105 °C, the obtained sludge is an efficient soil amendment that may increase soil
was dried and ground into fine greasepaint. fertility, promote the growth and development of
plants, and lessen the need for artificial fertilisers,
Earthworms are used in the vermicomposting
according to studies. Vermicomposting banana
process to decompose organic waste and produce a
peels yields a great resource for plant development
nutrient-rich soil supplement. Banana peels may be
while being an efficient and ecological method of
composted by chopping them into little pieces and
handling organic waste. Vermicomposting banana
placing them in a worm bin with other organic waste,
peels is a crucial instrument for accomplishing the
such as newspaper and food scraps. The trash will
aims of sustainable agriculture and the production
be consumed by the worms, who will then create
of organic food considering the rising demand for
nutrient-rich compost that may be used as plant
these practises. Another technique to use this organic
fertiliser. Because they have a significant amount
waste product is to make banana peel powdered
of vital nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and
biofertilizer. Banana peels may be used to make
potassium, banana peels are a great source of organic
powdered biofertilizer, which is an easy procedure
matter for vermicomposting. These minerals, which
that can be completed using common home tools.
are crucial for plant development and growth, are
Drying the banana peels is the first step. They may
frequently present in commercial fertilisers.
be dried in the sun or by using a dehydrator. The
Banana peels vermicomposted using a small shelf-life is extended, and the moisture content is
vermicomposting bin or worm farm, and the decreased by drying the banana peels. The banana
procedure is rather straightforward. To hasten peels can be processed or blended into a fine powder
decomposition and make them simpler for worms to after they are totally dry. To ensure that nutrients
ingest, the banana peels are first chopped into little are distributed evenly, it is crucial to make sure the
pieces. The shredded newspaper, cardboard, or dry powder is finely crushed.
leaves are then placed to the worm bin together with
the diced banana peels. The bedding materials serve to Table 3
absorb moisture and reduce odours while also acting
as a habitat for worms and other microbes. The worms Content of banana peel
% Value References
are then introduced to the worm bin once the banana powder biofertilizer
peels and bedding items have been added. African Nitrogen 14 (Zone et al. 2021)
nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) and red wigglers Calcium 40 (Zone et al. 2021)
(Eisenia fetida) are the two types of worms most Phosphorus 37 (Zone et al. 2021)
frequently employed in vermicomposting. Because Magnesium 2 (Zone et al. 2021)
they are voracious eaters, these worms will eat the Potassium 7 (Zone et al. 2021)
banana peels and other organic material, breaking
The final biofertilizer in powder form can then be
them down into a compost that is rich in nutrients.
used as a soil amendment or combined with compost.
Banana peels and other organic materials are broken
The biofertilizer is a superior source of organic matter
down by the worms during the vermicomposting
for plant development due to the high nutritional
process, resulting in castings or worm faeces that
content of banana peels. The biofertilizer is abundant

