1981 6

2
i
ii
 i

1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

iii
iv

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
 v

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
. . . . . . . . . . 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

216
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

274
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
vi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

338
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

388
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
 vii

7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
viii
 1, 2, 3, . . .

1
2 1 1 2 = 1+1 3
2 1 3=2+1 1 1 1
3=1+1+1
1
3 1 4 4=3+1=2+1+1=1+1+1+1

9 1 10 10 = 9 + 1 = · · · = 1 + 1 + · · · + 1
| {z }
10

1 1 . 1
.
1 1

1
2

1, 2, 3, 4, . . .

a, b, c, . . . , n, . . .

a a 1 1 (a − 1) 1 (a − 1)
1 1

a = 1 + 1 + · · · + 1 = 1 + 1 + · · · + 1 = (a − 1) + 1
| {z } | {z }
a 1 (a−1) 1

b c m

N = {1, 2, 3, . . . , n, . . .}

1, 3, 5, . . . , 2n − 1, . . . 2n − 1, . . .
2 2, 4, . . . , 2n . . .
2 2

1. b

2. 3 m
1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 m

3. c

4. n n+n n+1+n

5. a b 5

a+1 b a+1 b−2 a−3 b+1

a−4 b+1 a−4 b+3
 3

a, b

I.

5+3=5+1+1+1=8

a + b = a + 1 + ··· + 1 = c c
| {z }
b
a b a b 1
c

II.

8−3=5 8−5=3

c−a=b c−b=a

III.

3 × 5 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15

a × b = a + a + a + · · · + a = ab a×b
| {z }
b
b a ab

× ·
a × b = a · b = ab ab
a, b

IV.

15 ÷ 3 = 5 15 ÷ 5 = 3

ab ÷ a = b ab ÷ b = a

V. a

a+0=a a·0=0
a−0=a 0÷a=0
4

1. a, b a b

2. ?

3.

4.
1

5. ( )

a, b, c

a+b=b+a

a
b
a+b
b+a
a, b

a+b=b+a

796 + 107 = 107 + 796

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = a + b + c
 5

(a + b) + c
a b 1” c 1 a (b + c)
1 a + (b + c)
(701 + 153) + 1001 = 701 + (153 + 1001)

a·b=b·a

a b
a b

= b + b + ··· + b = b · a ( )
| {z }
a

b a

= a + a + ··· + a = a · b ( )
| {z }
b

b·a=a·b
90367 × 14578 = 10578 × 90367

(a + b) · c = a · c + b · c

(a + b) · c = (a + b) + (a + b) + · · · + (a + b) ( )
| {z }
c

= (a + a + · · · + a) + (b + b + · · · + b) ( )
| {z } | {z }
c c

=a·c+b·c ( )

(a + b) · c = a · c + b · c

(a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
6

(a · b) · c = (b · a) · c ( )
= (b + b + · · · + b) · c ( )
| {z }
a

= (b · c + b · c + · · · + b · c) ( )
| {z }
a

= (b · c) · a ( )
= a · (b · c) ( )

(a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
(501 × 235) × 1709 = 501 × (235 × 1709)

0 1

0+0=0 0×0=0
0+a=a+0=a a×0=0×a=0
a×1=a a÷1=a

1.

(a + b) + c = c + (b + a)

2. a · b + a · c = a(b + c)

1.1 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100 =

100

1 + 100 = 2 + 99 = · · · = 50 + 51 = 101
 7

1 + 2 + 3+ · · · + 50 + 51 + · · · + 100
= (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + · · · + (50 + 51) ( )
| {z }
50

= 101 × 50 ( )
= 5050

1.2 a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + · · · + (a + 99d) =

a, d 2d, 3d, . . . , 99d

5 × a = a × 5 = 5a,
b × 4 × m = 4bm 5a = a + a + a + a + a
4bm = bm + bm + bm + bm .

a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + · · · + (a + 99d)
= a + a + · · · + a +(d + 2d + · · · + 99d) ( )
| {z }
100

= 100a + (d + 2d + · · · + 99d) ( )
= 100a + d(1 + 2 + · · · + 99) ( )
= 100a + d[(1 + 99) + (2 + 98) + · · · + (49 + 51) +50] ( )
| {z }
49

= 100a + (4900 + 50)d ( )

= 100a + 4950d ( )

1. 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 1001 =

2. a + 2a + 3a + · · · + 100a = a
8

3. (a + b) + (2a + 2b) + (7a + 7b) =

n × a = a + a + ··· + a a×n
| {z }
n

n×a n a
n a

3×3 32 32 = 3 × 3 = 9
3×3×3 33 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
3×3×3×3×3 35 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
3×3×·×3 3n 3n = 3 × 3 × · × 3
| {z } | {z }
n 3 n 3
3 31 31 = 3
a n an

a × a × a × · × a = an
| {z }
n

a n an a n
a n

• a = a1

• a × a = a2 a2 a

• a × a × a = a3 a3 a

0n = 0

1.3 23 52 26 78 43 010
 9

23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
52 = 5 × 5 = 25
26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64
73 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 343
43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64
010 = 0

1.4 1 10

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
a 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
3
a 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

1.5

1. 94 × 93 = 97

2. a11 × a7 = a18 .

1.

94 = 9 × 9 × 9 × 9, 93 = 9 × 9 × 9

94 × 93 = (9 × 9 × 9 × 9) × (9 × 9 × 9) ( )
=9×9×9×9×9×9×9 ( )
= 97 ( )
10

2.

a11 × a7 = (a × a × · · · × a) × (a × a × · · · × a) ( )
| {z } | {z }
11 a 7 a

= a × a × ··· × a ( )
| {z }
18 a
18
=a ( )

1. 112 93 63 .

2.

(a) 72 × 73 × 7 = 76
(b) 510 × 5101 = 5111
(c) b2 × b4 = b6 .

( )

am · an = am+n

am · an = (a
| · a{z· · · a}) · (a
| · a{z· · · a}) ( )
m n

| · a · · · a{z
=a · a · a · · · a} ( )
m+n

= am+n ( )

a m, n

am · an = am+n
 11

1.6

9 × 92 , 23 × 2 × 23 , a5 · a11 , 33 · 3 + 2 · 22

9 × 92 = 93 = 729

22 × 2 × 23 = (22 × 2) × 23 ( )
= 23 × 23 ( )
6
= 2 = 64

a5 · a11 = a16

33 · 3 + 2 · 22 = 34 + 23 = 81 + 8 = 89

1.7
23 · 4, 3 × 81

23 · 4 = 23 · 22 = 25 = 32

3 × 81 = 3 × 34 = 35 = 243

1.

32 × 32 , 92 × 92 , 34 × 9, a × a2 × a3

2.

(3 × 2)3 = 33 × 23 , (a · b)2 = a2 · b2
12

( )

(a · b)n = an · bn

(a · b)n = (a · b) · (a · b) · · · (a · b) ( )
| {z }
n

| · a{z· · · a} · b| · b{z· · · }b
=a ( )
n n

= a n · bn ( )

(a · b)n = an · bn

1.8

1. 212 , 153 , 182

2. 152 × 63 , 45 × 153 , (ab)2 · (ac)3 , 1253 × 83

1. 212 = (3 × 7)2 = 32 × 72 = 9 × 49 = 441

153 = (3 × 5)3 = 33 × 53
= 27 × 125 = 3375

182 = (2 × 9)2 = 22 × 92 = 4 × 81 = 324

2.

152 × 63 = (3 × 5)2 × (2 × 3)3

= 32 × 52 × 23 × 33 ( )
= (32 × 33 ) × 52 × 23 ( )
= 35 × 52 × 23 ( )
= 729 × 25 × 8 = 145800
 13

45 × 153 = 5 × 9 × (3 × 5)3
= 5 × 9 × 33 × 53 ( )
= (5 × 53 ) × (32 × 33 ) ( )
= 54 × 35 ( )
= 625 × 243 = 151875

(a · b)2 · (a · c)3 = a2 · b2 · a3 · c3 ( )
= (a2 · a3 ) · b2 · c3 ( )
= a 5 · b2 · c 3 ( )

1253 × 83 = (125 × 8)3 ( )

= 10003 = 1000000000

1. 642 , (2 × 5)2 × 103 , (2 + 3)2 × 15, a · (abc)3

2.

(4112 )3 = 4116 , (b7 )3 = b21

( )

(am )n = amn

| · a {z· · · a }
(am )n = a m m m
( )
n
n
z }| {
= (a · a · · · a) · (a · a · · · a) · · · (a · a · · · a)
| {z } | {z } | {z }
m a m a m a

| · a ·{za · · · a}
=a ( )
mn a

= amn ( )
14

(am )n = amn

1.9 23 × 42 , 40 × 1003 , 12 × 452

23 × 42 = 23 × (22 )2 = 23 × 24 = 27 = 128

40 × 1003 = 22 × 10 × (102 )3
= 22 × 10 × 106 = 4 × 107
= 40000000

12 × 452 = 3 × 4 × (5 × 32 )2 = 22 × 52 × 35
= (2 × 5)2 × 35 = 24300

1.10

a2 · (a7 )3 , b · (b2 )n , (ac)2 · (am c)3

a2 · (a7 )3 = a2 · a21 ( )
= a23 ( )

b · (b2 )n = b · b2n ( )
= b1+2n ( )

(ac)2 · (am c)3 = a2 · c2 · a3m · c3 ( )

= (a · a
2 3m
) · (c · c )
2 3
( )
=a 2+3m
·c 5
( )
 15

1.

(42 )3 , 2 × (22 )3 , a2 · (a2 )2 , bn · (b2 )m

(23 )2 · (8 − 7), 154 × [122 − (22 × 3)2 ]

2.

(a) 36 ÷ 34 = 32
(b) a7 ÷ a2 = a5 , (a ̸= 0)
(c) b4 ÷ b4 = 1, (b ̸= 0)

( )

am ÷ an = am−n

m > n, a ̸= 0

a ̸= 0, m > n
m a
z }| {
a · a···a
am ÷ an = ( )
| · a{z· · · a}
a
n a
(m − n) a
z }| {
a · a···a
= ( )
1
m−n
=a ( )

a ̸= 0 m>n

am ÷ an = am−n

1.11 36 ÷ 34 , 153 ÷ 152 , a10 ÷ a8 (a ̸= 0)

16

36 ÷ 34 = 36−4 = 32 = 9

153 ÷ 152 = 151 = 15

a10 ÷ a8 = a2 (a ̸= 0)

1.12

642 ÷ 210 , (b2 )3 ÷ b (b ̸= 0), (bm )2 ÷ bm (b ̸= 0)

642 ÷ 210 = (26 )2 ÷ 210 ( )

= 212 ÷ 210 ( )
2
=2 ( )
=4 ( )

(b2 )3 ÷ b = b6 ÷ b ( )
= b5 (b ̸= 0) ( )

(bm )2 ÷ bm = b2m ÷ bm ( )
= b2m−m ( )
= b (b ̸= 0)
m

1.13

75 ÷ 75 = 1, a4 ÷ a4 = 1 (a ̸= 0)

75 7×7×7×7×7
75 ÷ 75 = = =1
7 5 7×7×7×7×7
a4 a·a·a·a
a4 ÷ a4 = = = 1 (a ̸= 0)
a4 a·a·a·a
 17

( 0) 1

a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0)

( ) am ÷ an = am−n (a ̸= 0) m = n
7 ÷7 = 7
5 5 5−5 0
= 7 = 1 a ÷a = a
4 4 4−4
= a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0)
272 ÷ 36 = 36 ÷ 36 = 30 = 1

1. 67 ÷ 65 , 272 ÷ 32 , 272 ÷ 92 , 34 ÷ 81
(a2 )4 ÷ a (a ̸= 0), (am )3 ÷ am (a ̸= 0)

2. 215 ÷ 25 × 210 , 215 × 25 ÷ 210 , 215 ÷ 25 ÷ 210

4 × 42 + 610 ÷ 610 − (80 + 7)2

3÷5= 3−5=
.

6.50 4.25
1
3
65
6.5 =
10
25 3
4.25 = 4 3÷5=
100 5
3 22 355
5 7 113
18

a c m
, ,
b d n

a, b, c, d, m, n

a
• a 1 a a=
1

0
• a 0=
a

 
1 1
(b ̸= 0) b× =1
b b
a
̸ 0)
(b =
b
a
b× =a
b

   
3 17 a
5× =3 4× = 17
5 4 b
b a b × (?) = a
a
b

a
(b ̸= 0) m
b
a am a÷m
= =
b bm b÷m

6 18 3
= =
8 24 4
 19

1.
1
( )× =1
7
( )
4× =5
( )
( )
m· = n, (m ̸= 0)
( )

2.
6 2 ( )
= =
9 ( ) 126
( ) a a2
= = (a, b, c ̸= 0)
b·c b ( )

a c ad bc ad ± bc
± = ± =
b d bd bd bd

2 1 8 3 11 2 1 8 3 5
+ = + = − = − =
3 4 12 12 12 3 4 12 12 12

a c a d ad
÷ = × =
b d b c bc

1 2 1 3 3
÷ = × =
2 3 2 2 4
20

 a m a a  a  am
= · ··· =
b |b b{z b } bm
m

m
 a m a a a
= · ··· ( )
b |b b{z b}
m
m
z }| {
a · a···a
= ( )
b| · b{z· · · }b
m
am
= m ( )
b

 a m am
=
b bm
 3      
3 3 3 3
= × ×
5 5 5 5
33 27
= 3 =
5 125
 c 4 c4
= 4
d d

a c c a
+ = +
b d d b

a c ad + bc
+ = ( )
b d bd
bc + ad
= ( )
bd
bc ad
= +
bd bd
c a
= + ( )
d b
 21

a c c a
+ = +
b d d b

1.

2. m, n
 a m  a n  a m+n
· =
b b b

   2
3 1 6 3 211 122 2
1.14 × + × × × −
5 7 7 5 122 211 5

   2
3 1 6 2
= + + 1− ( )
5 7 7 5
 2
3 3
= × ( )
5 5
 1+2  3
3 3
= = ( )
5 5
33 27
= 3 = ( )
5 125

3 1 5
1. 5 + 10 + 4
8 3 8
2. 5.9 + 7.3 + 5.1 + 1.7
7
3. 32 × 4
27
 2  5  2  3
2 4 9 9
4. + ÷ ×
3 9 4 4
22

( ) ( )
( )
3−5 =?
1 1
− =?
3 2

1.1
1. a

(a) a .
(b) a − 2, a − 1, a

(c) a 5 a − 3, a + 3
(d) a + 10 100 a a − 10

2. a 6 b.

(a) a + 3 b+1 (c) a + 5 b−5

(b) a + 4 b−2 (d) a + 1 b+1

3. n n+n = 2n 2n+1
2n − 1

4.

(a) a ( a)
(b) b
(c) n m

5. n

(a) n − 5 1
(b) 3n 120
(c) n + 7 8
 23

(d) 4n 3

6.

(a) (a + 1) · (b + 1) = a · b + a + b + 1
(b) (a + b) · (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd

7. ( )

(a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + · · · + 99
(b) (2 + b) + (2 + 2b) + · · · + (2 + 20b)
(c) 102 × 99 (100 + 2) × (100 − 1)
(d) (2a + 1) + (4a + 1) + · · · + (20a + 1)

8.

n 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2
n
n3

9. ( )

(a) 23 · 2, 102 · 10 · 103 , a 2 · a3 · a4

(b) 22 · 128, a 2 · b · a3 , 81 × 32
(c) a · a2 · a3 · · · a100

10.

(a) 212 × 152 , 62 × (12 × 9)3 , (a · b)3 · b2

(b) 3 × 33 + 4 × 43 − 152 , (22 + 32 )2 , (22 )2 + (32 )2
(c) (2 × 3 × 5)2 − 23 × 102 , (a2 )4 · (a2 )2

11.

am+1 · an = an+1 · am , (a · b)m+2 = a2 · (ab)m · b2

12.
2
(a) 708 ÷ 707 , 13100 ÷ 1398 , 510 ÷ 254 , (a5 ) ÷ a5
24

(b) 123 ÷ 62 , 94 ÷ 272 , 812 ÷ 94 , 1252 ÷ 252

(c) a2m ÷ am , a6 ÷ a4 ÷ a, a 6 × a4 ÷ a2 , a6 ÷ (a4 × a2 )
2
(d) (a6 × b) ÷ a4 , (a7 b2 ) ÷ a5 b, (ab2 ) ÷ (a2 b)

13.

(a) 28 ÷ 27 × 53 ÷ 5, 2 × 1004 × 107 ÷ 10005 , 55 × 252 ÷ 58

26 × 494 48 × 100 × 310 158 25 × 618
(b) 7 , , ,
7 × 82 610 94 × 57 222 × 99
1
14. x x
5
x
(a) x + 1, 10x, , (x − 3) × 2
10
 2
1 1 1 1
(b) x− , x+ , x2 + 5x −
2 10 10 25
15.
b  c m bc bm
+ = +
a d n ad an

16.
 
1 1 1 3 2 1 2
(a) 1 − − − (d) − − ÷3
2 3 6 4 3 12 19
  1 2 25 1
14 1 1 1 (e) 5 × × ÷ +
(b) × + + 16 3 24 3
9 2 3 4 1
(f)
  1+
1
1 1
(c) 1− ÷2 1+
5 2

17.

(a) 0.1 × 1.14 + 0.1 × 0.86

(b) 10 − 2 · (4.18 + 0.82 − 5)
   
7 1 7 1
(c) 3 + − 2 + 3.17 × 9 × − 1.5 × 2 + 1
9 2 90 3
18.
 2  3  2  2  2  2  2
2 2 2 3 1 1 1
(a) · , · , · , × 42
3 3 3 2 2 4 2
 25
"  2 # 2 " 2 # 2 " 88 #0  5
1 1 9 2 h a m i8
(b) , 1 , , ,
5 7 4 19810 b
 10  8  8 "  2 # 3 "  0 # 2
5 5 8 2 4 5
(c) ÷ , ÷ , ÷
3 3 125 5 5 4
 10  7    m 3
5 5 5 1
(d) ÷ ÷ , ÷ (2m )3
3 3 3 2

19.
 2  2  2  
1 2 1 1 1
(a) 3 × × × 17 +
0
× ÷
16 3 2 6 32 · 42
1 2 3 10 11 12 20
(b) + + + ··· + + + + ··· +
55 55 55 55 155 155 155
   
4 3 4 1 2 4
(c) 12 × 3 − 4 × 4 ÷ 11 × 2
5 4 11 8 3 7

10◦ C 3◦ C
32 20 7.3
5.7

0◦ C

100
100 1000 900
100
26

10◦ C 10◦ C
10 10◦ C 10◦ C

0
+ −
◦
0 C 10◦ C +10◦ C”
10◦ C −10◦ C +10◦ C 0◦ C 10◦ C −10◦ C
0◦ C 10◦ C −10◦ C 0◦ C −10◦ C

32 +32 20
−20 −20
0 7.3 +7.3
5.7 −5.7 −5.7
+ (0 )
−

( )

1 1 1 1
−3 +3 + − −3 +3
2 2 4 4
       
1 1 1 1
(−3) + (+3) = 0, − + + = 0, −3 + +3 =0
2 2 4 4
 27

a −a (−a) +
a = a + (−a) = 0
1 1 1 1
−3 +3 + − −3 +3
2 2 4 4
+1 −1

1.

(a) 300 500

(b) 75 10
(c) 5000 700
(d) 600 1000
(e) 100 100
(f) a b

2.
1 4
+5, +7 , − , −2, +0.01, −9.32, 0
2 3

( )
Á

Q
. Z

Á
“Rational number”
a
b
28

( ) N

N Z ; Z
Q

N⊂Z⊂Q

N Z Z Q N
Q

Q⊃Z⊃N

Q Z Z N Q N






⊃ {0}





( 1.1)
O ( ) 1
OX
0
+1 +2
−1
 29

X
O

1.1

1 1 1
−2
10 100 1000

a( 0 )
A

1.15
3 1
3, − , −0.5, 0, 1 , −2, −3
2 4
OX( 1.2) O
3 1
0 O 3 − −0.5 1
2 4
−2 −3 A B C D E F

0 1
X
F E B C D A
1.2

1.16

 
1 1
3.5, −2 , 0, −1, +0.5, − −1
2 2

1 1
−3.5, +2 , 0, +1, −0.5, −1
2 2
30

 
1 1
−1 − −1
−3.5 2 −0.5 0 0.5 2 3.5
X
1 −1 O +1 1
−2 +2
2 2
1.3

1 1
−3.5, −2 , −1 , −1, −0.5, 0,
2 2
1 1
+0.5, +1, +1 , +2 , +3.5
2 2

a −a −a
−(−a) −(−a) = +a −a
+a

1.

2. a −a

3. m (−2) (−2) + (m) = 0 m

4. (+5) + x = 0 x
 31

a |a|

• 0

1 1
+2 =2 |0| = 0 | − 5| = 5 | − 0.7| = 0.7
2 2
a


 a, a


|a| = 0, a 0



 −a, a

1.

3 2 2
a +7.2 − 0 −1012 +1 −1
11 11 11
|a|

2. |a| = 4 a

3.

1.2
1.

(a) 8848.13 .
32

(b) 11022
(c) 154
(d) 47.2

2. 8015 8009 8012

8013 8011

(a)
(b)

3.
1 1
7, , −5, −1 , 0, 0.7, x, −y
2 7

4. a (−a) −(−a) a

(a) −(−2) =
 
1
(b) − −1 =
4
(c) −[−(0.6)] =
(d) −[−(−m)] =

5.
1 2 1 1
−5, − , 0.34, 0, −1, −3 , , 20 , −0.001, 1010
3 5 5 2





{0}�





6.
4 1 1
(a) 3, −4.1, 1, − , 0, 2 , −1
3 2 2
(b) −2.5 0.75 0
(c) 7500 −6250 −3750 200
1000
 33

7.

8.

(a) (−7) + m = 0 m
 
1
(b) x+ 3 =0 x
7
(c) 0+y =0 y

9. a b a+b =0 a b
?

10.
1 1 1
− , −0.001, 0, + , 99
4 100 9

11. |x| = 2.7 x

12. 8

13.

a −a |a|
+4 −4 4
+0.01 0.01
1
6
0
−1.2
8
+
9
101
3
111

14.

(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 6
34

15.
10
(a) |0| × −11 + | − 0.5|
11
22
(b) | − 4.5| × +
3
(c) (−5) + x = 0 y + (+25) = 0 x2 + y

16.

|x| |x|
|a| = a, |a| = −a, = 1, = −1
x x

17.

(a) |a| + | − (−a)| − | − a| − | − (−| − a|)| a

x |x|
(b) − x
|x| x

(−a) + (+a) = (+a) + (−a) = 0

0 1

+a −a (+a) + (−a) =
(−a) + (+a) = 0 a, b a+b = 0
 35

a, b a = −b b = −a (a + b)
−(a + b)

0 1

a, b

1. (+a) + (+b)

2. (−a) + (−b)

3. (+a) + (−b)

(+a) + (+b) = +(a + b)

2 7
(+5) + (+2) = +7
2

(−a) + (−b) + (+a) + (+b)

= [(−a) + (+a)] + [(−b) + (+b)] ( )
=0+0 ( )
=0 ( )

(+a) + (+b) = +(a + b)

(−a) + (−b) + (a + b) = 0 (−a) (−b)

(a + b)

(−a) + (−b) = −(a + b)

2.5
3 5.5

(−2.5) + (−3) = −(2.5 + 3) = −5.5 ( )

1 2
36

3 (+a) + (−b) a, b +a −b

(+5) + (−3) = (+2 + 3) + (−3)

= (5 − 3 + 3) + (−3)
= +(5 − 3) + [(+3) + (−3)] ( )
= +(5 − 3) + 0 ( )
= +(5 − 3) ( )

a b

(+a) + (−b) = +(a − b + b) + (−b)

= +(a − b) + [(+b) + (−b)] ( )
= +(a − b) + 0 ( )
= +(a − b)

a b

(+a) + (−b) = +(a − b), (a b )

10◦ C 8◦ C
2◦ C
(+10) + (−8) = +(10 − 8) = +2
a b

(+a) + (−b) = (+a) + [−(b − a + a)]

= (+a) + [−(b − a) + (−a)] ( 2 )
= [(+a) + (−a)] + [−(b − a)] ( )
= 0 + [−(b − a)] ( )
= −(b − a) ( )
 37

a b

(+a) + (−b) = −(b − a), (a b )

10.5◦ C 12◦ C
1.5◦ C

(+10.5) + (−12) = −(12 − 10.5) = −1.5

3

 +(a − b), (a b )
(+a) + (−b) =
 −(b − a), (a b )

1.17
 
1 5. (+99) + (−79)
1. (+8) + +1
2
2. (+5.02) + (+0.98) 6. (−101) + (+100.9)
   
9 1 1
3. (−10.1) + − 7. (+57 ) + −57
10 3 2
       
1 1 1 1
4. −1 + −2 8. +1 + −4
3 4 9 90

   
1 1 1
1. (+8) + +1 =+ 8+1 = +9
2 2 2
2. (+5.02) + (+0.98) = +6
   
9 9
3. (−10.1) + − = − 10.1 + = −(10.1 + 0.9) = −11
10 10
       
1 1 1 1 16 27 43 7
4. −1 + −2 =− 1 +2 =− + =− = −3
3 4 3 4 12 12 12 12
5. (+99) + (−79) = +(99 − 79) = +20
38

6. (−101) + (+100.9) = −(101 − 100.9) = −0.1

   
1 1 1 1 1
7. (+57 ) + −57 = − 57 − 57 =−
3 2 2 3 6
     
1 1 1 1 81 9
8. +1 + −4 =− 4 −1 = −2 = −2
9 90 90 9 90 10
1.18

1. (+2) + (−4) + (−8)

       
2 4 1 1
2. − + + + − + +1
3 5 3 5
3. (−x) + (−y) + x

4. (−a) + (−a)

(
)

(+2) + (−4) + (−8) = [(+2) + (−4)] + (−8) ( )

= (−2) + (−8) ( )
= −10 ( )

       
2 4 1 1
− + + + − + +1
3 5 3 5
       
2 1 4 1
= − + − + + + +1 ( )
3 3 5 5
    
2 1 4 1
=− + + + +1 ( )
3 3 5 5
= (−1) + (+2) = +1 ( )

(−x) + (−y) + x = [(−x) + x] + (−y) ( )

= 0 + (−y) ( )
= −y ( )
 39

(−a) + (−a) = (−1)a + (−1)a ( )

= [(−1) + (−1)]a ( )
= −2a ( )

1.

(+a) + (+b) = +(a + b)

(−a) + (−b) = −(a + b)

2. 
 +(a + b), a>b
(+a) + (−b) =
 −(b − a), a<b

3.
(+a) + (−a) = 0

4.

(+a) + 0 = 0 + (+a) = +a
(−a) + 0 = 0 + (−a) = −a
0+0=0

a, b

1.

(+7) + (−5), (−7) + (+5), (−7) + (−5)

               
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + , + + − , − + + , − + −
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
40

(+0.8)+(−1.6), (−0.8)+(−1.6), (−0.8)+(+1.6), (+0.8)+(+1.6)

       
1 1 1 1
2 + −1 , (−2) + −1 , (−2) + +1 , 0 + −1
5 5 5 5

2.
           
1 1 1 1 8 4
1+ − + − + − , − +0+ + + −
2 3 6 5 15 15
       
1 2 2 4
−1 + + +0+ − + + , a + a + (−a)
3 3 3 3

(−5) − (+3) [?]

[?] + (+3) = (−5) (−5) − (+3) [?]
[?] + (+3) = (−5)

[(−5) − (+3)] + (+3) = (−5)

(−8) + (+3) = −5

(−5) − (+3) = −8 (1.1)

(−5) + (−3) = −8 (1.2)

(1.1) (1.2)

(−5) − (+3) = (−5) + (−3) = −8

(−5) (+3) (−5) (+3) (−3)

∵ (+3) + (−7) = −4

∴ (−4) − (−7) = +3 (1.3)

(−4) + (+7) = +3 (1.4)

 41

(1.3) (1.4)

(−4) − (−7) = (−4) + (+7) = +3

(−4) (−7) (−4) (−7) (+7)

x y

x − y = x + (−y)

1.19

1. (+9) − (−5) 5. (−5) − 0

   
3 1 6. (−2.7) − (+5)
2. − − +
4 2    
1 1
3. (+0.7) − (−0.21) 7. −1 − −
2 3
4. 0 − (+8) 8. (−a) − (−a)

1. (+9) − (−5) = (+9) + (+5) = +14

         
3 1 3 1 3 1 5 1
2. − − + = − + − =− + = − = −1
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4
3. (+0.7) − (−0.21) = (+0.7) + (+0.21) = +0.91

4. 0 − (+8) = 0 + (−8) = −8

5. (−5) − 0 = (−5) + 0 = −5

6. (−2.7) − (+5) = (−2.7) + (−5) = −7.7

         
1 1 1 1 3 1 7
7. −1 − − = −1 + + =− − =−
2 3 2 3 2 3 6
42

8. (−a) − (−a) = (−a) + (+a) = 0

1.20
     
1 1 1
1. (+1) − − − − − −
2 3 6
     
1 1 1
2. (+1) − + − + − +
2 3 6
3. (−b) − (+b) − (−b) − (+a)

     
1 1 1
(+1) − − − − − −
2 3 6
     
1 1 1
= (+1) + + + + + + ( )
2 3 6
 
1 1 1
= (+1) + + + ( )
2 3 6
= +2

     
1 1 1
(+1) − + − + − +
2 3 6
     
1 1 1
= (+1) + − − + + − ( )
2 3 6
     
1 1 1
= (+1) + − + − + − ( )
2 3 6
  
1 1 1
= (+1) + − + + ( )
2 3 6
= (+1) + (−1) = 0 ( )

(−b) − (+b) − (−b) − (+a) = (−b) + (−b) + (+b) + (−a) ( )

= (−b) + [(−b) + (+b)] + (−a) ( )
= (−b) + 0 + (−a) ( )
= (−b) + (−a) ( )
= −(a + b) ( )
 43

1.

(+3) − (+5), (+3) − (−5), (−3) − (+5), (−3) − (−5)

(+5) − (+2.5), (+5) − (−2.5), (−5) − (−2.5), (−5) − (+2.5)

           
1 1 1 1 1 1
−7 − −7 , −7 − +7 , −7 −0, 0− −7
2 2 2 2 2 2
(−a) − (+a), (−a) − (−a), (+a) − (−a), 0 − (−a)

2.

(a) (+2.1) − (−0.9) − 1

(b) (−2.1) − (−0.9) − 0 − (+7)
     
1 3 1
(c) −1 − − − +
5 5 5
(d) (+a) − (0.625) − (+0.025) − (−0.415) − (+0.015) − (−a)

(+3) + (−7) − (−5) + (+9) − (+2)

(+3) + (−7) + (+5) + (+9) + (−2) (1.5)

(1.5)
+ (1.5) (+3),
(−7), (+5), (+9), (−2) (1.5)
44

1.21 (+3) + (−7) + (+5) + (+9) + (−2) + (−8)

= [(+3) + (+5) + (+9)] + [(−7) + (−2) + (−8)] ( )

= (+17) + (−17) ( )
=0 ( )

 
1
1.22 (−6.5) − (−7.3) − (−3.7) + (−12.5) − −
2

 
1
= (−6.5) + (+7.3) + (+3.7) + (−12.5) + + ( )
2
  
1
= [(−6.5) + (−12.5)] + (+7.3) + (+3.7) + + ( )
2
 
1
= (−19) + +11 ( )
2
1
= −7 ( )
2

+ +
1.21 3−7+5+9−2 3 7 5
9 2 3 7 5 9 2
1
1.22 −6.5 + 7.3 + 3.7 − 12.5 +
2
1
6.5 7.3 3.7 12.5 6.5 7.3 3.7 12.5
2
1
2
1.23
         
3 1 3 1 1
+ + + + − + − + −
4 2 8 4 8
 45

3 1 3 1 1
= + − − − ( )
4 2 8 4 8
 
3 1 3 1 1
= + − + +
4 2 8 4 8
5 6 2 1
= − = =
4 8 4 2

1. 0 + (−24) + (−5) + 7

2. −7.2 − 0.9 − 5.6 + 1.7

4 2 1
3. 13 + 0 − 2 − 8 − 6
5 5 5
7 1 3 1 4
4. − − 1 − 2 + 3 + 2 − + a
5 5 5 5 5

1.24 a, b, c, d a − b + c − d = a − (b − c + d)

a − b + c − d = a + (−b) + c + (−d) ( )
= a + (−1) · b + (−1) · (−c) + (−1) · d ( )
= a + (−1)(b − c + d) ( )
= a − (b − c + d) ( )

∴ a − b + c − d = a − (b − c + d)

1.25
46

1 1 1
1. 2 − − −
2 3 6
   
3 1 3 1 3 5
2. −1 − − + −1 +
4 2 4 2 8 8

 
1 1 1 1 1 1
2− − − =2− + +
2 3 6 2 3 6
=2−1=1

   
3 1 3 1 3 5
−1 − − + −1 +
4 2 4 2 8 8
 
3 1 3 1 3 5
= −1 − − − +1 +
4 2 4 2 8 8
7 1 3 1 11 5
= − − CC + + CC − −
4 2C 4 2C 8 8
4 16
=− −
4 8
= −1 − 2 = −3

1.
 2 
  2
1 5 1
(a) 3 − + − 1
3 6 4
     
7 3 1 7
(b) −5 + −1 − −1 + 5 − 27
12 4 4 12
2.
 
3 4
(a) 27.5 − −1 − − 5 +
7 7
(b) −1.5 − [1.4 − (−3.6) − 4.3 + (−5.2)]

3.

a+b−c+d=a+b−( )

a−b+c+d=a−( )
 47

(−a)+(+a) =
0 ( 0 1
)

a, b

1. (+a) × (+b)

2. (+a) × (−b)

3. (−a) × (−b)

(+a) × (+b) = ab
   
1 2 1 2 2
+ × + = × =
3 5 3 5 15
2
(+b) + (−b) = 0 (+a) × (+b) = ab

(+a) × (+b) + (+a) × (−b) = (+a)[(+b) + (−b)] ( )

= (+a) × 0 ( )
=0 ( )

ab + (+a) × (−b) = 0
(+a) × (−b) ab

(+a) × (−b) = −ab

(−a) × (+b) = −ab

48

(+a) × (−b) = (−b) × (+a)

= (−a) × (+b)
= (+b) × (−a) = −ab
( )
a × (−2) = −2a
   
3 3
(+5) × − =− 5× = −3
5 5
   
1 1 2
(−2) × + =2× − =−
3 3 3
3

(+a) × (−b) + (−a) × (−b)

= [(+a) + (−a)] × (−b) ( )
= 0 × (−b) ( )
=0 ( )

(+a) × (−b) + (−a) × (−b) = 0

−ab (−a) × (−b) (−a) × (−b)
−(−ab) = +ab

(−a) × (−b) = +ab

(−b) × (−3) = +(b × 3) = +3b

     
3 1 3 1 3
− × − =+ × =+
4 2 4 2 8
1 2 3

(+a) × 0 = 0 × (+a) = 0
(−a) × 0 = 0 × (−a) = 0
0×0=0
 49

1.26

1. (+7) × (+10), (−7) × (+10), (+7) × (−10), (−7) × (−10)

2. (−0.5) × (+0.4), (−0.5) × (−0.4)

3. (−a) × (−1), (−a) × (−2), (−a) × (+5), (−a) × 0

       
3 1 3 1
4. − × +1 , − × −1
7 6 7 6
     
2 2 101
5. (+1.5) × −2 , (−1.5) × −2 , (−1.5) × − ×0
3 3 111

1. (+7) × (+10) = 70, (−7) × (+10) = −70

(+7) × (−10) = −70, (−7) × (−10) = 70

2. (−0.5) × (+0.4) = −0.2, (−0.5) × (−0.4) = 0.2

3. (−a) × (−1) = a, (−a) × (−2) = 2a

(−a) × (+5) = −5a, (−a) × 0 = 0

        
3 1 3 7 1 3 1 1
4. − × +1 =− × =− , − × −1 =
7 6 7 6 2 7 6 2
   
2 3 8
5. (+1.5) × −2 =− × = −4
3 2 3
   
2 101
(−1.5) × −2 = 4, (−1.5) × − ×0=0
3 111

1.27
 
1
1. (−7) · (+3) · (+5) · (−2) · −
21

2. (+0.1) · (−2.5) · (+4) · (−9) · (+100)

50

 
1
(−7) · (+3) · (+5) · (−2) · −
21
  
1
= (−7) · (+3) · − · [(+5) · (−2)] ( )
21
  
1
= (−21) · − · [(−10)] ( )
21
= (+1) · (−10) ( )
= −10 (1 )

(+0.1) · (−2.5) · (+4) · (−9) · (+100)

= [(+0.1) · (+100) · (−9)] · [(−2.5) · (+4)]
= (−90) · (−10) = +900

1.27

   
1 1
(−1) · (−2) · (+3) · − · − = +1
2 3
   
1 1
(−1) · (−2) · (−3) · − · − = −1
2 3

1.28
         
1 2 7 4 1
1. −1 · + · − · −1 · +2
2 3 10 7 5
      
273 19 1 1
2. − · +99 · 7 + −7 · (−292 )
113 100 8 8
 51

3. 2 · (−a) · (−5) · (−b)

1.
 
1 2 7 4 1
=− 1 × × ×1 ×2
2 3 10 7 5
121 21
=− = −2
50 50
   
273 19
2. = − · +99 · 0 · (−292 ) = 0
113 100

3. 2 · (−a) · (−5) · (−b) = −10ab

1.

(−2) · (+15), (−2) · (−15), −(−2) · (−15), −(+2) · (−15)

(−0.25)·(+8), −(+0.25)·(−8), (−0.25)·[−(−8)]

(−0.25)·(−8),
 
1
(−1981) · 0, 0 · +11
22
           
4 3 3 4 3 4
− · +1 , −1 · − , − −1 · +
7 4 4 7 4 7

2.

(a) (−1) · (+1) · (−1949) · (−1)

     
5 4 1
(b) (−3) · + · −1 · −
6 5 4
(c) (−0.25) · (−1.25) · (+4) · (−8) · (+2000) · (−0.001)
(d) [(−9) + (+7) − 13] · [4 + (−7)] · 9
   
3 2 1
(e) − · −8 + − 1
4 3 3
(f) (−2) · (−a) · (+5) · (+c) · (−1) · b
52

x, y (y ̸= 0) x÷y
[?] y × [?] = x x ÷ y = [?]
a, b
a
(+a) ÷ (+b) (+a) ÷ (+b) = +
b
 
1 8
(+8) ÷ + = = 8 × 2 = 16
2 1
2
(−a) ÷ (−b)  a
(−b) × + = −a
b
a
(−a) ÷ (−b) = +
b
8
(−8) ÷ (−2) = + = +4
 2a   a
(−b) × − = +a (+b) × − = −a
b b
a a
(+a) ÷ (−b) = − , (−a) ÷ (+b) = −
b b
10
(+10) ÷ (−2.5) = − = −4
2.5
10
(−10) ÷ (+2) = − = −5
2

1.29

1. (−82) ÷ (+4), (−82) ÷ (−4)

2. (+0.08) ÷ (−0.2), (−0.08) ÷ (−0.2), −(−0.08) ÷ (+0.2)

     
3 1 2 4
3. − · +1 ÷ − , − ÷4
7 3 7 5

1
(−82) ÷ (+4) = −20
2
1
(−82) ÷ (−4) = +20
2
 53

0.08
(+0.08) ÷ (−0.2) = − = −0.4
0.2
(−0.08) ÷ (−0.2) = 0.4
−(−0.08) ÷ (+0.2) = (+0.08) ÷ (+0.2) = +0.4
         
3 1 2 3 4 2
− · +1 ÷ − = − × ÷ −
7 3 7 7 3 7
   
4 2
= − ÷ −
7 7
 
4 7
=+ × = +2
7 2
   
4 4 4 1 1
− ÷4= − ÷ (+4) = − × =−
5 5 5 4 5

y · 0 = 0 · y = 0, (y ̸= 0)

0÷y =0 (y ̸= 0)

1. (−96) ÷ (+16), (−96) ÷ (−16), 0 ÷ (−16)

2. (−16.5) ÷ (−15), (+16.5) ÷ (−15), −(+16.5) ÷ (−1.5)

3. (−0.08) ÷ (+0.002), −(−0.14) ÷ (−0.0007)

     
3 2 7 1 2
4. − ÷ − , ÷ −3 , − ÷2
5 5 8 2 3
      
2 2 3
5. − ÷ (+2) + 0, (−2) ÷ + 1 ÷ −1
3 7 4
     
1980 3 1
6. 0 ÷ − , 1÷ − , 1 ÷ −2
1981 4 2

1
x 1 x
x
54

1 1
• ∵ 1÷3= ∴ 3
3 3
1 1
• ∵ 1÷ =4 ∴ 4
4 4
 
3 5 5 3
• ∵ 1÷ − =− ∴ − −
5 3 3 5
1 1 3 5
3 4 − −
3 4 5 3
1
1
x
x
1
x· =1
x

1 a
a÷b=a× = , a, b b ̸= 0
b b
1.30
 
5 1
1. −2.5 ÷ × −
6 3
  
1
2. [(−56) ÷ (−7)] + (−2) ÷ +
2

   
5 1 6 1
−2.5 ÷ × − = −2.5 × × − ( )
6 3 5 3
 
5 6 1
=+ × × ( )
2 5 3
=1
 55
    
1 1
[(−56) ÷ (−7)] + (−2) ÷ + = (−56) × − + (−2) × (+2)
2 7
= (+8) + (−4) = 4

1.
3 5 1 a
0.4, , − , −0.1, , −8, −1, (b ̸= 0)
4 6 7 b

2.

3.
   
2 3 (c) (−64) ÷ (+4) ÷ (−8)
(a) −1 ÷ +      
7 7 1 1 1
(b) (+0.26) ÷ (−0.01) (d) +1 ÷ − × −1
2 3 2

( ) a

|a · a{z· · · a} = a ,
n
n 1
n

an a n a n

a = a1 , a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0)

am × an = am+n
(a · b)n = an · bn
(am )n = amn
am ÷ an = am−n (a ̸= 0, m ≥ n)
 a m a m
= m (b ̸= 0)
b b
56

1.31
 4
1
1. (−4) , 3
− , (−0.1)5 , (−x)4
2
  2 " 2 # 2
2 2 1
2. − − , − , (−0.2)4 ÷ (−0.2)2
3 3 5
 m  n  3
n 2 1 1
3. [(−2) · (−2) ] ,
m
− ÷ −
2 2

1. (−4)3 = (−4) · (−4) · (−4) = −64

 4        
1 1 11 1 1
− = · − −
· − · − =+
2 2 22 2 16
 5
1 1
(−0.1)5 = − =− = −0.00001
10 100000
(−x)4 = (−x)2 · (−x)2 = x4

  2  3
2 2 2 8
2. − − = − =−
3 3 3 27
" 2 # 2  4
1 1 1
− = − =+
5 5 625

(−0.2)4 ÷ (−0.2)2 = (−0.2)2 = +0.04

2
3. [(−2)m · (−2)n ] = [(−2)m+n ]2 = [(−2)2 ]m+n = 4m+n
 m  n  3 " m−n #3 " 3 #m−n
1 1 1 1 1
− ÷ − = − = − =−
2 2 2 2 8m−n

1.31 ( )

0
 57

1.32

1. (−2)6 , −26 , −(−2)6 , −(−26 )

2. 53 × 63 , 5 × 63 , −5 × 63 , −53 × 63

3. (−2 × 4)2 , −2 × 42 , 2 × (−4)2

 3  3
3 33 3
4. − , , − −
5 5 5
 2n  2n+1
1 1
5. − , −
3 3

1. (−2)6 = +64, −26 = −64, −(−2)6 = −64, −(−26 ) = +64

2. 53 × 63 = (5 × 6)3 = 303 = 27000, 5 × 63 = 5 × 216 = 1080

−5 × 63 = −1080, −53 × 63 = −(5 × 6)3 = −303 = −27000

3. (−2 × 4)2 = (−8)2 = +64, −2 × 42 = −32, 2 × (−4)2 = 32

 3  3
3 27 33 27 3 27
4. − =− , =− , − − =+
5 125 5 5 5 125
 2n " 2 # n  n
1 1 1 1
5. − = − = + =+ n
3 3 9 9
 2n+1  2n    
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = − · − = + 2n · − = − 2n+1
3 3 3 3 3 3

 3
3
1.33 (−5) · (−2) · (−5) · +
3 2 2
5

"  3 #
3
= [(−2) · (−5) ] · (−5) · +
2 2 3
( )
5
 3
3
= [(−2)2 · (−5)2 ] · (−5) · ( )
5
= (+10)2 · (−3)3 ( )
= 100 × (−27) ( )
= −2700
58

1.34 10

1000000, 30000, −5700000, 849000

( a × 10n |a| 10 1 1 )

1000000 = 1 × 106 = 106

30000 = 3 × 10000 = 3 × 104
−5700000 = −5.7 × 1000000 = −5.7 × 106
849000 = 8.49 × 100000 = 8.49 × 105

a × 10n
|a| 10 1 1 n 1

1. ( )

(a) (−3)
 
1
(b) −
2
(c) −3 × 52 , (−3 ÷ 2)2 , (−2)3 ÷ 22
−9 ÷ 32 , (−9) ÷ (−3)2 , 81 ÷ (−3)2
(d) (−a2 )3 , [(−a2 )]3 , (−a3 )2
 n
1
[(−a) ] , 2 n n 2
[(−a) ] , (−a) · −
n
a
 3
2
2. 8 × −
2
× (−0.25)2 × (−4.5)3
3
3.

10000, 360000, −705000, −198100000

 59

1.35 (−5)2 × 3 − 33 × 6 ÷ (−2)

= 25 × 3 − 27 × 6 ÷ (−2) ( )
= 75 − 162 ÷ (−2) ( )
= 75 − (−81) ( )
= 75 + 81 = 156 ( )

"  3 #      2
1 1 3 3 2
1.36 2 − − ÷ − + − · −1
4 2 8 5 3

     
9 1 3 3 25
= + ÷ − + − × ( )
4 8 8 5 9
     
19 8 3 25
= + × − + − × ( )
8 3 5 9
   
19 15
= − + −
3 9
   
19 5
= − + −
3 3
 
19 + 5
=− = −8 ( )
3

   
1 6 1
1. 2 × − ÷ −2
4 7 2
2. (0.01 − 0.03)3 − (2 × 0.042 − 0.0015)
     
3 1
3. −3 − (−5) + 1 − 0.2 ×
2 2
÷ (−2) × −
5 8
60

1.37
   
3 7 7 7
1. 1 − − ÷ −
4 8 12 8
 3  0  3  3
3 1 3 2
2. − · (−0.6) −
2
· (−1.5) + (−0.8) · −
3 2
+2 ÷ −
3
2 7 2 3

1.
   
7 7 7 8
= − − × − ( )
4 8 12 7
     
7 8 7 8 7 8
= × − − × − − × − ( )
4 7 8 7 12 7
2
= −2 + 1 + ( )
3
1
=− ( )
3

2.
 3  0  3  3  3
3 1 3 3 3
= −
· (−0.6)2 − · − + (−0.8)2 · − + 23 × −
2 7 2 2 2
 3 "  0 #
3 1
= − · (0.6)2 − + (−0.8)2 + 23 ( )
2 7
27
=− · (0.36 − 1 + 0.64 + 8)
8
27
= − × 8 = −27
8

3 
1
1. 2 · (−4) − 9 + −
3 2 0
+ (−2)3 · 16
2
 2    2  2
2 1 2 1 5 3
2. − · − + ÷ (−1.5) − · −
2
3 2 3 3 6 2
 61

 2  2
1 2 3 5 6
3. 1 − − − + ÷ −
7 7 7 7 7
  "    0 #
2 5 1 1
4. − · (−1) − −
0
× (−2) + 1 ÷ −
2
5 8 4 9

1.3
1.
  
1 1
(−7) + 2, −9+ −7 , (−7) + (+7), 3 + (−8)
2 2
       
1 1 1 1 1
−9 + −5 , 10 + −10 , (−2) + (−5), −7 +5
2 4 10 10 2
 
1
a + (−a), 7 + 23, (−8) + +1 , (−3.2) + (−2.3)
4
 
1
(−41) + 38, 0 + −8 , (−2.5) + (+3.6), 41 + (−38)
3
1
6 + 0, (+8.7) + (−9.5)
2
2.

x y x+y (−x) + y x + (−y) (−x) + (−y)

+8 −2 +6 −10 +10 −6
−5 −1
1 3
1 −2
4 4
1 1
−3 −7
2 4
1
− 0
9

3.

(a) (+3) + (−13) + (+7) + (−18)

(b) (+0.56) + (−0.9) + (+4.4) + 8.1
 
2 2
(c) + (−2.53) + − + 5.53
3 3
62
 
  
  
23 1 3 3
(d) + +− + −1 + −1 +
5
10 5 10 5
     
3 1 43
(e) − + 0 + +1 + −
7 9 63
4.
     
1 1 3 2
(a) + −3
+4 + −4 +3
4 3 4 3
   
1 3 1 1
(b) 9 + −4 + +1 +1
2 4 4 2
    
1 2 1
(c) 4.4 + (−0.1) + +8 + −11 +1
3 3 3
(d) (−17.85) + (−3.65) + 17.85 + (−1.75)
7
(e) (−10.5) + 22.3 + (−12.15) +
20
5. x =?

(a) (−2) + x = 0 1
  (c) x + (−3) = −4
1 3
(b) x + −1 =0 (d) (−2.5) + x = +5
7

6.
     
1 1 1
(+2) − (+5), −7 − +1 , −12 − 10, (+2) − (−5)
2 2 3
       
1 1 1 1
−7 − −3 , (−2.75) − (−1.95), 0 − (+8), −8 − +8
2 2 3 3
 
3
(+5) − (−2.9), (−5) − (−8), +4 − 5, (+1.06) − (−1.06)
4
  

1 1
−2 − (+7), 7 − −2 , (−7.6) − (−9), (−2.5) − (−7)
2 5
 
1 1
0 − −9 , 11 −0
2 101

7.

1
x y x−y (−x) − y (−x) − x − (−y) 1−y
2
1 1
−1
4 2
 63

8.

(a) (−32) − (−7) − (−65) − (−24)

       
1 1 1 1
(b) 0 − − − − − − − +
2 3 4 6
    
1 1
(c) 4.4 − (−10.1) + +8 − +11
3 3
(d) (+473.63) + (−208.17) − (−89.41) − (−17.09) − (+473.65)
     
3 1 1
(e) +17 − (+6.25) − −8 − (+0.75) − −22
4 2 4
9.

(a) a − (b + c + d) = a − b − c − d
(b) x − y − z − n = (x − y) − (z + n)

10.
4 3
(a) 33 + 59.8 − 12 − 31 − 8.7
5 5
(b) 7954 + 2047 − 4643 − 6009 + 3406
3 1 1
(c) 8 − 2 + 2 − 8 − 3 + 3
8 4 3
(d) a + b − a − c

11.
     
3 4
(a) 0 − 1 − (−1) − + − (+5) − −
7 7
   
1 5 2 5 1
(b) 1 − − + − +1
3 2 3 3 2
 
1 1 1 5 1
(c) −3 − + − −1
2 2 3 6 2
   
1 1 5 2 5
(d) − + − −
3 2 6 3 6
   
1 −1
(e) 2 · 4 −
3
− −2 −5 −6
0 2
24 3
12.
 
1
(−7) × (+9), 3 × −2 , (−3.5) × (+3.5), (−7) × (−10)
2
         
1 1 1 1 3
−3 × (−2), (−7) × + , (−7) × − , −1 × +1
2 7 7 7 4
64
           
1 6 1 1 2 3
−1 × − , 5×(−2.4), −1 × −1 , +2 × −
6 7 4 5 3 8
 
1921
(−8) × (−1.25), 0× − , (−6.2) × (−7.1), 0 × (−1919)
1981
 
1
(−a) × 0, (+0.002) × −
500

13.
 
2
x y x·y (−x) · (y) x · (−y) − xy
3
3
−4 +
4
(−5) +15
15
−12 0
17
1
+1 +3
2
(−0.5) (−2)

14.
 
1 3
(a) (−0.12) × 2 × − × (−1.6)
12 4
 
2
(b) (−3.81) × −66 × (−0.02)
3
   
7 1 4
(c) 1 × −3 × − × (41)0
8 3 15
     
2 1 1 3
(d) × −1 × −2 × (−7) × +1
5 2 3 4
    
2 1 3
(e) 62 − 4 × −1 × −
3 2 2
15.
 
3 1
(a) (−0.12) × − × (−16) ×
4 12
 
3 1
(b) − × 8 − 1 − 0.04
4 3
 
11 7 3 13
(c) − + − × (−48)
12 6 4 24
     
1 1 1
(d) 2 · (−1) + −
5
·2 + −
5
·2 + −
5
· 25
2 3 6
 65

16.

(a) (a + 1) · (a − 1) = a2 − 1
(b) (1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x + x2

17.
     
2 1 1 3
(+48) ÷ (−6), ÷ − , −1 ÷ − , (−45) ÷ (+9)
3 2 3 4
       
3 3 2 1
− ÷ − , (−0.25) ÷ (−4), (−36) ÷ (−3), − ÷ +
5 5 5 2
   
−16 1 3 1
(+1.84) ÷ (−0.5), , −1 ÷ + , (−76) ÷ 1
+12 3 4 3
 
−18 1 1
, 2 ÷ −1 , (−83325) ÷ (−75), 0 ÷ (−1850)
−12 2 4
   
5 3 5
−5 ÷ −3 , (−0.75) ÷ 5
8 4 8

18.

x y x÷y (−x) ÷ y 1÷y (−x) ÷ (−y) x ÷ (−1)

−4 +6
1
0 −
10
2
− 1
3
19.
2 1
(a) (−6) ÷ ÷ 1
3 4

2 1
(b) 3.28 ÷ −2 ÷1
3 2
 
1 3 3 3
(c) −1 ÷ × (−0.2) × 1 ÷ 1.4 × −
2 4 4 5
 3
1
(d) −315 ÷ 35 × 37 ÷ +1
2
(e) [a ÷ (−a)] + [(−b) ÷ b] (a ̸= 0, b ̸= 0)

20.
   
4 9 1 3
(a) − + ÷ −
5 25 10 5
66

(b) a ̸= 0, (b + c + d) ÷ a = b ÷ a + c ÷ a + d ÷ a

21.
 3  2  2  4
1 1 2 1
(−2)5 , (−1.5)2 · 1 , −3 ÷ , −1
2 2 7 2

(−5)2 · (−5)0 , (−7)9 ÷ 77 , (+0.01)2 , (−0.01)2 · (−0.1)3

 3
2
(−0.2) ÷ (−2) ,
4 3
− , (−12)3 · (+18)3 , (−0.031)2 ÷ (−0.031)2
3
 2  0
22 1 1
− , −0.5 · (−1) ,
2 7
8 ÷ −8
5 9 9
 4
−33 1
, −7 · (−7) · (−7),
2 2
(−0.25) ÷
4
7 4

22.

(a) (−0.2)6 · (500)6 (c) (−1.25)4 · (8000)4

 5
1
(b) (0.625)3 · (−4000)3 (d) − · (120)5
4

23.

am · (an − 1) ÷ an = am − am−n (a ̸= 0, m ≥ n)

24.
   3
1 4 3 5
(a) − − (−1)91 × −
6 3 2 3
 3  2  2
3 3 3 2
(b) − − + − − −
2 2 2 −22
(c) 7 × 102 + 6 × (−1)2 − 8 × (−1)3
(d) (−32)n+1 ÷ 16 × (−2)2
 2n−1  2n−5
2 2
(e) − ÷ −
3 3
 n  n+4  2n+1
1 1 1
(f) · ÷
4 2 8
  m  0
5 7
(g) − − −1
8 11
 67

25. a m n

am , an , am+n , am−n , a2m , a2n

26.
   
1 1 1 1
(a) 3 + −1 + −3 +1 +1
7 4 7 4
     
1 9 1 2
(b) 99.1 + − − − − −1
5 7 5 7
 0
25 7 4 2
(c) 5 − 25 − −5
29 29 29 29
   
5 1 5 1 1
(d) 1 − 2 − − + − −
6 3 6 4 12
27.
 2  2
1 1 1
(a) −3 + (−3) − −
2 2
+ +(−1)1011 −
3 3 0.12
"  2  2  2 #  2
1 1 1 1 1 2
(b) − − −1 − 1 − −2 × −
2 2 2 2 2 5
  ß   ™
3 1 3 1
(c) +2 ÷ 1− × −2
4 2 4 2
9
(d) −3.8 + 4.35 − 10 × (−2) − 1.05 × 7
10
28.

(a) 16 · (−3)2 + 5 · (−3) − 12 ÷ 2 + (−60) ÷ (−4) + 18 · (−2)3 − 2 · (−3)

 2  2  2
4 7 1 1 1
(b) − ÷ − ÷ (−6)2 × −
3 6 3 2 2
ß    ™
1 5 1 4
(c) −5 − ×3 − 2 + 3−1
0
× 0.1 2
2 28 7 7
1 1
5 − 20 × −5 − + 1.5
(d) 4 − + 2
1 1 −5
÷ 0.5 1−
2 5
29.

(a)
68

(b) a b a 2 + b2 = 0 a, b

(c) (b) a 3 + b3 (a − 1)2 + (b − 1)2

30. x, y (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 0

     2
x y x
(a) + (c) +1
y x y
(d) x3 + y 3
(b) x2 + y 2 (e) (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2

( )
( )

( )

(0 )
(
0) ( ) ( 0)

a, b, c

a + b = b + a, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
 69

 
1 1
(−5.6) + − + (−4.4) +
4 4
 
1 1
= [(−5.6) + (−4.4)] + − +
4 4
= −10 + 0 = −10

a, b, c

a · b = b · a, (a − b) · c = a · (b · c)

 
3 4
(−0.625) × × (−8) × −
4 5
 
3 4
= × [(−0.625) × (−8)] × −
4 5
 
3 4
= ×5× − = −3
4 5

a, b, c

a · (b + c) = ab + ac

 
5 3 1
16 · + + = 10 + 12 + 8 = 30
8 4 2

(−0.7) × (−0.86) + (−0.13) × (−0.7) + 0.01 × (0.7)

= 0.7 × (0.86 + 0.13 + 0.01)
= 0.7 × 1 = 0.7
70

a (−a)
(−a) + a = a + (−a) = 0 (−a) a

a − b = a + (−b)

1
b b×
b
1 1 1
= ×b=1 b
b b b

1
a÷b=a×
b

( 0)

0 1

a + 0 = 0 + a = a, a · 0 = 0 · a = 0, a·1=1·a=a

0, 1
 71

am · an = am+n
(a · b)m = am · bm
(am )n = am·n
 a m a m
= m (b ̸= 0)
b b
a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0)
am ÷ an = am−n (a ̸= 0, m ≥ n)

m, n

   
1 3 1 3
1. 1 − + − ×3×2 3
÷5
24 8 6 4
3n−1 272n+1
2. + 3n−1
3n−5 9
3. 2n · 6n+2 ÷ 12n − 24n ÷ 8n · 3n−2

4. (a − b) ÷ c = a ÷ c − b + c (c ̸= 0)

0
0
0 0

< <

<

> >

> −54 < 0 < +0.01

+0.01 > 0 > −54.
72

a a>0
b b<0

1.
1 1
(a) 0, ,− , +
2 100
(b) −0.9, +0.9, 0

2. a≥0 a b≤0 b

a b
a>b a=b a<b a, b

• a−b>0 a>b

• a−b=0 a=b

• a−b<0 a<b

5−3=2>0 ⇒ 5>3

(−5) − (+3) = −8 < 0 ⇒ −5 < +3

 
1 1 1
(−5) − −8 = +3 > 0 ⇒ −5 > −8
2 2 2
0 − (−7) = +7 > 0 ⇒ 0 > −7

0 − 0.01 = −0.01 < 0 ⇒ 0 < 0.01

• a>b a−b>0

• a=b a−b=0

• a<b a−b<0

1.38
 73

1. −15 +0.001 2 6
3. − −
3 7
2. −2.7 −3.1 4. −0.01 −1.01

1. ∵ (−15) − (+0.001) = −15.001 < 0

∴ −15 < +0.001 <

2. ∵ (−2.7) − (3.1) = +0.4 > 0

∴ −2.7 > 3.1
   
2 6 14 18 4
3. ∵ − − − =− + =+ >0
3 7 21 21 21
2 6
∴ − >−
3 7
4. ∵ (−0.01) − (−1.01) = +1 > 0
∴ −0.01 > −1.01
1
1.39 +0.1, −3, −
4
> +0.1
 
1 3
+0.1 ∵ (−3) − − = −2 < 0
4 4
1
∴ −3 < −
4
1 1
−3 < − < +0.1 +0.1 > − > −3
4 4

1
−3 < +0.1 > − −3
4
1
−
4

1. 0 −10 0 +10 −10 +10 −10 −15

1 1 1 1
2. − − −0.8 −0.4 −0.12 −0.15
3 5 3 5
74

1 1 1
3. +0.001 −108 −0.001 − + −
2 2 4

• 0
∵ |0| < |5| < |8|, ∴0<5<8

• 0
∵ | − 8| > | − 5| > |0|, ∴ −8 < −5 < 0

<

1.40 < >

1
3, −7, 1.4, −1.4, 0, −9,
2

1
−9, −7, −1.4, 0, , 1.4, 3
2
<
1
−9 < −7 < −1.4 < 0 < < 1.4 < 3
2

1
3 > 1.4 > > 0 > −1.4 > −7 > −9
2
 75

−9 −7 −1.4 0 0.5 1.4 3

X
A B C OD E F
1.4

<

−4, −5, 3.5, −3, 0, 2, −1.5, 0.5, 5

 
1 1
(−2) + − = −2
3 3
(+0.1) + (−5.1) = −5
(−7) − b = +3, b
(−2) · x = +4, x

=
A, B

A=B

5 + 3 = (−2) + 10 (−3) − (−16) = 13 a + a = 2a

x + (−2) = −6
x = −4 a−b = 2 a b 2
76

3 + 5 = 10 0 · x = −5

1. A=B B=A

2. A = B, B = C A=C

3. ( ) A=B
A±m=B±m

4. ( ) A=B
A·m=B·m ( A ÷ m = B ÷ m) (m ̸= 0)

1.41 a, b a−5=b−2

a, b a−5 = b−2
a, b
a−5 = b−2 3 5

a − 5 + 5 = b − 2 + 5� a=b+3

a b 3
a=b+3

a−b=3 ( 3 b)

a>b a b 3
a
1.42 5a + b = 7b , (b ̸= 0)
b

∵ 5a + b = 7b
∴ 5a =6b 3 (−b)
a
∴ 5 =6 4 b ̸= 0
b
 77
a 6 1
∴ = 4
b 5 5
a 6 1
= =1
b 5 5
1.43 −4 = 7 + 11x x

−4 = 7 + 11x

−11 = 11x ( 7)
−1 = x ( 11)
x = −1 ( )

1.

b + (−3) = 1, 2x + 4 = 5y (y ̸= 0)

2. 3a + b = 6 + 4b a, b ( )

1 1 1
3. a 7a − 1 = +5
6 2 3
4. A = B, C = D A+C = B+D

> < (
) 5 > −7, 1 − 8 < −1.4 + 1 a> b
> <
A>B B<A

• 5 > −7, 1 − 3 < 1, a2 ≥ 0

1
• a − 1 > 5, x+ < −1
2
78

• 5 + (−2) < (−5) + 1, −b2 > 0

1. A>B B<A

2. A > B, B > C A>C

3. A>B A+m>B+m
( )

4. A>B m>0 Am > Bm

5. A>B m<0 Am < Bm

1
1.44 5a − b > (a + 7b) a, b
2

1
∵ 5a − b > (a + 7b) ( )
2
∴ 10a − 2b > a + 7b ( 2)
9a − 2b > 7b ( (−a))
9a > 9b ( 2b)
1
∴ a>b ( > 0)
9

a b

a+b
1.45 a>b a> >b
2
 79

a>b
a b 1
> ( > 0)
2 2 2
a a a b a
+ > + ( )
2 2 2 2 2

a+b
a> (1.6)
2

a+b
>b (1.7)
2
(1.6)(1.7)
a+b
a> >b
2

a, b
a+b
2

1. 4a − b > 3a a, b
x
2. −1 x
4
a−b
3. a<b <0
10
4. A > B, C > D, A+C > B+D

5. A > B, C < D, A−C > B−D

1.4
1.
80
 
2 2 1
(a) −1 × 0.5 − ÷1
3 3 9
  "  2  3 #
3 5 1 1 1
(b) 2 × 5 ÷ (−2) × −
3
× −1 + − − −
5 14 2 2 2
(c) (−a)2n · (−a)2m+1 + (−1)2n−1 · a + (−1)2m a
16n−2 · 4n 52n+4 · 2n
(d) −
82n 52n+3 · 2n−3
2.

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 , (a + b) · (a − b) = a2 − b2

3.

(a) 0 −0.0001 0.0001 −1981 −1981 −1990

2 5 1 1 4 5
(b) −1 −1 − 100 − −0.1
3 8 4 7 5 4
1 1 1 1
(c) − 0.5 −2.1 0 5 −2 4 −
2 2 2 4
4.
1 1
(a) − , 0.5, −2.1, 0, −5, 4 , 3
2 2
1 1
(b) 3, −5, 5 , −2 , −4, 4, 0, −3
2 2
1
5. −7 +5 ( )
3
(a)
(b)

6.

(a) a = b ⇒ a−3=b−3
1
(b) 5a = b ⇒ a= b
5
1
(c) ab = 1, b ̸= 0 ⇒ a=
b
10 5
(d) = ⇒ a = 2b
a b
(e) −2a = −4b + 2 ⇒ a + 1 = 2b

7. a, b
 81

(a)
a b 1
= − (c) a − b = b − a
2 2 2
(b) −a + b = a − b + 1 (d) 7a + 1 = −1 + 7b

8.

x
(a) =8 (g) m + 1 = 8
2
3 1 1
(b) x = −9 (h) n − =
5 2 3
3 9 28
(c) x = − (i) = −4 (a ̸= 0)
4 2 a
1 2
(d) − a = (j) |x| − 1 = 4
2 7
3
(e) −12x = − (k) 3x − 7 = 2
2
3 1
(f) −9 = − b (l) 5(x + 2) =
4 2

9. a, b
1 1
a− > + b, a − 0.1 > 0.1 + 2a − b
2 2

a + 2b
10. a, b
3

( )
( )
0 1

| · a ·{za · · · a},
an = a a1 = a
n a

am · an = am+n , (a · b)n = an · bn , (am )n = am·n

 a n an
= (b ̸= 0), am ÷ an = am−n (a ̸= 0, m ≥ n), a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0)
b bn
82

(−a) + (+a) = 0 −a a
+1 −1 .
0

(
0 1 )

1. a, b

(+a) + (+b) = +(a + b)

(−a) + (−b) = −(a + b)

 +(a − b) (a > b)
(+a) + (−b) =
 −(b − a) (a < b)

(+a) + 0 = 0 + (+a) = +a
(−a) + 0 = 0 + (−a) = −a
0+0=0

2. x, y x − y = x + (−y)

3. a, b

(+a) · (+b) = +ab

(−a) · (+b) = (+a) · (−b) = −ab
(−a) · (−b) = +ab
(+a) · 0 = (−a) · 0 = 0
0×0=0

4. x, y y ̸= 0
1
x÷y =x×
y

5.
 83

1. ( )

1
a = 1, (a ̸= 0)
0

2.

• a−b>0 a>b

• a−b=0 a=b

• a−b<0 a<b

3.

1.

(a)
5
(b) a
a
1
(c) m
m
(d) x x2 x

2. (a) a h
S=
84

(b)

3. 32, 36, 48 15

4.

(a) 10n+1 ÷ 10n−1 , 1004n+1 ÷ 108n−1

(b) 272n+1 ÷ 93n−2 , 52n+3 · 53n−1 ÷ 55n+2

(c) 6n+1 · 6n+2 ÷ 62n−1 , 12n+5 · 12n ÷ 122n+1

m
5.
n
1 2 (c) m, n
(a) m = 2 , n=4
7 3 1
(b) m, n (d) m = − n
2

6. (a) a, b a 2 − b2

(b) a
a a
a > −a, a2 > a, = 1, = −1
|a| |a|

(c) |m| = |n| m=n |m| > |n|

m>n

(d) a, b a + b ̸= 0, a · b ̸= 0

7.
®   2  ´  
2 1 1 7 7 1 17 2
(a) + −2 + 1 ×1 − − ÷ −1
5 2 4 25 50 10 25 5
ß     ™  
3 1 1 23 49
(b) 2 − 4− 2 −1 × 3.5 ÷ 0.16 × 2 − 1
16 7 5 24 60
ß    ™
5
(c) (−1) ÷ (+12) × − + 3 × (−0.5) × (−4) + (−6)
8
       2
1 6 2 1 1
(d) 5 − − −0.25 + (−2) ÷ −2
3
÷ − −
2 11 3 3 2
 85

1
8. a −
2
a 3 3a − 1
· a2 + a14 ÷ a5 ,
2 a+1

9. x
1 1
5|x| + 1 = 21, |x| − 1 = 1 − |x|
2 2

10. x, y
1
(a) 5x − < 1 + 5y
5
1 1
(b) |x| + 1 > 2 + |y|
2 2
11.

(a)
(b) 6
a + 3b
(c) a>b a> >b
4
(d) a, b ab − a = 1981
 S = a·b a, b, S

2.1 138

(4 + 1)

( )=( ) ÷ (4 + 1)
( )=( )−( )

86
 87

138 ÷ (4 + 1) = 27.6( ) ( )
138 − 27.6 = 110.4( ) ( )

x
x
4x ( ) =( )+(
) = 13

4x + x = 138

x x

(4 + 1)x = 138 ( )

5x = 138

∴ x = 138 ÷ 5 ( 5)
x = 27.6( ) ( )
4x = 4 × 27.6 = 110.4( ) ( )

(4 + 1) x
( 2.1 x )
x
x

2.2 4 8 12
4 8

12 9 12 ×
0.04 = 0.48( ) 0.64( ) (0.64−0.48) = 0.16( )
88

8 4
(0.08 − 0.04) = 0.04( )
( 8 )
0.16( )

8 =
= [0.64 − (12 × 0.04)] ÷ (0.08 − 0.04) (2.1)
= 0.16 ÷ 0.04 = 4( )

4 = 12 − 4 = 8( )

y 8
4 (12 − y)
( )×( )=( )
8 4 (0, 08 · y) 0.04(12 − y)

(0.08)y + 0.04(12 − y) = 0.64 (2.2)

(2.2) ( )
y

0.08y + 0.04 × 12 − 0.04y = 0.64 ( )

(0.08y − 0.04y) + 0.48 = 0.64 ( )
(0.08 − 0.04)y + 0.48 = 0.64 ( )
0.04y = 0.64 − 0.48 ( 0.48)
0.04y = 0.16

0.16
∴ y= ( 0.04)
0.04
y = 4( ) (8 )
12 − y = 12 − 4 = 8( ) (4 )

(2.1)
 89

2.1 2.2

2.3
23 11 5

x
5 x

• (23 + 0.5x)

• (11 + 0.5x)

(23 + 0.5x) = 3(11 + 0.5x)

23 + 0.5x = 33 + 1.5x ( )
23 = 33 + 1.5x − 0.5x ( 0.5x)
23 − 33 = 1.5x − 0.5x ( 33)
23 − 33 = (1.5 − 0.5)x ( )
−10 = x ( )
x = −10 ( )

−10 ( 10 )
90

1.

(a) 4 3 13 .
(b) 5
2 4 3

2.

x, y, . . .

( )

4x + x = 138

0.08y + (12 − y) × 0.04 = 0.64

23 + 0.5x = 3(11 + 0.5x)

x·y−3x = 5

+ −
( + − )
 91

+0.08x, x, −1, 5x 1 xy
2 0 0

4x + x = 138 4x, +x 138

4, +1 138 1 1 0 1
xy − 3x = 5 xy, −3x 5
+1 −3 5 2 1 0 2

2.4

1.

2. 24

3. 101

x
1. x =9
5
y
2. y y+ = 24
2
3. x (101 − x) x − (101 − x) = 3
(101 − x) − x = 3

x (x + 3)

x + (x + 3) = 101

x y


 x + y = 101
x−y = 3
92

1.

1 (c) −0.05 + 7.2x = x

(a) x − 5x = 7
2
(b) 3x2 − 5 = 2x (d) x − xy = 0

2.
1
(a) 2 − −10
3
(b) 2

3
(c) 4 2 140

(d) 36 m ( m
)
(e) 20% 300

=
+

(f) 20% 150 50

• x = 49 x + (x + 3) = 101 101 = 101

• y=7 2 − 0.2y = 0.6 0.6 = 0.6

 93

• x=1 y=8 xy − 3x = 5 5=5

( )

• x = 49 x + (x + 3) = 101

• y=7 2 − 0.2y = 0.6

• x=1 y=8 xy − 3x = 5

1. 2x + 1 = 6 3. xy = 0

2. x + 3 = 2x 4. 0.5x + 1 = 3

( )
4x + 2(12 − x) = 32
( )

4x + 2(12 − x) = 32 x
( )
4x+2·12−2·x = 32

(4x − 2x) + 24 = 32
(4 − 2)x + 24 = 32 (2.3)
2x + 24 = 32
94

( )

(2.3) 2x + 24 = 32
(−24)
2x = 32 − 24

3 2x+24 = 32
+24

2x = 32 − 24
(2.4)
2x = 8

(2.4) 40

1
2x = 8 ( ) 2
2
x=4 (2.5)

4 (
)

2.5 9x − 5 = 5 − x

9x + x = 5 + 5

10x = 10

x 10
x=1
 95

x=1

= 9 × 1 − 5 = 4, =5−1=4

∴ =
∴ x=1 9x − 5 = 5 − x

2.6 −5 = 5x − 7(1 − x)

−5 = 5x − 7 + 7x ( )
−7x − 5x = 5 − 7 ( )
−12x = −2 ( )
1
x= ( −12)
6
1 1
x= −5 = 5x − 7(1 − x)
6 6

1.

2.

3.

(a) x − 7 = 9 1
(c) 2x + =0
2
(b) 6 − y = y − 5 (d) 12 = 6x − 9(2 − x)

2.1
1.

(a) 18000 2 400

(b) 864 55 40
5 8
96

(c) 15 9
2

2. x
1
(a) x 1 −7
2
(b) x 27
(c) x a 10
(d) x 20% 51
(e) 51% x
(f) x 100
(g) x 3
(h) 20 x
(i) 400 x / 2x /

(j)

3.

(a) 3
(b) 40 10
(c) 85% 100 15% 100

(d) 5 1.5
50

4.

(a) 7x + 1 = 0 (c) 0 = 0.1x

1
(b) − x − 1 = x + 10 (d) 1 − xy = 3x
5

5.
 97

1 (c) 3 − x = 6
(a) x = −1
2
1 1
(b) x + 1 = (d) −7 + 2(1 − x) = 0
3 3

6.

(a) x − 1 = 2x (c) 8 − 10y = −32 − 5y

1 1 1
(b) 0 = 7x − (d) = 2x − (1 − 4x)
2 4 2

7. a, b a ̸= −1
1
ax + 1 = b − x, b − ax = +x
2

1.

2.

3. 1
x x
4x + x = 138 = 9 0.08y + 0.04(12 − y) = 0.64 x + = 24
5 2

ax + b = 0 (a, b a ̸= 0)

2.7 8x = 5x − 3
98

8x − 5x = −3
3x = −3
3 x = −1
x = −1

= 8 × (−1) = −8,
= 5 × (−1) − 3 = −8,

= ∴ x = −1

2.8 7(1 − x) = 2(x + 3) − 4(5 + 4x)

7 − 7x = 2x + 6 − 20 − 16x

−7x − 2x + 16x = 6 − 20 − 7

7x = −21

7 x = −3
x = −3

= 7[1 − (−3)] = 28,

= 2(−3 + 3) − 4[5 + 4(−3)] = 28,

= ∴ x = −3

2.9 3(3y + 1) = 2(1 + y) + 3(y + 3)

9y + 3 = 2 + 2y + 3y + 9
9y − 2y − 3y = 2 + 9 − 3
4y = 8
y 4 y=2
y=2
 99

1. 0 = 5x − 1 3. 3(1 − x) + 1 = −(x − 1)

2. x + 5 = −2 − 6x 4. 5(x − 1) − 3(x − 1) = 0

2.10 0.3(8x − 1) = 2x + 2.9

3(8x − 1) = 20x + 29 ( 10)

24x − 3 = 20x + 29 ( )
24x − 20x = 29 + 3 ( )
4x = 32 ( )
x=8 ( 4)

x = 8.

1. 0.1x + 1 = 0.2 3. 0.625 = 0.5(y − 2)

2. 0.16(x + 5) = 1 − 0.2x 4. −0.1(x − 10) = 9 − 0.2(1 − x)

2y − 1 5y + 1 3y + 1
2.11 −1= −
3 8 6

3
8 6 24
100

24

8(2y − 1) − 24 = 3(5y + 1) − 4(3y + 1) ( )

16y − 8 − 24 = 15y + 3 − 12y − 4 ( )
16y − 15y + 12y = 3 − 4 + 8 + 24 ( )
13y = 31 ( )
31 5
y= =2 ( 13)
13 13
( )
5
y=2
13

1 3 x
1. + x = −1 3. (1 − x) = 1 −
5 7 7
1 1 1
2. (1 − 5x) = 0.5 4. − (24 − 16x) = − (18x + 9)
4 8 9

I. ( )

II.

III.

IV. ax = −b (a ̸= 0)
b
V. x=−
a

1.

2.
 101

2.12

1. 25(1 − 2x) = 12.5 + 12.5(1 − 4x)

1
2. (4x + 6) = −1 + 2x
2

1.

25 − 50x = 12.5 + 12.5 − 50x ( )

−50x + 50x = 25 − 25 ( )
0·x=0 ( )

x
x
x ( )

2.

2x + 3 = −1 + 2x ( )
2x − 2x = −1 − 3 ( )
0 · x = −4 ( )

x 0 −4
x

 
1 1
1. 4 − (3x − 1) = 2[0.5(−3 − x) + 1]
4 2
 
1
2. 7 − 9x = 3 2 − x − 6x
3
1
3. (10 − 20x) = 7 − 4x
5
102

x x x
4. + + − 7 = 2x + 5
2 3 6

ß     ™
1 1 1 0.1x − 0.5
2.13 −2 −3 −4=0
2 3 4 0.5

0.1x − 0.5
0.5
x−5 1
10 = x−1
5 5

ß     ™
1 1 1 1
x−1 −2 −3 −4=0
2 3 4 5

ß     ™
1 1 1 1
x−1 −2 −3 −4=0
2 3 4 5

   
1 1 1
x−1 −2 −3=8 ( 2)
3 4 5
   
1 1 1
x − 1 − 2 = 11 ( )
3 4 5
 
1 1
x − 1 − 2 = 33 ( 3)
4 5
 
1 1
x − 1 = 35 ( )
4 5
1
x − 1 = 140 ( 4)
5
1
x = 141 ( )
5
x = 705 ( 5)

x = 705
 103

0.1 − 0.3x
1. =5
0.2
x−3 x+4
2. − = 16
0.5 0.2
 
3 2
3. (x − 1) − 2 = 3
2 3
ß     ™
1 1 1 1
4. −1 −1 −1 −1=0
3 3 3 3

2.2
1. ( )

(a) 2(3x − 4) = 5(x − 2), [3, −2]

(b) x(x + 1) = 12, [3, −3, 4, −4]
 
x x x 1
(c) + + = x, −0.1, −2, , 7, −101, 0, 1981
2 3 4 4
1
(d) 9 − 10x = (2 − 36x) − x, [0, 1, −1, a]
4
2.

(a) 0.8x = 1 (d) 4 − 7x = 7x − 4

(b) 7x − 1 = 5x (e) 2|x| = 2
1
(c) 0 = 6x − (f) 1 = 3 − |x|
2

3.

(a) −5(x − 1) = 0
(b) 1 − 2(x − 3) = x
(c) 10y + 7 = 3(4y − 1) + 4(1 − y)
(d) 9 = 2(3x − 1) + x − 4
(e) 4(2t + 3) = 8(1 − t) − 5(t − 2)
104

(f) 5(z − 1) − 9(1 − z) + 3(2z − 2) − (z − 1) = 2

4.

(a) −0.3(1 − x) + 0.1 = 2

(b) 0.7 = x − 0.2(5 − x)
(c) 0.2(2x − 1) − 0.5(2 − 4x) + 1 = 0
(d) 7(2x + 1) − 3(4x + 2) + 5(x + 0.5) − 1 = 0
(e) 1.8 − 8x − 0.6(1.3 − 3x) = 4(5x − 0.4)

5.

7x − 5 3 2 1 1 2
(a) = (f) y+ = y−
4 8 5 9 9 5
3−x x−4 x − 2 x + 3 2x − 5
(b) = (g) − − +3 = 0
2 3 5 10 3
2x − 1 5x − 1 9t + 2 3 + 2t 3t − 14
(c) − =1 (h) − − =1
6 8 7 3 2
3x − 1 2x + 1 1 14 − x
(d) +x= −1 (i) 1 x− = 3x
2 5 2 3
y−1 y−2 3x + 6 3x + 6
(e) y− =2− (j) x− + = 0.5x
2 5 2 5

6.

(a) ℓ = ℓ0 (1 + αt) ℓ = 80.096 ℓ0 = 80 α = 0.000012

t
(b) 120cm2 12cm 8cm

1 2
(c) S= at S = 168, t = 4 a
2
4
(d) F = 32 + 1 C F = 77 C
5
7.

(a)

3(x − 1) = 7 − x
3x − 3 = 7 − x = 3x + x = 7 + 3
= 4x = 10
1
=x=2
2
 105

1
∴ x=2
2
(b)
y y
+ =1
2 4
2y + y = 1
3y = 1

1
∴ y=
3
(c)
x+1 x−2 4+x
− =
3 6 2
2x + 2 − x − 2 = 12 + 3x
2x − x − 3x = 12
−2x = 12

∴ x = −6
(d)
0.1x − 0.5
+1=0
0.2
x−5
+ 10 = 0
2
x − 5 + 20 = 0
x = −20 + 5

∴ x = −15

8.
0.4y + 0.9 0.03 − 0.02y y − 5
(a) − − =0
0.5 0.03
 2
1 1 2
(b) x− x − (x − 1) = (x − 1)
2 2 3
ß     ™
1 1 1 1
(c) y−3 −3 −3 −3=0
2 2 2 2
ß   ™
1 5 3
(d) 4 (t − 1) + (1 − t) − 7(1 − t) = 100
8 8 8
     
9 2 4 2 2 1 1 5
(e) x− +1 = x − −
8 3 5 3 3 2 3 8
106
ß    ™
1 1 1 2 3 3
(f) x− x− x− − =x+
2 3 4 3 2 4
9.

(a) |x − 4| = 0 (c) |x − 1| + 1 = 2
(b) |x + 1| = 5 (d) |2 − x| = 3|x − 2|

10.

(a) ax + 1 = 0 (a ̸= 0) (d) ax + b = 8 − x (a ̸= −1)

x x
(b) 5x − a + 1 = 0 (e) + = 1 (a + b ̸= 0)
a b
(c) ax + 5 = x − 3 (a ̸= 1) ( a, b )

1
11. mx + 2 = 2(m − x) x= m
2

10 2
1

x y

2x + y = 10 (2.6)

( )
1

x, y
(x, y) (2.6) (x, y) =
 107

(5, 0) x = 5, y = 0 (2.6)

(2.6)
x, y
. .
( (2.6) )

x 5 4 3 2 1 0
y 0 2 4 6 8 10

(x, y) (2.6)

(2.6)

A = {(x, y)} = {(5, 0), (4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8), (0, 10)}

(2.6) (2.6)
.
2x + y = 10

x (2.6) y
(2.6) y
(2.6) x (2.6)
(2.6)
1 1
x ··· −3 − −1 0 0.7 10.6 ···
2 2
y ··· 16 11 12 10 9 8.6 −11.2 ···

2.14 3x + y = 8

y = 8 − 3x ( )
108

x 1 2 y

y = 8 − 3 × 1 = 5, y =8−3×2=2

x=3 y = 8 − 3 × 3 = −1
x 3 y
3x + y = 8

{(x, y)} = {(1, 5), (2, 2)}

1. 3y = 9 − 6x

2. 3x + 2y = 16

10 2 1

2x + y = 10 (2.7)

x+y =6 (2.8)

(2.8) x, y

x 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(2.8)

B = {(x, y)} = {(6, 0), (5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 3), (2, 4), (1, 5), (0, 6)}

(2.7) (2.8)
A B
 109

(2.7) (2.8)

(x, y) = (4, 2)

4 2
A B A
B A∩B A B

A = {(5, 0), (4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8), (0, 10)}
B = {(6, 0), (5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 3), (2, 4), (1, 5), (0, 6)}
A ∩ B = {(4, 2)}

A
(5, 0) (6, 0) (5, 1)
A∩B
(3, 4) (2, 6) (3, 3) (2, 4)
(4, 2)
(1, 8) (0, 10) (1, 5) (0, 6)

2.1

{
 
 2x + y = 10  2x = y − 5
,
x−y = 6  3x = −4y
110

:
  
x+y = 2  x − 2y = 3 x = 2+y
, ,
y = 1 x+y = 7  y = −x

x = 4, y = 2  2x + y = 10 x+y = 6
 2x + y = 10
(x, y) = (4, 2)
x+y = 6

1.  (x, y)
 2x + y = −5
 3x = −4y

[(4, 3), (4, −3), (−4, 3), (0, −5)]

2. (x, y) = (1, 1)
 111

2.15
®
2x + y = 13 (2.9)
7x + 9y = 84 (2.10)
(2.9), (2.10) x
y
(2.9) y = 13 − 2x ( ) (2.10)
(2.10) y (2.10) y

7x + 9(13 − 2x) = 84

(2.9) y
(2.9)
y = 13 − 2x (2.11)
(2.11) (2.10)

7x + 9(1.3 − 2x) = 84

−11x = −33

∴ x=3
x=3 (2.11)

y = 13 − 2 × 3 = 7

x = 3, y = 7 (2.9) (2.10) (2.9)

= 2 × 3 + 7 = 13, = 13

=
(2.10)

= 7 × 3 + 9 × 7 = 84, = 84

=
(x, y) = (3, 7) {(x, y)} =
{(3, 7)}
112

2.16
®
3x + 4y = 6 (2.12)
2x + 3y = 5 (2.13)

(2.13)
5 − 3y
x= (2.14)
2
(2.14) (2.12)
5 − 3y
3× + 4y = 6
2

15 − 9y + 8y = 12
−y = −3
y=3

y=3 (2.14)
5−3×3
x= = −2
2
(x, y) = (−2, 3)

{(x, y)} = {(−2, 3)}

I.

II.

III.

IV. I (
)
 113

 
 2x + 3y = 40 x+y = 1
1. 4.
 y = 2x  10x + y = 5 1
2
 x y
 7x + 2y = 11  + =1
2. 5. 2 2 2
 x − y = −1  2x − 4y = −1
 
 5x = 7y − 1  3x + 5y − 8 = 0
3. 6.
 5x = 17 − 14y  7x − 4y − 3 = 0

2.17
®
x + y = 12 (2.15)
3x − y = 4 (2.16)

( )
A=B C=D A±C = B±D

y
y x x
y
(2.15) (2.16) (2.15)+(2.16)

4x = 16 ∴ x=4

x=4 (2.15)
4 + y = 12 ∴ y=8

(x, y) = (4, 8)

{(x, y)} = {4, 8}

114

2.18
®
2x + 3y = 8 (2.17)
3x + 4y = 11 (2.18)

A = B, C = D m, n mA + nC =
mB + nD
(2.17) 3 (2.17)×3

6x + 9y = 24 (2.19)

(2.18)×2
6x + 8y = 22 (2.20)

(2.19)−(2.20) y=2
y=2 (2.17) (2.18)

2x + 3 × 2 = 8 ∴ x=1

(x, y) = (1, 2)

{(x, y)} = {(1, 2)}

2.17 2.18
:
 115

I.