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in vital nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. According to
potassium, which are crucial for plant development research, adding biochar made from banana peels to
and growth. According to research, utilising banana the soil can increase plant output and development.
peel-derived powdered biofertilizer can increase For instance, research revealed that utilising banana
soil fertility and promote plant development. For peel biochar enhanced tomato plants’ growth and
instance, research carried out in India discovered that yield when compared to untreated soil also, use of
utilising banana peel biofertilizer enhanced wheat banana peel biochar boosted the soil’s availability
and rice crop productivity by 11–18% compared to of nutrients including phosphate and potassium.
conventional chemical fertilisers. Research discovered Biochar made from banana peels is a sustainable
that utilising banana peel biofertilizer boosted tomato method of using this organic waste product and
plant growth and production. Banana peels may be enhancing soil fertility. Banana peels may be used
used to make powdered biofertilizer, which is an to make biochar, which is a useful resource for
efficient approach to use this organic waste product farming while reducing waste. Biochar is a desirable
and produce a useful resource for plant development. alternative for sustainable agriculture since it offers
Since the procedure is straightforward and can be several advantages for healthy soil and plant growth.
completed with common household items, a variety
Aerated compost tea is a liquid fertiliser that contains
of practitioners can use it. By utilising banana peel
a variety of beneficial bacteria, fungus, and other
biofertilizer, you may increase soil fertility, lessen
microorganisms that can enhance soil health and
the need for artificial fertilisers, and promote plant
plant development. Banana peels may be used
growth and development.
to prepare aerated compost tea by first chopping
An organic substance, such as agricultural waste, them into little bits and adding them to a container
forestry by products, or other plant materials, can be of water with compost and a sugar source, such as
burned in the absence of oxygen to create biochar, a molasses or honey. The bacteria may eat from the
form of charcoal. This procedure, known as pyrolysis, sugar supply, which also aids in promoting their
creates a highly porous and stable form of carbon that growth. The mixture is then stirred and oxygenated
may be added to soil to enhance its structure, ability to water is added using an air pump. As a result,
retain water, and nutrient availability. A sustainable aerobic microbes flourish, which are crucial for
technique to utilise this organic waste product is to decomposing organic waste and releasing nutrients
make biochar from banana peels. Drying the banana into the soil. For a few days, the mixture is allowed to
peels to remove moisture is the first step in creating steep, during which time the microorganisms grow
banana peel biochar. When the peels are dry, they and concentrate. Before using the liquid to fertilise
can be burned at 350°C to 700°C in a pit or kiln. This plants, it can be filtered to remove any particles and
process transforms the organic material in the banana then diluted with water once the liquid is teeming
peels into a stable form of carbon that may last in the with bacteria. Aerated compost tea is an efficient
soil for hundreds or even thousands of years and is technique to give plants a boost of nutrients and
resistant to breakdown. The resultant biochar can healthy microbes. It may be applied as a foliar spray
then be used to increase the fertility of compost or or soil drench. Aerated compost tea has been found
soil. It has been demonstrated that biochar enhances in studies to enhance soil health and plant growth,
soil structure by enhancing water retention and resulting in larger yields and healthier plants.
porosity while also encouraging the development of Research discovered that utilising aerated compost
advantageous microbes. By gradually absorbing and tea enhanced maize plants’ growth and production
releasing nutrients like potassium, phosphate, and when compared to untreated soil. Another study
nitrogen, it can also boost the availability of nutrients. discovered that employing aerated compost tea
By storing carbon in the soil, biochar can also aid in improved tomato plant growth and yield while

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decreasing the occurrence of plant illnesses. Using exhibited a considerable increase in leaf area, stem
banana peels as a source of organic fertiliser is diameter, and root length.
made simple and effective when done using aerated
compost tea. Banana peels may be used to make a Biofertilizer potential of cyanobacteria
nutrient-rich liquid fertiliser that can enhance soil by In addition to freshwater and marine areas,
adding them to compost and letting them sit in water cyanobacteria also live in terrestrial ecosystems. They
with a sugar source and oxygen. are a varied group of photosynthetic bacteria. As an
Banana peels can also be used to make a liquid organic source of nutrients for plants, cyanobacteria
biofertilizer in addition to vermicomposting. A type have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Blue-
of fertiliser known as liquid biofertilizer delivers green algae, often known as cyanobacteria, are
vital nutrients to plants in liquid form to assist their common photosynthetic microorganisms in both
growth and development. The procedures described aquatic and arid habitats. Due to their distinctive
in the study report to make liquid banana peel biological characteristics, they have been exploited
biofertilizer. Banana peels should first be chopped in many different industries including agriculture,
into tiny pieces. The rate of decomposition increases aquaculture, environmental restoration, and
with the size of the fragments. Add water and a sugar biotechnology. Cyanobacteria are essential for
source, like molasses or brown sugar, after that. The the nitrogen cycle because they fix atmospheric
bacteria that aid in the breakdown of the banana nitrogen, which may then be utilised in agriculture
peels are fed by the sugar supply. Depending on the as a biofertilizer. Additionally, cyanobacteria
size of the container we are using, and the number of create phytohormones that aid in the growth and
banana peels we have, decide how much sugar and development of plants, including as gibberellins
water to add. Next, put a lid or piece of cloth on the and indole acetic acid (IAA). By secreting organic
container. This will aid in deterring pests like flies acids, enzymes, and siderophores, cyanobacteria
that could be drawn to the combination. Allow the also help to solubilize soil minerals like phosphorus.
mixture to ferment for a few weeks, stirring every so As a result, cyanobacteria have the potential to be
often to make sure the banana peels are distributed employed as biofertilizers in agriculture.
evenly and the microorganisms are healthy. The
liquid is prepared for usage when it has become (a) Benefits of biofertilizer from cyanobacteria
brown and has a sour scent. To get rid of any solid Banana peel biofertilizer production and use are
particles, strain the liquid using a cheesecloth or characterised as affordable, renewable sources that
fine mesh strainer. Because it is so concentrated, the might potentially supplement inorganic fertilisers.
resulting liquid biofertilizer needs to be diluted with
Nitrogen is a crucial ingredient for plant growth and
water before use. The sort of plants you are fertilising,
development. Plants cannot use nitrogen gas while it
and their nutritional needs will determine the liquid
is gaseous, despite the fact that it makes up around
biofertilizer to water ratio. In order to encourage the
78% of the atmosphere. The conversion of nitrogen
growth of banana plants, the study report provided
gas into ammonia, which plants may use, is a process
an example of the usage of liquid banana peel
known as nitrogen fixation. Cyanobacteria, some of
biofertilizer. Banana peels were cut up and combined
which can fix up to 50 kg of nitrogen per acre per
with molasses and water in the study. After three
year, are among the most efficient nitrogen-fixing
weeks of fermentation, they strained the mixture and
organisms. They have a unique mechanism that
added water to diluted it. Banana plants received the
allows them to convert atmospheric nitrogen into
resultant liquid biofertilizer once every week for six
useable nitrogen without the help of other inputs like
weeks. In comparison to the control group that did
fertilisers. Cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen
not get the liquid biofertilizer, the plants that got it
and convert it into organic forms, such as ammonia

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and nitrate, which can be utilized by plants. The use enhance soil health. In order to improve soil fertility,
of cyanobacterial biofertilizers can reduce the need cyanobacterial biofertilizers can reduce the need for
for chemical nitrogen fertilizers, which are expensive chemical fertilisers.
and have negative impacts on the environment. Living
microorganisms that enhance soil fertility and plant Banana processing waste and cyanobacteria from
development are referred to as biofertilizers. A good banana plantations were combined to make a
source of biofertilizers, cyanobacteria are known for biofertilizer for sustainable farming.
their capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen. A variety Biofertilizers are microorganisms that are added to
of growth-promoting chemicals are also produced the soil to increase soil fertility and plant growth. They
by them, including phytohormones, vitamins, and provide a secure alternative to chemical fertilisers,
amino acids, which are helpful for plant growth. which could be risky for both the environment and
Cyanobacterial biofertilizers can boost plant growth human health. A possible biofertilizer substitute is
and reduce the need for synthetic phosphorus created by mixing banana waste with cyanobacteria
fertilisers. Utilising cyanobacterial biofertilizers can isolated from banana farms. Potassium, nitrogen,
increase crop quality, output, and plant growth. and phosphate are just a few of the minerals found
in banana waste that are important for plant growth.
Cyanobacteria are notified as photosynthetic germs
which have the capacity to convert atmospheric
nitrogen into a form that is advantageous to plants.
These cyanobacteria are when combined with a slurry
of water and banana waste then they produces the
biofertilizer. As the bacteria multiply and consume
the nutrients in the banana waste, the mixture
ferments for a few days.
1