II.

III.

 
x+y = 8  7 − 3x = 2y
1. 4.
x−y = 4  −9 + 7y = 5x
 
 3x + 2y = 21 
 0.1 = x − y
2. 5. 4 2
 2x + 2y = 16  3x 1 5y
 = +
4 10 2

 
 2x + y = 2  5m − 4n = 33
3. 2 6.
 y
 =x+
1  3m + 2n = 33
2 2


 a 1 x + b1 y = c 1
(a1 , b1 , c1 , a2 , b2 , c2 )
a x+b y = c
2 2 2

2.19
116
 
 4x + 3y = 7  4x + 3y = 7
1. 2.
 12x + 9y = 21  8x + 6y = 11

1.
®
4x + 3y = 7 (2.21)
12x + 9y = 21 (2.22)
(2.21) 3

12x + 9y = 21 (2.23)

(2.23)−(2.22) 0=0
(2.22) (2.21)
×3
:

2.
®
4x + 3y = 7 (2.24)
8x + 6y = 11 (2.25)
(2.24)×2
8x + 6y = 14 (2.26)
(2.25)−(2.26) 0 = −3

 

x−y =1  x = 9 − 7y
1. 3 7 2.
 2 5  3x + y = 19 − 20y
1 x− y = 5
3 7

.
 117

2.20 190 90

x y

 x + y = 190 (2.27)
90
y = x (2.28)
100
90
(2.28) (2.27) x+ x = 190 x = 100
100
x = 100 (2.28) y = 90
90 100

1. 100 50

2. 52 4

  

 2x + 3y + z = 38 
 x+y+z =2 
 2m − R + 2n = 8

 
 

3x + 4y + 2z = 56 x−y+z =0 R + 2n = −2

 
 


 4x + 5y + z = 66 
x 
 3m + R − 4n = 1
−z =4

2.21


 2x + 3y + z = 38 (2.29)

3x + 4y + 2z = 56 (2.30)



4x + 5y + z = 66 (2.31)
118

z z

(2.31)−(2.29) 2x + 2y = 28

x + y = 14 (2.32)

(2.29)×2−(2.30)
x + 2y = 20 (2.33)

(2.32) (2.33) (2.33)−(2.32) y=6

y=6 (2.32) x=8
x = 8, y=6 (2.29) z=4
(x, y, z) = (8, 6, 4)

(x, y, z) = (8, 6, 4)

{(x, y, z)} = {(8, 6, 4)}

2.22


 x+y+z =2 (2.34)

x−y+z =0 (2.35)



x −z =4 (2.36)

(2.34)−(2.35) 2y = 2 ∴ y=1
(2.34)+(2.36)
2x + y = 6 (2.37)
5
y=1 (2.37) 2x + 1 = 6 ∴ x =
2
5 5 3
x= (2.36) −z =4 ∴ z =−
2 2  
2
5 3
(x, y, z) = , 1, −
2 2
ß ™
5 3
{(x, y, z)} = , 1, −
2 2
 119

2.23


 x+y =3 (2.38)

y+z =5 (2.39)



x +z =4 (2.40)

(2.38)+(2.39)+(2.40) 2x + 2y + 2z = 12

x+y+z =6 (2.41)

(2.41)−(2.39) (2.41)−(2.40) (2.41)−(2.38)

x = 1, y = 2, z=3

(x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3)

{(x, y, z)} = {(1, 2, 3)}

2.24 a
60%

x y z



 x+y+z =a (2.42)

60
x+y = a (2.43)

 100

x=z (2.44)
60 2
z =a−
(2.42)−(2.43) a ∴ z= a
100 5
2 2
z= a (2.44) ∴ x = a
5 5
2 2 2 1
x=z= a (2.42) y = a − a − a ∴ y= a
5 5 5 5
2 1 2
a a a
5 5 5
120

 

 x+y−z =3 
 2x + y = 2

 

1. −x + y + z = 6 3. 2y + z = 7

 


x−y +z = 4 
 x + 2z = 3
 

 x + 2y + 3z = 6 
 x+y+z =3

 

2. 2x + 3y + z = 6 4. 5x − y + z = 9

 


 3x + y + 2z = 6 
 x − 2y + 7z = 24

2.3
1. 3x − y = 1 x y x
y

1 1
x ··· −3 −1 0 1 2 ···
2 3
y ··· ···

2. 3x + y = 10

3. 10
3

4. (x, y)

 2x − y = 7
 x + 2y = −4

[(−1, 9), (1, −5), (0, −2), (2, −3), (3, −1), (−2, −1)]

5. my − 2x = 7 (x, y) = (1, 3) m
0

6.
 121
 
 7x + 5y = 6 
 3x = y + 1
(a) (f) 2
y = x+3  y
 3x =
 4
 a + 2b = 0 1
(b)  y − x = −5
 3a + 4b = 6 (g) 2 4 4
 y = 3(x − 2)

 7y − 3 = −11x 
(c)  3x − 2y = 5
 y = 2x
(h)
  x + 4y = 18
 x = 5y
2 
(d)  m + 2n = 4
 3x − 4y = −14
(i)
  5m − 1 = 4
 x + 2y − 1 = 0
(e) 1
 x − 4y + 22 = 0 (j) 2(a + b) = 3b + = 3a + b
2

7.
 
 3x − 2y = 5  7x − 3y = 10
(a) (h)
 x + 2y = 11  3 1 x − 50 = 6y
2
 
 2x + 3y = 11  6.2v − 4s = 0.2
(b) (i)
 y − 2x = 1  8v − 5s = 1
 
 5x + 3y = 7  3(x − 1) = 4(y − 4)
(c) (j)
 −5x + 7y = 3  5(y − 1) = 3(x + 5)
 
 2x + 5y = 25  2(x + 1) − 3(y − 1) = 10
(d) (k)
 4x + 3y = 15  2(x + 1) + 7(y − 1) = 20
 
 25x + 17y = 40 
 y + z = 13
(e) (l) 2 3
 17x + 25y = 40  y z
 − =3
 3 4

 5x = 1 + 3y  + n − m − n = +0.35
 m
(f) (m) 3 4
 3x + 7y = 27  m+n m−n
 + = 0.5
 3 2
 3x + 5y = 19 (n) 0.1x − 2 = y + 7 = 0.7x + y
(g)
 8x − 3y = 67
(o) 2(t − 1) − s = t − 1 = 5s
122

8. ( )
 
 x = 16 − 4y 
v− t = 2
(a) (d) 3 5 15
 y = 34 − 4x  2v t 13
 + =
 3 5 15

x+y = 7  3x − 2y = 7
(b) (e)
x : 5 = y : 2  6x − 4y = 14
 
 2(x − 0.5) − 3(y + 2) = 1
  x + 2y = −1
(c) 5 4 (f)

 3(2x − 1) + 15(y + 2) = 5  x + y = 1x + 3
2

9.

 (m + 1)x − (n − 3)y = −11
 mx + (n + 2)y = 7

(x, y) = (1, −2) m, n

10.

 

 4x − 3y = 1 
 3(2x + y) − 1 = 2

 

(a) 4x + y = 5 (c) x+1=2

 


x−y = 0 
y −3 = 2


 4(x + y) + 3 = y + 2


(b) 7x − 10 = 1 − y



 x + y = −1

11.


 x + y + 2z = 2


(a) 3x − y − 4z = 5



 2x + 3y − 2z = 0
 123

 3

 x−y =

 2
7
(b) x+z =

 10


 y − z = −6
5

 x + y = x + 2y − 3 = z
(c)
 2x − 3y + 2z = 5

(d) x + y + z = y − 8x + 107 = x − 2(x + y) + 84 = 108

12. t

 
x+y +t = 3  2x + 3y = 1 + t
(a) (b)
 x − y + 3t = −1 y = x−t

13. a, b |a| ̸= |b|


 ax + by = b
 bx + ay = a

( )

2.25 15

1. 15
( )+( ) = 15
124

2. 1.40

( )×( )+( )×( ) = 1.40

1
x 1 (15 − x)
2

x · (0.16) + (15 − x) · (0.06) = 1.4

0.16x + 0.9 − 0.06x = 1.4

0.1x = 0.5
x = 5( )

15 − x = 15 − 5 = 10( )

: 5 10
2
x y 1 2
®
x + y = 15 (2.45)
x · 0.16 + y · 0.06 = 1.4 (2.46)
(x, y) = (5, 10)
: 5 10

1. 12 36

2. 5 3
 125

7 5

2.26
5 3
12

= ×

÷ =
÷ =

1
x = ÷
x
5
x
3
12
12 1 ��
60
:
12
+1 =
60

x 12 x
+1 =
5 60 3
x 6 x
+ =
5 5 3
2x = 18
x=9

9
2
126
 
1
t t−1
5
= ×
 
1
=5× t−1
5
=3×t

 
1
5 t−1 = 3t
5
2t = 6
t=3

3×3 =
9( )
: 9

(
).
.

1. 165 30
25
: ?
?

2. 284 70
; 48

: ?
?
 127

I.

II. x. . :x
x

III.

IV. (
)

V. ( )

VI.

2.27 28 15 30

x 30x( )
15(x + 1) = 15x + 15(
)
30x = 15x + 15
∴ x = 1( )

x=1 30x = 15x + 15

30 28
x=1
:

1. 7
6.5 ?

2. 400
128

20
?

1
2.28 4.5 5
3
1 ?

= +
= −

x / (x + 1) /
: (x + 1) × 4.5 ( )
(x − 1) / :
1
(x − 1) × 5 ( )
3

1
(x + 1) × 4.5 = (x − 1) × 5
3

27(x + 1) = 32(x − 1)
(32 − 27)x = 27 + 32
5x = 59
4
x = 11 /
5
∴ 4.5(x + 1) = 4.5(11.8 + 1) = 57.6
57.6

1.
1.5 20 /
3 / : ?
 129

2. A, B A B 3
26 /
?

2.29 5
2.5

1. ?

2. 2
?

1
1 1
;
5  2.5
1 1
+
5 2.5

× = 1

1. x
 
1 1
+ x=1
5 2.5
3
x=1
5
5
x=
3

2
1 (1 40 )
3

1 40
130

2. x :
1 1
×2+ ×x=1
5 2.5
1 3
x=
2.5 5
x = 1.5

2 1.5

1. 7.5 5 .
:

(a) ?
(b) 4
?

2. 20 30 40
8
?

2.30 95% 600

1. 75% ?

2. 98% ?

( ) :

1. ( )=
+
2.

3.

1. ( )x 95% 600 ( )
: 600 × 95%
 131

75% (600 + x) : (600 + x) × 75%

.

2 :

600x95% = (600 + x) × 75%

8 × 95 = 600 + x ∴ x = 160( )

: 160 75% .

2. ( )y 95% 600 : 600 ×

(1 − 95%)

98% (600 + y) : (600 + y) × (1 − 98%)

600 × (1 − 95%) = (600 + y) × (1 − 98%)

600 × 5% = (600 + y) × 2%
300 × 5 = 600 + y
y = 900( )

900 98%

2.31 8% 5%
6% 300
?

( )
( )
:

8% 5% 6%
x + y 300
(x · 8% + y · 5%) 300 × 6%
132

8% x 5% y

 x + y = 300
 x × 8% + y × 5% = 300 × 6%

(x, y) = (100, 200)

: 100 8% 200 500

6% 300
: .

1. 15% 20

(a) 10% ?
(b) 24% ?

2. 64% 80% :
74% 500 ?

2.32 ( )

: ?

x y z
: 

 3x + 2y + z = 39


2x + 3y + z = 34



 x + 2y + 3z = 26

:
 
1 1 3
(x, y, z) = 9 , 4 , 2
4 4 4
1 1 3
9 4 2
4 4 4
 133

2.4

1. 2000 15 800 25

2. 200 25 80
5

3. A, B 480 180 A B
A B

4. 108 54 20%

5. 350
2

6. 5:2 28

7. 8 4.5

8. 41 28 5
4

9. 78 . 5
.

10. 45 40
1
.
10
11. 52 2:10:1

12. 162 48
60

(a)
(b) 270
134

(c)

(d) ( )
(e) ( ) 200

13. 30
40

14. 150
100 .

15. 3 .
10

16. 16 / 7
9 .

17. 3 / 20 / . A
B 1.5 :A, B .

18. 5 8 .

19. 4 6 .
2

20. A, B, C 45 1
1.5 .

21. 52
3:4:6 .

22. 100 100 3 3

23. 16% 30 . 0.15% .

 135

24. 8% 20% 12% 100

25. 20% 10 16%

:

26. 90% 80%

82.5% 240

27. 7.3g/cm3 11.3g/cm3

166g 8.3g/cm3

28. 49 56

29. M, N 24 8 45 M
N 8 52
8 8 57

( )

1. 7% 8% 12 8% 7%
4.5

2. 6 3
3 2.4

1 1
3. 8
10 12
1 1
18 :
4 6
4. 40
15 50
3 :

5. 36 A, B 2
2
3
136

6. 400 .
2,5 12.5

7. 420 2 2
2 3 . :

8. 52 6 480
( 1.8 )

9. 520 3000 . A, B A
2 B 8 . A, B

10. 15
2 ?

11. 37 13 9 .
?

12. ( )

1
 137

(x, y)

1.

2.

3. ( )

4. ( )

5. ( )

1. a / b / (a >
b)
138

(a) 5 ?
(b) m
?
(c) 10 ?
(d) d ?

2. :

2R
b b
R
a

4x
x x

2x

3.
x x 1 x x
(a) −7− = − +
2 5 5 4 20
   
1 10 − 7x 1 2x + 2 x
(b) 3x + − 2x + = −1
3 2 6 3 2
ß   ™
3x + 1 3−x
(c) 3 x − − 1−2 x− = 8x − 6
4 5
(d) (x − 4)(x + 3) = (x + 1)(x + 2)
(e) (2x + 3)(2x − 3) = (2x − 3)2

π·N ·D
4. (a) V = V = 120 D = 80 π = 3.14 N
1000
 139

4 3
(b) V = πR R = 20cm
3
V = 3.2 × 10 cm
4 3
π

5.

(a) mx + n = m(2x + 1) (m ̸= 0)
x
(b) mx + =1 (m ̸= 0)
m
x 1
(c) + = 2 (a ̸= 0, b ̸= 0)
a b
6. k

(a) kx2 − 12x − 3 = 0 1

1
(b) x2 + kx + 15 = 0 −
2
(c) x2 + kx − 2k = 0 0
(d) x2 − 2ax + k = 0 a

7.
|x − 2| = 1, |2x − 4| + |x − 2| = 0

8. 3x + 5y = 15

 mx + 2y = n
9. (x, y) = (1, −1) m, n
 4x − ny = 2m − 1

10.
 x

 1x − y + 1 = 0  =y
(a) 2 (b) 2 5
 1
 2 x + 6y = 28  75%x + 40%y = 1.4
2

 2x − 3y + 1 + 3x − 2y − 3 = 1

(c) 2 3
 x + 2y + 6 4x + 2y − 2
 − =0
4 5
2x + y + 6 4x − 3y − 7 −6x − 7y + 10
(d) = =
4 8 8
(e) 2x − y + 11 = −7y + 3z = 7x + z + 7 = 7
140
 
 y z 

 + =x+2 
 x + 2y = 2

2 3 

1 z 
 y + 3z = 1
(f) x−y = −

 2 4 (h)

 
x+y =z−7 

 z−t=4
4 2 2 4 

 x + y + z + t = −1


 x+y+z+u=a
 




 x + y = 3a x+y −z −u = b

 (i)
(g) a 
 x−y+z−u=c

y + z = 4a 


 

 z + x = 5a x−y −z −u = d

11. 3x − z = x + y + z = 4x + 2y − z x:y:z
 
x = t x = 3−t
(a) (b)
 y = 2t2 y −5 = t+1

1. 126

2. 114 .
5
3. 143 .
8
4.

5. 7abc 7 abc7
864

6. 1abcde abcde1
: x
:
5 abc = x 7abc = 7000 + abc = 7000 + x
6 abcde = x 1abcde = 100000 + x

7. 3
 141

8. ( ) 56cm2 2cm
?

9. 13.10
1.50 0.80

10. 120 40
6 :
1 1
11. 18
2 3
?

12. 3
6 2 2
? ?

13. A B 8 B A 12
10 A, B
A ?

14. 20 22.5 25
.
?

15. 400
25 2 5
?

16. 35
5
6
7
?
142

17. 900 15%

12% 1020 .
?

18. A, B A 12 70% B 56%

60% B

19. 40 :
?

20. A, B, C
: A 1:3:2 B 2:1:1 C 1:2:5
5.5 8 9.5 . :
A, B, C .

21. 300 500 600

. 63
. :
?

22. 0.93 0.10 0.12 0.15 8

0.10 0.12 0. 02 .
: ?

23.

(a) 240 150 . 12

?
(b) 4 1
?
(c)
:
?

24. 40 36.6 40
40
38 : ?
 S = a×a a
S

S = a2

a2 a
(
) 100.1

143
144

S = 100.12 = (100 + 0.1)2

= (100 + 0.1)(100 + 0.1) ( )
= 10000 + 10 + 10 + 0.01 ( )
2
= 10020.01 (m )

(a + b),

S = (a + b)2 = (a + b) · (a + b) ( )
= a2 + ab + ab + b2 ( )
= a2 + 2ab + b2 ( )

3.1

ABCD S
=( AEM H + BF M E + DHM G + M F CG)

D b H a A a
A D M

ab a2 a (a − b)2 ab
a
M C
G E B H
ab 2 b
b
b2 ab b
E F G
C F B b
3.1 3.2

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (3.1)

2
 145

a − b,

S = (a − b)2 = (a − b) · (a − b)
= a2 − ab − ab + b2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
3.2

ABCD S
=( AEGM − BEGH − F GM D + CF GH)

(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 (3.2)

2
(3.1) (3.2)

3.1 (3.1) (3.2) 4032 , 4992

(3.1):

4032 = (400 + 3)2

= 4002 + 2 × 400 × 3 + 32
= 160000 + 2400 + 9
= 162409
(3.2):

4992 = (500 − 1)2

= 5002 − 2 × 500 × 1 + 12
= 250000 − 1000 + 1
= 249001

(3.1) (3.2) a, b

(x ± y)2 = x2 ± 2xy + y 2
146
 2  2 
1 7 a 2
3.2 1 , (−1.99) , 2
9 , 1−
2 9 2

 2  2
1 1
1 = 1+
2 2
1 1 1
=1+2×1× + =2
2 4 4

(−1.99)2 = (−2 + 0.01)2

= 4 − 2 × 2 × 0.01 + 0.0001 = 3.9601
 2  2
7 2
9 = 10 −
9 9
2 4 7744
= 100 − 2 × 10 × + =
9 81 81
49
= 95
81
 
a 2 a a2
1− =1−2×1× +
2 2 4
a2
=1−a+
4

3.3 (2a + y)2 , (−3a + 2x)2

1. 2a, y x, y,

(2a + y)2 = (2a)2 + 2 × (2a) × y + y 2

= 4a2 + 4ay + y 2

2. −3a, 2x x, y,

(−3a + 2x)2 = (−3a)2 + 2 × (−3a) × (2x) + (2x)2

= 9a2 − 12ax + 4x2

 2  2
1 b a
3.4 3a − , − −
3 2 2
 147

 2  2
1 1 1
3a − = (3a) − 2 × (3a) × +
2
3 3 3
1
= 9a2 − 2a +
9

 2  2
 
b a b b a  a 2
− − = −−2× − × +
2 2 a 2 2 2
2 2
b 1 a
= + ab +
4 2 4

1.

(a) 782 , 1052 , 992 , 1892 ,

10.012 , 0.992
 2
1
(b) (2 + x)2 , (y − 3)2 , (a − 2x)2 , x+
2
 2  2  2
1 1 a b
(c) 5x + , 4y − , (2x − 3y)2 , − +
2 3 2 3
2.

(a) x2 + 2x + 1 = ( )2
(b) y 2 + 4y + ( ) = (y + 2)2
(c) x2 + ( ) + 4a2 = (x + 2a)2
(d) a2 − 6a + 9 = ( )2
 2
1 1
(e) x2 − ( )+ = x−
4 2
 2
3
(f) x2 + 3x + ( )= x+
2
(g) 4y 2 − y + ( ) = (2y− )2
(h) x2 − 2x + 3 = (x+ )2 + 2
(i) y 2 − 6y + 10 = (y − 3)2 + ( )
(j) 9x2 − 12x + 1 = ( )2 − 3
148

9cm2

9cm2
9cm2 a, a2 = 9, a

a −3, +3, (−3)2 = 9, (+3)2 = 9

3cm −3

3.5
64
4, 9, 16, 25, 0.25, 0.81, , 0
81

(±2)2 = 4, (±3)2 = 9,
(±4)2 = 16, (±5)2 = 25
 2
8 64
(±0.5)2 = 0.25, (±0.9)2 = 0.81, ± = , 02 = 0
9 81
64
4, 9, 16, 25, 0.25, 0.81, , 0
81
8
±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±0.5, ±0.9, ± , 0
9

x a (a ≥ 0), x2 = a x
8
a ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±0.5, ±0.9, ±
9
64
0 4, 9, 16, 25, 0.25, 0.81, 0
81
√ √ √ √
+ a − a + a a
√ √
a a − a a a
√
± a
√
0=0

x, x2
√
± a a<0
 149

√ √
−2 − −2

49
3.6 36, , 0.0004, −25
121
∵ (±6)2 = 36,
√
∴ 36 +6 −6 ± 36 = ±6
 2
7 49
∵ ± =
11 121 …
49 7 49 7
∴ ± ± =±
121 11 121 11
∵ (±0.02)2 = 0.0004,
√
∴ 0.0004 ±0.02 ± 0.0004 = ±0.02
∵ −25 < 0, −25
∴ −25

3.7
… »
√ √ 4
144, − 225, − , (−2)2
9
√ √
−

… »
√ √ 4 2 √
144 = 12, − 225 = −15, − =− , (−2)2 = 4=2
9 3

√
a=2 2
√
2 x, x2 = 2
2 x
2

1 1, 2 4
1 2 1
4 2
2
2 3.3
150

A 1 H 1 D
1 1
2 √ √ 2
1 2 2 1

E 2 G
√ √
1 2 2 1
1 1
2 2

B 1 F 1 C

3.3

1. 2 ABCD, 4

2. ABCD E F G H, EF, F G, GH, HE

EF GH 2

EF GH = ABCD −4× AEH

1
EF GH =4−4× =2
2
2 2

2× =

1 1
= × = ×4=2
2 2
2
2 2
√ √ √
2 ( 2)2 = 2 (− 2)2 = 2 2
√
± 2

√ √ √
3.4, 3.5 3 7 − 3
√ √ √
− 7 3, 7 ± 3 ± 7
 151

√ √
A 2 H 1 D A 2 H 3 D

1 √ √
3 2
2
E E
3 7 G
√ G
2 2 √
1 3

√ √
B 1 F 2 C B 3 F 2 C
3.4 3.5

•
√
± a (a > 0)
√
• 0=0

196 9
1. 900, , 0.0121, 4
255 4
2.
…
√ 4 √ √ √
− 81, , 1, 0, − 0.000016
9
… » √ 2
1 √ √
2
, − 72 , (−7)2 , 4 , −9
25
…
5
3. 3.6
2

√
a a a
√
a
152

1.5 0.5

0.5

1.5
5
1.5 2

0.5

0.5 1.5
3.6

a > b > 0,
√ √ √ √
a> b, − a<− b

3.8
√ √
1. 12 15
√
2. 3 10
√ √
3. 2.1 3 − 3

√ √
1. ∵ 12 < 15, ∴ 12 < 15
√ √ √ √
2. ∵ 3= 9, 9< 10, ∴ 3< 10
√ √ √ √
3. ∵ 2.1 = 4.41,
4.41 > 3>− 3
√ √
∴ 2.1 > 3 > − 3

3.9 x y
√
1. x+2=0
√ √
2. x+ y−1=0
√
a 0
 153
√
1. ∵ x+2=0

∴ x+2=0 ∴ x = −2

√ √
2. ∵ x y−1 0
√ √
∴ x ≥ 0, y−1≥0

√ √
∴ x=0 y−1=0

x = 0, y−1=0 y=1

1.
√ √ … …
(a) 5 7 1 1
(c) − 0
2 9
…
√ √ √ 20
(b) 3 3 − 2 (d) 2 4.1 −2.1
7

2. x
√
(a) x=0
√ √
(b) x−a+ b=0
√ √
(c) x+1+ y−7=0

a a
√
0 0=0
154

√
3.10 2809

12 = 1 92 = 81
102 = 100 992 = 9801
1002 = 10000 9992 = 998001
······ ······

’ 2809
28’09

502 < 2809 < 602

√
2809 5( 50)

b,
√
2809 = 50 + b ⇒ 2809 = (50 + b)2
 155

∴ 2809 = 502 + 2 × 50 × b + b2

2809 − 502 = +2 × 50 × b + b2
309 = (2 × 50 + b) · b (3.3)

b (2 × 50 + b) · b,
2 × 50 + b

309 ≈ 2 × 50 × b

b≈3 b≈3 (3.3)

(2 × 50 + b) · b = (2 × 50 + 3) × 3 = 309

∴ b=3

√ 53
28’09 (50 + b)2
25 502
2 × 50 + b 103 309 (50 + b)2 − 502
= 2 × 50 × b + b2
b 3 309 (2 × 50 + b) · b
0

0
0 0 ( 0)

√
3.11 2
156

√ 1. 4 1 4
2.00’00’00
−) 1
2 − 110 + 4 = 24 1 00
4 96 0
2 − 3140 + 1 = 281 4 00
1 2 81
2 − 51410 + 4 = 2824 1 19 00
4 1 12 96
6 04
..
.

0 2

√
3.12 1650.7969

’
3.10, 3.11

√4 0. 6 3
16’50.79’ 69
−) 16
806 50 79
×) 6 48 36
8123 2 43 69
×) 3 2 43 69
0

1
0
 157

√ √ √ √ √
676, 1521, 82369, 10309, 4.9284
√ √ √ √
9.0601, 4901.4001, 144.7, 3

1 99.99
√
3.887 N
3.8 N 8
3.8 8
√
3.880 7

√
3.887 = 1.970 + 0.002 = 1.972
√
81.13 = 9.006 + 0.002 = 9.008

√ √ √ √ √
1.28, 7.320, 66.71, 8.247, 91.15

1 100

3.13
158
√ √ √ √ √
1. 0.0036, 0.36, 36, 3600, 360000
√ √ √ √ √
2. 0.0009, 0.09, 9, 900, 90000

√ √
0.0036 = 0.06 0.0009 = 0.03
√ √
0.36 = 0.6 0.09 = 0.3
√ √
36 = 6 9=3
√ √
3600 = 60 900 = 30
√ √
360000 = 600 90000 = 300

100
10

100 1

• 366.2 3.662,

• 4733 47.33,

• 37140 3.7140,

• 0.1478 14.78,

• 0.0536 5.36,

• 0.00004 40

100 10000

√ √
∵ 3.662 = 1.914, ∴ 366.2 = 19.14
2
1
√ √
∵ 47.33 = 6.880, ∴ 4733 = 68.80
√ √
∵ 3.714 = 1.927, ∴ 37140 = 192.7
 159

√ √
∵ 14.78 = 3.845, ∴ 0.1478 = 0.3845
2
1

√ √
∵ 5.36 = 2.315, ∴ 0.0536 = 0.2315
√ √
∵ 40 = 6.325, ∴ 0.00004 = 0.006325
5
√ √
3.7896, 3.790,

√ √ √ √ √ √
144, 297, 3756, 4444, 54542, 70107
√ √ √ √ √
1981000, 23060000, 0.1, 0.142, 0.0787
√ √ √ √ √
0.4333, 0.5555, 0.00063, 0.00007, 0.0000041

√ √
2 2 = 1.4142 · · ·
√
2
2
√ √ √
2 3 = 1.7321 · · · , 5 = 2.236 · · · ,

π = 3.1415926 · · · ; e = 2.718281 · · · ;

a
b
√ √
2, 3, e, π

R
160

a −a (+a) + (−a) =
(−a) + (+a) = 0
√ √ √ √

2 − 2 2+ − 2 =0
1 1
b b× =1
b b
√ 1 √ 1
3 √ 3× √ =1
3 3
x


 x, x>0


|x| = 0, x=0



 −x, x<0

√ √
| 3| = 3, |0| = 0, | − e| = e
x |x| ≥ 0

1.
√ √
3.1416, −0.2, 0.09, − 7, π, 0.0̇1̇, 0.010010001 · · ·

2.
√ √ 1 √
−1.41, 3, −π, − 5, 0, √ , −0.2̇3̇, 2.401̇, − 16
2
 161

3.1
1.
 2
1
2 , 9.9972 , 4012
2

2.

 2
1 (d) (2m − 2n)2
(a) 2a +  2
2 x+y
 2 (e)
1 2
(b) 2x + y  2
2 a − 2b
(c) (4y − 1)2 (f)
3

3.

(a) x2 + x + ( ) = (x+ )2

(b) 2x2 + 4x + ( ) = 2(x+ )2

(c) −m2 + ( ) − 64 = −(m− )2

(d) 4y 2 − ( ) + 1 = (2y − 1)2

 2
1
(e) −3x − 3x − (
3
) = −3 x +
2
(f) x2 + 6x − 1 = (x + 3)2 − ( )

4. (a) 289,

(b) 361,

(c) 196,

5. m2 = n2 m=n

6.
… »
√ √ 9 √ √
36, − 81, , 1, − 72 , − (−4)2
16
s 2
√ » √ 1
0, (− 4)2 , − −
361
162

7.
196
900, 121, 1, 0, , (−25)2
256

8.
√ √
(a) 3, 3.1, 2
…
√ √ 1
(b) − 7, 6,
6
√ √ √
(c) 15, 220, − 250, − 225
√ √
9. a+3+ b = 0, a b

10. 343

11.
√ √ √ √ √
9025, 2116, 3969, 50625, 269361
√ √ √
0.4489, 0.00080089, 8114.4064

12.

99.23, 9.123, 4.017, 17.536, 174, 1981, 2006, 75693, 1001230

0.101, 0.07864, 0.00043, 0.000801, 0.000006123

13.

14. 60

√
a, (a ≥
0)
 163

√
2
a =a (a ≥ 0)

 … 2
√ 2
√ 2 2 2
( 3) = 3, ( 7) = 7, =
5 5



 x, x>0


√
x2 = |x| = 0, x=0



 −x x < 0

√
x x2 ≥ 0 x2

√
x x2 = x, (x > 0)
 2
√ 3 3 √
72 = 7, = , 02 = 0
4 4 √
x x2 > 0, x2 = −x (
∵ x < 0, ∴ −x > 0)
p √ p √
(−5)2 = 25 = −(−5) = 5; (−0.4)2 = 0.16 = −(−0.4) = 0.4

x


 x, x>0


√
x2 = |x| = 0, x=0



 −x x < 0

3.14
» √ »
(−0.12)2 , 6 × 14 × 21, (−3)6
164

p
1. (−0.12)2 = −(−0.12) = 0.12
√ √ p
2. 6 × 14 × 21 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 7 × 3 × 7 = (2 × 3 × 7)2 = 42
p p
3. (−3)6 = [(−3)3 ]2 = −(−3)3 = 27

3.15
p p
1. (a − 1)2 (a > 1) 3. (c − 7)2 (c = 7)
p p
2. (b − 5)2 (b < 5) 4. (10 − x)2

1. ∵ a > 1 ∴ a − 1 > 0
p
∴ (a − 1)2 = |a − 1| = a − 1

2. ∵ b < 5 ∴ b − 5 < 0
p
∴ (b − 5)2 = |b − 5| = −(b − 5) = 5 − b

3. ∵ c = 7, ∴ c − 7 = 0
p
∴ (c − 7)2 = |c − 7| = 0.

4. ∵ x , ∴ 10 − x 0 ,


»  10 − x,


10 − x > 0 x < 10
(10 − x)2 = |10 − x| = 0, 10 − x = 0 x = 10



 x − 10, 10 − x < 0 x > 10

√ p √ √ √
1. ( 0.7)2 , (−5)2 , ( −5)2 , − 52 , (− 5)2
√ √ √
2. 72 × 92 , 8 × 18 × 9, 12 × 15 × 20
p p p
3. (2 − x)2 (x > 2), (5 + x)2 , (5 − x)2
√ »√ » √ »√ √
4. a8 , ( 2 − 2)2 , (1 − 3)2 , ( 2 − 5)2
 165

p p
5. (x)2 + (y − 1)2 = 0, x y

√ √ √
25 · 9 25 × 9
√ √ √ √
25 · 9 = 5 × 3 = 15 25 × 9 = 225 = 15
√ √ √
25 · 9= 25 × 9
√ √ √
a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0, a· b= ab

√ √ √
a· b= ab (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)
√ √
∵ a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 ab ≥ 0 ∴ a, b
√ √ √ √
a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 ( a · b) ≥ 0

√ √ √ √
( a · b)2 = ( a)2 · ( b)2
= a · b = ab ( )
√ √ 2
∴ a· b = ab
√ √
a · b ≥ 0, ab ≥ 0,
√ √ √
a· b= ab

3.16 2
√ √
1. 42 × 3 3. 125x3
√ √
2. 100a (a ≥ 0) 4. a2 b (a ≥ 0 b ≥ 0)

√ √ √ √
1. 42 × 3 = 42 · 3 = 4 3
√ √ √ √
2. 100a = 100 · a = 10 a
√ √ √ √ √ √
3. 125x3 = 52 · x2 · 5 · x = 52 · x2 · 5x = 5x 5x
166
√ √ √ √
4. a2 b = a2 · b=a b

3.17
√ √
1. 2 5, 17
√ √
2. a b, 1 + a2 b (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)

√ √ √ √ √ √
1. ∵ 2 5 = 4 · 5 = 20 a2 b < 1 + a2 b
√ √
20 > 17 √ √
√ √ ∴ a b < 1 + a2 b
∴ 2 5 > 17
√ √ √ √
2. ∵ a b = a2 · b = a2 b (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)
√ √ √ √
3.18 6· 27, a b · b · ab (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)

√ √ √ √ √ √
1. 6 · 27 = 2 × 3 × 33 = 2 · 34 = 9 2
√ √ √ √ √
2. a b · b ab = ab ab2 = ab · b a = ab2 a

1. 2:
√ √ √ √ √
5 × 72 , 48, 50, 36ab2 (b ≥ 0), 24a2 (a < 0)

2.
√ √ √ √ √
2 3, 3 6, 5 a, a 2 (a ≥ 0), b a (b < 0)

√ √ √ √ √ √
3. 10 · 125, 7· 14, a a·b a
 167
√ …
16 16
√
49 49
√ …
16 4 16 4
√ = , =
49 7 49 7
√ …
16 16
√ =
49 49 √ …
a a
a ≥ 0, b > 0, √ =
b b

√ …
a a
√ = (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b b
a
∵ a ≥ 0, b > 0 ≥0
b √
√ √ √ √ a
∴ a, b a ≥ 0, b > 0 √ ≥0
b

 √ 2 √
a ( a)2
√ = √
b ( b)2
a
= ( )
b
 √ 2
a a
∴ √ =
b √ b
a a
√ ≥0 ≥0
b b
√ …
a a
√ =
b b
√ …
125 8
3.19 √ ,
5 49
√ …
125 125 √
√ = = 25 = 5
… 5 √ 5 √
8 8 2 2
=√ =
49 49 7

3.20
…
5 2
, √
7 3
168

… …
5 5×7
= ( )
7 7×7
√
35
=
7

√
2 2× 3
√ =√ √ ( )
3 3· 3
√
2 3
=
3

√ √ √ √
a a· b ab
√ = √ √ =
b b· b b
… √
a a×b ab
= = (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b b×b b

3.21
… …
1 3 5 25 1
2 , √ , √ , , √ √
2 2 5 40 3a 2· 3

… … … √
1 5 5×2 10
2 = = =
2 2 2×2 2
√ √
3 3 5 3 5
√ = √ √ =
2 5 2 5· 5 10
√ √ √
5 5 5 10 5 10 10
√ = √ = √ √ = =
40 2 10 2 × 10 · 10 20 4
… √
25 5 5 3a
= √ =
3a 3a 3a
√
1 1 6
√ √ = √ =
2· 3 6 6
 169

1.
… … … …
7 25 2 1
, (a > 0), , 2
36 4a2 9a 8
… √ √
1 3 2
6 , √ √ , √ √
3 2· 6 5· 6
2. 2

… … … …
√ 5 1 √ √ 1 1
75, 7 , 4 , 45, 0.2, 2 ,
7 3 8 2

3.
… …
√ √ 7 28
24 54,
12 243

1. 2

2.

… …
√ √ 63 1
180, 200, , 7 b2 (b ≥ 0)
2a 2

√ √ √ 1 1
3.22 12 + 75 − 48 − √ − √
3 2 3
170

√ √ 1 1 √
12 +48 − √ − √
75 −
3 2 3
√ √
√ √ √ 3 3
=2 3+5 3−4 3− − ( )
 3 6
1 1 √
= 2+5−4− − 3 ( )
3 6
√
1 √ 5 3
=2 × 3=
2 2

√ √ √ √ √ √
3.23 27 + 2 + 5 5 + 4 3 − 3 − 20

√ √ √ √ √ √
27 + 2 + 5 5 + 4 3 − 3 − 20
√ √ √ √ √ √
=3 3+ 2+5 5+4 3− 3−2 5 ( )
 √ √ √  √  √ √ 
= 3 3+4 3− 3 + 2+ 5 5−2 5 ( )
√ √ √
= (3 + 4 − 1) 3 + 2 + (5 − 2) 5 ( )
√ √ √
=6 3+ 2+3 5

… …
√ 1 1 √
3.24 0.5 − 2 − + 48
3 8

……
√ 1 1 √
0.5 − 2 − + 48
3 8
1√ 2√ 1√ √
= 2− 3− 2+4 3
2
 3 4 
1 1 √ 2 √
= − 2+ 4− 3
2 4 3
1√ 10 √
= 2+ 3
4 3

√ √
√
3.25 5 12 − 12 3 · 6
 171

1
 √ √  √  √ √  √
5 12 − 12 3 · 6 = 5 × 2 3 − 12 3 · 6 ( )
 √ √  √
= 10 3 − 12 3 · 6
√ √
= −2 3 · 6 ( )
√ √
= −2 3 × 6 = −2 × 3 2
√
= −6 2 ( )

2
 √ √  √ √ √ √ √
5 12 − 12 3 · 6 = 5 12 × 6 − 12 3 × 6 ( )
√ √
= 5 12 × 6 − 12 3 × 6 ( )
√ √
= 30 2 − 36 2 ( )
√
= −6 2 ( )

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1. ( 5 2 + 3 2, 7 3 + 3, 2 5 − 3 5, 4 + 5
√
4 + 5,
…
√ √ √ √ 1 √
3 × 2, 6× 2, × 2
2
2.
…
√ √ √ 3 √ √ √ √ √
3 28 − 4 7, 3 24 − , 4 2+2 3−5 2+ 3−5 3
2

3.
√ √ √ √ √ √  √ √ √
10a · 5a, 18 ÷ 6, 5 10 − 1 , 96 ÷ 3× 2

4.
√ √
√
(a) 4 27 − 7 12 ÷ 3
… … 
1 1 √ √
(b) −2 + 2 0.5 × 8
2 8
172

3.2
1.
 2 » …
1 9 √
, (−5)2 , , − 172 × 82
2 16
√ √ √ √ √
172 − 82 , 121 × 169, 256 × 225, 172 − 82

2.
p p √
2
(a) (a − 1)2 , (2 − b)2 , 1− 2
q √
2 q √
2 q √ √
2 q √
2
(b) 2−1 − 1− 2 , 3− 2 + 1− 2

3.
√ p √ √
(a) −2 3 = (−2)2 · 3 = 12 = 2 3
√ √ p √
(b) −4 · −9 = (−4) × (−9) = 36 = 6
√ √ √
(c) 42 + 92 = 42 + 92 = 4 + 9 = 13

4.
√ √ √ √ √ √
(a) 108, 105, 98, 63, 720, 686
… … … √ √
1 1 3 7 15
(b) , 4 , 2 , √ , √ √
7 2 2 5 7· 5
5.
√ √
(a) 1000a2 (a > 0), 325ab2 (b < 0)
√ √
(b) 0.4m2 (m ), 96x2 (x )

6.
… √ √
16 √ 5√
(a) × 7 (e) 27 × 3 12 × 3
7 8
√ √
… …
(b) 54 ÷ − 6 2 1
(f) 8 ÷5 1
… 7 7
√ 3 √ √ √
(c) 0.6 × 2 (g) 96 ÷ 2 3 × 2
5
√ √ √ √ √
(d) 12 2 ÷ 2 3 (h) 5 180 ÷ 2 5 ÷ 3

7.
 173
√ √
(a) 7 2, a 2b (a > 0)
√ √
(b) −4 3, b 2 (b < 0)

8.
… √ √ …
3 5 12 7
(a) , √ , √ ,
7 3 3 6
… … … √
2 a 2 m
(b) 1 , , , √
11 5 a 2b
9.
√ √
(a) 3 8 − 2 32
√ √ √
(b) 96 − 3 24 + 54
√ √ √
(c) 5 63 + 5 7 − 4 28
…
√ 1 √
(d) 75 + − 48
3
…
√ √ 1 √
(e) 3 0.2 + 4 125 + − 75
27
… ! … 
√ 1 2 1 √
(f) 24 − +2 − − 6
2 3 8

10.
√ √
(a) 2(1 + 2)
√ √
(b) ( 10 − 1) · 5
√ √ √
(c) 5(2 45 − 15)
√ √ √
(d) ( 5 + 2 0.2) · 5
 … 
√ √ 1
(e) 18 2−4
2
√ √ √ √

(f) 2 3 12 − 6 + 2 27
…   … 
1 √ √ 1
(g) + 3 · 27 −
3 27
√ √ √ √
(h) ( 2 + 3)( 2 − 3) + 1
»√ » …
√ 1 √
(i) ( 10 − 4) + (4 + 10) −
2 2 × 2
8
p 1p 2
11. (a) p = 1, q = −20 − − p − 4q 2
2 2
174

√ √ 1 1
(b) a = − 2, b = 3 +
a b
√ √
(a) x, y x + y = 0, x, y
√ √
(b) a2 + b2 = 0, a, b
√ √
(c) x + 1 + y − 3 = 0, x, y
√ √
(d) x + y − 6 + x − y − 2 = 0, x, y
√
(e) (x − y)2 + x + y − 7 = 0, x, y

32m2 4m
m 3.7)

x 32m2

x+4
3.7

xm (x + 4)m

x(x + 4) = 32

x2 + 4x = 32.
x2 + 4x − 32 = 0.
2.
2

x2 − 9 = 0, 2y 2 − 3y + 1 = 0, 3x2 − 2x = 0, x2 + 2x = 5, −x2 − 2 = 5x
 175

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

ax2 a(̸= 0) bx b(
c(

• b ̸= 0, c ̸= 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

• b = 0 c = 0 b = c = 0 ax2 + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)
2
ax + bx = 0 (a ̸= 0) 2
ax = 0 (a ̸= 0)

1.

(a) 3x2 + 4x = 5 (f) 7x2 = 0

(b) −2x2 − 3x + 4 = 0 (g) −8x = 7x2
√
(c) −3x2 + 36x − 5 = 0 (h) 2x2 + 1 = 0
√ √ √
(d) 5x2 + 3x − 3 = 0 (i) 7x2 = 1
(e) x2 = 3 (j) 3x2 + x − 3 = 3x2 − 1

2. ax2 + bx + c = 0,
a, b, c

(a) x2 − 3 = 5 (e) 6x − 5 = (2x − 3)2

√
(b) 4x(2 − 3x) = x − 6 (f) −x2 + 8 = 2 2x
(c) (3x − 5)(4 − x) = 0 (g) (x − 3)2 + 7 = (2x + 1)2
√ √ √
(d) 6y(y + 3) + 2 = y (h) (1+m)x−(m−1)x−x2 = m

3.