Fig. 4

A farming technique called sustainable agriculture

aims to produce food in a way that is morally righteous,
financially successful, and ecologically friendly.
The use of cyanobacteria as biofertilizers adheres
to the ideals of sustainable agriculture by reducing
the usage of artificial fertilisers and improving soil
Fig. 5
health. Cyanobacteria can be used in conjunction with
other environmentally friendly agricultural practises Once the fermentation process is finished, the final
including crop rotation and cover crops in order to biofertilizer can be applied to soil as a liquid or a
further enhance soil health and crop yield. By utilising solid fertilizer. This biofertilizer has the potential to
less chemical fertilisers, enhancing soil health, and improve soil fertility, encourage the plant growth,
boosting crop yields, cyanobacterial biofertilizers can and reduces the need for artificial fertilizers. Utilising
help advance sustainable agriculture. Through the cyanobacteria and banana waste can also encourage
use of sustainable farming methods, agriculture may sustainable agriculture practises and the decrease of
improve its long-term sustainability and lessen its garbage. The use of cyanobacteria and banana waste
negative effects on the environment. Increases in soil as a biofertilizer is one possible tactic for sustainable
organic matter, better soil structure, and a decrease agriculture. It is a cheap, environmentally friendly
in soil erosion are all ways that cyanobacteria can option for boosting soil fertility and promoting

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healthy plant growth. A restricting factor for be particularly challenging in industrial agriculture.
biofertilizers might potentially be manufacturing. For small-scale farmers or those in underdeveloped
According to reports, these biofertilizers can be nations, producing biofertilizer may need specialised
used in place of inorganic fertilisers since they are tools and knowledge. When utilising biofertilizers,
reportedly made from cheap, renewable resources. longevity is another aspect to take into account.
While certain biofertilizers can boost soil fertility and
plant development over the long term, others can
have a shorter shelf life and need to be used more
often to be effective. This may increase their use’s
expense and complexity. The dependability and
efficacy of biofertilizers can be increased via research
and development. There is still much to learn
about the use of biofertilizers in various locations
and for various crops, despite the fact that they
have numerous advantages. These issues may be
resolved and the usage of biofertilizers in sustainable
Fig. 6 agriculture can be improved with the aid of ongoing
research and development. The delayed and perhaps
Limitations of biofertilizer lengthy nutrient release from banana waste might
delay the nutrients’ availability to plants.
Biofertilizers are a potential substitute for chemical
fertilisers as a sustainable and environmentally An example of an organic material with nutrients
responsible technique to increase soil fertility and that can be helpful to plants is banana trash. The size
promote plant growth. Like any other technology, of the material, the degree of decomposition, the soil,
biofertilizers have their limits, therefore it’s necessary and the weather are just a few of the factors that might
to be aware of them before employing them. One of the affect how quickly these nutrients become available.
main issues with biofertilizers is their effectiveness. When nutrients from banana waste release slowly over
Although biofertilizers include the nutrients that many months, it may not be the best choice for plants
plants require to grow, they may not provide as that require more immediate nutrient availability.
much nutrition as traditional fertilisers, especially in It can be challenging to precisely quantify and use
locations with high nutritional requirements or poor bananas as a fertiliser since the nutritional content
soil conditions. might vary based on the type, level of ripeness, and
processing technique. Nutrients like potassium,
Furthermore, biofertilizers might not be as effective
phosphorus, magnesium, and nitrogen are crucial
as conventional fertilisers at hastening plant
for plant growth, and bananas are regarded as a
development, which could be problematic in some
rich supplier of these nutrients. Banana variety,
situations. Biofertilizers may require adequate
ripeness stage, and fertiliser preparation technique
storage and temperature management to retain
are just a few examples of the variables that might
their effectiveness. To promote plant development,
affect a banana’s nutritional value. In contrast to
they might also need to be given at precise times
ripe bananas, which have a high sugar content and
and in particular methods. This might increase the
a low starch and potassium content, green bananas
cost and make their use more difficult. Due to their
are heavy in starch. It can be difficult to precisely
compatibility issues with particular crops, soil types,
quantify and apply the right amount of nutrients to
or other agricultural inputs, some biofertilizers may
plants due to the nutritional variability of bananas as
have limitations in their usage in various situations.
a fertiliser. As a result, it is advised to either use other
Due of the wide variances in crops and inputs, this can

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fertilisers with predictable nutritional compositions Bananas have a high water content and are vulnerable
or have the bananas examined for their nutrient to microbial growth and deterioration, making them
content prior to use. a particularly perishable fruit. In turn, there can be a
variety of post-harvest losses, such a shortened shelf
(a) Limitations of banana as a biofertilizer life, a lower nutritional value, and more spoilage.
The high moisture content of bananas can interfere The employment of various chemical and biological
with microbial development and breakdown during agents, controlled atmosphere storage, modified
storage and transit, decreasing the efficiency of atmosphere packing, and other post-harvest
bananas as a biofertilizer. The availability of bananas procedures have all been developed to address these
as a biofertilizer is constrained since banana trash problems.
isn’t always easily available in significant amounts. A The limited availability of banana waste is another
temporary nutritional shortage for plants may emerge significant disadvantage. Despite the fact that
from the high carbon to nitrogen ratio in banana bananas are extensively consumed and farmed all
peels, which can cause nitrogen to get immobilised in over the world, the availability of banana waste for
the soil. The sluggish release of nutrients in bananas use as a biofertilizer may be limited in some areas.
is one of its main drawbacks as a biofertilizer. The Additionally, compared to conventional fertilisers,
availability of nutrients for crops may be delayed banana waste may not be as cost-effective due to the
since it might take plants several months to absorb expense of collection, transportation, and processing.
nutrients from banana trash. Last but not least, not all crops or soil types may
respond well to the usage of bananas as a biofertilizer.
The nutritional makeup of bananas could not fit
the particular requirements of some crops, and the
soil might not be conducive to using banana waste
as fertiliser. Due to their high nutritional content,
bananas have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer;
nevertheless, there are a number of restrictions that
must be taken into account.

Fig. 7

This suggests that for crops that need quick nutrient

availability, bananas might not be the ideal choice.
The variable nutritious makeup of bananas is another
drawback. The kind, level of ripeness, and manner
of processing of bananas may all affect the amount
1
of nutrients they contain. Because of this variety, it Fig. 8
can be challenging to measure and apply bananas
as fertiliser precisely, which might result in over- These restrictions include the uneven distribution of
or under-fertilization. Bananas have high moisture nutrients, the sluggish release of nutrients, the high
content which prevents them from being used as a moisture content, the restricted availability, and the
biofertilizer. Since bananas contain a lot of water, appropriateness for particular crops and soil types.
microbial development and breakdown during Despite these drawbacks, using bananas properly
storage and transit may be a problem. Because of may still make them a valuable complement to a
this, bananas may be less effective as biofertilizers sustainable farming system. Overall, bananas can
and may be more difficult to handle and transport. be a beneficial biofertilizer, but because to their

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limits, they are not likely to completely replace advisable to study cyanobacteria in locations with
conventional fertilisers. The best ways to use bananas little or no access to sunlight. The development of
as a biofertilizer should also be carefully considered cyanobacteria might vary based on the water depth.
in order to maximise their advantages and minimise Cyanobacteria are typically observed in shallow
any potential negatives. waters because sunlight may penetrate the water’s
bottom there. Because sunlight cannot reach the
(b) Limitations of cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer water’s bottom at locations with deeper waters, those
Cyanobacteria have the potential to be used as locations might not be ideal for cyanobacteria study.
biofertilizers since they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, When selecting a study site, it may be useful to take
make substances that promote plant growth, and historical cyanobacterial occurrence into account. At
improve soil structure. The ecology has to offer locations where they have previously been found,
sufficient amounts of heat, moisture, and sunlight for cyanobacteria could be more likely to be present
cyanobacteria to thrive. Limited nitrogen fixation and throughout the research period. The study site
lowered growth may be the effects of unfavourable should be easily accessible and minimally disruptive
circumstances. Cyanobacteria can only thrive in to the environment. Sites that are challenging to
specific types of soils and plants, which restricts their reach would not be good candidates for sampling,
use as a biofertilizer for all types of crops and soils. and disruptions might affect how the cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria may face competition from other soil grow and spread.
microbes, which might limit their capacity to colonise
and grow. The economic feasibility of cyanobacteria
as a biofertilizer may be constrained by the fact that
they can be expensive and challenging to harvest
and treat. The cyanobacteria in the environment emit
toxins that can harm other creatures and have an
impact on the cleanliness of the water. Cyanobacteria
should not be used as biofertilizers on a large scale
without first thoroughly evaluating any potential
environmental consequences. Cyanobacteria might
be employed as biofertilizers overall, but this
must be done with careful consideration of their
disadvantages.