(a) 8, 48,
(b) 24,
176

(c)
3,

4.

4x2 = 0, x2 − 9 = 0, 2x2 − 18 = 0

ax2 = 0

a ̸= 0, x2 = 0
0, x = 0, {0}

ax2 + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

ax2 + c = 0 (a ̸= 0),
a,
c
x2 = −
a

3.26

1. 5x2 − 4 = 0 3. −3x2 = 0

2. −7x2 + 7 = 0 4. 2x2 + 5 = 0

1.

5x2 − 4 = 0
5x2 = 4 ( )
4
x2 = ( 5)
5

…
4
x±
5
2 √ 2√
x1 = 5, x2 = − 5
5 5
 177
ß ™
2√ 2√
5, − 5
5 5
2.

−7x2 + 7 = 0
−7x2 = −7 ( )
x2 = 1 ( −7)
x = ±1 ( )

x1 = 1, x2 = −1
{1, −1}

3.

−3x2 = 0
x2 = 0 ( −3)
x=0

{0}

4.

2x2 + 5 = 0
2x2 = −5 ( )
5
x2 = − ( 2)
2

{0}
ax + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)
2

I.
c
x2 = −
a
II.
…
c c
1. − >0 x=± −
a a
178

ß… … ™
c c
− , − −
a a
c
2. − =0 x = 0. {0}
a
c
3. − <0 ∅
a

c
− =0 x2 = 0 x = 0,
a
{0}
{0, 0}

1. 9x2 = 0 5. 2x2 = 3

2. 25x2 − 9 = 0 6. 3x2 + 2 = 0

3. −256x2 + 144 = 0 7. (x − 1)2 = 4

4. 5x2 − 7x − 7 = 3x2 − 7x + 1 8. (x + 1)2 = 1

3.27

(1 − x)2 = 9, 4(1 + 2x)2 = 49

1.

(1 − x)2 = 9
(1 − x) = ±3 ( )

1 − x = +3 1 − x = −3

x = −2 x=4

∴ {−2, 4}
 179

2.

4(1 + 2x)2 = 49
49
(1 + 2x)2 = ( 4)
4
7
1 + 2x = ± ( )
2
7 7
1 + 2x = + 1 + 2x = −
2 2
5 9
x= x=−
4 4
ß ™
5 9
∴ , −
4 4
3.27, a(x + m)2 + c…
=0
c  c 
(x+m) (x+m) = ± − − ≥0
… a a
c
x = −m ± −
a

 2
1. (x − 2)2 = 16 1
5. 125 = 5 x +
2
2. (5 − 2x)2 = 4
1 √
3. 9(50 − x)2 = 36 6. ( 2x + 1)2 = 2
6
1
4. (2x − 3)2 = 25
3

ax2 + bx = 0 (a ̸= 0)

ax2 + bx = 0 (a ̸= 0),

(ax + b)x = 0

ax + b = 0 x=0

0, 0
x
180

3.28 x2 − 4x = 0

x2 − 4x = 0
(x − 4)x = 0 ( )

x−4=0 x=0

x1 = 4, x2 = 0
∴ {4, 0}

3.29 5x2 + 3x = 0

5x2 + 3x = 0
(5x + 3)x = 0

5x + 3 = 0 x=0
3
x1 = − , x2 = 0
5 ß ™
3
∴ − , 0
5
ax2 + bx = 0 (a ̸= 0)

I.
(ax + b)x = 0

II.

ax + b = 0 x=0

III.
b
x1 = − , x2 = 0
a
ß ™
b
− , 0
a

ax2 + bx = 0
 181

ax2 + bx = 0 (a ̸= 0) 0,
c=0

1.
√
(a) x2 − 5x = 0 (f) x2 + 2x = 0
(b) 3x − x2 = 0 √
(g) 5x = 7x2
2
(c) 4x + 6x = 0
√ √
2 (h) 2x2 − 3x = 0
(d) x = −3x2
5 √
1 2 2 √
(e) x2 + x = 0 (i) x + 1 = 1 − 2x
7 2

2.

(a) (x + 1)2 − 3(x + 1) = 0 (c) 3(3 − 5x)2 = 2(3 − 5x)

1 √ √
(b) (x − 2)2 + x − 1 = 0 (d) 2(x + 2)2 − x − 2 = 0
2

3.30 x2 − 6x = 0

(x ± m)2 = n (x ± m), x

x2 − 6x = 0
x2 − 6x + 9 = 9 ( 9)
(x − 3)2 = 9
x − 3 = ±3 ( )

x − 3 = +3 x − 3 = −3
∵ x1 = 6, x2 = 0
{6, 0}
182

3.30

1. x2 + 4x = 0 3. −2x2 = 3x
√
2. x2 − 2 2x = 0 4. 5x2 − 4x = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0),

x2 + 4x = 32. x 32
3.8 x
x, 4
3.9 4×x 2×x
x×x
2
32m

x+4

x2 2x 2x
x x2 4x
32m2 2x
3.8 3.9

2 3.10
(x + 2)
2
2 = 4.
x2 + 4x = 32,

x2 + 4x + 22 = 32 + 22
(x + 2)2 = 36
x + 2 = ±6
 183

x2 2x

2x 22

3.10

x + 2 = +6 x + 2 = −6
∴ x1 = 4, x2 = −8
x = −8
4m 8m

3.31

x2 + 3x = 40, 2x2 + 3x − 5 = 0

 2
2 3
1. x + 3x = 40 3
3
 2  2
2 3 3
x + 3x + = 40 +
3 3
 2
3 169
x+ =
2 4
3 13
x+ =± ( )
2 2
3 13 3 13
x+ =+ x+ =−
2 2 2 2
∴ x1 = 5, x2 = −8

∴ {5, −8}
184

2. 1, x2 + px + q = 0
2,
3 5
x2 + x − = 0
2 2
1
3 5
x2 + x = ( )
2 2
 2  2
3 3 5 3
x2 + x + = + ( )
2 4 2 4
 2
3 49
x+ =
4 16
3 7
x+ =± ( )
4 4
3 7 3 7
x+ =+ x+ =−
4 4 4 4
5
∴ x1 = 1, x2 = −
2
ß ™
5
∴ 1, −
2

3.32

1. x2 − 8x + 9 = 0 3. 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0

2. 2x2 + 3x − 6 = 0 4. x2 + 4x + 7 = 0

1.

x2 − 8x + 9 = 0
x2 − 8x = −9 ( )
x2 − 8x + (−4)2 = −9 + (−4)2 ( )
(x − 4)2 = 7
√
x−4= 7 ( )
 185
√ √
∴ x1 = 4 + 7, x2 = 4 − 7
¶ √ √ ©
∴ 4 + 7, 4 − 7

2.

2x2 + 3x − 6 = 0
3 6
x2 + x =
2 2
 2  2
2 3 3 3
x + x+ =3+
2 4 4
 2
3 57
x+ =
4 16
√
3 57
x+ =±
4 4
√
3 57
∴ x1,2 =− ±
4 4
® √ √ ´
−3 + 57 −3 − 57
∴ ,
4 4

3.

4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
(2x + 1)2 = 0
2x + 1 = 0

1
∴ x1 = x2 = − ( )
2
ß ™
1
∴ −
2
4.

x2 + 4x + 7 = 0
x2 + 4x + 22 = −7 + 22
(x + 2)2 = −3

x (x + 2)2 −3.

∴ ∅
186

I. 1.
2
x + px + q = 0

II. x2 + px = −q

III.

 p 2  p 2
x2 + px + = −q +
2 2

 p  2 p2
x+ = −q
2 4
IV.
…
p2 p p2
1. −q > 0 x1 = − + −q
4 … 2 4
p p2
x2 = − − −q
2 4
p2 p
2. −q =0 x1 = x2 = −
4 2
p2
3. −q <0
4

1.

(a) x2 + 6x + ( ) = (x+ )2
(b) x2 − x + ( ) = (x− )2
(c) x2 + 3x + ( ) = (x+ )2
121
(d) x2 − ( )+ = (x− )2
4
3
(e) x2 + x + ( ) = (x+ )2
5
(f) x2 + px + ( ) = (x+ )2
 187

b
(g) x2 + x + ( ) = (x+ )2
a
2.

(a) x2 + 8x = 33 (f) 3x2 − 6x + 2 = 0

(b) x2 − 7x + 2 = 0 (g) x = 1 − 2x2
1
(c) x2 − x + = 0 (h) 3x2 = −(1 + 5x)
4
(d) x2 − 14x + 24 = 0 (i) 5y − 84 + y 2 = 0
(e) 2x2 − 5x + 8 = 0 (j) 3 − 8t + t2 = 0

3.

(a) (x + 1)2 − 4(x + 1) + 4 = 0

(b) (x − 2)2 − 4(x − 2) + 3 = 0

3.33 (2x + 1)(x + 2) + 2x − 18 = 0

(2x + 1)(x + 2) + 2x − 18 = 0
2x2 + 4x + x + 2 + 2x − 18 = 0 ( )
2x2 + 7x − 16 = 0 ( )
7
x2 + x = 8 ( 2)
2
 2  2
2 7 7 7
x + x+ =8+ ( )
2 4 4
 2
7 177
x+ =
4 16
√
7 177
∴ x+ =±
4 4 √
7 177
∴ x1,2 = − ±
4 4® √ √ ´
−7 + 177 −7 − 177
∴ − , −
4 4
3.34 2x2 − 5x + 7 = 0
188

5 7
x2 − x = −
 2 2 2
5 7 25
x− =− +
4 2 16
 2
5 31
x− =−
4 16

31
∵ − <0 ∴
16
∴

1. (5x + 1)(5x − 1) = 24x

√ √
2. (x + 2)2 − 3( 2 + x) − 10 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

a,
b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a
c
a
b c
x2 + x = −
a a

 2  2
b b c b
x2 + x + =− +
a 2a a 2a
 2
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =
2a 4a2
∵ a ̸= 0, ∴ 4a > 0
2
 189

b2 − 4ac
∴ b2 − 4ac
4a2
b2 − 4ac
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0 ≥ 0,
4a2

b b2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 4a2

∴
√ √
b b2 − 4ac −b ± b2 − 4ac
x1,2 =− ± =
2a 2a 2a
 2
b2 − 4ac b
b −4ac < 0
2
< 0, x+ =
4a2 2a
b2 − 4ac
4a2
∴

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0) b2 − 4ac ≥ 0
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x1,2 =
2a

3.35
√
1. x2 − 7x + 6 = 0 3. x2 + 2 = 2 2x
1
2. 2x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 4. x − 1 = 2x2
2

1. x2 − 7x + 6 = 0 a = 1, b = −7, c = 6

b2 − 4ac = 49 − 24 = 25 > 0

√ √
−b ± b2 − 4ac 7 ± 25 7±5
x= = =
2a 2 2
190

∴ x1 = 6, x2 = 1
∴ {6, 1}

2. 2x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 a = 2, b = 3, c = −7

b2 − 4ac = 9 + 56 = 65 > 0

√ √
−b ±
b2 − 4ac −3 ± 65
x= =
2a 4
√ √
−3 + 65 −3 − 65
∴ x1 = , x2 =
4 ® 4
√ √ ´
−3 + 65 −3 − 65
∴ ,
4 4
√ √
3. x2 + 2 = 2 2x x2 − 2 2x + 2 = 0
√
a = 1, b = −2 2, c = 2 b2 − 4ac = 8 − 8 = 0
√ √
−b ± b2 − 4ac 2 2±0 √
∴ x= = x1 = x2 = 2
2a ¶ © 2
√
∴ 2
1 1
4. x − 1 = 2x2 2x2 − x + 1 = 0
2 2
4x − x + 2 = 0
2
a = 4, b = −1, c = 2

b2 − 4ac = 1 − 32 = −31 < 0

∴ ∅

1. 2x2 + 7x − 4 = 0 1
6. 9 x2 = 0
2
2. 4t2 − 12t + 9 = 0 7. 2 + 5x = 3x2
√
3. x2 + 2x + 5 = 0 8. x2 = 2 3x − 3
1 2 1
4. 3y 2 − 4y = 0 9. x −x=
2 4
5. 7x2 − 3 = 0 10. 2x2 − 3x + 4 = 0
 191

3.36 :
x2 − 2 x
y(10 + 3y) = −3, + =x
3 2

1. y(10 + 3y) = −3 3y 2 + 10y + 3 = 0

√ √
−b ± b2 − 4ac −10 ± 100 − 36 −10 ± 8
y= = =
2a 6 6
1
∴ y1 = − , y2 = −3
3 ß ™
1
∴ − , −3
3
x2 − 2 x
2. + =x
3 2
2x2 − 3x − 4 = 0
√ √
3 ± 9 + 32 3 ± 41
∴ x= =
4 ® 4
√ √ ´
3 + 41 3 − 41
∴ ,
4 4

1. 2y(3 − y) + 7 = 2y 5. (3t − 4)2 = 2t

2. (x + 1)(2 − 3x) = 5 6. 3x2 + 2x = (x + 2)2

8x2 − 3 9x2 − 5
7. + =2
3. 5t = (t + 2)(t − 2) − 1 5 4
x2 7x − 1 1
4. (2x − 1)(x + 5) − 6x = 0 8. + + =0
3 4 2

3.37

1. 3(x + 1)2 − 5(x + 1) = 2

2. y 2 − (m + n)y + mn = 0 (m > n)
192

1. 3(x + 1)2 − 5(x + 1) = 2 (x + 1)

(x + 1)

3(x + 1)2 − 5(x + 1) − 2 = 0

(x + 1)
√
5± 25 + 24 5±7
x+1= =
6 6
1
x+1=2 x+1=−
3
1
∴ x1 = 1, x2 = −1
3
ß ™
1
∴ 1, −1
3
2. y 2 − (m + n)y + mn = 0 (m > n) m, n

a = 1, b = −(m + n), c = mn

p
(m + n) ± (m + n)2 − 4mn
x=
√ 2
(m + n) ± m2 + 2mn + n2 − 4mn
=
√ 2
(m + n) ± m − 2mn + n2
2
=
p2
(m + n) ± (m − n)2
=
2
(m + n) ± (m − n)
= (m > n)
2
m+n+m−n m+n−m+n
∴ x1 = = m, x2 = =n
2 2
∴ {m, n}

1. 2(1 − 2x)2 − 3(1 − 2x) = 5

2. x2 + 2ax − 3a2 = 0 (a > 0)

 193

3.38

1. x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0

2. (x2 + 2)2 − 8(x2 + 2) + 15 = 0

1. x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0
x2 = y, x4 = y 2 y 2 − 13y + 36 = 0

√
13 ± 169 − 144 13 ± 5
y= =
2 2
∴ y1 = 9, y2 = 4 y1 , y 2

x2 = 9 ⇒ x = ±3
2
x =4 ⇒ x = ±42

∴ {2, 3, −2, −3}

2. (x2 + 2)2 − 8(x2 + 2) + 15 = 0

(x2 + 2) = y y 2 − 8y + 15 = 0
√
8 ± 64 − 60 8±2
∴ y1 = =
2 2
y1 = 5, y2 = 3

√
x2 + 2 = 5 ⇒ x=± 3
x2 + 2 = 3 ⇒ x = ±1

√ √
∴ {1, 3, −1, − 3}

y
194

1. x4 − 6x2 + 5 = 0 3. x4 − 8x2 + 16 = 0

2. 3x4 − 4x2 + 1 = 0 4. x4 + x2 − 6 = 0

5. (x2 + 2x)2 − 14(x2 + 2x) − 15 = 0

6. (x2 − x)2 − 4(x2 − x) − 12 = 0

7. (x2 − x)2 − 4(2x2 − 2x − 3) = 0

8. (x2 − 5x)2 + 10x2 − 50x + 24 = 0

3.39 3x3 − 4x2 + x = 0

(3x2 − 4x + 1) · x = 0

∴ 3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 x=0
1
3x − 4x + 1 = 0
2
x1 = 1, x2 =
ß ™ 3
1
∴ 0, 1,
3

1. x3 + 2x2 − x = 0 3. x4 − 5x2 = 0

2. 2x3 − 3x2 + 5x = 0 4. 3x4 + x2 = 5x3

3.40 (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4) = 24

 195

• 2

(x − 1)(x − 4) = x2 − 5x + 4
(x − 2)(x − 3) = x2 − 5x + 6

y = x2 − 5x

(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4) = 24

[(x − 1)(x − 4)] · [(x − 2)(x − 3)] = 24

(x2 − 5x + 4)(x2 − 5x + 6) = 24

y = x2 − 5x,

(y + 4)(y + 6) = 24
y 2 + 10y + 24 − 24 = 0
y 2 + 10y = 0
y(y + 10) = 0

∴ y1 = 0, y2 = −10
x2 − 5x = 0 x2 − 5x = −10
5±5
x2 − 5x = 0 x1,2 = x1 = 5, x2 = 0
2
x − 5x = −10
2
b − 4ac = 25 − 40 < 0
2

∴ {5, 0}

1. x(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 3

2. (x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 7) = 384

196

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
• b − 4ac > 0
2
x1,2 =
2a
b
• b2 − 4ac = 0 x1 = x2 = −
2a
• b2 − 4ac < 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)
b − 4ac
2
b2 − 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

∆ = b2 − 4ac

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

• ∆ = b2 − 4ac > 0

• ∆ = b2 − 4ac = 0

• ∆ = b2 − 4ac < 0

3.41

1. 5x2 − 4x − 3 = 0
√
2. 2x2 + 3 = 2 6x

3. 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0

1. 5x2 − 4x − 3 = 0
∵ ∆ = b2 − 4ac = (−4)2 − 4 × 5 × (−3) = 76 > 0
∴
 197
√
2. 2x2 + 3 = 2 6x
√
2x2 − 2 6x + 3 = 0

∵ ∆ = b2 − 4ac = (−26)2 − 4 × 2 × 3 = 0

3. 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0

∵ ∆ = b2 − 4ac = 22 − 4 × 3 × 1 = −8 < 0

3.42 k 4x2 − (k + 2)x + (k − 1) = 0

1. −1

2.

1. −1, x = −1
4 × (−1) − (k + 2) × (−1) + (k − 1) = 0
2

5
2k + 5 = 0 k=−
2
5
∴ k=− −1
2
2. ∵ ∆=0

∆ = [−(k + 2)]2 − 4 · 4(k − 1)

= k 2 + 4k + 4 − 16k + 16
= k 2 − 12k + 20

∴ ∆ = 0, k 2 − 12k + 20 = 0

k k1 = 2, k2 = 10

k=2 k = 10

1.
198

(a) 6x2 − 5x − 4 = 0 (c) 2x2 + 4x + 35 = 0

1
(b) x2 − 3x + 9 = 0 (d) 7x2 − mx − 1 = 0
4

2. m

(a) mx2 + 3x + (m − 1) = 0 (m ̸= 0)
(b) 4x2 + (m + 1)x + m = 0

3.43 m x2 − mx + m − 4 = 0

∆ = b2 − 4ac > 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

a = 1, b = −m, c = m − 4,

∆ = (−m)2 − 4 × 1 × (m − 4)
= m2 − 4m + 16
= m2 − 4m + 4 + 12
= (m − 2)2 + 12

m (m − 2)2
∴ (m − 2)2 + 12 ∆ = (m − 2)2 + 12 > 0
m ∆ > 0, x2 − mx + m − 4 = 0

1. n x2 + nx − 1 = 0

2. (2m2 + 1)x2 − 2mx + 1 = 0

3.3
1.
 199

(a) 7x2 = 0 (j) 9x2 − 144 = 0

355 2 1
(b) x =0 (k) = 3x2
113 3
(c) x2 − 36 = 0 1
(l) 18 − x2 = 0
2
(d) x2 = 625 2
(m) 2x = 8
(e) x2 − 3 = 0 (n) 10 − 2x2 = 0
(f) x2 − 15 = 0 (o) 25x2 − 3 = 0
1 2
(g) − x2 = 0 (p) 12x2 − = 0
4 3
(h) x2 − 20 = 100 (q) −18x2 + 8 = 0
(i) x2 + 12 = 0 (r) 24x2 + 81 = 0

2.
 2
(a) (x − 3)2 = 5 5 1
(e) x− − =0
(b) (x − 2) − 15 = 0
2 2 4
1
(c) (x + 5)2 = 3 (f) (2x + 1)2 = 2
6
4
(d) − = −(3y + 2)2
25

3.

(a) x2 + 6x = 0 (g) (2x + 1)(2x − 1) = 0

(b) x(x − 5) = 0 (h) mx2 + nx = 0, (m ̸= 0)

2
x x
(c) 13x = x2 (i) =
6 4
√
(d) 3x − x2 = 0 (j) x − 81 = 0
2

√
(e) 4x2 − 7x = 0 (k) 3x2 = x
√ 1
(f) 2x2 + 7x = 3x (l) 2 (x2 − x) = √ (x2 + x)
2

4.
 2
(a) 2(x + 1)2 + (x + 1) = 0 1 −3
(c) 4 x − − 3x =
2 2
√
(b) 5x(x − 3)2 + 3 = x √ √ x 3
(d) 2(x + 3)2 − − =0
2 2
200

5. m, n

(a) (x + m)2 = 36
(b) (m − x)2 = 4
(c) (nx + 2)2 − 9 = 0 (n ̸= 0)
(d) (mx + n)2 = A (m ̸= 0, A > 0)
√
(e) (x − n)2 − 2(x − n) = 0
(f) m(x + 2)2 + n(x + 2) = 0 (m ̸= 0, n ̸= 0)

6.

(a) x2 − 4x (f) 5x2 − 2x

(b) x2 + 10x
(g) x2 + bx
(c) x2 + 3x
1 (h) ax2 + x
(d) x − x
2 b
(e) 3x2 + x (i) x2 + x
a

7.

(a) 5x2 − 2x = 0 (g) 2x2 − 3x − 4 = 0

(b) 3x2 − 6 = 0 (h) 3x2 + x − 3 = 0

(c) x2 + 8x − 33 = 0 (i) 6x2 + x − k = 0

(d) x2 − 14x + 24 = 0 (j) x2 + px + q = 0

√ 1
(e) x2 − 4x + 5 = 0 (k) x2 + 2x + = 0
2
√
(f) x2 + 8x + 15 = 0 (l) x − 3x + 1 = 0
2

8.

(a) (x − 3)2 − 4(x − 3) − 45 = 0 2 5

(c) (2x + 1)2 + x + = 0
3 3
√ √
(b) (3x + 1)(3x − 1) = 8x (d) (x − 3)2 + 2(x − 3) + 1 = 0

9.
 201

(a) x2 + 3x − 4 = 0 (j) 2x2 + 15x + 25 = 0

(b) x2 − 10x + 16 = 0 (k) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
(c) x − 3x = 10
2
1
(l) x2 +=0
(d) x − 7x = −2
2 2
2 3
(e) x2 − 4(x + 1) = 0 (m) x2 − x = 1
5 5
(f) x2 + 10x + 18 = 0
(n) x2 − 20x + 81 = 0
(g) 8x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 √ 1
(o) 2x2 − x − √ = 0
(h) 2x + 3x − 1 = 0
2
2
√
(i) 8x2 − 189x − 72 = 0 (p) x2 + 2 3x + 3 = 0

10.
√
(a) x2 = 8x − 12 (e) 2x2 − 2 2x − 5 = 0
√ √ √
(b) 3 + x2 = 7x (f) 2y 2 + 4 3y = 2 2
√ √
(c) x2 − 14x + 100 = 51 (g) x2 + 2( 3 + 1)x + 2 3 = 0
(d) x2 + 15x = 594 (h) (3 − x)2 + x2 = 9

11.

(a) (x − 3)(x − 4) = 13 (c) (3x − 1)(x + 2) = 20

(b) 2(x + 8) = (x + 5)(x + 4) (d) −x(x + 4) = 2(x − 4)

(e) 10(x + 2) + 19 = (5x − 1)(1 + 5x)

(f) (x − 7)(x + 3) + (x − 1)(x + 5) = 102
(g) (x + 5)(200 − 5x) = x(200 − 5x) + x(x + 5)

12.

(a) 2(x − 1)2 = x2 − 1

(b) (x + 2)2 + (x − 2) = 8(x2 + 1)
(c) (x + 5)2 + (x − 2)2 + (x − 7)(x + 7) = 11x + 30
(d) (2x + 1)2 + (x − 2)2 − (2x + 1)(x − 2) = 43
(t − 3)2 (t + 2)2 (t + 1)(t − 1)
(e) 3t + = +
4 8 3
202

(t + 3)2 (3t − 1)2 t(2t − 3)

(f) +1− =
5 5 2
(y + 3)2 y+3 y−1
(g) −y = −
8 4 2
13. )

2
(a) (x + 2)2 − 3(x + 2) + 1 = 0 (d) (x2 + x) − 4x2 − 4x = 5
(b) (y + 1)2 + 2y + 3 = 0
(c) x4 − 5x2 + 4 = 0 (e) (x + 1)4 − 10(x + 1)2 + 9 = 0

14.

(a) x3 + 2x2 − 5x = 0
(b) 2x3 − 2x2 − x = 0
3 2
(c) (x + x2 ) − 2 (x + x2 ) − (x + x2 ) = 0
(d) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x − 4)(x − 5) = 44
(e) (2x2 − x + 1)(2x2 − x − 3) = 5

15. x x2 − 2x − 3

(a) (b) −4 (c) −5

16. k

(a) kx2 − 12x + 4 = 0 (c) (x − 1)2 = kx

(b) 4x2 − (k + 2)x + k − 1 = 0 (d) x2 − 15 = 2k(x − 4)

17. k 2x2 + (k − 9)x + k 2 + 3k + 4 = 0

0

18. t

(a) x2 − tx + 9 = 0
(b) tx2 − 20x + 5 = 0
(c) tx2 − 8x + t = 0

19. t, k, p, q
 203

(a) x2 + 3x + t = 0 −1,
(b) 3x2 + 5x − k 2 + 1 = 0 1,
(c) x2 + px + q = 0 3, 5.

20.
n
(a) mx2 + (m + n)x + = 0 (m ̸= 0)
2
(b) (m2 + 1)x2 − 2mx + (m2 + 4) = 0
(c) ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0) c=0

3.44 308
3,

x (x − 3)

x(x − 3) = 108
x − 3x − 108 = 0
2

√
3± 9 + 432 3 ± 21
x= =
2 2
∴ x1 = 12, x2 = −6
x x = −6 x = 12
x−3=9
12 9

1. 40
3

2. 1
204

1
132

3.45 60cm

1. 200cm2 2. 225cm2 3. 250cm2

cm

x
3.11
 
60
xcm −x = (30 − x)cm
2

1. x(30 − x) = 200 ⇒ x2 − 30x + 200 = 0

√
30 ± 900 − 800 30 ± 10
∴ x= =
2 2
∴ x1 = 20, x2 = 10

• x = 20 30 − x = 10
• x = 10 30 − x = 20

20cm 10cm 200cm2 60cm

2. x(30 − x) = 225 ⇒ x2 − 30x + 225 = 0

30 ± 0
∴ x= = 15
2
15cm 225cm2 ,
60cm

3. x(30 − x) = 250 ⇒ x2 − 30x + 250 = 0

∵ ∆ = 900 − 1000 = −100 < 0
 205

60cm 250cm2

1. 2cm
2
48cm

2. 10m 625m2
m

3. 160cm3 5cm

3.46 3.12, ABC AC 6cm, BC 12cm

P Q A C P AC 1cm
C Q CB 2cm B
P Q △P CQ 8cm2 ?

A P C

3.12

P Q x △P CQ 8cm2
1
× 2x(6 − x) = 8 ⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = 0
2
√
6± 36 − 32 6±2
∴ x= = ⇒ x1 = 4, x2 = 2
2 2
206

P Q A C 2 4 △P CQ
2
8cm

3.47 60 79.35

x%, 60(1 + x%)

[60(1 + x%)](1 + x%)

60(1 + x%)(1 + x%) = 79.35

60(1 + x%)2 = 79.35
(1 + x%)2 = 1.3225
1 + x% = ±1.15
x
= ±1.15 − 1
100
x = 100(±1.15 − 1)

∴ x1 = 15, x2 = −215
15%

300
192

3.48 20
5

  x x
20 − x
·x
20

 
20 − x
20 − x − x=5
20
x2 − 40x
√ + 300 = 0
40 ± 1600 − 1200 40 ± 20
∴ x= = ⇒ x1 = 30, x2 = 10
2 2
 207

x1 = 30
10

3.48

3.4
1. 8,

2. 323,

3. 8, 128.

4. 10 4

5. 3cm,
2cm. 36cm2 ,

6. 3cm 10cm2 .

7. 12×18(

8. 3.13 5cm
1500cm3 ,
2

9. 10cm,

10. 1500 3000

( 0.01)

11. 100 350

208

3.13

12. 72

13. 64

15

1. (x ± y)2 = x2 ± 2xy + y 2
x, y

2.

x2 = a, (a ≥ 0) x a a>0
√ √
x=± a a=0 x= 0=0
a<0
√
x= a (a > 0)

0
√
x= a (a ≥ 0)
√
(a) ( a)2 = a (a ≥ 0)

√ x x≥0
(b) x2 = |x| =
 −x x < 0
 209
√ √ √
(a) a· b= ab (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)

√ …
a a
(b) √ = (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b b

(c) 2;

3.

4.
√ √
2, − 3, π, e, 0.01001000 · · ·

a, −a, a + (−a) = 0;
1 1
a· =1
a a

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

1. 1

b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a
 2  2
b b b c
x2 + x + = −
a 2a 2a a
 2
b b − 4ac
2
x+ =
2a 4a2
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= (3.4)
2a
210

2. a, b, c (3.4)

3.

a(x + m)2 + b(x + m) + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

(x + m) = y,

ay 2 + by + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

y (x + m) = y,

4. b = 0, c = 0, b=c=0

1. ax4 + bx2 + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)
x2 = y, ay 2 + by + c = 0

2. a(mx2 + nx)2 + b(mx2 + nx) + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)

mx2 + nx = y, ay 2 + by + c = 0

3. a(mx2 + nx + p)(mx2 + nx + q) + b = 0
mx2 + nx = y, a(y + p)(y + q) + b = 0

4. ax3 + bx2 + cx = 0 (a ̸= 0)
(ax2 + bx + c)x = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 x=0

∆ = b2 − 4ac
 211

1. ∆>0 ax2 + bx + c = 0

2. ∆=0 ax2 + bx + c = 0

3. ∆<0 ax2 + bx + c = 0

1.

(a + b)3 = (a + b)2 · (a + b)

2.
√ √ √
0.7744, 9880.36, 100.4004

3. (a) 55225m2
(b) 7500cm 5 : 4 : 3.

4.
√ √
(a) 82340 − 8234
√ √ √
(b) 376.8 + 37.68 − 3.678

5.

(a)
(b)

6. x, y
212
√
x2 |y|
(a) =1 (c) =1
x y
p
y2
(d) =1
√ |y|
x2 √
(b) = −1 (e) |x − 1| + y−2=0
x

7. 10

8. 2
3
n

9. x
√ √ √ »
1 − x, x−2· x, (x − 3)2

10.
√ √ » »
2 3
− , (5 − a)2 − (a − 5)2
2 3

11.
√ 1√ 1√
(a) 45 − 5− 20
5 3
√ …
3 6 √ 1
(b) √ − 128 + 2 (a > 5)
2 3 2
…
√ 1 √ √
(c) 5 24 − 3 1 − 54 − 24
2
√
8
(d) √ √
5· 6
√
√ √

(e) 4 3−3 3 2+5 3 −1
√ √ √ √
5 + 6 2 3 − 5 10
(f) √ + √
3 5
 … …   … 
3 1 2 1√
(g) 6 −3 − 3 − 18
2 2 3 3
… …
1 √ √ √ √ 1 √
(h) + 45 − 12.5 − 0.5 200 + 242 + 6 1 − 245
2 8
12.
√
2 √
2
(a) 5 5 − 5 − 5 5 − 1
 213
√
12 − 3 √ √ √
2
(b) √ − 6+ 5 3−3 8
2 6
√ !2 √ !2
−1 − 3 −1 + 3
(c) −
2 2
 … … …  …
1 1 3 1 5 4 8 1
(d) − + ÷
2 2 2 3 4 5 15 8
13.

(a) x x2 + 12x + 40
(b) x x2 − 16x + 65 1

14.

(a) 2x2 + 3x − 1 = 0
(b) 2t2 + 1 = 4t
3
(c) y 2 + 4y = 1
2
(d) x2 + 6000x − 4 × 107 = 0
√
(e) (x + 1)(x − 1) = 2 2x
x 2  x 2
(f) −1 = +1 (a2 ̸= b2 )
a b
ß     ™
1 1 1 1 2
(g) x +2 +2 +2 =2
2 2 2 2
(x − 6)2 (x + 4)2 (x + 2)(x + 6)
(h) x − 7 + = −
2 2 2
15.

(a) x2 − 2ax = m2
1
(b) mx2 + 1 = x + m (m > )
2
(c) (x + a)(x − a) = 1
a 2 b2
(d) x2 − ax − bx + + =0
4 4
(a) x4 − 6x2 = 0
(b) 2x4 − 19x2 + 9 = 0
√ √
(c) 3(x2 · x)2 = 2(x2 − x)
(d) (6x2 − 7x)2 − 2(6x2 − 7x) − 3 = 0
214

(e) (2x2 − 1)4 − (2x2 − 1)2 = 0

√
√
√

(f) x x − 3 x − 2 3 x − 3 3 = 216

(g) (x2 + 5x + 4)(x2 + 5x + 6) − 120 = 0

3
16. 7x2 + mx + n = 0 2, − m, n
7
17. x

(a) x2 − 6x + 5 0

(b) x2 − 6x + 5 −4

(c) x2 − 6x + 5 x+1

18. m

(a) 3x2 − 2(3m + 1)x + 3m2 − 1 = 0 0

(b) 3x2 − 2(3m + 1)x + 3m2 − 1 = 0

19. k

(a) kx2 − 12x + 4 = 0

(b) (a + 2)x2 − 2akx + k = 0 a a ̸= −2

20. x2 − ax + 2a = 0 1

(a) a

(b)

21. ax2 + bx + c = 0 x2 − 1 = 0 a, b, c

22. 2x2 + 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 a, b

a=b

23.

24. 8
1855
 215

25. 4
2

26. 2.4m 2m 19.2m2

27. 416 196

1

28. 20
3
4

29.

(a) ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0) b2 − 4ac ≥ 0

(b)

30. p, q x2 + px + q = 0 p q


 p2 + p2 + q = 0
 q 2 + pq + q = 0

®
q = −2p2 (3.5)
q(q + p + 1) = 0 (3.6)

(3.5) (3.6) p2 (2p2 − p − 1) = 0

p (3.5) q
p1 = 0, q1 = 0, p2 = 1, q2 = −2
1 1
p3 = − , q3 = − ,
2 2
 x, y, . . .
1 7 3 32 √ √ 3
8x, 9x , −2x , x , − x , 0.618xy 2 , − 2x121 , 7x2 y, − 7xyz, x2 y 3 z,
2 4
√ … 2 7 4
3 1 2 3
− mt, x y zt
5 3

1.1
−2x4
0.618xy 7xy
√ √
2 2x − 5
0
− 5y 0
0
a
√ √ 1
2, − 5, 0.3, −3 2, −7
2
0

0 · x0 , 0 · x, 0 · x2 , . . . , 0 · xn , . . .

216
 217

4.1

8x 8 1
2
9x 9 2
−2x 4
−2 4
1 7 1
x 7
2 2
3 32 3
− x − 32
7 7
0.618xy 2 0.618 3
√ √
− 2x121 − 2 121
2
7x y 7 3
√ √
− 7xyz − 7 3
3 2 3 3
x y z 6
4√ √
4
3 3
− mt − 2
… 5 …5
1 2 3 1
x y zt 7
3 3

0 0

1.
√
x8 , −x4 y, 3x5 , −1.41xyz, 7x7
218

1 √ 22
− √ xy, − 3, −x2 y 2 z 2 , , 0
2 7

2.

√
1 2 2 2 √ 1 2
x −5x 2
x 5xy 2 −7xy 2 xy
√2 2 2 3
2xyz 100xz 2 y z 2 xy
1 2 2
5x3 , 7y 3 7z 3 −xy, 23xy 2 , 51x2 y x y
2

1 3 √
−7, 6x, x y, 2, −xyz, −0.5yx3
2
√ x3 y
5zyx, , 0.1x, 9yxz, 10yx3
5

+ −
√ 3x + 0.5 + 2x2 ,
√ √ 2 3 3
x3 − 3x + 2, xy − 3x + 5y + 1, − x y + 2.31x2 − 8z
7

5x2 − 1 + 8x = 5x2 + 8x − 1 ( )

(7xy − 8y 2 ) + 3xy = (7xy + 3xy) − 8y 2 ( )

= 10xy − 8y 2 ( )
 219

0 1 0 1 7x3 + 0 = 7x3 ,
(7x3 ) · 0 = 0, 7x3 · 1 = 7x3

3x + 7x2 − 15x = 7x2 + (3x − 15x) ( )

= 7x2 + (3 − 15)x ( )
= 7x2 − 12x

√ √ √ √
3x2 + 3x3 − 2x2 − 2x3 = (3 − 2)x2 + ( 3 − 2)x3

x3 − 2x2 y + y 3 + x2 y + 1 = x3 − x2 y + y 3 + 1

axn + bxn = (a + b)xn , axn − bxn = (a − b)xn

a, b n

4.1

1. x + 2x + 3x + 4x

2. 7x3 − 2x3 + 5x3 + (−0.5)x3 − 0.7x3

√
√ 2 2
3. 2xy − xy + 3xy −
2 2 2
xy
2

1. x + 2x + 3x + 4x = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)x = 10x

2. 7x3 − 2x3 + 5x3 + (−0.5)x3 − 0.7x3 = (7 − 2 + 5 − 0.5 − 0.7)x3 = 8.8x3

√ √ ! √ !
√ 2 √ 2 2
3. 2xy 2 −xy 2 +3xy 2 − xy 2 = 2− − 1 + 3 xy 2 = + 2 xy 2
2 2 2
220

1.
1 3 1 3 1 7
7x4 +(−9)x4 , x − x , 0.5x7 + x , 81x12 −(−3x4 )3
2 8 100
 
1
9xy − xy ,
2 2
4y z − (−2zy) ,
2 2 2
2x − − 2
x2 − 5x2 ,
2
 
9 1
4x3 + (−x)3 − x3 + − x3
4 4

2. 3xy 3 − 4y 3 x + 7xy 3 − (−2)xy 3 , axn + bxn + cxn − dxn

• 3x + 0.5 + 2x2
√ √
• x3 − 3x + x2 + 2 − x = x3 − 3x + 2(

√
• xy − 3x + 5y + 1
√
2 2 2
• − x y + 2.3xz − 8z 2
2

√
• x3 − 3x + 2

• x2 + x3 − y − x2 = x3 − y
√ 1
10, 2, − 0
3
 221

7x2 − 1 + 5x2 − x 7x3 +

5x2 − x − 1
n

an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , (an ̸= 0)

an , an−1 , . . . , a1 , a0 an ̸= 0 n (n−1)
1 n

4.2
√
1. −3 − 5x5 + x2 − 3x − x3 + 2x4
√ 1 √
2. −10 2x + √ x2 − x3 + 2x2 + 101
2
1 √
3. √ x8 + 1010 + x10 − 3x3 − 5x2
3

√√
2x4 = −5x5 + 2x4 − x3 + x2 − 3x − 3
−3 − 5x5 + x2 − 3x − x3 +
 
√ 1 √ 1 √ √
−10 2x + √ x2 − x3 + 2x2 + 101 = −x3 + √ + 2 x2 − 10 2x + 101
2 2
√
3 2 2 √
= −x3 + x − 10 2x + 101
2
 
1 8 √ 1 √
√ x + 1010 + x10 − 3x3 − 5x2 = x10 + √ − 3 x3 − 5x2 + 1010
3 3
√
2 3 3
= x10 − x − 5x2 + 1010
3

x4 − x3 y 2 +
7x2 y − 3xy + 4x + 1 x
5 4

 
1
1. 2x5 − − x5 + (−3)x5
2
2. 3x2 − 4x2 + 7x3 − x3 − 1
222

3. 3 + 2t2 − 3t + 4t3 + 3t2 − 2t3 − 5

1 2 5 2 1 4
4. x − x + x − x + 0 · x3 + 7
3 6 2
√ 2
2 √
2
5. (2y 2 )2 + (−3y)3 − y 4 + 9y 3 − 3y − − 2y + y − 1

6. 5xy − 3x4 y + x6 − 8x3 y 4 − 2y + 1 x

5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1 5 4

3 2 1 x
f (x)

f (x) = 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1

f x
f (x) x
f x
y, z, . . .
f (y) g(y)
g(x) h(x) φ(z)

• f (x) = 4x2 + 3x − 1 g(x) = 5x − 3 x

• h(x) = x2 − 2x + 1 h(y) = y 2 − 2y + 1 x, y

f (x)
x f (x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1
x x x=2
f (x)

f (2) = 3 × 22 − 2 × 2 + 1, f (2) = 9

f (2) = 9 x=2 f (x)

 223

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , (an ̸= 0)

x=b f (b) = an bn +an−1 bn−1 +· · ·+a1 b�a0

f (b) x=b f (x)

1
4.3 g(y) = 4y 2 + 3y + 1 y = 0, 1, −1, 10, − , 0.82, a
2
g(y)

1
y = 0, 1, −1, 10, − , 0.82, a g(y)
2

g(0) = 4 × 02 + 3 × 0 + 1 = 1
g(1) = 4 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 = 8
g(−1) = 4 × (−1)2 + 3 × (−1) + 1 = 2
g(10) = 4 × 102 + 3 × 10 + 1 = 431
   2  
1 1 1 1
g − =4× − +3× − +1=
2 2 2 2
g(0.82) = 4 × (0.82)2 + 3 × (0.82) + 1 = 6.1496
g(a) = 4a2 + 3a + 1

4.4 f (x) = xn + xn−1 + · · · + x + 1 f (0) f (1) f (−1)

f (10)

f (0) = 0n + 0n−1 + · · · + 0 + 1 = 1
f (1) = 1n + 1n−1 + · · · + 1 + 1 = n + 1

1 n
f (−1) = (−1)n + (−1)n−1 + · · · + (−1) + 1 =
0 n

f (10) = 10n + 10n−1 + · · · + 10 + 1 = 11

| ·{z
· · 11}
(n+1)
224

4.5 h(y) = my − 1 h(2) = 1 m h(y)

∵ h(2) = 1
∴ 1 = 2m − 1 m=1
∴ h(y) = y − 1
 
2 1
4.6 f (x) = x + mx + n f = 0 f (1) = 1 f (0) f (2)
2
f (−8)

  f (x) m, n
1
∵ f =0 f (1) = 1
2
  2  
 1
 1
+m× +n=0
∴ 2 2

 12 + m + n = 1

1 1
 + m+n=0
4 2
m+n = 0

1 1
n=− m=
2 2
1 1
f (x) = x + x −
2
2 2
1
f (0) = −
2
1 1 1
f (2) = 2 + × 2 − = 4
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
f (−8) = (−8)2 + × (−8) − = 59
2 2 2

1. f (x) = 9x3 + 8x2 + 7x + 6 f (0) f (1) f (10)

1 1
2. φ(x) = 5x5 + 4x − 1, h(x) = 7x4 + x2 + g(y) = y 10 + 7
2 3
8
R(x) = x5 − x3 − x + φ(0), h(0), g(0) R(0)
7

3. f (0), g(0)
√
(a) f (y) = ay 9 + by 7 − my 3 + ny + 2
 225

(b) g(y) = an−1 y n−1 + an−2 y n−2 + · · · + a1 y + a0 , (an−1 ̸= 0)

4. f (y) = 5y + m f (1) = 10 m f (10)

5. h(x) = x2 + mx − n h(7) = h(4) = 0 m, n

f (10)

6. g(x) g(10) = 321

f (x, y, z, . . .)

f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 − x − y − 1

x = 1, y = 0

f (1, 0) = 12 + 1 × 0 + 02 − 1 − 0 − 1 = −1

4.7 g(x, y, z) = x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 1 g(0, 0, 0) g(1, 2, 3)

√ √

g − 2, 2, −1

g(0, 0, 0) = 1
g(1, 2, 3) = 13 + 23 + 33 + 1 = 37
 √ √   √  3  √ 3
g − 2, 2, −1 = − 2 + 2 + (−1)3 + 1 = 0

1. f (x, y) = 2x2 − 3xy + 4y 2 − 1 f (0, 0) f (1, 1) f (−1, 0)

√ √ √ √
f ( 2, 3) f (− 2, 6)
√
2. f (y, z, t) = 2y 2 z 2 t2 + myzt2 − nz + 1 f (1, 1, 1) = 0
√
f (0, 1, − 2) = 5 m, n

f (x), g(x) x a
f (a) = g(a)
226

f (x) ≡ g(x) f (x) = g(x)

f (x) = 3x2 − (1 − 2x)

g(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1

x x = 0, −1, 1, . . . , a f (0) = −1 = g(0), f (−1) =

0 = g(−1), f (1) = 4 = g(1), . . . , f (a) = 3a − (1 − 2a) = 3a + 2a − 1 = g(a)
2 2

f (x) = 3x2 − (1 − 2x) g(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1

f (x) = 3x2 − (1 − 2x) ≡ g(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1

f (x) = g(x) a f (a) = g(a)

f (x) g(x)
f (x) ≡ g(x)

x
f (x) ≡ g(x)

φ(y) = 1 − 2y + 3y 3 , h(y) = 3y 3 + y 2 − (2y + y 2 − 1)

h(y) h(y) = 3y 3 − 2y + 1
φ(y) ≡ h(y)

f (x) ≡ g(x)

f (x) = a3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0
g(x) = b3 x3 + b2 x2 + b1 x + b0 f (x) ≡ g(x) x
x

f (x) = a3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 ≡ b3 x3 + b2 x2 + b1 x + b0 = g(x)
 227

(a3 − b3 )x3 + (a2 − b2 )x2 + (a1 − b1 )x + a0 − b0 ≡ 0

x 0
0

(a3 − b3 ) = 0, (a2 − b2 ) = 0, (a1 − b1 ) = 0, a 0 − b0 = 0

∴ a 3 = b3 , a 2 = b2 , a 1 = b1 , a 0 = b0
∴ f (x), g(x)

4.8 f (x) = −2x3 +ax2 −4x+b, g(x) = cx3 −dx+1 f (x) ≡ g(x)
a b c d

∵ f (x) ≡ g(x)

−2x3 + ax2 − 4x + b ≡ cx3 − dx + 1

−2 = c, a = 0, −4 = −d, b=1

a = 0, b = 1, c = −2, d=4

4.9 f (y) = y 3 − y 2 + y + 1, g(y) = b5 y 5 + b4 y 4 + b3 y 3 + b2 y 2 + b1 y + b0

f (y) ≡ g(y) b0 , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 , b 5

∵ f (y) ≡ g(y)

y 3 − y 2 + y + 1 ≡ b5 y 5 + b4 y 4 + b3 y 3 + b2 y 2 + b1 y + b0

0 = b5 , 0 = b4 , 1 = b3 , −1 = b2 , 1 = b1 , 1 = b0

b0 = b1 = b3 = 1, b2 = −1, b4 = b5 = 0
1
4.10 f (y) = 2y 3 − ay 2 − 3y + b g(y) = (m + 1)y 3 + y 2 − (n + 2)y −
2
f (y) ≡ g(y) f (2) g(10)
228

∵ f (y) ≡ g(y)
1
2y 3 − ay 2 − 3y + b ≡ (m + 1)y 3 + y 2 − (n + 2)y −
2
1
∴ 2 = m + 1, −a = 1, −3 = −(n + 2), b = −
2
1
∴ a = −1, b = − , m = 1, n = 1
2
1
f (y) = g(y) = 2y 3 + y 2 − 3y −
2

1 1
f (2) = 2 × 23 + 22 − 3 × 2 −
= 13
2 2
1 1
g(10) = 2 × 103 + 102 − 3 × 10 − = 2069
2 2

1.

2.

1. f (x) = ax4 − 1 g(x) = bx2 + cx + d

f (x) ≡ g(x)
a−b 2
2. f (x) = 5x4 +(a+b)x3 +3x2 +1, g(x) = 10x3 + x +1+5x4
2
f (x) ≡ g(x) a, b
a+b
3. f (x, t) = ax2 + 3tx + 4t2 g(x, t) = bt2 + tx − (a − b)x2
2
a, b

f (x) x a f (x)
f (x) f (a)
f (x) = 2x − 13x + 21
2
10 x b
f (b) = 10 x a f (a) = 0
 229

f (x) = 10 f (x) = 0
b a
11
2x − 13x + 21 = 10
2
x1 = 1 x2 =
2
11 7
∴ b=1 b= x1 = 3, x2 =
2 2
7
∴ a=3 a= f (a) = 0
2

f (x) 0 x f (x)
f (a) = 0 a f (x)

7
x=3 x= f (x) = 2x2 − 13x + 21
  2
7
f (3) = 0, f =0
2
f (x) f (x) = 0

n n

4.11

f (x) = 2x2 − 7x + 3, g(x) = 1 − x − 56x2

1. f (x) = 0 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
1
∴ x1 = 3, x2 =
2
1
f (x) x=3 x=
2
2. g(x) = 0 1 − x − 56x2 = 0
1 1
∴ x1 = , x2 = −
8 7
1 1
g(x) x= x=−
8 7
4.12 f (x) = 2x2 + 13x + 21 g(x) = x2 + 2x − 3
230

f (x) = 2x2 + 13x + 21 = 0

7
x1 = −3, x2 = −
2
g(x) = x2 + 2x − 3 = 0

x3 = −3, x4 = 1

∴ f (x) g(x) x = −3

1.

f (x) = x2 − 3x + 28, g(x) = 5x2 − 1, h(y) = 9y 2 − 9y

2. f (x) = 7x2 − 4x + 5 = 8 x

3. y f (y) = 2y 2 − 5y + 7 1

4. x f (x) = x2 − 4 g(x) = 8x2 − 5x − 22

5. f (x) = x2 − 1 g(x) = x2 − x − 2

4.1
1.
√ xy 2 1 5
3x2 , xy, − 2x3 , − , √ x2 y 2 , − ty 4
3 2 7

2.
1 2 √
x y, −5xy 2 , 0.2x2 y 3 , 4xy, 2, −72 y 2 , −xy
3
1 √ √ 1 2
−1 , 2x2 y 2 , 0.6yx2 , − 15xy 2 , x y, 0.8y 3 x2
3 2
√  x 2
−x3 y, 15xy 2 , −(−7x)2 y, (2y)2 x, − y
3
3.
 231

(a) −3x − 15x + 8x

(b) −6x2 − 7x2 + 8x
1 1
(c) x3 − x3 − x3
2 3
(d) t − t + t − 2t + 2t3
2 3

(e) 3 + 4x2 − 3x + 4x3 + 3x2 − 2x3 − 5x0

1 1 1 1
(f) x2 yz − x4 + x2 y 2 − x2 yz − x2 y 2 + x4 − x2 yz
2 2 6 2
4. (x − y) (a + b)

(a) 3(x − y)2 − 7(x − y) + 8(x − y)2 + 6(x − y) + 1

(b) 4(a + b) + 2(a + b)2 − 3(a + b) − 7(a + b)2 + 2(a + b)0

5.

(a) 9x9 − 10x + 8x7 − 5x9 − 14x + 7x6 − x0 − x7 + 1

1 1
(b) 1 − 3t2 + 7t6 − t5 + 3t2 + t5
2 2
(c) −(2x)2 + (−3x)3 − (−x)2 + 1 − (−x)

6. x y

(a) 13x2 y 3 − 2x3 y 2 − 7xy 4 + 5x4 y − 3x5 + 10y 5 − 1

(b) 24x2 y 3 − 7x3 y − 3xy 2 + y − 6
(c) y 4 − 4y 2 + 0.3y 3 − 1.5y + x

7. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c a, b, c

8. g(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d a, b, c, d

 
1
9. f (x) = 4x − 3x + 2x − x + 5
4 3 2
f (0), f (1), f (−1), f
2
f (10)

10. g(x) = 9x9 + 8x8 + 7x7 + 6x6 + 5x5 + 4x4 + 33 + 2x2 + x g(0),
g(1), g(−1) g(10)

11. f (y) = y n + 1 f (0), f (1), f (−1), f (10)

232

12. φ(x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 φ(0, 0), φ(0, 1), φ(1, 0), φ(1, 1)

φ(10, 10).

13. (a) f (x) = mx2 + x + 1 f (3) = 22 m

(b) g(y) = ay 2 + by + 2, g(2) = 6, g(7) = 51, g(1), g(−1)
g(10).

14. f (x) + g(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 4 f (x) − g(x) = x3 − x2 − x

f (2) + g(5)

15.

(a) f (x) = x2 − 4 (d) R(x) = 3x2 − 15x + 3

(b) g(x) = 5x − x2 (e) f (y) = 5y 2 + 2y − 3
(c) φ(x) = x2 − 16x − 17 (f) g(y) = 90y 2 − y − 89

16. f (x) = x2 − x − 56 g(x) = x2 + 6x − 7 f (1) + g(8)

17. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c 5 1, f (0) = 5 a, b, c

18. g(x) g(0) = −1, g(1) =

−1, g(2) = 1

19.

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0

g(x) = xn − 3x3 + 2x − 1 an , an−1 , . . . , a1 , a0

20. f (x) = xn − xn−1 + 1 f (1), f (−1) f (10)

 233

4.13

1. 3x + (−5x2 ) − (−2x) − 5x − (+3x2 )

   
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2. x y − − x y − − x y
2 3 4
3. −(8xy 2 − 21x2 y) − (4xy 2 − x2 y)

1.

= 3x − 5x2 + 2x − 5x − 3x2 ( )
= (3x + 2x − 5x) − (5x2 + 3x2 ) ( )
= −8x2 ( )

2.
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
= x y + x y + x y ( )
2 3 4
13 2 3
= x y ( )
12

3.

= −8xy 2 + 21x2 y − 4xy 2 + x2 y

= (−8xy 2 − 4xy 2 ) + 21x2 y + x2 y
= −12xy 2 + 22xy 2

f (x) − g(x) = f (x) + [−g(x)]

4.14

1. f (x) = 3x7 + 4x2 + x, g(x) = 2x7 + 3x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 1

234

2. φ(x) = x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1, R(x) = x7 − x6 + x5 − x4 + x3 − x2 + x − 1

3. f (a, b, c) = 3a − 2b − c, g(a, b, c) = c − b − a

1.
f (x) + g(x) = (3x7 + 4x2 + x) + (2x7 + 3x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 1)
= 3x7 + 4x2 + x + 2x7 + 3x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 1
= 5x7 + 3x3 + 11x2 + 3x + 1

2.
φ(x) + R(x) = (x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1)
+ (x7 − x6 + x5 − x4 + x3 − x2 + x − 1)
= x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 + x7 − x6 + x5 − x4 + x3 − x2 + x − 1
= x7 − x6 + x5

3.

f (a, b, c) + g(a, b, c) = (3a − 2b − c) + (c − b − a)

= 3a − 2b − c + c − b − a
= 2a − 3b

+
+

4.15 f (x) − g(x)

1. f (x) = x3 + 3x + 0.1, g(x) = 7x − 2

1 1
2. f (x, y) = −x3 + 3x2 y − xy 2 − y 3 , g(x, y) = − x3 − x2 y + xy 2
2 3

1.
f (x) − g(x) = (x3 + 3x + 0.1) − (7x − 2)
= x3 + 3x + 0.1 − 7x + 2
= x3 − 4x + 2.1
 235

2.
f (x, y) − g(x, y) = (−x3 + 3x2 y − xy 2 − y 3 )
 
1 3 1 2
− − x − x y + xy
2
2 3
1 1
= −x3 + 3x2 y − xy 2 − y 3 + x3 + x2 y − xy 2
2 3
1 3 4 2
= − x + 4x y − xy − y
2 3
2 3

−
−

4.16 f (x) + g(x) = x2 + 6x + 9 f (x) = ax + 7, g(x) =

2 2
x + 4x + b
a, b f (10) + g(0)

∵ f (x) + g(x) = x2 + 6x + 9
∵

f (x) + g(x) = (ax + 7) + (x2 + 4x + b2 )

= x2 + (a + 4)x + 7 + b2

x2 + 6x + 9 ≡ x2 + (a + 4)x + 7 + b2

6 = a+4
 9 = 7 + b2
√
∴ a = 2, b=± 2
f (x) = 2x + 7, g(x) = x2 + 4x + 2
∴ f (10) + g(0) = 2 × 10 + 7 + 2 = 29

1. (13x − 3x2 − 2x3 − 6) + (15x − 3x4 + 5x3 − 9x2 )

2. (8x5 + 3x3 − 2x + 1) + (4x − 5x4 − 2x3 − 1) + (7x2 − 9x5 )

3. (3x2 + x − 5) − (4 − x + 7x2 )
236

4. (2x2 − 5x + 4) − (3x2 ) − x + 3

5. (10x3 − 6x2 + 5x − 4) − (2x2 − 4x − 9x3 − 2)

6. (5x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 3x) − (5x3 − 2x − 3x2 + 7)

7. (5x5 + 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 1) − (4x4 + 2x2 − 1) − (x3 − 1)

8. (5y 2 − 7y) − (7y 2 − 5y)

9. 5 − (x3 − 3x − 5) + (x4 + x3 + x2 − 1)
     
2 2 5 3 4 5 2 3 5 1 2
10. x − x+ + x− x + − 1− x− x
3 6 4 3 12 4 4 2
11. f (x) + g(x) = x3 + 2x2 − 5x + 1 f (x) − g(x) = x3 −
2x2 + 5x − 15 f (x) g(x) f (2) g(3)

12. f (x) + 2g(x) = 4x3 + 9 f (x) = ax2 + bx − 3 g(x) =

√ √
cx3 − 7x2 + d f (x) g(x) f ( 2) + g( 2)

4.17

1. 3x2 · 5x3
 
1
2. 8x2 · − x8
2
 
√ 1 √

3. 3x · − x4 · − 3x2
3

1.

3x2 · 5x3 = (3 · 5) · (x2 · x2 ) ( )

= 15x5
 237

2.
    
1 1
8x · − x8
2
= 8· − · (x2 · x8 )
2 2
= −4x10

3.
  
√ 1 4 √ 
3x · − x · − 3x2
3
  
√  √  1
= 3· − 3 · − · (x · x4 · x2 )
3
= x7

axm · bxn = abxm+n

4.18

1. 2x2 · (5x4 + 1)

2. (x + 1) · (x − 1)

3. (x2 + x + 1) · (x − 1)

2x2 · (5x4 + 1) = 2x2 · 5x4 + 2x2 · 1 ( )

= 10x6 + 2x2

(x + 1) · (x − 1) = (x + 1) · x − (x + 1) · 1 ( )
= x2 + x − x − 1 ( )
=x −12
( )

(x2 + x + 1) · (x − 1) = (x2 + x + 1)x − (x2 + x + 1) · 1

= x3 + x2 + x − x2 − x − 1
= x3 − 1
238

4.19 f (x) · g(x).

1. f (x) = 3x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 1, g(x) = 7x2 + 0.1x − 5

2. f (x) = x4 − x3 + x2 − x, g(x) = 9x3 − 1

f (x) · g(x) = (3x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 1) · (7x2 + 0.1x − 5)

= (3x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 1) · 7x2 + (3x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 1) · 0.1x
+ (3x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 1) · (−5)
= 21x5 − 14x4 + 28x3 − 7x2 + 0.3x4 − 0.2x3 + 0.4x2 − 0.1x
− 15x3 + 10x2 − 20x + 5
= 21x5 − 13.7x4 + 12.8x3 + 3.4x2 − 20.1x + 5

f (x) · g(x) = (x4 − x3 + x2 − x) · (9x3 − 1)

= (x4 − x3 + x2 − x) · 9x3 − (x4 − x3 + x2 − x) · 1
= 9x7 − 9x6 + 9x5 − 9x4 − x4 + x3 − x2 + x
= 9x7 − 9x6 + 9x5 − 10x4 + x3 − x2 + x

4.19

f (x) : 3x3 −2x2 +4x −1

×) g(x) : 7x2 +0.1x −5
−15x3 +10x2 −20x +5
+0.3x 4
−0.2x 3
+0.4x 2
−0.1x
+) 21x 5
−14x 4
+28x 3
−7x 2

∴ f (x)g(x) = 21x5 − 13.7x4 + 12.8x3 + 3.4x2 − 20.1x + 5

 239

f (x) : x4 −x3 x2 −x +0
×) g(x) : 9x 3
+0x 2
+0x −1
−x 4
+x 3
−x 2
+x +0
+0x5 +0x4 +0x3 +0x2 +0x
+0x6 +0x5 +0x4 +0x3 +0x2
+) +9x7 −9x6 +9x5 −9x4 +0x3

∴ f (x)g(x) = 9x7 − 9x6 + 9x5 − 10x4 + x3 − x2 + x

4.20 G(x) = x − 2, F (x)G(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 7x + 10 F (x) =

ax + bx − 5
2
a, b F (x)

(x − 2)(ax2 + bx − 5) ≡ 2x3 − 3x2 − 7x + 10

ax3 + (b − 2a)x2 − (5 + 2b)x + 10 ≡ 2x3 − 3x2 − 7x + 10

a = 2, b − 2a = −3, 5 + 2b = 7

a = 2, b=1
∴ F (x) = 2x + x − 5
2

1.
 2
√ √ t 2
2
2x (−3x) , 3
2x · (− 3x ),
5 3
− t2
2 3
240

1 √ √ √
− √ y 2 · 2y 6 , ( 3 + 1)x5 · ( 3 − 1)x5 , 0 · (−139x139 )
2
2.

(a) 5x3 · (x2 − x + 2) (d) (x2 − 2x + 3) · (3x3 − 3x + 5)

(b) (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4) (e) (x2 + x + 1) · (x2 − x + 1)
(c) 0 · (x3 − 5x + 1981) (f) (y 2 + 2y + 2) · (y 2 − 2)

3.

(a) (2x4 + 3x2 − x − 1) · (x2 + 1)

(b) (x4 − 2) · (3x3 − x + 1)

4.

(x − 1) · (x2 + x + 1)
(x − 1) · (x3 + x2 + x + 1)
(x − 1) · (x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
························
(x − 1) · (x9 + x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
(x − 1) · (xn−1 + xn−2 + · · · + x2 + x + 1)

5.

(x + a)2 = (x + a) · (x + a) =?
(x + a)3 = (x + a) · (x + a)2 =?
(x + a)4 = (x + a) · (x + a)3 =?
(x + a)5 = (x + a) · (x + a)4 =?
(x + a)6 = (x + a) · (x + a)5 =?
························
 241

4.21
 
1. (−xyz) · (2x2 yz 3 ) 1
3. 2x2 yz 3 · − √ xy 2 z 3
2
    3  2
3 2 1 2
2. − x2 y 3 · x3 y 2 4. (−3x)2 · − xy · y ·x
4 3 2 3

(−xyz) · (2x2 yz 3 ) = (−1) × 2 · x · x2 · y · y · z · z 3

= −2x3 y 2 z 4
 
3 2 1
− x2 y 3 · x3 y 2 = − x5 y 5
4 3 2
  √ !
1 2
2x2 yz 3 · − √ xy 2 z 3 = 2 × − x2 · x · y · y 2 · z 3 · z 3
2 2
√
= − 2x3 y 3 z 6
 3  2  
1 2 1 3 3 4
(−3x) · − xy ·
2
y · x = 9x · − x y · y 2 x
2
2 3 8 9
 
1 4 6 5
=9× − × x y
8 9
1 6 5
=− x y
2

4.22

1. xy · (x2 + xy + y 2 + 1) 4. (x + y)2

2. (x + y)(x − y) 5. (x + y)3

3. (x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) 6. (x + y + z)2
242

xy · (x2 + xy + y 2 + 1)
= x3 y + x2 y 2 + xy 3 + xy ( )

(x + y) · (x − y) = x(x − y) + y(x − y) ( )
= x2 − xy + xy − y 2
= x2 − y 2 ( )

(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + y(x2 + xy + y 2 )

= x3 + x2 y + xy 2 + x2 y + xy 2 + y 3
= x3 + 2x2 y + 2xy 2 + y 3

(x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y)
= x(x + y) + y(x + y)
= x2 + xy + xy + y 2
= x2 + 2xy + y 2

(x + y)3 = (x + y)(x + y)2

= (x + y)(x2 + 2xy + y 2 )
= x(x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) + y(x2 + 2xy + y 2 )
= x3 + 2x2 y + xy 2 + x2 y + 2xy 2 + y 3
= x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3

(x + y + z)2 = (x + y + z)(x + y + z)
= x(x + y + z) + y(x + y + z) + z(x + y + z)
= x2 + xy + yz + xy + y 2 + yz + xz + yz + z 2
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz
 243

1.
 
1 1
x2 y · (−2x3 y 2 ), −ab · (2ab)2 , mt · − t , (xy 2 )4
2 3

(x2 · x3 )4 , (2m2 )3 , a2 · (ab2 )2 , (−a3 b3 ) · (−3a)

2.

(a) (−2.5x2 ) · (−4x)2 · 6x3

 2
1 n+2
(b) − a · 2an b
2
(c) (3xy 2 )2 + (−4xy 3 ) · (−xy)
 
1
(d) (−3.5a ) · (ab) + 10a · − ab · (−2b)
2 2 3
5
3.

(a) (x + y + z) · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − xz)

(b) (x2 + xy + y 2 ) · (x2 − xy + y 2 )
(c) (x + ay + b) · (x + cy + d)
(d) (x + y) · (y + z) · (z + x)
(e) (x − y) · (y − z) · (z − x)
(f) (x + y + z) · (xy + yz + xz)

4. n


(x−y) xn−1 + xn−2 · y + xn−3 · y 2 + · · · + xy n−2 + y n−1 = xn −y n

(a + b) · (a − b) = a2 − b2 (I)
244

4.23 (2x + 3y) · (2x − 3y)

I a b
2x a 3y b

(2x + 3y) · (2x − 3y) = (2x)2 − (3y)2

= 4x2 − 9y 2

4.24

1. (x2 + 1) · (x2 − 1)
x   x
2. −y · y+
2 2
√
√

3. −5xy − 2 · 2 − 5xy

1. (x2 + 1) · (x2 − 1) = (x2 )2 − 12 = x4 − 1

2.
x   x x  x 
−y · y+ = −y · +y
2 2 2 2
 x 2 x2
= − y2 = − y2
2 4

3.
 √  √   √  √ 
−5xy − 2 · 2 − 5xy = − 5xy + 2 · 2 − 5xy
√ √
= −( 2 + 5xy) · ( 2 − 5xy)
h√ i
= − ( 2)2 − (5xy)2

= −(2 − 25x2 y 2 ) = 25x2 y 2 − 2

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (II)

 245

4.25  y 2
2x + , (m − n)2
2

 y 2  y   y 2
2x + = (2x)2 + 2 · (2x) · +
2 2 2
2 1 2
= 4x + 2xy + y
4
m, −n II a, b

(m − n)2 = [m + (−n)]2
= m2 + 2m(−n) + (−n)2
= m2 − 2mn + n2

4.26

[(2x + 1)(2x − 1)]2 , (x2 + 3x − 1)(x2 − 3x − 1)

[(2x + 1)(2x − 1)]2 = [4x2 − 1]2 ( I)

= (4x2 )2 + 2(4x2 ) · (−1) + (−1)2 ( II)
= 16x4 − 8x2 + 1

(x2 + 3x − 1)(x2 − 3x − 1) = [(x2 − 1) + 3x] · [(x2 − 1) − 3x]

= (x2 − 1)2 − (3x)2
= x4 − 2x2 + 1 − 9x2
= x4 − 11x2 + 1

4.25 4.26 II b −b

(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 (III)

246

4.27 (2x2 − xy − y 2 )2

(2x2 − xy − y 2 )2 = [2x2 − (xy + y 2 )]2

= 4x4 − 2 · 2x2 · (xy + y 2 ) + (xy + y 2 )2
= 4x4 − 4x3 y − 4x2 y 2 + x2 y 2 + 2xy 3 + y 4
= 4x4 − 4x3 y − 3x2 y 2 + 2xy 3 + y 4

I II III

1.

(−x + y) · (x + y), (−x − y) · (x − y), 99 × 101

(−a − b)2 , (−a + b)2 , −(a + b)2 , −(a − b)2

2. (xy + 1) · (xy − 1), (x − y)(x + y) − (y − x)(x + y)

3.  2
 m 1 3
2
t+ , (xy + 2) , x+ y
2 3 4
 2
1
(x + y + z)2 , (x2 + x + 2)2 , 1+ t+t 2
2
 2
1
4. − +y , (a − b − c)2 , (x2 − 4x − 1)2
2
5. (−5x2 + 2x − 1)(−5x2 − 2x + 1)

6. (a + b)4 (a + b)4 = [(a + b)2 ]2

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 (IV)

b −b
 247

(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 (V)

4.28
 3
1
3
(x + 3) , (2x + 3y) , 3
xy − 1
2

(x + 3)3 = x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27

(2x + 3y)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)2 (3y) + 3(2x)(3y)2 + (3y)3

= 8x3 + 36x2 y + 54xy 2 + 27y 3

 3  3 2  
1 1 1 1
xy − 1 = xy−3 xy · 1 + 3 · xy · 12 − 13
2 2 2 2
1 3 3
= x3 y 3 − x2 y 2 + xy − 1
8 4 2

4.29
  3
1 1
1. x+ x−
2 2

3
2. [(m + n)2 + (m − n)2 ]

1.
  3  3
1 1 1
x+ x− = x − 2
2 2 4
3 3 1
= x6 − x4 + x2 −
4 16 64

2.
 3  3
(m + n)2 + (m − n)2 = m2 + 2mn + n2 + m2 − 2mn + n2
= (2m2 + 2n2 )3 = 23 · (m2 + n2 )3
= 8(m6 + 3m4 n2 + 3m2 n4 + n6 )
= 8m6 + 24m4 n2 + 24m2 n4 + 8n6
248

IV V
 3 √
3
1 4. 2−t
1. x+
2  3
1 1
2. (x2 + xy)3 5. − x+ y
2 2
3. (2a − 3b)3 6. (a + b − c)3

(a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 ) = a3 + b3 (VI)

(a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) = a3 − b3 (VII)

4.30

(x + 1)(x2 + 1 − x), (2 − 3y)(4 + 9y 2 + 6y)

(x + 1)(x2 + 1 − x) = (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)
= x3 + 1

(2 − 3y)(4 + 9y 2 + 6y) = (2 − 3y)(4 + 6y + 9y 2 )

= 23 − (3y)3
= 8 − 27y 3

4.31

(x5 + 1)(x10 − x5 + 1), (x3 − 1)(x9 + 1)(x6 + x3 + 1)

(x5 + 1)(x10 − x5 + 1) = (x5 )3 + 13

= x15 + 1
 249

(x3 − 1)(x9 + 1)(x6 + x3 + 1) = [(x3 − 1)(x6 + x3 + 1)](x9 + 1)

= (x9 − 1) · (x9 + 1)
= (x9 )2 − 12 = x18 − 1

1.

(a − 1)(a2 + a + 1), (−x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )

(−m − n)(−m2 + mn − n2 ), (m − n)(−m2 − mn − n2 )

   
b ab b2
2. − a + · −a −
2
, (x2 + 1)(x6 − 1)(x4 − x2 + 1)
2 2 4
3. (x + y)(x − y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )(x2 + xy + y 2 )
  2
t t t2
4. −1 1+ +
3 3 9

a, b

4.2
1.

a + (b − c), a − (b − c), a + (−b − c), a − (−b − c)

(a+b)+(c+d), −(a+b)−(c+d), (a−b)−(−c+d), −(a−b)+(−c−d)

2.

(a) a + b + c − d = a + ( )
(b) a2 + bx + c = −( )
(c) a − b + c − d = a − ( )
(d) 2x2 − 3x + 4 = 4 − ( )
(e) a − b − c − d = a − b + ( )
250

(f) a + b − c + d = a + b − ( )
(g) y 3 − 2y 2 − y + 4 = 4 − y − ( )
(h) (a + b + c)(a − b − c) = [a − ( )][a + ( )]
(i) (a − b + c)(a + b − c) = [a + ( )] · [a − ( )]
(j) (−a + b + c)(a + b c) = [b − ( )] · [b + ( )]

3.

(a) 5a + (3x − 3y − 4a) (d) 7a − (3b + a)

(b) (a2 − 2ab + b2 ) − (a2 − b2 ) (e) −(x − 2) − 3(2x − 1)
(c) 3x − (4y − 2x + 1) (f) (x2 − y 2 ) − (x2 − 4y 2 + 1)

4.

(a) (5m2 − 5m + 3) + (−4m2 − 5m − 3)

(b) (2y 2 − 4y − 1) + (−1 + 4y − 2y 2 )
   
1 3 1
(c) − x + + 2x2 + 2 − x2 + x
2 4 2
(d) (x8 − 5x2 − 7) − (x2 − 11x + 6)
(e) (p2 − 4p + 2) − (2 + 4p + p2 )
(f) (4a2 − a + 5) + (2a − 7 − 8a2 ) − (−18 − 3a + 5a2 )
(g) x − (1 − 2x + x2 ) + (−1 + 3x − x2 )
(h) 15 + (1 − a) − (1 − a + a2 ) + (102 + a2 − a3 )
(i) 3x2 − [7x − (4x − 3) − 2x2 ]
(j) 5a2 + [a2 + (5a2 − 7a) − (a2 − 3a)]
(k) 1 − {1 − [1 − (1 − x) − x] − x} − x
(l) {3x − [x − 1 − (2x + 1) + 3] − 3} + (x + 1)

5.

(a) (10x3 − 6x2 + 5x − 4) + (9x3 − 2x2 − 4x + 2)

(b) (2x3 − 3x2 + 6) − (3x3 − 5x2 + 6x − 9)
(c) (5a3 − 3a2 + a) − (5a − 8a3 + 6a2 )
 251

(d) (30x3 − 7x2 + 4x) + (5x3 − 3x + 6) − (14x2 + 8x + 10)

 + 5 + 4x ) + (−x + 5x − 4) − (2x + x − x)
2 3 2 3 2
6. f (x)= (−x
1
f (2) f 1
5
7. f (x) = 9x2 + 8x3 − 16x g(x) = 3x2 − 4 + 2x3 f (x) + g(x)
f (x) − g(x)

8. f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3 g(x) = bx2 + ax + b − 1 f (x) − g(x) =

x − 5x + x2 3
a, b f (x) + g(x)

9.

(a) (x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 1) · 5x2 (c) −3x · (3 + 2x − x2 + x3 )

   
1 2 2 2 5 8
(b) (3y − y + 6) · − y
2
(d) − a · a + a−
3 3 3 6 3

10.

(2x + 3)(4x − 5),(6y − 1)(3y − 4), (x − 7)(x + 3)

  
2 1 3 2
(3x − 2x2 − 5) · (−2x − 1), x− x+
3 2 4 3



2a2 + 3a − 5 ·(2a−3), y 2 + 3y − 0.6 ·(2y−0.5), (x−1)(x+3)+(x−1)2



(2x+5)(x+2)−(x+3)(x+1)+(x−2)(1−x), x2 + 2 x2 − x (x+1)+10

f (x) = (x − 2) (x + 2x + 4) + (x + 5)(x − 5x + 25),

2 2
11. 
1
f − , f (10)
2
12. :

(a) (x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 3) (x − 2x2 − 1)

(b) (8y 4 − 8y 2 + 7y − 5) (2y 2 − y + 1),
2
(c) (a2 + 2a + 4)
(d) (3a2 + 2) · (3a2 − 2) · (9a4 + 4).

13. f (x) = x − 1, g(x) = x2 + x, h(x) = −x + 1

(a)
f (x) · g(x) = g(x) · f (x)
252

(b)

f (x) · [g(x) · h(x)] = [f (x) · g(x)] · h(x)

(c)

f (x) · [g(x) + h(x)] = f (x) · g(x) + f (x) · h(x)

14. f (x) m g(x) n

(a) f (x) + g(x)

(b) f (x) − g(x)
(c) f (x)·g(x)

15.

(3a2 − 4b)(3a2 + 4b), (3x + y)(3x − y), (2x2 − y 2 )(2x2 + y 2 )

(a − 4)(a + 4)(a2 + 16), (x + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2), 5a2 + 3(a + 1)(a − 1)

4x(x − 1) − (5 + 2x)(2x − 5), (1 − xn )(xn + 1)

3(2y+1)(1−2y)−4(−3y−2)·(3y−2), 4xy(x−y)·y(x+y)−x3 (1+2y)(2y−1)

16.
 2
1 1
(2x + 3)2 , (a2 + a3 )2 , (2a + 3b)2 , xy + y 2
2 3

(an +bn )2 , (a+b+c)2 , 4x−(2x+1)2 , (3x2 −4x+5)·(3x2 +4x+5)

(4a2 b + 3ab2 ) − (3a2 b + 4ab)2 , (an + bn )2 − (2an + 2bn )2

17.

2
(x − 3)2 , (x − 2y)2 , (xn − 1)2 , 3 − a2a

3(2 − y)2 − 4(y − 5)2 , (x + 4)2 − 4(x − 1)2 , (3x2 − 4x + 5)(3x2 + 4x − 5)

 2 m n m n  2
1 1 1 1
m+ n −5 + · − +3 m− n
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

18.

93 × 87, 205 × 195, 392 , 812 , 9992

 253

19.

(x + 2)3 − (x − 2)3 , (4x3 − 5y 2 )3 , (a + b − c)3

(0.5y + 0.2t)3 − (0.2y − 0.5t)3

20.

(1 + x)(1 − x + x2 ), (x + 8)(x2 − 8x + 64)

(3a − 4)(16 + 12a + 9a2 ), (2x + y)(−4x2 + 2xy − y 2 )

   
1 1 n
n+ · − +n , 2
(9a4 + 12a2 + 16)(4 − 3a2 )
2 4 2
(a2 − 3ab + 9b2 )2 · (a + 3b)2 , (xn − 1)(x2n + xn + 1)
(x + y)(x − y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )(−x2 − xy − y 2 )

21. (x2 − 1)(x2 + 3x − a) ≡ x4 + bx3 − (b − a)x2 − 3x + b − 2a

a, b
1 2
22. x + ax + 4 ≡ (bx + c)2 a, b, c
4
23.

(−0.6a2 b2 c) · (0.5ab3 ), (−0.5axy 2 )3 , [(−2x2 y)3 ]2

5a2 b3 (−4a3 bc)(−5ab2 ), (−5ax2 )3 ·(−2b2 x)4 , (4a2 b+3ab2 )2 −(−ab2 +2a2 b)2
a(b − c)2 + b(c − a)2 + c(a − b)2 , (e + 2m − 3n)2 · (e − 2m + 3n)2
 2
1 2 2
(a + b − c)3 − (a − b + c)3 , a b − (ab + 1)(ab − 1)
3
24.

(a) (x − y)(x + y)(xn + xn−1 y + xn−2 y 2 + · · · + xy n−1 + y n )

(b) (x − y)(x + y)(xn − xn−1 y + xn−2 y 2 − · · · + xy n−1 − y n ) n

(c) (xn + y n )(xn − y n )(x2n + y 2n ) x=y=1

25.


f (x, y) = (x+y)(x−y)(x2 +y 2 )(x4 +y 4 ) · · · (x2n +y 2n ) x8n + x4n y 4n + y 8n

f (−1, −1)
254

am ÷ an = am−n (a ̸= 0, m > n)
a0 = 1 (a ̸= 0) axm bxn bxn ̸= 0 m≥n

a m−n
axm ÷ bxn = x , (bxn ̸= 0, m ≥ n)
b

4.32
   
1 3 1
x ÷ 6x, (−2x ) ÷ 4x,
3
(0.5x ) ÷ − x2
5
3 8

(27x5 ) ÷ (−9), 0 ÷ 2x2 , (−17x7 ) ÷ 1

   
1 3 1 1 2
1. x ÷ 6x = ÷ 6 x3−1 = x
3 3 18
2 1
2. (−2x3 ) ÷ 4x = − x3−1 = − x2
4 2
    
1 2 1
3. (0.5x ) ÷ − x = 0.5 ÷ −
5
x5−2 = −4x3
8 8

4. (27x5 ) ÷ (−9) = −3x5

5. 0 ÷ 2x2 = 0

6. (−17x7 ) ÷ 1 = −17x7
 255

4.33
 
1 2
1. (5x − 4x + 3x ) ÷ − x
4 3 6
2
 
1 n
2. (7x n+3
− 9x ) ÷
n+5
x ÷ (−2x)
3

1.
 
1
(5x4 − 4x3 + 3x6 ) ÷ − x2
2
     
1 2 1 2 1 2
= 5x ÷ − x − 4x ÷ − x + 3x ÷ − x
4 3 6
2 2 2
= −10x2 + 8x − 6x4
= −6x4 − 10x2 + 8x

2.
 
1 n
(7x − 9x ) ÷
n+3 n+5
x ÷ (−2x)
3
 
1 1 n
= 7xn+3 ÷ xn − 9xn+5 ÷ x ÷ (−2x)
3 3
= (21x3 − 27x5 ) ÷ (−2x)
21 27
= − x2 + x4
2 2

1 5 3 2
1. x + x
4 4
22 2 2
2. x + x
77 7
3. 7an+3 ÷ 21an
1
4. −xn+1 ÷ x
2
256

5. c12 ÷ c3 ÷ c4

6. (n8 ÷ n4 ) ÷ (n6 ÷ n3 )

7. (−0.2x)3 ÷ (−0.2x8 )

8. ax5 ÷ bx ÷ cx3

9. [(−3y 3 − 4y 7 ) ÷ (−y)] − [6y 12 ÷ (−2y 6 )]

10. x x2n ÷ xn = xn

a b g r

a = g · b + r, (0 ≤ r < b)

173 37
3 520 21 783
3 63
22 153
21 147
10 6
9
1
520 3 173 1 783 21 37
6

520 = 173 × 3 + 1, 0 < 1 < 3;

783 = 37 × 21 + 6, 0 < 6 < 21.

17 −2

17 = (−8) × (−2) + 1
 257

0 < 1 < | − 2|
−29 3

−29 = (−9) × 3 + (−2)

−2

−29 = (−10) × (−3) + 1

0 < 1 < | + 3|
−132 −21

−132 = 6 × (−21) + (−6)

= 7 × (−21) + 15

0 < 15 < | − 21|

A B Q R

A = Q · B + R, 0 ≤ R < |B|

A B R=0

A, B Q R

A = QB + R 0 ≤ R < |B|

1. A = −152, B = 12

2. A = 178, B = −14

3. A = −1329, B = −3

4. A = −1735, B = −15

f (x) g(x) ̸= 0
f (x) g(x) (g(x) ̸= 0) Q(x) R(x)
f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x) R(x) = 0 R(x)
258

g(x) Q(x) R(x) f (x)

g(x)
Q(x) R(x)

4.34 f (x) = 4x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 3 g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1

f (x) g(x) Q(x) R(x)

4x − 3


x2 + 2x + 1 4x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 3
− 4x3 − 8x2 − 4x
− 3x2 − 6x − 3
3x2 + 6x + 3
0
f (x) g(x) Q(x) = 4x − 3 R(x) = 0
f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x) R(x) = 0

4.35 f (x) = 3x5 −4x4 −2x3 −35x2 −28x+18 g(x) = x3 −2x2 +x−13
f (x) g(x) Q(x) R(x)

3x2 + 2x − 1


x3 − 2x2 + x − 13 3x5 − 4x4 − 2x3 − 35x2 − 28x + 18
− 3x5 + 6x4 − 3x3 + 39x2
2x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 − 28x
− 2x4 + 4x3 − 2x2 + 26x
− x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 18
x3 − 2x2 + x − 13
−x +5
Q(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1 R(x) = −x + 5
g(x)

f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

0
 259

4.35

3+2−1
1 − 2 + 1 − 13) 3 − 4 − 2 − 35 − 28 + 18
−) 3 − 6 + 3 − 39
+2 − 5 + 4 − 28
−) +2 − 4 + 2 − 26
−1 + 2 − 2 + 18
−) −1 + 2 − 1 + 13
0−1+5

Q(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1 R(x) = 0x2 − x + 5 = −x + 5

4.36 f (x) = 5x4 − 7x3 + 10x2 − 2x − 3 g(x) = x2 − 1

5x4 − 7x3 + 10x2 − 2x − 3 x2 − 1

− 5x4 + 5x2 5x2 − 7x + 15
− 7x3 + 15x2 − 2x
7x3 − 7x
15x2 − 9x − 3
− 15x2 + 15
− 9x + 12

5 − 7 + 10 − 2 − 3 1+ 0 −1
−) 5+ 0 −5 5 − 7 + 15
−7 + 15 − 2
−) −7 + 0 + 7
15 − 9 − 3
−) 15 + 0 − 15
−9 + 12
260

Q(x) = 5x2 − 7x + 15 R(x) = −9x + 12

axn bxm
a n−m
x , (n ≥ m)
b
4.37 f (x) g(x) Q(x)
R(x)

1. f (x) = 2x3 − 4x2 + x − 3, g(x) = x − 3

2. f (x) = 2x3 − 4x2 + x − 3, g(x) = 2(x − 3)

2−4+1−3 1−3
−) 2−6 2+2+7
2+1
−) 2−6
7−3
−) 7 − 21
+18

∴ Q(x) = 2x2 + 2x + 7 R(x) = 18

2x − 4x + x − 3 = (2x2 + 2x + 7)(x − 3) + 18
3 2

2−4+1−3 2−6
−) 2−6 1+1+ 7
2
2+1
−) 2−6
7−3
−) 7 − 21
+18

7
∴ Q(x) = x2 + x + R(x) = 18
2  
7
2x3 − 4x2 + x − 3 = x2 + x + · 2(x − 3) + 18
2
4.37 2 1
1
2 2 1
2
 f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) +
1
R(x) f (x) = Q(x) · [ag(x)] + R(x)
a
 261

0
1
k
k

1. f (x) g(x)

(a) f (x) = 7x7 + 6x6 + 5x5 + 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + x − 7, g(x) =

x +x−1
2

(b) f (x) (a) g(x) = x2 − 1

(c) f (x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1, g(x) = 2x2 + 3
(d) f (x) = 3x6 − 5x4 − 7x2 + x + 13, g(x) = 2x4 + x2 + 1

2. f (x) n g(x) m
Q(x), R(x)

3. f (x) g(x)
f (x) ψ(x)

f (x) = 2x4 + 6x3 − 4x2 − 5, g(x) = x − 2

(a) ψ(x) = 2(x − 2)

1
(b) ψ(x) = (x − 2)
2

f (x) x − b (b

4.38 f (x) = 2x3 + 3x − 1 g(x) = x − 4

262

2+0+3−1 1−4
−) 2−8 2 + 8 + 35
8+3
−) 8 − 32
35 − 1
−) 35 − 140
+139

∴ Q(x) = 2x2 + 8x + 35 R(x) = +139

R(x) g(x) (x − 4)

4.38

2+0+3−1 1−4
−) 2 −8 2 + 8 + 35
+8 + 3
−) +8 − 32
+35 − 1
−) +35 − 140
+139

1. (x − 4) 1 2

2.

3.

−8 = 2 × (−4), −32 = 8 × (−4), −140 = 35 × (−4)

4.