Preparation of Biofertilizer

(a) Cyanobacterial selection standards Fig. 9

Water quality is a crucial factor to take into account
while selecting a study site for cyanobacteria. The (b) Collection techniques for cyanobacteria
water should be somewhat clean and free of pollutants The tools used to gather the samples must be
since cyanobacteria are sensitive to changes in water spotless and uncontaminated. Equipment that is
chemistry. Sites with low concentrations of nutrients often used includes water samplers and plankton
like phosphorus and nitrogen are preferred to stop nets, for instance. Equipment that is clean and
the growth of cyanobacteria. Since cyanobacteria free of contaminants must be used for collecting
require sunshine for photosynthesis, the research site cyanobacterial samples. Data accuracy can be
should get an adequate amount of sunlight. It is not affected by equipment contamination, which could

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lead to erroneous judgements. Examples of regularly type of analysis. Microscopy or DNA sequencing are
used sampling instruments designed to collect frequently used in the examination of cyanobacteria
samples at certain depths or locations are plankton samples. While DNA sequencing can offer more
nets and water samplers. The kinds and quantity of precise information on the sample’s taxonomic
cyanobacteria in the sample might vary depending makeup, microscopy can be utilised to identify and
on the depth of sampling. To provide a representative quantify the cyanobacteria that are present in the
sample of the water column, sampling should be sample.
done at different depths. The types and quantity
of cyanobacteria present in the sample might vary (c) Cyanobacteria isolation and identification
depending on the depth of sampling. Sampling Cyanobacteria are grown using the enrichment
depth is important because it can affect the kind and culture technique on media that closely resembles
quantity of cyanobacteria in a given body of water. their natural habitat. To encourage the growth of
This can happen depending on the depth at which cyanobacteria, the culture media is often supplied
the sample is obtained. with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
Since cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms Cyanobacteria may be recognised after incubation
that need on sunlight to thrive, it’s probable that the based on their morphology, which includes cell shape
area where the most of them are found is near the and pigment concentration. This technique works
water’s surface. Since certain cyanobacterial species well for separating several cyanobacterial strains that
may also grow in deeper water, it is essential to have evolved to a certain environment. Filtration is
gather samples from a variety of depths in order to a typical method for removing cyanobacteria from
get a representative sample of the water column. water samples. Depending on the size of the target
The frequency of sampling might change based on cyanobacteria, a membrane filter with holes ranging
the goals of the investigation. Depending on the from 0.2 to 3 micrometres is used to treat the water
temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria at the research sample. To promote the growth of cyanobacteria,
location, sampling might be done daily, weekly, the filtered material is then put on agar plates or
or monthly. The sample frequency is determined immersed in culture medium. Cyanobacteria can
by the objectives of the study and the temporal be recognised by their form after incubation. This
approach is frequently used with other methods,
dynamics of the cyanobacteria at the study site. For
including as microscopy and DNA analysis, to
some cyanobacterial species that bloom irregularly,
identify the isolated cyanobacteria more precisely.
repeated sampling may be necessary in order to
Use of magnetic beads coated with antibodies that
document these occurrences. However, some species
only bind to cyanobacteria in the immunomagnetic
could be rarer and just require sporadic sampling.
separation process. The cyanobacteria are isolated
When selecting the sampling frequency, the
from other organisms in the water sample using
particular research project objectives should be taken
a magnetic field after being combined with the
into account.
water and magnetic beads. After that, the isolated
In order to halt any changes in the cyanobacterial cyanobacteria can be identified using DNA testing
composition, the obtained samples should be or by examining their form. Small amounts of
promptly maintained and kept in a cold, dark cyanobacteria may be isolated with this technique
environment. The sample can be preserved by adding from difficult environmental samples, including
formalin or Lugol’s iodine, or by freezing it at a low those present in natural water bodies.
temperature. The preservation technique chosen may
be influenced by the downstream analysis that will (d) Techniques for recognizing cyanobacteria
be conducted since various preservation methods Cyanobacterial identification is most usually
may affect the sample’s suitability for a particular done by microscopy. To identify morphological