2 +8 +35 + 139
 263

2+0+3 −1 −4
−) −8 − 32 − 140

2 + 8 + 35 + 139

−8, −32, −140

−4

2+0+3 −1 +4
+) +8 + 32 + 140

2 + 8 + 35 + 139

2x2 + 8x + 35 +139

4.39 f (x) = 7x6 + 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x + 1 g(x) = x + 3 Q(x)

R

∵ g(x) = x + 3 = x − (−3)

f (x) = 7x6 + 0x5 + 5x4 + 0x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 1

7+ 0 +5+ 0 + 4+ 3+ 1 −3
+) −21 + 63 − 204 + 612 − 1848 + 5535

7 − 21 + 63 − 204 + 612 − 1848 + 5536

∴ Q(x) = 7x5 − 21x4 + 68x3 − 204x2 + 616x − 1845 R = 5536

4.40 f (x) = a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 g(x) = x − b Q(x)

R

a2 + a1 + a0 b
+) +a2 b + (a2 b + a1 )b
a2 + (a2 b + a1 ) +(a2 b2 + a1 b + a0 )
:::::::::::::::::
264

∴ Q(x) = a2 x + (a2 b + a1 ) R = a 2 b2 + a 1 b + a 0
  g(x) = px − q (p ̸= 0)   px − q =
q q
p x− f (x) x− Q′ (x) R′
p p
 
′ q
f (x) = Q (x) x − + R′
p

 
1 ′ q
f (x) = Q (x) · p x − + R′
p p
1
= Q′ (x)(px − q) + R′
p
1 ′
f (x) (px − q) Q(x) = Q (x) R = R′
p
4.41 f (x) g(x)

1. f (x) = 6x3 + 13x2 + 27x + 15, g(x) = 3x + 2

2. f (x) = 8x2 + 7x − 1, g(x) = 4x − 1

 
2
1. ∵ g(x) = 3x + 2 = 3 x − −
3
  
2
∴ f (x) x− − Q′ (x) R′
3

6 + 13 + 27 + 15 − 23
+) −4 − 6 − 14
6 + 9 + 21 +1
::

Q′ (x) = 6x2 + 9x + 21 R′ = 1
1
∴ Q(x) = Q′ (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 7 R = R′ = 1
3
∴ 6x3 + 13x2 + 27x + 15 = (2x2 + 3x + 7)(3x + 2) + 1
 
1
2. ∵ g(x) = 4x − 1 = 4 x − , f (x) = 8x4 + 0 + 0 + 7x − 1
4
 265

1
8+0+0+ 7 −1
4
1 1 57
+) +2 + + +
2 8 32
1 1 25
8+2+ +7 +
2 8 32
::

∴ f (x) g(x)
 
1 3 1
2 1
Q(x) = 8x + 2x + x + 7
4 2 8
1 1 57
= 2x3 + x2 + x +
2 8 32
25
R=
32

1. x5 + 2x4 − 14x3 + 54x2 − 45x − 378 x−3

2. x5 − 3x2 + 2x − 4 x+1

3. 9x4 − x2 + x − 3 5x − 2

4. 8x5 + 2x4 + 4x2 − 3x − 1 2x + 1

 
1
5. 6x4 − x3 + 2x − 1 x−1
3
266

4.42 f (x) = 3x4 + x3 − 4x2 − 17x + 5 g(x) = x2 + x + 1

Q(x) R(x)

Q(x) R(x) f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) +

R(x)
f (x) g(x) Q(x)
R(x) R(x)

Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c, R(x) = dx + e

a, b, c, d, e

f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

a b c d e

Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c, R(x) = dx + e

∵ f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

∴ 3x4 + x3 − 4x2 − 17x + 5 = (ax2 + bx + c)(x2 + x + 1) + ax + e

3x4 + x3 − 4x2 − 17x + 5

= ax4 + (a + b)x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (b + c + d)x + (c + e);

 

 3=a 
 a=3

 


 


 1=a+b 
 b = −2

 

−4 = a + b + c ⇒ c = −5

 


 


 −17 = b + c + d 
 d = −10

 


 

+5 = c + e e = 10

Q(x) = 3x2 − 2x − 5 R(x) = −10x + 10

 267

4.43 x3 + x2 + 1 2x2 + 3x�1 Q(x)

R(x)

∵ 3 2 ∴ Q(x) = ax + b
R(x) = cx + d

x3 + x2 + 1 = (ax + b)(2x2 + 3x + 1) + (cx + d)

x3 + x2 + 1 = 2ax3 + (3a + 2b)x2 + (a + 3b + c)x + (b + d)

 
 1

 1 = 2a 
 a=

 
 2

 

 1 = 3a + 2b  b = −1
⇒ 4

 

1

 0 = a + 3b + c 
 c=

 
 4
1 = b−d 
d = 5
4
1 1 1 5
∴ Q(x) = x− R(x) = x+
2 4 4 4

1.

2.

f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

3.

f (x) g(x)

1. f (x) = x4 − 3x3 + x2 + 3x − 2, g(x) = x2 − 3x + 2

268

2. f (x) = 3x4 − 5x2 + 6x + 1, g(x) = x2 − 3x + 4

4.3
1.

(a) (16m2 + 24m3 ) ÷ 8m2

(b) (8a3 − 12a2 + 16a) ÷ (−4a)
(c) (axn+4 − bxn+3 + cxn+2 ) ÷ x2
(d) (3an+2 + 2an+1 − 4an ) ÷ (−3an−1 )
(e) (x − 2)2 · (x + 3) ÷ (x − 2)
(f) (3x − 2)(5x + 4) ÷ (2 − 3x)

2. (x − 2) (x + b)

(a) [4(x − 2)2 + 12(x + 2)(x − 2) − 8(x − 1)2 (x − 2)] ÷ 4(x − 2)

(b) [3(x + b)3 − 6(x + b)2 + 9(x + b)] ÷ 3(x + b)

3.

(a) x4 + 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x x+3

(b) x4 + 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x x2 + 3x + 1
(c) x4 + 2x3 − x2 − 2x + 1 x2 − x + 1
(d) 1 − 2x + 8x3 − 4x2 4x2 − 2
(e) x + 1 + x5 + 2x3 2x + x2 + 1
(f) 3x4 − 5x3 − 4x2 + 3x − 2 2x2 + x

4. f (x) g(x)

(a) f (x) = 5x2 + 4x − 12, g(x) = x + 2

(b) f (x) = 3x4 − 5x3 − 4x2 + 3x − 2, g(x) = x − 2
(c) f (x) = x5 + x4 − 3x3 + 4x2 − 5x − 6, g(x) = x − 1
(d) f (x) = 2x4 + x3 − 3x2 + 7x − 5, g(x) = x − 4
(e) f (x) = x8 − 1, g(x) = x + 1
 269

(f) f (x) = x2 + 6x3 − 29x + 21, g(x) = 3x − 2

(g) f (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 − 8x − 10, g(x) = 2x − 1
(h) f (x) = 3x3 − 11x2 + 8x − 3, g(x) = 3x + 2
(i) f (x) = 3x3 + ax2 + a2 x − 2a3 , g(x) = 3x − 2a
(j) f (x) = 4x4 + 5bx3 + 9b2 x2 + 6b3 x + 4, g(x) = 4x + b

5. x3 + ax2 + bx + c = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) + 4 a, b, c

6. f (x) = ax4 + 
bx2 +cx + d x1 = 10, x2 = 1, x3 = 12, x4 = 4
1
f (−1) f −
2
7. f (x) = 8x3 − 2x2 + ax + b g(x) = 4x2 − 2
0 a, b

8. 7 f (x) g(x) 5x − 3 a b

9. 3x3 − 10x2 + 13 (x − 2)
3x3 − 10x2 + 13 = A(x − 2)3 + B(x − 2)2 + C(x − 2) + D

3x3 − 10x2 + 13 = {[A(x − 2) + B](x − 2)�C}(x − 2) + D

D, C, B, A

n f (x)

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , (a0 ̸= 0)

270

x=b f (x)

f (b) = an bn + an−1 bn−1 + · · · + a1 b + a0

f (x) g(x) x

f (x) ≡ g(x)

f (x) ≡ g(x)

f (x) = 0 x f (x)
f (x) f (x)�0

f, g m n
m>n

• f +g m f −g m f ·g (m+ n)

(a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2
(a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2
(a ± b)3 = a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3
(a ± b)(a2 ∓ ab + b2 ) = a3 ± b3

a, b

• f (x) g(x) Q(x) R(x)

f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

R(x) g(x)
 271

• k
1
k

f (x) = Q(x) · g(x) + R(x)

1
= Q′ (x) · [k · g(x)] + R′ (x)
k

1.

(a) 5x2 + (−4x) + 1 + (−3x)2 − (−5x) + (−3)3 + (−x2 ) + 6x − 10

(b) 4x2 y − (+5xy) + (−3x2 y) − (x2 y)2 − (−3x3 ) − (−2xy)

2.

−x, 2x2 , −3x3 , 4x4 , . . . , −19x19 , 20x20 , . . . .

(a)
(b) 100 101 102
(c) n n+1

3. 4

4. 10x2 y −6x2 y

5. f (x) = 3x3 −4x2 −5x+1 g(x) = 2x3 +x2 +4x−3 h(x) = x3 −x2 −5x+2

(a)

A = f (x) + g(x) + h(x), B = f (x) − g(x) + h(x)

C = f (x) + g(x) − h(x), D = −f (x) + g(x) + h(x)

(b) A=B+C +D
272

6. f (x) + 2g(x) = −5x2 − 3x + 2 2f (x) − g(x) = −x − 1

f (x) g(x)

7. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c 4 −5 f (1) = f (−1) + 2

√

f 2 f (10)

8. (ax2 + bx + c)(x2 + 1) = 2x4 + 6x3 − 5x2 + 6x − 7

a, b, c

9. f (x, y, z) = x3 + 2(y 3 + z 3 ) + 6xyz f (2, 2, 2)

10.
  
x x
(a) √ + 1 1− √
2 2
√ √
2
(b) 2x + 3y
(c) (x + 2)2 + 2(x − 2)(x + 2) + (x − 2)2
(d) (3x − 2y + 1)2
(e) (5x2 − y 2 )(−y 2 − 5x2 )
(f) (3x + y − 2)(3x − y + 2) − (3x − 2)(3x + 2)
2
(g) [(x2 − xy + y 2 )(x2 + xy + y 2 )] · (x − y)2 · (x + y)2
(h) (a8 + b8 ) · (a + b)(a4 + b4 )(a − b)(a2 + b2 )

11.

(x + y)6 = x6 + 6x5 y + 15x4 y 2 + 20x3 y 3 + 15x2 y 4 + 6xy 5 + y 6

12. f (x) = x4 + 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 1

a, b

13. f (x) (x − a) f (a)

(a) f (x) = 7x5 − 3x2 + 9 x − 2 (a = 2);

(b) f (x) = 7x5 − 3x2 + 9 x + 1 (a = −1);
1 1
(c) f (x) = 4x3 − 8x2 + 3x − 6 x − (a = )
2 2
14. R f (a)
 273

15. a b c d

(a) 2x2 − x + 1 = a(x − 1)2 + b(x − 1) + c

(b) x3 − 6x2 + 4x + 8 = a(x − 1)3 + b(x − 1)2 + c(x − 1) + d
(c) 3x3 − 8x2 + 10 = a(x − 2)3 + b(x − 2)2 + c(x − 2) + d

4.3 9

16.

(a) 8
(b) 8 0

17.

(a) (x − y)(xn + xn−1 y + · · · + xy n−1 + y n ) = xn+1 − y n+1

(b) (x + y)(x2n − x2n−1 y + · · · − xy 2n−1 + y 2n ) = x2n+1 + y 2n+1

2 + −

18. ax2 + bx + c
b2 − 4ac = 0

19. f (x) = 6x4 − x3 − 18x2 + x + 12 f (x)

f (x) = (x − 1)(x + 1)(2x − 3)(3x + 4)

20. f (x + 2) = 3x3 + 20x2 + 45x + 50

(a) f (0) f (−2) (c) f (+10) f (12)

(b) f (1) f (−1) (d) f (a) f (−a)

(a) 3x3 + 20x2 + 45x + 50

f (x + 2) = A(x + 2)3 + B(x + 2)2 + C(x + 2) + D

(b) x+2=a x=a−2

 a b
q a = q·b a b b a
a q q a
12 = 4 × 3 12 3 4 3 4 12
12 ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12 12

k, (k ̸= 1) ±1, ±k k

2, 3, 7, 5
f (x)
g(x) Q(x) f (x) = Q(x) ·g(x)
f (x) g(x) g(x) f (x)
f (x) Q(x) Q(x) f (x) Q(x),
g(x) f (x)
∵ x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1),
∴ x −1
2
(x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1) (x2 − 1)

f (x) a
1
f (x)
a
1
f (x) = a · f (x)
a
1
a f (x) f (x)
a
274
 275

f (x)

x2 − 1 = 1 · (x2 − 1)
 2 
x 1
=2· −
2 2
 
x 1
= 2(x + 1) · −
2 2
1
= · (5x2 − 5)
5
1
= · (5x + 5)(x − 1)
5
= ·········
 2   
x 1 x 1
=a − = a(x + 1) −
a a a a
 
a 1
=a + (x − 1)
x a
∴ x2 − 1
x2 1 x 1 x 1 1
1, x2 − 1; 2, − , + , − ; , 5x2 − 5, 5x + 5, 5x − 5; . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 5

1 2 1 1 1 1 1
a, x − , x+ , x − ,...
a a a a a a

(x − 1) a, x +
1, x − 1, x − 12

x3 − 1 = (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) a, x − 1, x2 +
x + 1, x3 − 1
f (x) f (x)
f (x)
f (x) f (x)
1 Q(x), g(x), f (x)
f (x) = ax + b (a ̸= 0) g(x) =
2
x + 1, R(x) = x − 2 2
√ √
x − 2 = (x + 2) · (x − 2)
2

φ(x) = x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3)
276

1. f (x) = x4 − 1 = (x − 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)

2. g(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x − 2)(2x − 1)

(a + b) · (a − b) = a2 − b2
(a2 − b2 ) (a + b) · (a − b)

ma + mb + mc = m · (a + b + c)

5.1

1. −ab + ac − a

2. 12x4 y 2 − 8x3 y + 6x2 y 3

1. −ab + ac − a = −a(b − c + 1)

2. 12x4 y 2 − 8x3 y + 6x2 y 3 = 2x2 y(6x2 y − 4x + 3y 2 )

1 −a
2
 277

5.2

1. 15(x + y)2 − 5(x − y)(x + y) + 10(x + y)

2. 2m(x − 3) + (3 − x)

3. −ab(a − b)2 + a(b − a)2 − ac(a − b)2

1.

15(x + y)2 − 5(x − y)(x + y) + 10(x + y)

= 5(x + y)[3(x + y) − (x − y) + 2]
= 5(x + y)(3x + 3y − x + y + 2)
= 5(x + y)(2x + 4y + 2)
= 10(x + y)(x + 2y + 1)

2.

2m(x − 3) + (3 − x) = 2m(x − 3) − (x − 3)
= (x − 3)(2m − 1)

3.

− ab(a − b)2 + a(b − a)2 − ac(a − b)2

= −ab(a − b)2 + a(a − b)2 − ac(a − b)2
= −a(a − b)2 (b − 1 + c)
= −a(a − b)2 (b + c − 1)

1.

36x2 y 2 z = −4x2 y( ), x(y − z) = ( )(x − y)

2x(x − y)2 = ( )(y − x)2 , 7y(y − x)3 = ( )(x − y)3

−x − x2 − x3 = −x( ), 6a2 b + 12ab − 18ab2 = 6ab( )

2.
278

(a) 4x2 y − 6x3 y

(b) a3 − an+3
(c) xm + xm−1
(d) −a3 b − a2 b2 + ab
(e) 4x3 y + 6x2 y − 12x4 y 2
(f) a(x − 5) + b(5 − x) − c(5 − x)
(g) −6(x − y)3 − 3y(y − x)3
(h) (x − y)2 + 2(x − y)(x + y) + (y − x)2

ma + mb + na + nb

(ma + mb) + (na + nb) = m(a + b) + n(a + b) = (a + b)(m + n)

5.3 2ax + 2ay + bx + by

= 2a(x + y) + b(x + y) = (x + y)(2a + b)

5.4 ax2 + bx2 − bx − ax + cx2 − cx

= (ax2 − ax) + (bx2 − bx) + (cx2 − cx)

= ax(x − 1) + bx(x − 1) + cx(x − 1)
= x(x − 1)(a + b + c)

= (ax2 + bx2 + cx2 ) − (ax + bx + cx)

 279

5.5 3a3 + 6a2 b − 3a2 c − 6abc

3a3 + 6a2 b − 3a2 c − 6abc = 3a(a2 + 2ab − ac − 2bc)

= 3a[a(a + 2b) − c(a + 2b)]
= 3a(a + 2b)(a − c).

1. x2 − xy − 2x + 2y 4. ax + bx − cy + ay − cx + by

2. 3x − 3y + ax − ay 5. a2 b + ab2 + a2 c + abc

3. ab − a + b2 − b 6. 2a4 − 3a3 b − 14a2 + 21ab

x2 − y 2 = (x + y)(x − y)

5.6

1. 4a2 − 9b2

2. 16x2 − y 4
9 6
3. x − 0.01x2 y 2
25

1. 4a2 − 9b2 = (2a)2 − (3b)2 = (2a + 3b)(2a − 3b)

280

2. 16x2 − y 4 = (4x)2 − (y 2 )2 = (4x + y 2 )(4x − y 2 )

9 6 x2 x2
3. x − 0.01x2 y 2 = (36x4 − y 2 ) = (6x2 + y)(6x2 − y)
25 100 100
5.7

49(a + b)2 − 4(a − b)2 , x3 y − xy

49(a + b)2 − 4(a − b)2 = [7(a + b)]2 − [2(a − b)]2

= [7(a + b) + 2(a − b)][7(a + b) − 2(a − b)]
= (9a + 5b)(5a + 9b)

x3 y − xy = xy(x2 − 1) = xy(x + 1)(x − 1)

1.

x2 − 4, 1 − a2 , n2 − 49, −25 + y 2

b2 a 2 − b2
144p2 − 0.04q 2 , x2 − , , −1 + x2 y 2
9 4
2.

(a+b)2 −c2 , x2 −(y+z)2 , (2x+3)2 −9(x−1)2 , y 4 −16, 64x4 −1

a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a ± b)2

5.8

1. x2 + 12x + 36

2. 9a2 − 30a + 25

3. (x + 5y)2 + (2x + 10y)(3x − y) + (3x − y)2

 281

1. x2 + 12x + 36 = (x + 6)2

2. 9a2 − 30a + 25 = (3a)2 − 2 · (3a) · 5 + 52 = (3a − 5)2

3.

(x + 5y)2 + (2x + 10y)(3x − y) + (3x − y)2

= (x + 5y)2 + 2 · (x + 5y)(3x − y) + (3x − y)2
= [(x + 5y) + (3x − y)]2
= (4x + 4y)2 = 16(x + y)2

5.9 x2 − y 2 + a2 − b2 + 2ax + 2by

= x2 + 2ax + a2 − y 2 + 2by − b2
= (x + a)2 − (y − b)2
= (x + a + y − b)(x + a − y + b)
= (x + y + a − b)(x − y + a + b)

1.

a2 + 10a + 25, 9 − 6b + b2 , 4y 2 − 4y + 1

a2 2 1
1 + 2x + x2 , 1+ − a, x2 + +2
9 3 x2
2.

64m2 +48mn+9n2 , 2ab−a2 −b2 , −b+2bx−bx2 , x4 −2x2 y 2 +y 4

(m + n)2 − (2m + 2n)(2m + n) + (2m + n)2

4a2 − 4n2 + b2 − m2 + 4(ab + mn)

a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3 = (a ± b)3

282

5.10

1. x3 − 6x2 y + 12xy 2 − 8y 3

2. −8a3 − 48a2 b − 96ab2 − 64b3

x3 − 6x2 y + 12xy 2 − 8y 3
= x3 − 3x2 (2y) + 3x(2y)2 − (2y)3
= (x − 2y)3

− 8a3 − 48a2 b − 96ab2 − 64b3

= −8(a3 + 6a2 b + 12ab2 + 8b3 )
= −8(a + 2b)3

1.

a3 + ( )+( ) + 27b3 = (a + 3b)3

27x3 + ( )+( ) − 64y 3 = (3x − 4y)3

1+( )+( ) + 8a6 b6 = (1 + 2a2 b2 )3

2.

1+3t2 +3t+t3 , 125−150a+60a2 −8a3 , 1−12a2 b2 +48a4 b4 −64a6 b6

a3 ± b3 = (a ± b)(a2 ∓ ab + b2 )

5.11
1
x3 + 1, a6 − 125b3 , 16x6 −
4

x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)

a6 − 125b3 = (a2 − 5b)(a4 + 5a2 b + 25b2 )

 283

1 1
16x6 − = (64a6 − 1)
4 4
1 3 2 
= (8a ) − 1
4
1
= (8a3 + 1)(8a3 − 1)
4
1
= (2a + 1)(4a2 − 2a + 1)(2a − 1)(4a2 + 2a + 1)
4

1 3 1
x8 − 8, 125y 3 + 1, a3 b3 − 1, m + n3 , a 6 − b6 , a 9 x9 − x6
8 27

ax2 + bx + c (a ̸= 0) a b c

5.12

x2 + 3x + 40, 2x2 + x − 3

 2  2
3 3
2
x + 3x + 40 = x + 3x + 2
− − 40
2 2
 2   2
3 13
= x+ −
2 2
  
3 13 3 13
= x+ + x+ −
2 2 2 2
= (x + 8)(x − 5)
284

 
1 3
2x + x − 3 = 2 x + x −
2 2
2 2
"  2  2 #
1 1 1 3
2
=2 x + x+ − −
2 4 4 2
" 2  2 #
1 5
=2 x+ −
4 4
  
1 5 1 5
=2 x+ + x+ −
4 4 4 4
 
3
=2 x+ (x − 1)
2
= (2x + 3)(x − 1)

ax2 + bx + c (a ̸= 0) b2 − 4ac ≥ 0

 
b c
ax2 + bx + c = a x2 + x +
a a
"  2  2 #
b b b c
2
=a x + x+ − +
a 2a 2a a
" 2  √ 2 2 #
b b − 4ac
=a x+ −
2a 2a
 √   √ 
b b2 − 4ac b b2 − 4ac
=a x+ + · x+ −
2a 2a 2a 2a
 √  √ 
−b − b − 4ac
2 −b + b − 4ac
2
=a x− x−
2a 2a

a
x 5.12

5.13

4x2 − 4x − 3, 3x2 + 6x − 1, 8x2 + 8x + 2

 285

 
3
4x − 4x − 3 = 4 x − x −
2 2
4
"  2  2 #
1 1 3
= 4 x2 − x + − −
2 2 4
" 2 #
1
=4 x− −1
2
  
1 1
=4 x− +1 x− −1
2 2
  
1 3
=4 x+ x−
2 2
= (2x + 1)(2x − 3)

 
1
3x + 6x − 1 = 3 x + 2x −
2 2
3
 
1
= 3 (x + 2x + 1) − 1 −
2
3
 
√ !2
2 3
= 3 (x + 1)2 − 
3
√ ! √ !
2 3 2 3
=3 x+1+ x+1−
3 3
√ ! √ !
3+2 3 3−2 3
=3 x+ x+
3 3

   2
2 1 2 1
8x + 8x + 2 = 8 x + x + =8 x+
4 2

1. x2 + 2x − 3 3. 5x2 − 8x + 3

2. 2x2 − 7x + 6 4. 8x2 + 10x + 2

286

ax2 + bx + c (a ̸= 0)

ax2 + bx + c = (ux + r)(vx + s)

ax2 + bx + c = uvx2 + (us + vr)x + rs

uv = a, us + vr = b, rs = c

ax2 + bx + c u v r s

u r

u·v =a r·s=c

v s

⇓
vr + us = b

u, v, r, s a u·v =a
c rs = c us + vr b

• us + vr = b ax2 + bx + c = (ux + r)(vx + s)

• us + vr ̸= b u v r s

5.14
x2 − 5x + 6, x2 − x − 12

a = 1, u, v 1
r, s rs = c, r + s = b, x2 + bx + c
(x + r) · (x + s)
 287

1 1 1 2 1 −2

1 6 1 3 1 −3
1+6=7 2+3=5 −2 + (−3) = −5

∴ x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3)

1 3 1 3

1 4 1 −4
−3 + 4 = 1 3 − 4 = −1

∴ x2 − x − 12 = (x + 3)(x − 4)

5.15

15x2 − 7x − 2, 11x2 − 54x + 63

3 1 3 −2

5 −2 5 1
5 − 6 = −1 −10 + 3 = −7

∴ 15x2 − 7x − 2 = (3x − 2)(5x + 1)

11 −63 11 −21

1 −1 1 −3
−63 − 11 = −74 −21 − 33 = −54

∴ 11x2 − 54x + 63 = (11x − 21)(x − 3)

5.16 6x2 − xy − 12y 2

288

2 −4 2 3 2 −3

3 3 3 −4 3 4
−12 + 6 = −6 9−8=1 −9 + 8 = −1

∴ 6x2 − xy − 12y 2 = (2x − 3y)(3x + 4y)

1. x2 + 3x + 2 7. 4y 2 + y − 3

2. x2 − x − 2 8. 10y 2 − 11y + 1

3. x2 + x − 30 9. 2ax + 8x2 + 3a2

4. x2 − 14x + 45 10. 14x2 + xy − 3y 2

5. x2 + 12x − 64 11. x4 − 6x2 − 27

6. 3x2 − 7x + 2 12. a6 − 7a3 − 8

1.

2.

3.

x2 − 2

√ √
x2 − 2 = (x + 2)(x − 2)

5.17 x6 − 3x4 + 2x2

 289

x6 − 3x4 + 2x2 = x2 x4 − 3x2 + 2
= x2 (x2 − 1)(x2 − 2)
= x2 (x + 1)(x − 1)(x2 − 2)

5.18 x2 + 2xy + y 2 − 2x − 2y − 3

x2 + 2xy + y 2 − 2x − 2y − 3 = (x + y)2 − 2(x + y) − 3

= (x + y − 3)(x + y + 1)

5.19 x5 + x4 + x3 + x2

x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 = x2 x3 + x2 + x + 1
= x2 [x2 (x + 1) + (x + 1)]
= x2 (x + 1)(x2 + 1)

1. a2 + 2ab + b2 − ac − bc

2. 4m2 + 4mn + n2 + 6m + 3n + 2

3. a6 − a4 + a3 − a

4. x5 − x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 − 8x + 8

5.20 x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4
290

x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 = x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 − x2 y 2 ( )
= (x2 + y 2 )2 − (xy)2
= (x2 + xy + y 2 )(x2 − xy + y 2 )

5.21 a4 − 11a2 + 1

a4 − 11a2 + 1 = a4 − 2a2 + 1 − 9a2 ( )

= (a2 − 1)2 − (3a)2
= (a2 + 3a − 1)(a2 − 3a − 1)

1. x4 − 3x2 + 1 3. a4 − 3a2 − 18

2. x4 + 4 4. x4 − 27x2 y 2 + y 4

ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f

5.22 2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + 3x + 4y − 2

2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 = (2x + y)(x − 2y)

 291

2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + 3x + 4y − 2
(2x + y + n)(x − 2y + m) m n
m, n
∵ 2x − 3xy − 2y 2 = (2x + y)(x − 2y)
2

∴ 2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + 3x + 4y − 2 = (2x + y + n)(x − 2y + m)

2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + 3x + 4y − 2
= 2x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + (2m + n)x + (m − 2n)y + m · n

2m + n = 3 (5.1)
m − 2n = 4 (5.2)
m · n = −2 (5.3)

(5.1), (5.2) m = 2, n = −1 (1.3)

∴ 2x − 3xy − 2y + 3x + 4y − 2 = (2x + y − 1)(x − 2y + 2)
2 2

5.23 x2 − y 2 + 2x + y − 1

∵ x2 − y 2 = (x + y)(x − y)
∴ x2 − y 2 + 2x + y − 1 = (x + y + m)(x − y + n)

x2 − y 2 + 2x + y − 1 = x2 − y 2 + (m + n)x + (n − m)y + mn

m+n=2 (5.4)
n−m=1 (5.5)
m · n = −1 (5.6)

1 3
(5.4) (5.5) m= , n= m, n (5.6)
2 2
1 3
m·n= · ≠ −1
2 2
(5.4) (5.5) (5.6) m, n
x − y + 2x + y − 1
2 2

5.24 f (x) = x4 + 4x2 + 3x + k x2 + x + 1 k

292

∵ f (x) x2 + x + 1
∴ f (x)
f (x) = (x2 + x + 1)(ax2 + bx + c)

x4 + 4x2 + 3x + k = (x2 + x + 1)(ax2 + bx + c)

= ax4 + (a + b)x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (b + c)x + c




a = 1




 a+b=0


a+b+c=4





 b+c=3




c=k

a = 1, b = −1, c = 4, k=4
f (x) = (x + x + 1)(x − x + 4)
2 2
x2 + x + 1 x2 − x + 4

1.

(a) x2 + 2xy − 8y 2 + 2x + 14y − 3

(b) x2 − 8xy + 15y 2 + 2x − 4y − 3
(c) x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 + 4x + 3y + 1

2. f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 − 32x2 + 66x + a x2 + 2x − 7

a

5.1
1.

(a) −3a3 b2 c = abc( )

(b) mx2 + nx − p = m( )
(c) −12a2 b − 3a2 b2 x + 27ab2 = 3ab( )
 293

(d) 3x2 y 3 z 4 − 6x3 y 4 z 2 + 18x4 y 2 z 3 = −3x2 y 2 z 2 ( )

2.

(a) 5x2 y, 15xy 2 , 45xyz

(b) 24a2 (1 − x)2 (x + y), 42ab(x − 1)(x + y)2
(c) −2(a + b)2 + 4(a + b), (a + b)2 − 3(a + b)3
(d) (2x − 4y)(2a − b), (x − y)(4a − 2b)

3.

(a) −ax − ay + az
(b) 14ab − 35a2 − 21a
(c) 100m2 n − 25mn2 + 30m2 n2
(d) am − am+2
(e) x(2a − 3b) − y(3b − 2a)
(f) a2 (x − y)3 + b2 (y − x)3
(g) 2a(x + y − z) + 3b(y − z + x) − 5c(z − x − y)
(h) 5m2 n2 (a − b − c) − 10m2 n3 (b + c − a) + 75m2 n4 (b − a + c)

4.

(a) 1 − x − y + xy (e) x2 + ax − y 2 + ay
(b) x3 − x + x2 − 1 (f) x3 + x2 y − x2 z − xyz
(c) ab − bc − b2 + ca (g) ax2 + bx2 − bx − ax + cx2 − cx
(d) ax + y − ay − x (h) x3 + 9 + 3x2 + 3x

5.

(a) (ax − by)2 + (ay + bx)2 + c2 x2 + c2 y 2

(b) ab(c2 − d2 ) − cd(a2 − b2 )

6.
294

(a) x2 + 4x + 3 (j) x2 − 4.5x + 5

(b) x2 − 11x + 10 (k) x2 −7xy + 10y 2

1
(c) x2 − 2x − 48 (l) x2 + 2 x + 1
2
(d) 2a2 + 14ab + 24b2 5
(m) x2 + 3 x + 2
12
(e) x2 + 4xy − 5y 2 (n) 20x2 − 39x + 18
(f) 3x2 − 7x + 2 (o) x2 − 5.6x + 6.4
(g) 6x2 − 7x − 3 (p) 2x3 −7x2 y + 3xy
(h) 3x2 −2xy−8y 2 (q) a6 + 26a3 − 27
(i) (x2 − 6)2 − 25x2 (r) 25x2n+2 − 64xn+1

7.

(a) 3x2 + 2x − 3 (c) x3 − 5x

(b) 2x2 + 16x + 1 (d) a4 − 27a2 + 1

8.

(a) −x2 + 12xy − 36y 2 (n) a − a5

(b) 25 − 20a + 4a2 (o) (a + b)3 − 8(2a − b)3
(c) 25x4 − 10x2 y 2 + y 4 (p) x4 + 6x2 y 2 + 9y 4
(d) 75 − 12x2 (q) 5x6 − 10x3 y 3 + 5y 6
(e) 25t2 − 0.09 (r) 18x3 y − 36x2 y 2 + 18xy 3
(f) 1 − 64a2 (s) 4x3 − 8x2 + 4x
2 1
(g) x2 − x + (t) a2 − b2 − c2 − 2bc
3 9
(h) 2mp − 50m
2 (u) 25 − a2 + 6ab − 9b2

(i) (x + 1)2 − 9(x − 1)2 (v) 9x2 − 4y 2 − z 2 + 4yz

(j) a2 − (2b + c)2 (w) a2 + 2a + 1 − c2 + 2cd − d2

(k) 4(3p + 5q)2 − 9(2p − q)2 (x) a6 − 64

1
(l) a2 x2n+1 − b2 x4n+2 (y) 16x3 −
4
(m) 8a3 + 27b3 (z) t6 − 3t4 + 3t2 − 1
 295

9.

(a) 16m3 + 2n3 − 2m − n (f) (x + y)2 − 22x − 22y + 21

(b) a4 + 2a3 b + 8ab3 + 16b4 (g) a2 − 2a(b − c) + (c − b)2
(c) x3 − 64y 3 + x2 − 16y 2 (h) 4x2 − 12xy + 9y 2 − 2x + 3y − 2
(d) x4 − 8x2 − 9 (i) x6 − 3x4 + 2x2
1
(e) x4 − 8x2 + (j) x4 + 64y 4
4

10.
1
(a) f (x, y) = xy − (x2 + y 2 ) f (75, 65)
2  
1 2
(b) φ(a, b) = 6a b − 3a b
3 2 2
φ ,
2 3
 
3 1
(c) g(a, x, y) = x(a + 3) − y(a + 3) g 4, ,
4 2
(d) q(m, n) = m − n + (m + n) − m − n
2 2 2
q(1.5, −3.7)

11.

(a) 476 − 475 46

(b) 2410 + 249 25
(c) 523 − 521 24
(d) 257 + 513 30
(e) n (n + 8)2 − n2 8
(f) 817 − 279 − 913 45
(g) m n m2 − n2 4

12.

(a) x2 + 2xy + y 2 + x + y − 2
(b) x2 + xy − 2y 2 + 2x + 7y − 3
(c) x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 + 4x + 5y + 3

13. m f (x) = mx2 − 2xy − 3y 2 + 3x − 5y + 2

296

14. g(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + ℓx + m x2 + x − 6 ℓ, m

g(x)

15. f (x) = x4 + ax3 + x2 + bx + 1 x2 − 2x + 1 a, b

f (x)

f (x) x−a bx−a

5.25 f (x) = x3 + 3x2 − x − 6

f (x) x−2 f (x) x−a
f (2) f (a)

1 +3 −1 −6 2
+2 + 10 + 18
1 + 5 + 9 +12

∴ f (x) x−2 12

1 +3 −1 −6 a
a 3
a + 3a a + 3a − a
3 2

1 a + 3 a3 + 3a − 1 a3 + 3a2 − a − 6

∴ f (x) x−a a3 + 3a2 − a − 6

f (2) = 23 + 3 × 22 − 2 − 6 = 12
f (a) = a3 + 3a2 − a − 6

f (x) x−2 f (2) f (x)

x−a f (a)
f (x) = an x + an−1 xn−1 + cdots + a1 x + a0
n
x−a
f (a)
 297

f (x) x−a f (a)

f (x) x−a q(x) r(x)

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a) + r(x)

∵ r(x) x−a
∴ r(x) r(x) R

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a) + R (5.7)

x x=a (5.7)

f (a) = q(a) · (a − a) + R

R = f (a) (5.8)

5.26
1
1. f (x) = x2 − 2x + 1 x−
2
2. φ(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 4x + 1 x+2

 
1 1 1
1. ∵ f = −1+1=
2 8 8

1
∴ R=
8
2. ∵ φ(−2) = 16 − 16 − 8 + 1 = −7

∴ R = −7

5.27 f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + 8x − 14 2x − 3

298

3
f (x) 2x − 3 f (x) x−
2

   3  2
3 3 3 3
f =2× −3× + 8 × − 14
2 2 2 2
27 27
= − + 12 − 14 = −2
4 4
f (x) 2x − 3 −2

5.28 f (x) = x4 − 1 x−1

f (x) x−1 f (x) x−1 0

∵ f (1) = 14 − 1 = 0

∴ f (x) x−1 0

f (x) = x4 − 1 x−1
 
1
5.29 f (x) = 3x + 10x − 15x − 9x + 8x − 7
5 4 3 2
f −
3
1
x=− f (x)
  3
1 1
f − f (x) x+
3 3
1
f (x) x+ R
3

3 + 10 − 15 − 9 + 8 − 7 − 13
−1 − 3 + 6 + 1 − 3
3 + 9 − 18 − 3 + 9 −10

1
f (x) x+ −10
3
 
1
∴ f − = −10
3

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a) + f (a) (5.9)

 299

1. x4 − 3x3 − 5x2 + 20x − 8 f (x)

x − 1, x + 1, x − 2, x + 2, 3x + 1, 3x − 2

2.

(a) f (x) = x5 − 12x3 + 15x − 7 f (6)

 
1
(b) φ(x) = x3 − x + 2 φ −
2
√
3. x5 + x4 − x3 − 2x2 − 2x x− 2

1
f (a) = 0 (x − a) f (x) x−a
f (x) f (a) = 0

f (a) = 0 (5.9)

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a)

R=0 x−a f (x)

x−a f (x) R=0 R = f (a)

∴ f (a) = 0

1 f (a) = 0 f (x)
(x − a) 1 x−a
f (x)

5.30

1. x − 2 f (x) = x3 − 5x2 + 12x − 12

2. x − a φ(x) = x5 − a5
300

1. ∵ f (2) = 23 − 5 × 22 + 12 × 2 − 12 = 0
∴ 1 x−2 f (x)

2. ∵ φ(a) = a5 − a5 = 0
∴ x−a x5 − a5

5.31 n x−y xn − y n xn + y n

f (x) = xn − y n yn
∵ f (y) = y n − y n = 0
∴ x−y xn − y n
φ(x) = xn + y n
∵ φ(y) = y n + y n ̸= 0
∴ x−y xn + y n

2
f (x) a b (x − a)(x − b)
f (x) f (x) (x − a)(x − b) f (x)
(x − a)(x − b) f (x) (x − a)(x − b)
a b f (x)

a f (x) f (a) = 0
∵ 1 (x − a) f (x)

f (x) = q1 (x) · (x − a) (5.10)

x=b (5.10) f (b) = q1 (b) · (b − a)

∵ b f (x)
∴ f (b) = 0
q1 (b) · (b − a) = 0
b ̸= a ∴ b − a ̸= 0
∴ q1 (b) = 0
1 x−b q1 (x)

q1 (x) = q2 (x) · (x − b) (5.11)

 301

(5.11) (5.10)

f (x) = q2 (x) · (x − b) · (x − a)

(x − a)(x − b) f (x) f (x) (x − a)(x − b)

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a)·(x − b) f (x) = 0
q(x) · (x − a)(x − b) = 0 f (x) x = a, x = b
f (x) k a1 , a 2 , · · · , a k f (x)
(x − a1 )(x − a2 ) · · · (x − ak )

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a1 )(x − a2 ) · · · (x − ak )

5.32 f (x) = x4 + 2x3 − 4x2 − 2x + 3 x2 − 1

x2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1)

f (−1) = (−1)4 + 2 × (−1)3 − 4 × (−1)2 − 2 × (−1) + 3

=1−2−4+2+3=0
f (1) = 1 + 2 − 4 − 2 + 3 = 0

∴ x = −1, x = 1 f (x)
f (x) (x + 1)(x − 1) = x2 − 1

5.33 a b f (x) = x4 + ax3 + 2x2 + bx − 2

x2 − x − 2

x2 − x − 2 = (x − 2)(x + 1)

f (2) = 16 + 8a + 8 + 2b − 2 = 0
f (−1) = 1 − a + 2 − b − 2 = 0


 4a + b = −11
a+b = 1

a = −4, b=5
a = −4, b=5 f (x) x2 − x − 2
302

1. f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 9 x−3 f (x)

2. ±1 f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 2x − 3

f (x)

3. f (x) = x4 − 2x3 − x − 2 x2 − 3x + 2

4. x−3 g(x) = x3 + ax2 − 20x + 6 a

5. (x + 2)(x − 4) f (x) = 2x3 − x2 + mx + n m

n

3
n f (x) n

n f (x) n+1 a1 , a2 , . . . , an , an+1

2

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a1 )(x − a2 ) · · · (x − an )(x − an+1 )

n
f (x) n
n f (x) n

5.34 ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a ̸= 0)

4 a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4
2

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = q(x)(x − a1 )(x − a2 )(x − a3 )(x − a4 )

3 4

4 4
 303

4
n f (x), g(x) x a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , an , an+1 n+1

f (a1 ) = g(a1 ), f (a2 ) = g(a2 ), . . . , f (an+1 ) = g(an+1 )

f (x) = g(x)

n f (x) ̸= g(x) f (x) − g(x)

n
f (a1 ) = g(a1 ), f (a2 ) = g(a2 ), . . . , f (an+1 ) = g(an+1 )
f (a1 ) − g(a1 ) = 0, f (a2 ) − g(a2 ) = 0, . . . , f (an+1 ) − g(an+1 ) = 0
a1 , a2 , . . . , an+1 f (x) − g(x) f (x) − g(x)
n n+1 3

f (x)−g(x) f (x)−g(x)

f (x) − g(x) = 0

f (x) = g(x)
4 x n+1
n
5.35 x 0, 1, 2 0, 0, 1
f (x)

∵ f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0
∴ f (x) x(x − 1)
f (ax) = kx(x − 1)
∵ f (2) = 1

1 = k × 2(2 − 1)
1
∴ k=
2
1 1 1
f (x) = x(x − 1) = x2 − x
2 2 2
304

5.36 g(x)

g(0) = g(1) = 0, g(2) = 1, g(3) = 5

∵ g(0) = 0, g(1) = 0
∴ g(x) x(x − 1)

g(x) = x(x − 1)(Ax + B) (5.12)

∵ g(2) = 1 g(3) = 5 (5.12)

 
 1 = 2(2 − 1)(2A + B)  4A + 2B = 1
⇒
 5 = 3(3 − 1)(3A + B)  18A + 6B = 5

1 1
A= , B=−
3 6
 
1 1 1
g(x) = x(x − 1) x− = x(x − 1)(2x − 1)
3 6 6

5.37 f (0) = 5, f (1) = 5, f (−1) = 7, f (2) = 25, f (−2) = 17

f (x)

f (x)

f (0) − 5 = 0
f (1) − 5 = 0
f (−1) − 5 = 2
f (2) − 5 = 20
f (−2) − 5 = 12

F (x) F (x) = f (x) − 5

F (0) = 0, F (1) = 0, F (−1) = 2, F (2) = 20, F (−2) = 12

 305

2 F (x) = x(x − 1)(ax2 + bx + c) F (−1) =

2, F (2) = 20, F (−2) = 12


 F (−1) = 2 = −1(−1 − 1)(a − b + c),


F (2) = 20 = 2(2 − 1)(4a + 2b + c),



 F (−2) = 12 = −2(−2 − 1)(4a − 26 + c).



 a−b+c=1


4a + 2b + c = 10



 4a − 2b + c = 2

a = 1, b = 2, c=2
F (x) = x(x − 1)(x + 2x + 2)
2

F (x) = x4 + x3 − 2x

f (x) − 5 = x4 + x3 − 2x

f (x) = x4 + x3 − 2x + 5

3
1. x 0, 1, − f (x) −3, 0, 0
2
f (x)

2. f (0) = −2, f (−2) = 0, f (1) = 12 f (x)

3. y 0, 1, 2, −1 φ(y) 0, 0, −6, −12

φ(y)

4. f (0) = 15, f (1) = 18, f (−1) = 14 f (2) f (−2)

f (x)
306

6x2 − 7x + 2 = (2x − 1)(3x − 2);

6x3 − 35x2 + 47x − 12 = (2x − 3)(3x − 1)(x − 4);
8x4 − 24x3 − x + 3 = (x − 3)(2x − 1)(4x2 + 2x + 1).

2, 3 6 −1, −2 2
2, 3, 1 6 −3, −1, −4 −12
1, 2, 4 8 −3, −1, +1 +3
n
px + q
n
f (x) = an x + an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 p
an q a0 p q

5.38 f (x) = 3x3 − 4x2 + x + 6

f (x) px+q p ±1 q ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6

p=1 px + q

x ± 1, x ± 2, x ± 3, x±6

p = −1 px + q

−(x ∓ 1), −(x ∓ 2), −(x ∓ 3), −(x ∓ 6)

f (x)

x − 1, x + 1, x − 2, x + 2, x − 3, x + 3, x − 6, x+6

1
f (x)
∵ f (1) ̸= 0, ∴ x−1 f (x)
∵ f (−1) = 0, ∴ x+1 f (x)
 307

∵ f (2) = 0, ∴ x−2 f (x)

∵ f (3) = 0, ∴ x−3 f (x)
f (x)

f (x) = 3x3 − 4x2 + x + 6

= (x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)

5.38 f (x) x+1

f (x)

1 −4 1 6 −1
−1 5 −6
1 −5 6 0

f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 − 5x + 6)
= (x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)

5.39 f (x) = 2x5 − x4 − 15x3 + 9x2 + 16x + 4

f (x) x ± 1, x ± 2, x ± 4, 2x ± 1
∵ f (1) = 15 ̸= 0, f (−1) = 9 ̸= 0
∴ x±1 f (x)

2 −1 −15 +9 +16 +4 2
+4 +6 −18 −18 −4
2 +3 −9 −9 −2 0

f (x) = (x − 2)(2x4 + 3x3 − 9x2 − 9x − 2) (5.13)

2x4 + 3x3 − 9x2 − 9x − 2 x ± 1, x±

2, 2x ± 1

2 +3 −9 −9 −2 2
+4 +14 +10 +2
2 +7 +5 +1 0
308

2x4 + 3x3 − 9x2 − 9x − 2 = (x − 2)(2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 1) (5.14)

2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 1 x ± 1, 2x ± 1
1
2 +7 +5 +1 −
2
−1 −3 −1
2 +6 +2 0
 
1
2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 1 = x+ (2x2 + 6x + 2)
2
2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 1 = (2x + 1) (x2 + 3x + 1) (5.15)

x2 + 3x + 1
(5.13) (5.14) (5.15)

f (x) = (x − 2)(x − 2)(2x + 1)(x2 + 3x + 1)

5.40 f (x) = 6x4 + 5x3 + 3x2 − 3x − 2

px + q x ± 1, x ± 2, 2x ± 1, 3x ± 1, 3x ± 2, 6x ± 1

1
6 +5 +3 −3 −2 − 2

−3 −1 −1 +2
2
6 +2 +2 −4 0
3
+4 +4 +4

+6 6 +6 0
  
1 2
f (x) = x + x− (6x2 + 6x + 6)
2 3
f (x) = (2x + 1)(3x − 2)(x2 + x + 1)
 
q
f (x) px+q f − =
p
q
0 x=− f (x)
p
f (x) = (2x + 1)(3x − 2)(x2 + x + 1)
1 2
∴ f (x) x1 = − , x2 =
2 3
 309

5.41 2x4 + x3 + 12 = 17x2 + 16x

2x4 + x3 − 17x2 − 16x + 12 = 0

x ± 1, x ± 2, x ± 3, x ± 4, x±
6, 2x ± 1, 2x ± 3
1 3
x = ±1, x = ±2, x = ±3, x = ±4, x = ±6, x=± , x=±
2 2

+2 +1 −17 −16 +12 −2

−4 +6 +22 −12
2 −3 −11 +6 0 −2
−4 +14 −6
2 −7 +3 0 3
+6 −3
2 −1 0

(x + 2)(x + 2)(x − 3)(2x − 1) = 0

1
x1 = x2 = −2, x3 = 3, x4 =
2

1.

(a) x3 − 7x + 6
(b) x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
(c) x4 − 2x2 + 3x − 2
(d) x4 − 10x3 + 35x2 − 50x + 24
(e) 2x4 − x3 − 9x2 + 13x − 5
(f) 3x5 − 3x4 − 13x3 − 11x2 − 10x − 6

2.

(a) x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 24 = 0
(b) 2x4 − 5x3 + 3x2 + 4x − 6
310

(c) 12x4 − 20x3 − 11x2 + 5x + 2 = 0

(d) 16x4 − 24x2 + 16x − 3

b2 − 4ac ≥ 0
ax2 + bx + c (a ̸= 0) ax2 + bx + c = a(x − x1 )(x − x2 )

√ √
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
x1 = , x2 =
2a 2a

ax2 + bx + c = a(x − x1 )(x − x2 )

= ax2 − a(x1 + x2 )x + ax1 · x2

b = −a(x1 + x2 ), c = ax1 · x2

b c
∴ x1 + x2 = − , x 1 · x2 =
a a

ax2 + bx + c (a ̸= 0)( ax2 + bx + c =

0 (a ̸= 0) ) x1 x2

b c
x1 + x2 = − , x 1 · x2 =
a a

n an xn + an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 +

· · · + a1 x + a0 ̸ 0)
(an =

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a ̸= 0) x1 , x 2 , x 3
2

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = a(x − x1 )(x − x2 )(x − x3 )

 311

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = ax3 − a(x1 + x2 + x3 )x2

+ a(x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 )x − ax1 x2 x3

a=a
b = −a(x1 + x2 + x3 )
c = a(x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 )
d = −ax1 · x2 · x3


 b

 x1 + x2 + x3 = −

 a
c
x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 = +

 a


 x1 · x2 · x3 = − d
a

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 + · · · + a1 x + a0 (an ̸= 0)

n x1 , x 2 , . . . , x n n

• n (x1 + x2 + · · · + xn ) xn−1
an−1
−
an
• n (x1 x2 + · · · + xn−1 xn ) xn−2
an−2
an
• n (x1 x2 x3 + · · · + xn−2 xn−1 xn )
an−3
x n−3
−
an
312

• n (n − 1) (x1 x2 · · · xn−1 + · · · +
x2 x3 · · · xn ) x (−1)n−1
an−1
(−1)n−1
an
• n x1 x2 · · · xn
a0
(−1)n (−1)n
an

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ̸= 0)
b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a
x2 − (x1 + x2 )x + x1 · x2 = 0

x1 x2

x3 − (x1 + x2 + x3)x + (x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 )x�x1 · x2 · x3 = 0

5.42 1, 2, 3

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 = 2 + 3 + 6 = 11
x1 x2 x3 = 6

x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 = 0

5.43 x3 − 12x2 + 44x + k = 0 a − d, a, a + d

k

(a − d) + a + (a + d) = 12 (5.16)
a(a − d) + (a − d)(a + d) + a(a + d) = 44 (5.17)
(a − d) · a · (a + d) = −k (5.18)
 313

(5.16) a=4 (5.17) d = ±2

∴ 2, 4, 6
(5.18) k = −48

5.44 x2 − x − 6 = 0

x2 − x − 6 = 0 α, β
1 1
,
α β
α + β = 1, αβ = −6

1 1 α+β 1
+ = =−
α β αβ 6
1 1 1 1
· = =−
α β αβ 6

1 1
x2 + x − = 0
6 6

6x2 + x − 1 = 0

1.

(a) −2, 5;
(b) −1, 0, 1;
(c) 2, 3, 4, 5.

2. x2 − 12x + 32 = 0

5.45 2x2 − x − 15 = 0

2x2 − x − 15 = 0 x1 , x 2 x1 + x2 =
1 15
, x 1 x2 = −
2 2
314

x21 + x22 = (x1 + x2 )2 − 2x1 x2

 
1 15 1
= −2× − = 15
4 2 4
x31 + x32 = (x1 + x2 )3 − 3x1 x2 (x1 + x2 )
 
1 15 1
= −3× − ×
8 2 2
1 45 91 3
= + = = 11
8 4 8 8

5.46 x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0

x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0 x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4


 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = −1




 x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x1 x4 + x2 x3 + x2 x4 + x3 x4 = 2
 x x x + x x x + x x x + x x x = −1


 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 4 1 3 4


x x x x = 1
1 2 3 4

x21 + x22 + x23 + x24

= (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 )2 − 2(x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x1 x4 + x2 x3 + x2 x4 + x3 x4 )
= (−1)2 − 2 × 2 = −3

5.47 x2 + 3x + m = 0 5 m

x1 , x 2

 x1 + x2 = −3
x −x = 5
1 2

x1 = 1, x2 = −4
m = x1 · x2 = −4
 315

1. x2 − 4x − 12 = 0 −2

2. 3x2 − 4x − 15 = 0

3. x2 + px + 45 = 0 144 p

5.2
1.

(a) f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 + 5x2 − 4x + 3 x−1

(b) f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 5x + 1 x+2
1
(c) g(x) = 9x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 15 x+
3
(d) g(x) = x4 + x − 1 2x − 1
(e) φ(x) = x5 − x4 + 2x3 + x2 − x − 2 5x + 3

2.

(a) f (x) = 2x4 + 7x3 − 14x2 + 6x + 7 f (−5)

 
2
(b) g(x) = 6x4 + 8x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 3 g
3
3.

(a) (x − 1)3 − 2(x − 1)2 + 3(x − 1) − 6 x−3

(b) a3 + a2 b − 3ab2 + b3 a−b

4. n x+y xn + y n n x+y
n n
x +y

5. x6 − 2x5 − 4x4 + 3x3 − 3x2 + 11x − 6 x2 − x − 6

6. f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 (x − 2)(x + 1)

7. x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + ax + 11 x+1 a

8. a

(a) f (x) = 2x4 − 3x3 + 11x2 − x + a x+2 3

316

(b) g(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 5x + a x−1 4

(c) φ(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + ax − 6 2x − 4 6

9. x+1 x−1 2x3 − 3x2 − ax − b 7 5

a, b
 
1
10. f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + mx + n x2 − 4x + 3 f
  2
1
f −
2

11. g(x) = ax2 + bx + c x+1 x−2 x+2

2 −3 g(x)

12. g(x) 1 2 g(3) = 4

g(x)

13. f (x) f (1) = f (−1) = f (2)�0 f (−2) = −12

14. x −1, 0, 2 φ(x) −6, 1, −3

φ(x)

15. f (0) = 10, f (1) = 14, f (−1) = 10, f (−2)�8

f (x)

16.

(a) x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 = 0 (d) x4 − 7x3 + 5x2 + 7x − 6 = 0

(b) x3 − 8x2 + 13x − 6 = 0 (e) x4 + 5x3 + 8x2 + x − 15 = 0
(c) 9x2 − 13x + 6 = 0 (f) x5 +2x4 +2x3 +4x2 +5x+2 = 0

17. (a − b)x2 + (b − c)x + (c − a) = 0 1

18. x2 + 3x + m = 0 2 m

19. x3 − px2 + 11x − 6 = 0 14 p

20.

3 4 1 1
(a) (b) − 1
4 3 5 5
 317

21. x3 + px2 + qx�r = 0

22. α, β, γ x3 +x2 −2x+3 = 0 y1 = βγ, y2 = αγ,

y3 = αβ

23. 2x2 − 6x + 8 = 0 α, β, γ

(a) (α + β + γ)2 1 1 1
(c) + +
α β γ
(b) α2 + β 2 + γ 2 (d) β 2 γ 2 + α2 γ 2 + α2 β 2

24. f (x) = 2x2 + 8x + 9 (x − m)

25. f (a) = 1 x2 · f (x) x−a

26. f (2) = 2 f (−3) = 4, f (x) x2 + x − 6

c a b
c a b 3 12 18
±1, ±2, ±3, ±6 12 18

a b d
(a, b) = d (12, 18) = 6
a b (a, b) = 1 a b

∵ (3, 5) = 1, ∴ 3 5

(168, 756)
318

2 168 756
2 84 378
3 42 189
7 14 63
2 9

∴ (168, 756) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 84

h(x)
f (x) g(x) h(x) f (x) g(x) x−1
x −1
2
x −1
3
x − 1,
x + 1, x − 1
2
x − 1, x + x − x − 1
2 4 3

x2 − 1, x4 + x3 �x − 1
f (x) g(x) d(x)
(f (x), g(x)) = d(x)
f (x) = 6x4 −6x2 = 6x2 (x+1)(x−1), g(x) = 3x2 −3 = 3(x+1)(x−1)
1, 3, a, x + 1, x − 1, 2x + 2, x2 − 1 =
(x + 1)(x − 1), 5x2 − 5 = 5(x + 1)(x − 1), f (x) g(x)
1 2 1
x − 1,5x2 − 5,
2
x −
3 3
f (x), g(x)

(f (x), g(x)) = (x + 1)(x − 1) = x2 − 1

5.48 φ(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 1 R(x) = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1

φ(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 1 = (2x + 1)2

R(x) = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1 = (2x + 1)3

∴ (φ(x), R(x)) = (2x + 1)2

 319

5.49 f (x) = 2x5 y 2 − 12x4 y 3 + 18x3 y 4 g(x) = 4x4 y − 36x2 y 3

f (x) = 2x3 y 2 (x2 − 6xy + 9y 2 ) = 2x3 y 2 (x − 3y)2

g(x) = 4x2 y(x2 − 9y 2 ) = 4x2 y(x + 3y)(x − 3y)

∵
∴ (f (x), g(x)) = x2 y(x − 3y)
5.48 5.49

f (x) g(x)
1( f (x)
g(x)


∵ 2(x2 − 1), 4(x2 + 1) = 1
∴ 2(x2 − 1) 4(x2 + 1)

1.

135, 105; 330, 825, 1485

2.

(a) 12x3 y 2 z 3 , 18x2 y 4 z 2 , 30x4 yz 3

(b) (a + b)2 (a − b), (a + b)(a − b)2 , a3 b − ab3
(c) x2 − 1, x2 + 2x + 1, x3 + 1
(d) y 2 + 5y + 6, y 2 + y − 2, y 2 − 14y − 32
(e) x2 + 6x + 9, (x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 9)(x + 3)

(3887, 2231) =?
320

a, b

a>b b a q1 r1

a = q 1 · b + r1 , : 0 ≤ r1 < b

1. r1 = 0 a = q1 · b

(a, b) = b

36 = 3 × 12 (36, 12) = 12

2. r1 ̸= 0 a = q 1 · b + r1 b, r1
a b, r1 a, b

r1 = a + (−q1 ) · b a, b
b, r1 a, b b, r1
a, b b, r1

(a, b) = (b, r1 )

60 = 2 × 24 + 12 12 = 60 + (−2) × 24 (60, 24) =

(24, 12)
r1 ̸= 0 a, b b, r1

b, r1 r b
q2 r2

b = q 2 r 1 + r2 , 0 ≤ r2 < r 1

r2 = 0 (b, r1 ) = r1 (a, b) = (b, r1 ) = r1

r2 ̸= 0 (b, r1 ) = (r1 , r2 ) (a, b) = (b, r2 ) =
(r1 , r2 ) r1 , r 2 b, r1

a, b
 321

5.50 (187, 442)

∵ 442 > 187

2 1
187 442 51 68
374 51
68 17

∴ 442 = 2 × 187 + 68 ∴ 68 = 1 × 51 + 17
(187, 442) = (187, 68) (68, 51) = (51, 17)

2 3
68 187 17 51
136 51
51 0

∴ 187 = 2 × 68 + 51 ∴ 51 = 3 × 17
(187, 68) = (68, 51) (51, 17) = 17

17 = (51, 17) = (68, 51) = (187, 68) = (187, 442)

∴ (187, 442) = 17

2 187 442 2
136 374
3 51 68 1
51 51
0 17

∴ (187, 442) = 17

5.51 (3887, 2231)

322

1 2231 3887 1
1656 2231
1 575 1656 2
506 1150
3 69 506 7
69 483
0 23

∴ (3887, 2231) = 23

5.52 (1547, 3135)

37 1547 3135 2
1517 3094
2 30 41 1
22 30
2 8 11 1
6 8
2 2 3 1
2 2
0 1

∴ (1547, 3135) = 1 1547 3135

5.53 (435, 783, 928)

1 435 783 1 1 435 928 10

348 435 348 870
87 348 4 29 58 2
348 58
0 0

∵ (435, 783) = 87; (87, 928) = 29

∴ (435, 783, 928) = 29
 323

1. (207, 1840) 4. (629, 259, 1073)

2. (429, 1848)

3. (51425, 13310) 5. (5688, 4977, 6636)

f (x) g(x) f (x) g(x)

g(x) f (x) q1 (x) r1 (x)

f (x) = q1 (x) · g(x) + r1 (x)

r1 (x) g(x) 0

1. r1 (x) = 0 f (x) = q1 (x) · g(x) (f (x), g(x)) = g(x)

x3 − 1 = (x2 + x + 1)(x − 1) ∴ (x3 − 1, x − 1) = x − 1

2. r1 (x) ̸= 0 f (x) = q1 (x) · g(x) + r1 (x) r1 (x) = f (x) −

q1 (x) · g(x)

(f (x), g(x)) = (g(x), r1 (x))

(f (x), g(x)) g(x)

r1 (x)

g(x) r1 (x)
r1 (x) g(x) q2 (x) r2 (x)

g(x) = q2 (x) · r1 (x) + r2 (x)

r2 (x) r1 (x) 0
324

r2 (x) = 0 (g(x), r1 (x)) = r1 (x) (f (x), g(x)) = (g(x), r1 (x)) =

r1 (x)
r2 (x) ̸= 0

(r1 (x), r2 (x)) = (g(x), r1 (x))

(f (x), g(x)) = (g(x), r1 (x)) = (r1 (x), r2 (x))

r2 (x) g(x), r1 (x)

(f (x), g(x))

5.54 f (x) = x4 + x3 − 2, g(x) = x3 − 1 (f (x), g(x))

f (x) g(x)
x+1


x3 − 1 x4 + x3 −2
−x 4
+x
x3 + x − 2
− x3 +1
x−1
∴ f (x) = (x + 1) · g(x) + (x + 1) (f (x), g(x)) = (g(x), (x − 1))
g(x) x−1
x2 + x + 1


x−1 x3 −1
− x3 + x2
x2
− x2 + x
x−1
−x+1
0
∴ g(x) = (x + x + 1)(x − 1)
2
(g(x), x − 1) = x − 1
(f (x), g(x)) = (g(x), (x − 1)) = x − 1 (f (x), g(x)) = x − 1
 325

1+1+1 1+0+0 −1 1+1+0+0−2 1+1

1−1 1+0+0−1
1+0 −1 1+0+1−2
1−1 1+0+0−1
1−1 1−1
1−1
0

∴ (f (x), g(x)) = x − 1

5.55 φ(x) = x6 + 3x4 + 3x2 + 1 R(x) = x5 + 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 1

(φ(x), R(x))

−1 − 1 − 3 1+0+3+1+2+1 1+0+3+0+3+0+1 1
1−1+1−1 1+0+3+1+2+1
1+2+2+2+1 −1 + 1 − 1 + 1
1 1
1−1+1−1 −1 + 0 − 1 − +
4 4
3+1+3+1 1+0+1
3−3+3−3 1+0+1
4+0+4 0

∴ (φ(x), R(x)) = 4x2 + 4

(φ(x), R(x)) = x2 + 1

5.55
326

1+1+3 1+0+3+1+2+1 1+0+3+0+3+0+1 1

1−1+1−1 1+0+3+1+2+1
1+2+2+2+1 ( −1) −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 1 − 1
1−1+1−1 1−1+1−1
3+1+3+1 1+0+1
3−3+3−3 −1 + 0 − 1
( 4) 4+0+4 −1 + 0 − 1
1+0+1 0

∴ (φ(x), R(x)) = x2 + 1

5.56 f (x) = x5 + 1 g(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1

( 2) 1+3+3+1 1+0+0+0+0+1 1−3+6

2+6+6+2 1+3+3+1
3
1+ 2+3+1 −3 − 3 − 1 + 0 + 1
2
3+5+2 −3 − 9 − 9 − 3
9 3 6 +8 +3 +1
3+ +
2 2 6 + 18 + 18 + 6
1 1
( 2) + −10 − 15 − 5 ( −5)
2 2
2 +3 +1 2+1
1+1
2+2
1+1
1+1
0

∴ (f (x), g(x)) = x + 1

5.57 (x3 + x2 + 2x + 3, x2 + x + 1)
 327

1−2 1+1+1 1+1+2+3 1

1+3 1+1+1
−2 + 1 1+3 1+3
−2 − 6 1+3
1
( 7
) 7 0
1

∴ (x2 + x + 1, x3 + x2 + 2x + 3) = 1 x2 + x + 1 x3 + x2 + 2x + 3

f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x), . . .

(f1 (x), f2 (x)) = d1 (x), (d1 (x), f3 (x)) = d2 (x), (d2 (x), f4 (x)) =
d3 (x), . . .,

(f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x), f4 (x), . . .)

5.58 f1 (x) = x4 + x3 − x2 + x − 2 f2 (x) = 2x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 − 7x + 2

f3 (x) = 3x4 − x3 − x2 − 1 f4 (x) = x2 − 1

(f1 (x), f2 (x)) =

d1 (x), (f3 (x), f4 (x)) = d2 (x), (d1 (x), d2 (x)) = d(x)

(f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x), f4 (x)) = d(x)

1+1 1+1−1+1−2 2+5−2−7+2 2

1+0−3+2 2+2−2+2−4
1+2−1−2 3+0−9+6
1+0−3+2 1+0−3+2 1−1
2+2−4 1+1−2
1+1−2 −1 − 1 + 2
−1 − 1 + 2
0

∴ (f1 (x), f2 (x)) = x2 + x − 2 = d1 (x)

328

−1 − 1 1+0−1 3−1−1+0−1 3−1+2

1−1 3+0−3
1−1 −1 + 2 + 0 − 1
1−1 −1 + 0 + 1
0 2−1−1
2+0−2
−1 + 1
1−1 ( −1)

∴ (f3 (x), f4 (x)) = x − 1 = d2 (x)

(d1 (x), d2 (x)) = (x2 + x − 2, x − 1) = x − 1,
∴ (f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x), f4 (x)) = x − 1

1. f (x) = x3 − 2x2 − 2x − 3, g(x) = 2x3 + x2 + x − 1

2. g(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1, f (x) = 2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1

3. f (x) = x5 − 2x3 + 9x2 − 5x + 3, g(x) = x3 − x2 + 5x − 3

4. (6x4 − 6x2 , 3x2 − 3, 8x8 − 8x4 , 7x7 − 7x3 )

5. f (x) = x4 − 2x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 3, g(x) = 2x3 − 5x2 − 4x + 3,

φ(x) = x2 − 9

c, a b c a b
[a, b]
4 6 ±12, ±24, ±36, . . .,
12, [4, 6] = 12

5.59 [180, 240]

 329

5 180 240
3 36 48
4 12 16
3 4

∴ [180, 240] = 5 × 3 × 3 × 4 × 4 = 720

(180, 240) = 5 × 3 × 4 = 60

(180, 240) · [180, 240] = 180 × 240

a, b

(a, b) · [a, b] = a · b
a×b
(a, b), [a, b] =
(a, b)
5.60 [6731, 2809]

2 2809 6731 2
2226 5618
1 583 1113 1
530 583
53 530 10
530
0

∴ (6731, 2809) = 53
6731 × 2809
[6731, 2809] = = 356743
53
5.61 [513, 135, 3114]

1 135 513 3
108 405
27 108 4
108
0
330

∴ (513, 135) = 27
513 × 135
∴ [513, 135] = = 2565
27
4 2565 3114 1
2196 2565
2 369 549 1
360 369
9 180 20
180
0

∴ (2565, 3114) = 9
2565 × 3114
∴ [2565, 3114] = = 887490
9
[513, 135, 3114] = 887490

ℓ(x) f (x) g(x) ℓ(x)

[f (x), g(x)]
1 2 1
x+1 x−1 x − 1, 2x − 2, x − , x(x2 − 1),
2 2
3 3
(x + 1)(x − 1), . . .
2 2

x2 −1,
1 2 1
2x2 − 2, x −
3 3
[x − 1, x + 1] = x2 − 1

[3a5 b2 c, ab4 c3 d, 2a2 bc6 ] = a5 b4 c6 d

5.62 f (x) = 6x4 − 6x2 g(x) = 3x2 − 3

f (x) = 6x2 (x2 − 1) = 6x2 (x + 1)(x − 1)

g(x) = 3x2 − 3 = 3(x + 1)(x − 1)
∴ [f (x), g(x)] = x2 (x + 1)(x − 1)

[f (x), g(x)] · (f (x), g(x)) = k · f (x) · g(x)

k
 331

5.63 x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1

x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1, 2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1 = x2 + 3x + 1

 
x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1, 2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1
(x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1) × (2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1)
=
x2 + 3x + 1
= (x2 + 1)(2x3 + 5x2 − x − 1)

1.

(a) 96, 84; (d) 110, 231, 426;

(b) 161, 207;
(c) 1233, 19180; (e) 236, 354, 767.

2.

(a) 2a2 b3 c, 4b2 c4 d, 6a4 d2

(b) (x − 1)2 (x + 1), 3(x − 1)(x + 1)3 , 2(x − 1)(x + 1)2
(c) 3x − 1, 9x2 − 1, 9x2 + 1
(d) x3 − x2 + x − 1, x 3 + x2 + x + 1

5.3
1. 48 32

( )
332

2. 45 60
(
)

3. 8 10
12
( )

4.

(a) 9x2 yz, −6xy 2 z, 24xy 2

(b) −3(a − b)3 , −6(a − b) (a2 + ab + b2 ) , −8(a − b)2 (a + b)
(c) x2 − y 2 , x4 − y 4
(d) m2 − 4n2 , m2 + mn − 2n2 , m2 + 3mn + 2n2

5.

(a) x2 − 3xy + 2y 2 , x2 + 2xy − 8y 2

(b) m2 − m − 6, m2 − 2m − 3
(c) y 4 − 9y 2 , y 3 − 5y 2 + 6y
(d) 24a4 b − 24a3 b2 + 6a2 b3 , 36a3 b2 − 36a2 b3 + 9ab4
(e) a3 − 3a2 + 2a, a 4 − a2 , a2 + a − 2
(f) x2 − x − 2, x2 + 14x − 32, x2 − 5x + 6
(g) 8x3 − 27, 24x − 8x2 − 18, 27 − 54x + 36x2 − 8x3
(h) −6xy (x2 − 3xy + 2y 2 ) , 4x3 y 2 (x2 − xy − 2y 2 )

6.
4 1 2 2 3
(a) (b2 − 2b) , (b − 2b) , (b2 − 2b) ;
8
(b) 6 (4x2 − 1) , 4 − 8x, 12 (4x2 − 4x + 1)
(c) 12 (x4 − y 4 ) , 10 (x6 − y 6 ) , 8 (x4 y + xy 4 )
(d) x2 − x, 2x2 − 6x, x3 − x
(e) (x − 1)(x − 2), 5x4 − 15x3 + 8x2 + 6x − 4
(f) x3 − 1, x3 − 4x2 − 4x − 5
(g) (x − 1)2 (x − 2)2 , (x2 − 3x + 2)(2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 6)
 333

(h) (x2 − 1)2 (x + 1)2 , (x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3)(x2 − 6x − 7)

7. (f (x), g(x))

(a) f (x) = x3 + x2 + 2x + 2, g(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 2

(b) g(x) = 2x3 − x2 − x + 1, f (x) = x3 − x2 + x − 2
(c) f (x) = 2x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + 2x + 1, g(x) = 2x4 − x3 + 2x2 + 1
(d) g(x) = x4 + x3 − x2 + x + 2, f (x) = 2x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 − 7x + 2
(e) f (x) = x5 −2x4 +x3 −x2 +2x−1, g(x) = 5x4 −8x3 +3x2 −2x+2

8. [f (x), g(x)]

(a) g(x) = 6x3 + x2 − 44x + 21, f (x) = 3x3 − 13x2 + 23x − 21

(b) f (x) = 6x4 − 3x3 + 7x2 + x − 3, g(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 + 7x2 + 3x + 9
(c) g(x) = x4 + 1, f (x) = x3 − 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

f (x) (x − a) f (a)

f (x) = q(x) · (x − a) + f (a)

334

1. f (a) = 0( a f (x) f (x) (x − a)

2. f (a) = 0, f (b) = 0( a, b f (x) f (x)

(x − a)(x − b) f (x) (x − a)(x − b)

3. n f (x) n

4. f (a1 ), f (a2 ), f (a3 ), . . . , f (an+1 ) n+1

n

f (x)
(mx + n) · (px + q) · · · (rx + s) f (x) = 0
n q s
− ,− ,...,−
m p r
b d f
f (x) = 0 − ,− ,...,−
a c e
f (x) (ax + b)(cx + d) · · · (ex + f )

f (x) g(x) (f (x), g(x))

[f (x), g(x)]

kf (x)g(x) = (f (x), g(x)) · [f (x), g(x)]

f (x) · g(x)
[f (x), g(x)] = ( k )
(f (x), g(x))

1.

2 2
(a) (x2 + 3x) − (2x + 6)2 (e) (a2 − b2 + 1) − 4a2 b2

(b) 2a8 − 7a2 b + 3ab2 ; (f) a4 − 5a2 b2 + 4b4

(c) x3 + x2 y − xy 2 − y 3 (g) x8 − y 8

(d) x6 − 3x4 + 2x2 (h) x9 + y 9

 335

(i) 15x2n+3 − 25xa+1 (n) 4x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 − 9z 2 − 3z

(j) (a + b)3 + 125 (o) (a − b)3 − 4(a − b)2 + 4(a − b)
(k) a2 + b2 + x2 − y 2 − 2(ax − by) (p) 0.7m3 + 1.4m2 + 0.7mn2
2
(l) (a2 + a) − 10 (a2 + a) + 25 1
(q) xy + x2 + y 2
1 1 4
(m) a2 b2 + ab + c − c2 (r) 9x2 − 4y 2 − z 2 + 4yz
2 4

2.

(a) 4x4 + y 4 (e) (ax + by)2 + (bx − ay)2

(b) a4 − 23a2 + 1 (f) xyz −yz −zx−xy +x+y+z −1
(c) x4 − x2 + 8x − 16 (g) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2yz + 2xz + 2xy
(d) x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 16 (h) a2 + b2 + c2 − 2ab + 2ac − 2bc

3. ,

(a) x(4x − 5) + (1 + 3x)(1 − 3x) − 3(x − 2)(x + 3) − 3

(b) (2x2 + 3x − 1) (2x2 − 3x + 2) + (4x − 1)(x − 2) − 1

4. ,

(a) [(a + b)3 − c3 ] ÷ (a + b − c)

(b) (a3 + 6a2 b + 12ab2 + 8b8 ) ÷ (a + 2b)

5.

(a) x3 + x2 + x + 1 (c) 3x3 + 2x2 y − 19xy 2 + 6y 3

(b) x4 − 2x2 + 8x + 5 (d) 6x3 − 13x2 y − 14xy 2 − 3y 3

6.

(a) 2x2 − 5xy − 3y 2 + x + 11y − 6

(b) x2 − 5xy + 6y 2 − x + y − 2
(c) x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 + 3zx + 5y 3 + 2z 2

7. f (x) (x − 1) 2 x2 · f (x) − 3f (x) (x − 1)

336

8. f (x) = 2x2 + 7x + 9 ax + b

9. (a) f (x) = x4 − 3x3 + 6x2 + ax + b x2 − 1

a b
(b) f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + 1 (x − 1)2 a b

10. (a) bn + bn−1 + · · · + b1 + b0 = 0 f (x) = bn xn +

bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0 x−1
(b) (x + 1)2n − x2n − 2x − 1 (x + 1) · (2x + 1)

11.

(a) n n3 − n 6 n n3 − n 24

(b) 5353 − 3333 10

(c) 1
(d) 5 1 5 2 5

12. (m + 1)(x2 − x) = (m − 1)(x − 1)

m

13. x3 − 6x2 + kx − 6 = 0 a − d, a, a + d
k

14. x3 − 2x2 − x�2 = 0

15.

(a) g(x) = x5 + x4 − x3 − 2x − 1, f (x) = 3x4 + 2x3 + 2x − 3

(b) g(x) = 3x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 − 2x + 1, f (x) = 3x3 − 2x2 + x − 1
(c) g(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x, f (x) = x4 + x3 + 2x2 + 2x

16. ax2 + bx + c cx2 + bx + a x

a+b+c=0 a−b+c=0

17.
 337
√
18. a, b, a2 − 4b x2 − ax + b = 0
 m
m, n , (n ̸= 0).
n
f (x)
f (x) g(x) , (g(x) ̸= 0)
g(x)
f (x)
, (g(x) ̸= 0) g(x) 0
g(x)
f (x)
g(x) 0
g(x)
f (x)
g(x)
1 x + 5 2x2 − 3x + 1 x2 + y 2 (x2 + 1)2
, , ,
x x2 − 9 x−3 2x + y x2 + 1
2
x +1
x2 − 1 3x + 1
x2 − 1
1 2
3 1
x+
2 2

2x + 3 √
x x2 − 3 ̸= 0 x ̸= ± 3
x2 − 3 √
± 3

1 x+y
x−3 2x2 + y
2x + 4 x2 + 4x + 6 x2 + y 2
x−3 x+3 2x + y

338
 339

1.

f (x) f (x) · h(x)

h(x) ̸= 0 =
g(x) g(x) · h(x)
x x(x − 2)
= (x ̸= 3, x ̸= 2)
x−3 (x − 3)(x − 2)
2.

f (x) f (x) ÷ h(x)

h(x) ̸= 0 =
g(x) g(x) ÷ h(x)
x2 (x2 + 1)
= x2
x2 + 1

6.1
18a12 x3 y 2
1.
12a3 b2 x5 z
8a2 − 6a5 b
2.
16a20
32(x − 2y)2 (−x + y)
3.
24(2y − x)2 (x − y)
m2 − 4n2
4.
−m2 − 4mn − 4n2

18a12 x3 y 2 3a8 y 2
1. 3 2 5
= 3 2
12a b x z 2b x z
8a2 − 6a5 b 2a2 (4 − 3a3 b) 4 − 3a3 b
2. = =
16a20 16a20 8a18
32(x − 2y)2 (−x + y) −4(x − 2y)2 (x − y) 4
3. = =−
24(2y − x) (x − y)
2 3(x − 2y) (x − y)
2 3
340

4.
m2 − 4n2 m2 − 4n2
=
−m2 − 4mn − 4n2 − (m2 + 4mn + 4n2 )
(m − 2n)(m + 2n)
=−
(m + 2n)2
m − 2n
=−
m + 2n

x4 − 2x3 + x − 2
6.2
x4 + x2 + 1

(x4 − 2x3 + x − 2, x4 + x2 + 1) = x2 − x + 1

x4 − 2x3 + x − 2 = (x2 − x + 1)(x2 − x − 2)

x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 − x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)

x4 − 2x3 + x − 2 x2 − x − 2
∴ =
x4 + x2 + 1 x2 + x + 1
x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6
6.3
x3 − 8x2 + 11x − 12

x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 = (x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 2)

x3 − 8x2 + 11x − 12 = (x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 4)

x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 x−2

∴ =
x − 8x + 11x − 12
3 2 x−4
F (x) x
1
G(x) T (x) x F (x) = ,
x
2x 7x
G(x) = 2 T (x) = F (x) x=a
x −3 9−x
F (a)

6.4

−1 − x3
F (x) = , x=5
2x2 − 2x + 2
 341

−(x3 + 1)
F (x) =
2(x2 − x + 1)
(x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) x+1
=− =−
2(x2 − x + 1) 2
5+1
F (5) = − = −3
2

2(x2 − 1)(x − 1)2

6.5 F (x) = x F (x)
(1 − x)3 (x + 1)2

2(x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 1)2

F (x) =
−(x − 1)3 (x + 1)2
2(x + 1)(x − 1)3
=−
(x − 1)3 (x + 1)2
2
=−
x+1

F (x) x + 1 = −1 x + 1 = −2
x = −2 x = −3
∴ x = −2 x = −3 F (x)

1.

2.

a b c
6.6 , ,
2b 3a2 4ab
342

[2b, 3a2 , 4ab] = 12a2 b

a a · 6a2 6a3
= =
2b 2b · 6a 2 12a2 b
b b · 4b 4b2
= =
3a2 3a2 · 4b 12a2 b
c c · 3a 3ac
= =
4ab 4ab · 3a 12a2 b

2x 3y
6.7
x2 − y2 x3 + y3

x2 − y 2 = (x + y)(x − y)
x3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )

∴ [x2 − y 2 , x3 + y 3 ] = (x − y)(x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )

2x 2x(x2 − xy + y 2 )
=
x2 − y 2 (x − y)(x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )
3y 3y(x − y)
=
x3 + y 3 (x − y)(x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )

1.

−2a 1 − 3x2 + 2x
(a) (c)
−3b 7 + 7x − x2
7x2 −x2 − 2x4 + 5
(b) (d) − 2
−9y 2 x + 2x4 − 5

3a − 6b
2. (a) =0
a+b
2a − b
(b) =1
b−a
3.
 343

8x5 y 7 2(3x − 2y)

(a) (e)
−12x3 y 2 3(2y − 3x)
32p4 q 3 −ab(x + y)3 (x − y)
(b) (f)
16p3 q 4 b(x + y)2 (y − x)2
−6a2 b4 3a(x − y)3
(c) (g)
−3a4 b5 15(y − x)3
15m3 n4 (a + b)3 (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
(d) (h)
18m2 n3 (a + b)4 (b − a)(a − c)(c − b)
−(x + y − z)(x − y + z)(x − y − z)
(i)
(y + z − x)(y − z + x)(y − z − x)
x2 − y 2 1 + 3a2 − 3a − a3
(j) (o)
x2 − 2xy + y 2 (a2 − 2a + 1) (2a2 − 3a + 1)
1 − x3
(k) 6x3 + 11x2 − x − 6
x2 − 1 (p)
x2 + 9x + 14 12x3 − 8x2 − 27x + 18
(l) ,
x2 + 8x + 7 x4 − 2x2 − 3x − 2
9a − 1
4 (q)
(m) 2x4 − 4x3 + 2x − 4
6a2 b2 + 2b2
a2 + b2 − c2 + 2ab x3 + x2 − 5x − 2
(n) (r)
a2 − b2 + c2 − 2ac x3 + 2x2 − 2x − 1

4.

z y 4 y−1 y2 − 1
(a) , (c) , ,
10x2 y 3 10x3 z 2 3y −2y 2 4y 3
c b a 3b −2c 5a
(b) , , (d) , ,
−2ab 3ac 5bc 5a 3b −2c
1 1 1
(e) , ,
(a − b)(a − c) (b − c)(b − a) (c − a)(c − b)
x y 2
(f) , ,
x−y x+y y 2 − x2
a−1 1+a a2 + 1
(g) , − ,
a+1 1−a a2 − 1
2y − 3 y−2
(h) ,
2y − 3y − 2
2 2
4y + 8y + 3
1 2 −1
(i) , ,
x − 3x + 2x
3 2 x −x
4 2 x +x−2
2

1 1
(j) ,
x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 2x3 − 7x2 + 7x − 2
344

6x2 − 12x + 6
5. F (x) = x F (x)
x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 1

2 x−3 1 2(2x + 1)
= − 2
+ −
x 2(x + 1) 2(x + 1) x(x + 1)2
2 · 2(x + 1) 2
(x − 3) · x x(x + 1)
1. 2 m1 = 2
− 2
+
2x(x + 1) 2x(x + 1) 2x(x + 1)2
2(2x + 1) · 2
−
2x(x + 1)2

x + 3y x + 2y 2x − 3y
6.8 : − 2 + 2
x −y
2 2 x −y 2 x − y2

x + 3y − (x + 2y) + (2x − 3y)

=
x2 − y 2
2x − 2y 2(x − y)
= 2 =
x − y2 (x + y)(x − y)
2
=
x+y

2 x−3 1 4x + 2
6.9 : − 2 + −
x 2x + 4x + 2 2x + 2 x(x + 1)2
 345

2 x−3 1 2(2x + 1)
= − + −
x 2(x + 1)2 2(x + 1) x(x + 1)2
2 · 2(x + 1)2 (x − 3) · x x(x + 1) 2(2x + 1) · 2
= 2
− 2
+ 2
−
2x(x + 1) 2x(x + 1) 2x(x + 1) 2x(x + 1)2
4(x + 1) − (x − 3)x + x(x + 1) − 4(2x + 1)
2
=
2x(x + 1)2
4x2 + 4x 4x(x + 1) 2
= = =
2x(x + 1)2 2x(x + 1)2 x+1

1 1 1
6.10 + +
(a − b)(a − c) (b − c)(b − a) (c − a)(c − b)

∵ a − c = −(c − a), b − a = −(a − b), c − b = −(b − c),

∴ (a − c, b − a, c − b) = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a).

1 1 1
=− − −
(a − b)(c − a) (b − c)(a − b) (c − a)(b − c)
−(b − c) − (c − a) − (a − b)
=
(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
−b + c − c + a − a + b
=
(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
=0

a3
6.11 − a2 − a − 1
a−1
−a2 − a − 1 = −(a2 + a + 1)
a2 + a + 1
a2 + a + 1
1

a3 a2 + a + 1
= −
a−1 1
a2 (a2 + a + 1)(a − 1)
= −
a−1 a−1
a3 − (a3 − 1)
=
a−1
1
=
a−1
346

x2 − 1 2x2 + 3x − 2
6.12 +
x4 + x2 − 2x 2x3 + x2 + 3x − 2

x−1

x2 − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x+1
= = 3
x + x − 2x
4 2 (x − 1)(x + x + 2x)
3 2 x + x2 + 2x
2x − 1

2x2 + 3x − 2 (x + 2)(2x − 1) x+2

= = 2
2x + x + 3x − 2
3 2 (2x − 1)(x + x + 2)
2 x +x+2

x+1 x+2
= + 2
x3 2
+ x + 2x x + x + 2
x+1 x(x + 2)
= +
x(x + x + 2) x(x2 + x + 2)
2

x2 + 3x + 1
=
x(x2 + x + 2)

1 1 1
6.13 a+b+c = 0 + 2 + 2 =0
b2 + c − a c + a − b a + b2 − c 2
2 2 2 2

a+b+c=0

1 1 1
= 2 =−
b2 +c −a
2 2 b + c − (b + c)
2 2 2bc
1 1 1
= 2 =−
c +a −b
2 2 2 c + a − (c + a)
2 2 2ac
1 1 1
= 2 =−
a +b −c
2 2 2 a + b − (a + b)
2 2 2ab

1 1 1
+ +
b2 + c 2 − a 2 c 2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b 2 − c 2
1 1 1
=− − −
2bc 2ac 2ab
a+b+c
=− =0
2abc
 347

1.
a2 − 2a + 1 a2 + 3a − 3 5a − 4
(a) 2
− 2 + 2
a +a+1 a +a+1 a +a+1
1 2 2 x+y
(b) + (f) −
m4 n 3 m3 n4 x − y (y − x)2
5a 7b 11c
(c) − + 2
2
6b c 12ac 2 8a b 2b2
1 1 (g) a − b +
(d) + a+b
2a − b 2a + b
2x x y3
(e) − (h) + x2 + xy + y 2
a−b b−a x−y

2.
1 1
(a) +
(x − 3)(2 − x) (x − 2)(3 − x)
1 1 1
(b) 2 + 2 +
x − 3x + 2 x − 5x + 6 4x − x2 − 3
(a + b)2 6ab a 2 + b2
(c) + −
(a − b)(b − c) (b − a)(b − c) (a − b)(c − b)
x2 − 4 3x2 − 14x − 5
(d) −
x3 − 3x2 − x + c 3x3 − 2x2 − 10x − 3

f (x) h(x) f (x) · h(x)

· =
g(x) q(x) g(x) · q(x)
a 2 − b2 a−b
6.14 2 2
× 3
a + ab + b a + b3

(a2 − b2 ) (a − b)
=
(a2 + ab + b2 ) (a3 + b3 )
(a + b)(a − b)2
= 2
(a + ab + b2 ) (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2 )
(a − b)2
= 4
a + a 2 b2 + b4
348

y3 + 1
6.15 (xy 2 − 2xy + x) ·
y3 − y

x(y 2 − 2y + 1) y3 + 1
= ·
1 y(y 2 − 1)
x(y − 1)2 (y + 1)(y 2 − y + 1)
=
y(y + 1)(y − 1)
x(y − 1)(y 2 − y + 1)
=
y
 2 
x +x+1 x3 + 1
6.16 − · (x2 − 2x + 1)
x2 − 2x + 1 (x − 1)3

 
x2 + x + 1 x3 + 1
= − · (x − 1)2
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
(x2 + x + 1)(x − 1) − (x3 + 1)
= · (x − 1)2
(x − 1)3
(x3 − 1) − (x3 + 1) 2
= =−
x−1 x−1

f (x) h(x) f (x) q(x) f (x) · q(x)

÷ = × =
g(x) q(x) g(x) h(x) g(x) · h(x)

x2 − 1 x2 − 1
6.17 ÷
x2 + 1 x4 − 1

x2 − 1 x4 − 1
= ×
x2 + 1 x2 − 1
(x2 − 1) (x2 + 1) (x2 − 1)
=
(x2 + 1) (x2 − 1)
= x2 − 1

x3 − y 3
6.18 ÷ (x − y)
x2 + y 2
 349

x3 − y 3 1
= ×
2
x +y 2 x−y
(x − y) (x2 + xy + y 2 ) 1
= ×
2
x +y 2 x−y
2 2
x + xy + y
=
x2 + y 2

   
1 1 1 1
6.19 + ÷ −
a b a b

b+a b−a
= ÷
ab ab
b+a ab
= ×
ab b−a
b+a
=
b−a

2(1 − x) (1 − x)2
+ +1
1+x (1 + x)2
6.20  2
2(1 + x) 1+x
+ +1
1−x 1−x

2(1 − x)(1 + x) + (1 − x)2 + (1 + x)2

(1 + x)2
=
2(1 + x)(1 − x) + (1 + x)2 + (1 − x)2
(1 − x)2
[(1 + x) + (1 − x)]2 [(1 + x) + (1 − x)]2
= ÷
(1 + x)2 (1 − x)2
[(1 + x) + (1 − x)]2 (1 − x)2
= ×
(1 + x)2 [(1 + x) + (1 − x)]2
  2
(1 − x)2 1−x
= =
(1 + x)2 1+x
350

1.