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characteristics of cyanobacteria, such as size, shape, Preparation of banana waste extraction

and colour, a microscope is used to examine the
Banana waste can be collected from homes,
sample. We can more easily see cyanobacteria by
supermarkets, and processing facilities. Peels, stems,
staining with iodine or methylene blue. Based on
or leaves are examples of waste. The garbage that
the sample’s quality and the observer’s degree of
has been gathered has to be cleaned and sorted to
competence, there can be limitations to microscopic
get rid of anything that isn’t a banana, including
inspection. It’s still a useful technique for detecting
plastic or other impurities. The trash should next
cyanobacteria and learning about their physical
be properly cleansed to get rid of any dirt or debris.
traits. Cyanobacteria may be recognised using DNA
Banana waste may be dried using a dehydrator or by
sequencing and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction),
placing it in the sun. The trash can then be blended or
two molecular techniques. These techniques look
processed in a food processor to create a fine powder.
at the cyanobacteria’s DNA sequences, providing
A solvent, such as ethanol or methanol, is used in the
extensive information on their genetic makeup. It can
solvent extraction process to dissolve the necessary
discriminate between several cyanobacterial species
components from the waste material. The solvent is
and monitor long-term population fluctuations by
combined with the dry waste and left to stand for a
amplifying specific DNA sequences using PCR.
certain amount of time. The solvent is released after
Although DNA sequencing can be more time- and
sifting the mixture to make the extract visible.
money-consuming than PCR, it provides more 1

precise genetic information. The availability of

reference DNA sequences for comparison might
also place restrictions on molecular approaches.
Another method for detecting cyanobacteria based
on their metabolic activity is biochemical testing.
Based on their ability to fix nitrogen or their ability to
produce enzymes, certain cyanobacterial species can
be identified using this approach. Scientists can learn
more about cyanobacteria’s ecological functions and
possible effects by studying their metabolic processes.
However, this technique needs specialized tools and
knowledge, which restricts its application in particular
circumstances. There are various approaches that
may be used in the field to identify cyanobacteria. Fig. 10
Utilizing field kits with test strips that change color
when cyanobacterial toxins are present is one such Studies show that solvent extraction is a practical
technique. These tests can deliver quick, accurate method for extracting bioactive elements from banana
findings on the spot, enabling immediate evaluation of waste. As part of the easy and low-cost process of
potential health issues. Using portable fluorometers, water extraction, the dried waste is cooked in water
which gauge chlorophyll-a fluorescence, is another for a specific amount of time. The residual solids are
field-based method for detecting cyanobacteria. then removed from the extract using filtering. Often,
This technique can be helpful for differentiating pectin is extracted from banana waste using this
cyanobacterial blooms from other forms of algae method. The bioactive components are extracted from
since cyanobacteria often have greater chlorophyll-a banana waste using water in this method. The extract
concentrations than other kinds of algae. is made by mixing water and dry waste, bringing
them to a boil for a predetermined period of time,
and then filtering them. Enzymes like pectinase and

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cellulase are used in the enzymatic extraction process generous support of our investigation. UPCST project
to break down the cell walls of the banana waste and no. (CST/AAAS/D-2313) Title “Complete utilization
release the beneficial chemicals. The waste material of banana from farm till its disposal: A step towards
and the enzymes are joined, given time to react, and the agricultural circular economy for the growth
then filtered to produce the extract. Pectin may be of agriculture and farmers in U. P.” I would like to
extracted from banana waste via enzyme extraction, express my gratitude to the corresponding author
which has been demonstrated to be efficient. The and co-authors for their essential contributions to
enzymes and banana waste are combined, given this review study.
time to react, and then the combination is filtered to
produce the [Link], and low juice recovery. References
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