 3
3ab 10x2 y 3a2 b
(a) ÷ (d)
4xy 21a2 b −2c3
 
3a
(b) 8a b · − 3
2 4 a2 − x2 x − a
4b (e) ÷
4ax 8x
(a − b)2 x2 − x x2 − x3
(c) ÷ (a − b), (f) ÷
ab x−3 3−x
x2 − 9x + 18
(g) (x2 − 6x + 9) ÷
x+3
a+x x2 − y 2 m + n 6 (m2 − n2 )
(h) · · ·
(m + n)2 12 n−m x+y
2.

c 1
a−
(a) b (c) a
a a−1
1
P +2−
c P +2
(b) (d)
b 1
P +2+
a P +2
4a + 1
1−
3. G(a) = a+1 , a , G(a)
a

2
= 1,
x
2 y2 5 1
y+1+ = , = x a
y y−1 x−1 x+3
x
+x=1
a

5 1
6.21 =
x−1 x+3
 351

(x − 1)(x + 3),

5(x + 3) = x − 1

4x = −16 ⇒ x = −4
x = −4
5
= = −1
−4 − 1
1
= = −1
−4 + 3
∵ =
∴ {−4}
1 4x 2
6.22 + =1+
x + 2 x2 − 4 x−2
1 4x 2
+ =1+
x + 2 (x + 2)(x − 2) x−2
(x + 2)(x − 2),

(x − 2) + 4x = (x + 2)(x − 2) + 2(x + 2)

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0, ∴ x1 = 1, x2 = 2
x=1
1 4 1 4
= + = − = −1
1+2 1−4 3 3
2
=1+ = 1 − 2 = −1
1−2
∴ x=1
x=2 x − 2 = 0, x2 − 4 = 0
x=2 x=2
{1}

6.22 x=2

6.22, x x ̸= ±2
x − 3x + 2 = 0
2
x
352

x1 = 1, x
x2 = 2, x

6.21, x x ̸= 1 x ̸= −3
5(x + 3) = x − 1 x
x = −4,

1
6.23 x x=
x−1
x−1 x(x − 1) = 1
x√ − x − 1 = 0
2
√
1 5 1 5
∴ x1 = + , x2 = −
2 2 √ 2 2 √
1 5 1 5
x1 = + x−1 x2 = −
2 2 2 2
x−1 ® √ √ ´
1 5 1 5
∴ + , −
2 2 2 2
√
1 5
∵ − <0
2 2 √
1 5
∴ +
2 2

1.

2.

3.
 353

5 3 1 5−x
1. = 3. 1 + =
y y−2 x−4 x−4
1 5−x 2 1
2. 1 − = 4. = +1
x−4 x−4 1−x 2 1+x

2 3 6
6.24 − = 2
1+x 1−x x −1
2 3 6
+ =
x+1 x−1 (x + 1)(x − 1)
(x + 1) · (x − 1)

2(x − 1) + 3(x + 1) = 6

2x − 2 + 3x + 3 = 6
5x = 5
x=1

x=1 (x + 1) · (x − 1)
∴ x=1
∴ ∅
3 4 1 2
6.25 − = −
x−2 x−1 x−4 x−3

3x − 3 − 4x + 8 x − 3 − 2x + 8
=
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 3)(x − 4)
−x + 5 −x + 5
=
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 3)(x − 4)
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4)

(−x + 5)(x − 3)(x − 4) = (−x + 5)(x − 1)(x − 2) (6.1)

(−x + 5)[(x2 − 7x + 12) − (x2 − 3x + 2)] = 0

354

(−x + 5)(−4x + 10) = 0

5
∴ x1 = 5, x2 =
2
5
x1 = 5, x2 =
2
ß ™
5
∴ 5,
2
(6.1) −x + 5, x=5

1 1 3y − y 2
1. x = 3. + 2 =0
x−1 1−y y −1
10x 5 1 1 1 1
2. + =2 4. + = +
2x − 1 1 − 2x t+2 t+7 t+3 t+6

(x − 1)2 x
6.26 + =2
x (x − 1)2

(x − 1)2 x 1
=y =
x (x − 1)2 y
1
y+ =2 y
y

y 2 + 1 = 2y ⇒ y 2 − 2y + 1 = 0

y=1
(x − 1)2
y=1 =y
x
(x − 1)2
=1 (6.2)
x
x
(x − 1)2 = x (6.3)

x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
 355
√ √
3 5 3 5
∴ x1 = + , x2 = −
2 2 2 2
x1 , x 2 ® (6.2)√ √ ´
3 5 3 5
∴ + , −
2 2 2 2
(6.2) (6.3)
x1 , x 2 (6.2)
1 a 1 b
6.27 + = + (a ̸= b)
a x b x
abx

bx + a2 b = ax + ab2

(b − a)x = ab(b − a)
∵ a ̸= b, ∴ b − a ̸= 0
∴ x = ab
x = ab abx a 2 b2
∵ a ̸= 0, b ̸= 0 ( a = 0, b = 0,
∴ a b ̸= 0
2 2

∴ {ab}

a+b a
1. − = 1 (a + b ̸= 0)
x b
1 1 1 1
2. − − = (a + b ̸= 0)
x a b x−a−b
1 1 1
3. = − R, r1 r
R r r − r1
r1 > 4R

6.28 960
40 4

960
960 x x
960
960 (x + 40) x+40
356

= + 4( )

960
x
x
960
(x + 40)
x + 40
960 960
= +4
x x + 40
x(x + 40),

960(x + 40) = 960x + 4x(x + 40)

x2 + 40x − 9600 = 0
∴ x1 = 80, x2 = −120
x1 = 80 x2 = −120

960 960
= = 12( )
x 80
80 12

6.29 A B 87 A B 30
B 4 A
B45 C

(87 − 45) 45
A C B

(87 − 45) x / 87−45

x
45
45 (x + 4) / x+4

30
A C = B C +
60

x (x + 4)

87 − 45 45 30
= +
x x + 4 60
 357

2x(x + 4)

2 × 42(x + 4) = 2 × 45x + x(x + 4)

x2 + 10x − 336 = 0

∴ x1 = 14, x2 = −24
x = 14 x = −24

x + 4 = 14 + 4 = 18

14 18

6.30 1
1
1
2

3 1
x x
2 x
1 1 1
3 + 3
x x 2x
 2
1 1
2 + 3
x 2
x
 
1 1 1
2 + 3 + 3 =1
x 2
x 2
x
2 4 2
+ + =1
x 3x 3x
3x

6 + 4 + 2 = 3x
3x = 12
x=4

3
x=4 x=6
2
4 6

1. 1500
3 20
358

2. 96 1
12 40

3. 12 1
2 3

6.1
1.

1 x
(a) (c)
2x − 3 x4
+1
x−y 2x − 1
(b) (d) 2
x+y x −2

x−2
2. x
(1 − x)(x + 3)
(a)
(b) 0;
(c) 1.
a+3 (a + 3)(a − 3)
3.
a−4 (a − 4)(a − 3)
4.
3a2 − ab 2 1
(a) , a=− , b=
8a2 − 6ab + b2 3 2
75(x − 2y) (2x − y)
3 2
(b) , x = 4.5, −y = 1.7
15(y − 2x)2 (2y − x)
5.
a a2 + a − 1 a2 − a − 1 2a3
(a) + 3 + 3 − 4
−1 a −a +a−1 a +a +a+1 a −1
a2 2 2

a 2 − b 2 a 2 + b2
(b) a − + −b
a a
1 2 2 1
(c) + − −
x−2 x+1 x−1 x+2
 359

1 1 2 4
(d) + + +
1 − x 1 + x 1 + x2 1 + x4
x2 + 7x + 12 x2 + 3x − 4 x2 + x − 6
(e) ÷ ÷
x2 − 8x + 15 x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 4x − 5
(a − b)2 a 3 + b3 b2 − a 2
(f) · ÷
a2 − ab + b2 (a − b)x2 x2
x x x+1 1
(g) + − ÷
x − 1 x + 1 x3 − 1 x2 + x + 1
 
1 x2 − x + 1
(h) x−1+ ÷
x x
  
a a2 a  2x3 − a3
(i) 1+ + 2 1− −
x x x x3
   
x y x y x
(j) − ÷ + −2 ÷
y x y x x−y
1
6. F (x) = − x F (x) 2 F (x)
1+x
1−
1
x−
x
1

7.
1 − 3x 3x + 1 12
(a) + =
1 + 3x 3x − 1 1 − 9x2
7 1 6
(b) 2 − = 2
x +x x−x 2 x −1
96 2x − 1 3x − 1
(c) 5 + 2 = −
x − 16 x+4 4−x
1 1 1 1
(d) − = −
x+2 x+4 x+3 x+1
 2  
1 9 1
(e) x + − x+ +5=0
x 2 x
x2 + 3x + 1 3 (4x2 + 6x − 1)
(f) − −2=0
4x2 + 6x − 1 x2 + 3x + 1
8. x
1 1
(a) x + =a+
x a
1 3b 1
(b) = 2−
b+x 2x x
x+m x+n
(c) + =2 (n + m ̸= 0)
x−n x−m
360

2x x b2
(d) + = 2
x+b x−b 4x − 4b2
9.
5
(a) 10
4

(b) 90 120
35

(c) 20 2500
60 0.01
(d) 300
1
10 1
2
(e) 25%, 2000
1800 30

(f)
1 20 10
2
12
15

(g) 48 5 4

(h) 1380 1020

300

x2 = a, x a
√
± a; 0 0;

√
0=0
 361
√ √ √ √
3, −2 7, − x (x ≥ 0), b2 + 1

√ 2
1. ( a) = a (a ≥ 0)

√  a, a≥0
2. a2 = |a| =
 −a, a < 0
√ √ √
3. a · b = a · b (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)
… √
a a
4. = √ (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b b

p
6.31 (x − 2)2


»  x − 2, x ≥ 2
(x − 2)2 = |x − 2| =
 2 − x, x < 2

p
6.32 x2 − 2xy + y 2

p »
x2 − 2xy + y 2 = (x − y)2 = |x − y|

 x − y, x ≥ y
=
 y − x, x < y

p
6.33 (x2 + 1)2
p
(x2 + 1)2 = x2 + 1

6.34 a b
√ √ √
a4 , 0.01a2 b6 , a2n

n
362

√ p
1. (a2 )2 = a2
a4 =
√ p
2. 0.01a2 b6 = (0.1ab3 )2 = 0.1ab3
√ p
3. a2n = (an )2 = an

6.34

1.

(a) 289
(b) 0
(c) 361
…
144
(d)
169
√
(e) − 0.0064
(f) −0.01

2.
p p
(a) (−3)2 (c) (a − 1)2
√
(b) x2 (d) x2 − 6x + 9

√
3. (a) a2 = −a, a
√
(b) −a

4. x
√ √
(a) x−3 (c) a2 + 1
√ √
(b) x+4 (d) −x2

5. x, y
p
(a) 0.04x2 y 4
 363

p
(b) 121x4 y 6
…
1 6 8
(c) x y
16
p
(d) x2n y 4m (n, m )

6.35
√ √
1. x5 3. a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
…
√ 4.
c
(a > 0, b > 0)
2. 8a3 b2 (b ≥ 0) a b2
2

√ √ √ √ √
1. x4 · x = x4 · x = x2 x
x5 =
√ √ √ √ √
2. 8a3 b2 = 4a2 b2 · 2a = 4a2 b2 · 2a = 2ab 2a
√ p √
3. a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 = (a + b)3 = (a + b) a + b
… √ √
c c c 1√
4. 2 2
=√ = = c
a b a 2 b2 ab ab
6.36
√ √ √
2a a, (m − n) m (m − n ≥ 0), −x a (x > 0)

√ p √
1. 2a a = (2a)2 · a = 4a3
364
√ p
2. (m − n) m = (m − n)2 · m

√ √
3. −x a = − ax2

√ p √
−x a = a(−x)2 = ax2 −x < 0,

6.37

… …
3 c (a + b)2
, (a > 0, b > 0), (a > b)
50 a2 b a 2 − b2

… … √
3 3×2 6 1√
1. = =√ = 6
50 50 × 2 100 10

… …
c 1 bc 1√
2. 2
= 2
= bc
a b a b ab

3.

(a + b)2 (a + b)2
=
a 2 − b2 (a + b)(a − b)
a+b
=
a−b
(a + b)(a − b)
=
(a − b)2
√
a 2 − b2
=p
(a − b)2
1 √ 2
= a − b2
a−b
 365

1.
√ √
(a) 27 (f) 16a
√ √
(b) 98 (g) 121a4
…
√ x2 y
(c) 0.32 (h) (x ≥ 0)
√ 16
√
(d) 0.0003 (i) x2 + 6x + 9 (x ≥ 3)
√ √
(e) x3 (j) x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8

2.
√
(a) 5 2 2√
(d) a
5
√ √
(b) 2 7 (e) 2m mn (m ≥ 0)
…
√ y
(c) x y (x ≥ 0) (f) 3x (x > 0)
3x

3.
…
1
(a) 1
2
…
a
(b) a (b > 0)
b
…
a3 y
(c) (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b4 z 3
1
(d) (x + y) (x + y > 0)
x+y
…
4a 3m
(e) (a > 0)
3m 2a
…
m+n
(f) (m − n) (m − n > 0)
m−n

1. 2
366

2.
…
√ √ √ √ b
2a, 3 a2 + b2 , 4x2 + 1 a3 b,
3a

6.38
p
1. 4x3 y 5 (x ≥ 0)
p
2. 8x3 y 4 (x ≥ 0)
 
1 1
3. xy + (x + y) (x > 0, y > 0).
x y

p √
1. 4x3 y 5 = 2xy 2 xy
p √
2. 8x3 y 4 = 2xy 2 2x

3.
 
1 1 (x + y)2
xy + (x + y) = xy
x y xy
(x + y)2 xy
= xy
x2 y 2
√
= (x + y) xy

√ 1√ √ √ √ √ √ √
2 5 5 a 5 2 3 x y a
√ 3
7a

6.39
… …
√ √ 1 1 √
2, 75, , , 3
50 27
…
2√ 3 a
8ab (b > 0), 6b (b > 0)
3 2b
 367

√ √ √
75 = 25 × 3 = 5 3
…
1 1√ 1√
= 25 × 2 = 2
50 50 10
…
1 1√ 1√
= 9×3= 3
27 27 9
2√ 3 2 √ 4b √
8ab = × 2b 2ab = 2ab
3 … 3 3
a 6b √ √
6b = 2ab = 3 2ab
2b 2b
… … …
√ 1 √ 1 √ 2√ 3 a
2 75 3 8ab 6b
50 27 3 2b

6.40
√ 1√ 1√ 1√
1. 5 + 5+ 5+ 5
2 3 6
… …
√ 3 1√
2. 12 − − 18
4 3
√ √ √
3. 5 ab − x ab + y ab

1.
 
1 1 1 √
= 1+ + +6 5
2 3 6
√
=2 5

2.
√ 1√ 1√ √
=2 3− 3− 3+3 2
 2  3
1 1 √ √
= 2− − 3+3 2
2 3
7√ √
= 3+3 2
6
3.
√
= (5 − x + y) ab
368

1.
√
(a) 72
√
(b) 172 − 82
√
(c) 9a3 bc3 (a ≥ 0, c ≥ 0)
…
1 1
(d) +
3 4
…
y2
(e) (y ≥ 0),
x
(a + b)4
(f)
(a − b)8
√
(g) x3 − 2x2 + x (x > 1);
…
1 1
(h) ab +
a b
2.
√ √
(a) 5 125 3 45
√ …
1√ 5 c
(b) 2 a b c,
3 3 4ab c 3
2 ab
√ √ p
(c) 2x, 2 3
2a x (a > 0) 50xy 2 (y > 0).

3.
√ √ √
(a) 6 3 + 0.12 + 48
1√ √ √ √ 3√
(b) a−2 b+4 a+3 b− a
2 2
… …
√ 2 √ 1
(c) 125 + − 4 216 + 3
3 5
 … 
√ b√ 3a
(d) 2a 3ab2 − 27a3 − 2ab (b > 0)
5 4
 369

 …  … 
√ √ 2 1 √
6.41 24 − 0.5 − 2 − − 6
3 2

√ 1√ 2√ 1√ √
=2 6− 2− 6− 2+ 6
 2  3  2 
2 √ 1 1 √
= 2− +1 6− + 2
3 2 2
7√ √
= 6− 2
3
… …
2x √ x 2
6.42 18x + 12x · − x2
3 8 x3

√ √ √
= 2x 2x + 3x 2x − 2x
√
= (2x + 3x − 1) 2x
√
= (5x − 1) 2x

1.
√ √
(a) 0.2 + 125
… … …
1 2 1 1
(b) 2 − + 1
27 3 3 3
√ √
(c) 3ax − 3a x
2 3 2
… …
y 1 y
(d) −
3x2 3 3
…
√ a
(e) 2ab − 2b
2b
√ √ √ √
(f) 2 25a − 3 a2 b + 5 36a − 2 a2 b
 …  … 
√ √ 1 1 √
(g) 32 + 0.5 − 2 − − 48
3 18
√ √ √ √
(h) (5 a − 3 25a) + (2 35a + 2 9a).
370

2. ? ?
√ √
(a) 3 + 97 = 103
√ √
(b) 5 + 3 = 5 3
√ √ √ √
(c) 2x + 14x = 16x = 4 x
√ √
50 + 8 √ √
(d) = 25 + 4 = 5 + 2 = 7
2

3 4

√ …
√ √ √ a a
a· b= ab (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0), √ = (a ≥ 0, b > 0)
b b

√ √ √
m a · n b = mn ab
√ …
√ √ m a m a
m a÷n b= √ =
n b n b

6.43
…
√ 3x
1. 4x3 ·
2
√ √
2. 3 5a · 4 10b
… … !
√ y x 1 √
3. xy + 2 − + · xy
x y xy

…
…
√ 3x 3x √ 4 √
1. ·4x3 = 4x3 · = 6x = x2 6
2 2
√ √ √ √ √
2. 3 5a · 4 10b = 3 × 4 50ab = 12 × 2ab = 60 2ab
… … !
√ y x 1 √
3. xy + 2 − + · xy = xy + 2y − x + 1
x y xy
 371

6.44
√ √
√ √

1. 3 2 − 2 3 7 2 + 5 3
√ √
2
2. 6 3 + 3 6
 √ √ 2
3. x a−y b

√ √ √
1. = 42 − 14 6 + 15 6 − 30 = 12 + 6
√
2 √ √ √
2 √ √
2. = 6 3 +2·6 3·3 6+ 3 6 = 108+108 2+54 = 162+108 2
√
3. = ax2 + by 2 − 2xy ab

6.45

√ √
√ √
 … …  
1. 3 ·
7+ 7− 3 a b √ √ 
√ 3. 4 +6 · 8a − 3 b
√  √ √  2 4
2. xy − ab · xy + ab

√
2 √
2
1. = 7 − 3 =7−3=4

√
2 √ 2
2. = xy − ab = xy − ab
 √ √   √ √  √
2  √ 2
3. = 2 2a + 3 b · 2 2a − 3 b = 2 2a − 3 b = 8a − 9b

6.45

√ √ √ √√ √ √ √
7+ 3 7− 3 x+y x+y a+2 b a−2 b
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
xy + ab xy − ab 2 2a + 3 b 2 2a − 3 b
372

√ √ √ √
√
1. (a) 6x · 2x (d) 10 − 2 15 · 5
√ √ √ √
√
(b) 2 2a · 24ab (e) x y − y x · xy
… …
3 5a 0.4
(c) ·
4 2 a
√ √
√ √

2. (a) 4 3 + 5 2 · 3− 2
√ √
(b) (a + ab) · (b + ab)
 …  … 
√ m m
(c) mn + −m · −n
n n
√
√

3. (a) 7 + 3 2 · 18 − 7
√ √
√ √

(b) 2 ax + 5 by · 2 ax − 5 by
√ √
√ √

(c) x + 3 − 2x · x + 3 + 2x
√ !2
−1 + 3
(d)
2
… … 2
a b
(e) +
b a
√ √  2 √ √ 2
(f) a+ b + a− b
√ √
√ √

(g) 1 + x − y · 1 − x + y

4.
√ √ √ √ √ √
3 7, 7− 11, 5 3 + 10, 2x2 − 1, x+x y
√ √ √
a2 − b a + 1, x+2− x

6.46

√ √ √ √
1. 104 ÷
13 3. 18 2x3 ÷ 3 3y
… … …
√ 3 1 2a − 2b 4 a − b
2. 9 45 ÷ 1 4. −6 ÷
2 2 x2 5 2bx2

√ …
104 104 √ √
1. = √ = = 8=2 2
13 13
 373
…
2 2 √
2. =9× 45 × = 6 30
3 3
√
18 2x3 2x3 2x √
3. = √ =6 = 6x
3 3y 3y y

5 2a − 2b 2bx2 15 √ √
4. = −6 × · =− 4b = −15 b
4 x 2 a−b 2

√
3
√ 0.01
2
√ √ √ √
3 3· 2 6 2.449
√ =√ √ = ≈ ≈ 1.23
2 2· 2 2 2
1
√ √ 0.01
3− 2

√ √
1 3+ 2
√ √ = √ √
√ √

3− 2 3− 2 3+ 2
√ √
3+ 2 √ √
= = 3+ 2
3−2
≈ 1.732 + 1.414 = 3.146 ≈ 3.15

6.47

√ √  √
2
1. a3 b + ab3 − ab ÷ ab 4. √
3+2 2
a 2 − b2
2. √
a+b √ √
√ √
√ √
a+b+ a−b
3. 4 3 + 5 2 ÷ 3− 2 5. √ √ (a > b)
a+b+ a−b
374

1.
√ √  √
a3 b + ab3 − ab · ab
= p √
ab · ab
1  2 √ 
= a b + ab2 − ab ab
ab
√
= a + b − ab
2.
√
(a2 − b2 ) a + b
= √ √
a+b· a+b
a 2 − b2 √
= · a+b
a+b
√
= (a − b) a + b
3.
√ √
4 3+5 2
= √ √
3− 2
√ √
√ √

4 3+5 2 3+ 2
= √ √
√ √

3− 2 3+ 2
√ √
12 + 4 6 + 5 6 + 10
= √ √
( 3)2 − ( 2)2
√
= 22 + 9 6
4.
√
2 · (3 − 2 2)
= √ √
(3 + 2 2)(3 − 2 2)
√
6−4 2
= √
32 − (2 2)2
√
6−4 2 √
= =6−4 2
9−8
5.
√ √
( a + b + a − b)2
= √ √ √ √
( a + b − a − b)( a + b + a − b)
√ √
a+b+2 a+b· a−b+a−b
= √ √
( a + b)2 − ( a − b)2
√ √
2a + 2 a + b · a − b
=
√ 2b
a + a − b2
2
=
b
 375

6.48 0.01):
√ √ √

3 2. 2 ÷ 1 − 2+ 3
1. √ √ √
2+ 3+ 5

1.
√ √ √ √
3( 2 + 3 − 5)
= √ √ √  √ √ √ 
( 2 + 3) + 5 ( 2 + 3) − 5
√ √ √ √
3( 2 + 3 − 5)
= √ √ √
( 2 + 3)2 − ( 5)2
√ √
6 + 3 − 15
= √
2 6
√ √ √
(3 + 6 − 15) · 6
= √ √
2 6· 6
√ √
3 6 + 6 − 90 1 √ √ 
= = 2 + 6 − 10
12 4
1
≈ (2 + 2.449 − 3.162) ≈ 0.32
4

2.
 √ √ 
2 (1 − 2) − 3
= √ √   √ √ 
(1 − 2) + 3 · (1 − 2) − 3
√ √
2−2 2−2 3
= √ √
(1 − 2)2 − ( 3)2
√ √
2−2 2−2 3
= √
−2 2
√ √ √ √ √
1− 2− 3 (1 − 2 − 3) · 2
= √ = √ √
− 2 − 2· 2
√ √
2−2− 6
=
−2
1
≈ − (1.414 − 2 − 2.449) ≈ 1.52
2

1.
376

√ √  …  …
(a) ab ÷ 3a √ m m
(g) mn + −m ÷
√ n n
(b) 5n ÷ 3 mn
√ … √
a
(c) 9a ÷ 2 5
9 (h) √
√ 5+1
(d) 25a2 x ÷ 5a x
√ √
√ √ √ √ √
(e) x y − y x ÷ xy (i) ( 5 + 2) ÷ ( 5 − 2)
 … 
√ x √ √ √
(f) x− ÷ x (j) (a + ab ÷ (b + ab))
2

2.

5y 2 a−b
(a) √ (d) √ √
75y a− b
√
1− 3 (e) √
1
(b) √
2+ 3 x − 1 + x2
√
5 2x2 + 1
(c) √ √ (f) √ √
2 3− 2 2x2 + 1 + 2x2 − 1

3.
√ √ √
10 − 6 b( x2 − a2 − x)
(a) (b)
4 a

√ √ √ 1
x2 − 1 = 2, 1−x+ 12 + x = 5, √ = 7
x
√ 2 √ x
2x + 3x − 5 = 0, √ = 3,
2−1

√ √
x−1+ 3−x=2 x
x − 1 ≥ 0, 3−x≥0

√
6.49 x+7=x−5
 377

√
( x + 7)2 = (x − 5)2

x2 − 11x + 18 = 0 x1 = 9, x2 = 2
x=9
√
= 9+7=4
=9−5=4

∴ x=9
x=2
√
= 2+7=3
= 2 − 5 = −3

∴ x=2
∴ {9}

√
x + 7 = x − 5, x
x + 7 ≥ 0, x − 5 ≥ 0,
√
( x + 7)2 = (x − 5)2
x x+7≥0

√
( x + 7)2 = (x − 5)2
√
( x + 7)2 − (x − 5)2 = 0

√  √ 
x + 7 − (x − 5) x + 7 + (x − 5) = 0

√ √
x + 7 − (x − 5) = 0, x + 7 + (x − 5) = 0

x + 7 = (x − 5)2 ,
378
√
6.49 x=2 x + 7 = −(x − 5)

√ √
6.50 x + 10 + x − 11 = 7

√ √
x + 10 = 7 − x − 11 ( )
√
x + 10 = 49 − 14 x − 11 + x − 11 ( )
√
x − 11 = 2
x − 11 = 4 ( )
x = 15

x = 15

= 15 + 10 + 15 − 11 = 5 + 2 = 7
=7

∴ {15}
√ √ √
6.51 2x − 3 + 3x − 5 − 5x − 6 = 0

√ √ √
2x − 3 + 3x − 5 = 5x − 6 ( )
√ √
2x − 3 + 2 2x − 3 · 3x − 5 + 3x − 5 = 5x − 6 ( )
√ √
2x − 3 · 3x − 5 = 1(2x − 3)(3x − 5) = 1 ( )
6x2 − 19x + 14 = 0

7
∴ x1 = 2, x2 =
6
 379

x=2

=1+1−2=0
=0

∴ x=2 …
7 √ 2
x= 2x − 3 = −
6 3
7
x=
6
∴ {2}

6.51

6.49

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
√ √ √ √
(a) x2 − 1 = 3 (c) 2x − 4 − x + 5 = 1
√ √ √
(b) x2 − 3x + 4 + 5 = x (d) x − 1 · 2x + 6 − x = 3

2.
√
(a) 3x − 2 = −4
√
(b) 2x + 1 = −(x2 + 1)
√ √
(c) 2x − 1 + x + 1 = 0
√ √ √
(d) x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 = −3
380
√
6.52 x2 − 2x + 6 x2 − 2x + 6 = 21
√
x2 − 2x + 6 = y, x2 − 2x + 6 = y 2 y 2 + 6y − 27 = 0
∵ y1 = 3, y2 = −9
√ √ √
x2 − 2x + 6 = 3 x2 − 2x + 6 = −9 x2 − 2x + 6
−9
√
∴ x2 − 2x + 6 = −9

√
x2 − 2x + 6 = 3 (6.4)

x2 − 2x + 6 = 9 ⇒ x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 (6.5)

∴ x1 = 3, x2 = −1
x1 = 3, x2 = −1,

∴ {3, −1}
(6.4) (6.5)
(6.4)

√
1. x2 + 8x + x2 + 8x = 12
√
2. x2 − x + x2 − x + 2 − 4 = 0

√ 2 √
6.53 3x − 1 + √ = 5x + 3
3x − 1
√
3x − 1
√ √
3x − 1 + 2 = 5x + 3 · 3x − 1

»
3x + 1 = (5x + 3) · (3x − 1)

(3x + 1)2 = (5x + 3)(3x − 1)

3x2 − x − 2 = 0
 381

2
∴ x1 = 2, x2 = −
3
2 2
x=− x=−
3 3

x=1
∴ {1}
√
1 1 3
6.54 √ − √ = 2
1− 1−x 2 1+ 1−x 2 x

√ √ √
1 + 1 − x2 1 − 1 − x2 3
− = 2
1 − (1 − x )
2 1 − (1 − x )
2 x

√ √ √
1+ 1 − x2 1 − 1 − x2 3
2
− 2
= 2
x x x

√ √
2 1 − x2 = 3
4(1 − x2 ) = 3
4x2 = 1

1 1
∴ x1 = , x2 = −
2 2
1 1
x1 = x2 = −
ß
2 ™ 2
1 1
, −
2 2

√ 1
1. x+ √ =2
x
1 1
2. √ + √ +2=0
x+ 1+x 2 x − 1 + x2

6.2
1. :
382
p
(a) (a − b)2 , a = 15, b = 9
p
(b) (2m − 3n)2 , m = 4, n = 5
√
(c) b2 − 6b + 9, 0 < b < 3.

2. :
√ …
(a) x2 + x m+n
(c) (m − n)
(m − n)2
√ 1 p
(b) x + 1 − 2x + x2 (d) (x − 1) (x2 − 1)
x−1

3. :
√ √
(a) 2 9a2 bc3 (d) 25m3 + 50m2
p
(b) 12(x + y)3 ac2 + bc2
(e)
… a−b
32c3 √
(c) (f) 27x2 − 9x3 (x < 0)
9a5 b

4. :
…
… …
√ b 1 a
(a) ab + 2 + −6
a ab b
√ √ √ √
(b) 0.1 200 − 2 0.12 + 4 0.5 + 0.4 108
… …
a+b a−b 2b2
(c) a −b −√ (a > b > 0)
a−b a+b a 2 − b2
 …  … … 
√ a b a b
(d) ab − − − + +2
b a b a
5. :
 … 
√ √ 2 √
(a) 24 − 3 1.5 + 2 2 · 2
3
 … …  …
a n ab √ a2 m n
(b) − mn + 2 ·a b
2 2
b m n b n m
… …
√ b a
(c) 10a2 ab · 5 · 15
a b
√ √ √ √
(d) ( 27 + 28)( 12 − 63)
  
1√ √ 1√ √
(e) a−b+2 a a−b−2 a
4 4
 383
p √ p √ 2
(f) 4+2 3− 4−2 3

6. :
… … ! …
3x x 3 1 xy 4 3y
(a) − 0.4 + ÷
2 y xy 3 2 15 2x
√ √ √
3 5 + 32 3
(b) √ √ (f) √ √ √
3 5 − 32 8 − 12 − 3 2
√
a + a2 − 1 1
(c) √ (a > 1) (g) √ √ √
a − a2 − 1 2+ 5− 7
√ √ √
x + y + 2 xy 1− 2+ 3
(d) √ √ (h) √ √
( x − y)2 1+ 2− 3
√ √
x2 + a2 + x2 − a2
(e) √ √ (x > a)
x2 + a2 − x2 − a2

7. :
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
2+ 3 2− 3 y+1− y y−1+ y
(a) √ +√ (c) √ √ −√ √
3+ 3 3+1 y+1+ y y−1− y
 
1 1 2 1 x
(b) √ √ +√ −√ , (d) √ 1+ √ .
3+ 2 2−1 3+1 x + 1 + x2 1 + x2

8. :
√ √ √ √ √
(a) x−1· x+1= x+5 (d) x+8−
5x + 20 + 2 = 0
√ √ √ √
(b) x2 − 3x + 1 + 7 = 2x (e) y − 1 − y + 2 = 5y − 1
√ √ p √ p √
(c) 1 − x + 12 + x = 5 (f) 3 + x = 9 − 5 x

9.
√ √
y+ y−3
(a) √ √ = 2y − 5
y− y−3
√ √
2x + 1 + 2x − 1
(b) √ √ = 2x + 3
2x + 1 − 2x − 1
√ √
x + x2 − a2 x − x2 − a2 √
(c) √ − √ − 4 x2 − a2 = 0 (a ̸= 0)
x − x2 − a2 x + x2 − a2
10.
√
(a) 7x2 − 4 7x2 + 1 − 31 = 0
384
√ x
(b) x2 − 3x + 2x2 − 7x + 6 = − 3
2
√
(c) 3x2 − 6x − 2 x2 − 2x + 4 + 4 = 0
… …
x−1 x+1 1
(d) + =3
x+1 x−1 3

√ √ √
2 x x−1
x
√
x−2

 

 








f (x)
f (x), g(x) g(x)
g(x)

f (x) · h(x) f (x) f (x) ÷ h(x)

= =
g(x) · h(x) g(x) g(x) ÷ h(x)
h(x)

√ 2
• ( a) = 1 (a ≥ 0)
√
• a2 = |a|
√ √ √
• ab = a · b (a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0)
 385
√ √ √
• a÷b= a÷ b (a ≥ 0, b > 0)

1.
√ √
m a = am2 (m > 0)
√ √
a2 m = a m (a > 0)

2.
… √
a a×b ab
= = (b > 0)
b b×b b

… √ √ √ √
a a a· b ab
= √ = √ √ = (b > 0)
b b b· b b

1. 2

2.
386

1.

x4 + x3 − x − 1 x4 − 2x3 − 2x − 1
(a) (b)
x4 − x3 + x − 1 x5 − 2x3 − 2x2 − 3x − 2

x3 + x2 + x + 1
2.
x3 − x2 − x − 1
3.
  

x y 1 1
(a) −
÷ (x + y) + x −
y x y x
 2
m2 + n 2 2 1 1
(b) 2 + ÷ +
m + 2mn + n2 mn m n
1 1
(c) (d) 1 +
1 1
1− 2+
1 1
1− 3+
x x
  
a2 a b2
4. (a) a = −2, b = −1. a− −1 ÷
a+b a−b a+b
1 4x2 + 12xy + 9y 2 − 16
(b) x = −2, y = ,
3 4x2 − 9y 2 − 4(2x − 3y)
5.
   
3 x x 1
(a) x− + 1+ =1
1 + 3x 1+x 1+x 1 + 3x
1 1
(b) + +1=0
x(x + 1) (x + 1)(x + 2)
6
(c) x2 + 5x − 5 = 2
x + 5x
6. x
 387

5a2 2x x
(a) = −
4x − a
2 2 2x − a 2x + a
x x a2
(b) − = 2
3a + x x − 3a 9a − x2
7. a
√ √ √
8 + a, 4 − a2 , 16 − a

8. (a) x = 25, y = 15
… …
1 1 3
x3 + x2 y + xy 2 + x + x2 y + xy 2
4 4
2ab
(b) x= a, b
√ +√1 b2
a+x+ a−x
√ √
a+x− a−x
√
√ 3+ 6
9. 3 ≈ 1.732, √ √ .
3+ 2
10. :
√ p p √
(a) y = x + 2 x − 1 + x − 2 x − 1 (x ⩾ 1)
q » p √
(b) 3 + 2 5 + 12 3 + 2 2
p √ p √
11. x = 3 + 5, y = 3 − 5,
x+y x−y
− - .
x−y x+y
12. x (a + 1) (x2 − x) = (a − 1)(x − 2)
√
, 4x2 − 12x + 9
1 1
13. (a) a+ = 1, b + = 1. abc + 1 = 0.
b c
y x z y x z
(b) + = a, + = b, + =c
x z y x z y
(a + b − c)(a − b + c)(−a + b + c) = 8
x3 + 2 x3 − 2
14. + 2 = 2x
x2 −x+1 x +x+1
15.

(a)
(b)
 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100 = 5050
1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + 99 = 2500

1, 2, . . . , 100 1, 3, 5, . . . , 99
1
2

a1 d

a1 a1 + d a1 + 2d ··· a1 + 99d ···.

100 .

388
 389

an = a1 + (n − 1)d

7.1 1. 2, 5

2. 2, −1

1. 2, 5 2, 7, 12, . . . , 2 + 5(n − 1), . . .

2. 2, −1 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, . . . , 2 + (n −
1) · (−1), . . .

7.2 5, 2, 10 15

∵ n an = a + (n − 1)d
a1 = 5, d = 2, n = 10, 15
∴ 10

a10 = a1 + (10 − 1)d

= 5 + 9 × 2 = 23

15
a15 = 5 + (15 − 1) × 2 = 33

1. 100
n

(a) 3, −1, −5, −9, . . .

(b) 5, 7, 9, 11, . . .

2. 10 100, 10,
390

3. 2, 10 20,

4. 1 2 9

7.3 1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n

1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n = S (7.1)

n + ··· + 3 + 2 + 1 = S (7.2)

(7.1) (7.2)

(1 + n) + · · · + [(n − 2) + 3] + [(n − 1) + 2] + (n + 1) = 2S
| {z }
n

n(n + 1)
n(n + 1) = 2S ∴ S=
2
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n =
2
n = 100
100(100 + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100 = = 5050
2
a1 , a1 + d, a1 + 2d, . . . , a1 + (n − 1)d, . . . n

S = a1 + (a1 + d) + (a1 + 2d) + · · · + [a1 + (n − 1)d] S = [a1 + (n −

1)d] + [a1 + (n − 2)d] + [a1 + (n − 3)d] + · · · + a1

2S = [2a1 + (n − 1)d] + [2a1 + (n − 1)d] + · · · + [2a1 + (n − 1)d]

| {z }
n

n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]
2S = n[2a1 + (n − 1)d] ∴ S=
2
 391

n
a d n

7.4 1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1)

a1 = 1, d = 2, n
n[2 + (n − 1) × 2]
S= = n2
2
1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2

7.5 3 25 1000

a1 = 3, n = 25, S = 1000,
n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]
S=
2
25(6 + 24d)
1000 =
2
74 37
∴ d= =
24 12
1 1
7.6 + 1 + 1 + · · · + 100
2 2
1 1
, ,
2 2
100, n an = a1 + (n − 1)d

1 1
a1 = d= an = 100 an = a1 +(n−1)d
2 2
1 1
100 = + (n − 1) ×
2 2
n = 200 200
n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]
S=
 2 
1 1
200 2 × + 199 ×
2 2
=
2
= 100 + 199 × 50 = 10050
392

1. 2 + 4 + 6 + · · · + 50

2. 7 + 5 + 3 + · · · + (−101)

3. 1 + (1 + n) + (1 + 2n) + · · · + (1 + n2 − n)

n
n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]
S=
2
n[a1 + a1 + (n − 1)d]
=
2
n(a1 + an )
∴ S=
2
n
2

a1 q
a1 a1 q a1 q 2 ··· a1 q 9 ··· a1 q 100 ···.

10 101 .

an = a1 · q n−1

7.7 2 2 −1

2, 2

2, 4, 8, . . . , 2n , . . .

2, −1

2, −2, 2, . . . , (−1)n−1 · 2, . . .
 393

1
7.8 3, 10 20
2
∵ an = a1 q n−1 .
n = 10 10
 9
1 3 3
a10 =3× = 9 =
2 2 512

n = 20 20
 19
1 3 3
a20 =3× = 19 =
2 2 524288

1. 100 n

(a) 4, 12, 36, 108, . . .

(b) 5, −10, 20, −40, . . .
1 1
(c) 2, 1, , , . . .
2 4
2. 4 25,

7.9 3 + 3 · 4 + 3 · 42 + · · · + 3 · 4n−1

S = 3 + 3 × 4 + 3 × 42 + · · · + 3 × 4n−1

4S = 3 × 4 + 3 × 42 + · · · + 3 × 4n−1 + 3 × 4n

(4 − 1)S = 3 × 4n − 3
3(4n − 1)
S= = 4n − 1
4−1
394

a1 , a1 q, a1 q 2 , . . . , a1 q n−1 , . . . n

S = a1 + a1 q + a1 q 2 + · · · + a1 q n−1

qS = a1 q + a1 q 2 + · · · + a1 q n−1 + a1 q n

(1 − q)S = a1 − a1 q n
q ̸= 1
a1 − a1 q n a1 (1 − q n )
S= =
1−q 1−q
n
q=1 a1 , a 1 , a 1 , . . . , a 1 , . . .
n S = na1
1 1 1
7.10 1+ + +
3 9 27
1
∵ a1 = 1, q = , n = 4
3
1 80
a1 (1 − q n ) 1− 4
∴ S= = 3 = 81 = 40
1−q 1 2 27
1−
3 3
1 1
7.11 1
2 2
10

a1 a1 q


 a1 + a1 q = 1 1
2

 a1 − a1 q =
1
2
2a= 2, ∴ a1 = 1
1
2a1 q = 1, ∴ a1 q =
2
1
a1 = 1 ∴ q=
2
10
 
1
1 1 − 10
a1 (1 − q 10 ) 2
S10 = =
1−q 1
1−
2
210 − 1 1023
= 9
=
2 512
 395

1. 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + · · · + 3072

2. 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + · · · − 512 + 1024

3. 1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn−1 (x ̸= 1)

7.1
1. 10 n

(a) 5, 11, 17, 23, . . .

(b) 2, 5, 8, 11, . . .
(c) −13, −11, −9, −7, . . .
3 2 1
(d) − , − , , 1, . . .
2 3 6
(e) (4a − 3b), (2a + b), 5b, (9b − 2a), . . .
(f) (a + 3m), (a + m), (a − m), (a − 3m) . . .

2.

(a) 2, 7, 12, . . . 10
(b) 15, 8, 1, . . . 15
1 4 5
(c) , , , . . . 14
6 3 2
(d) (x − y), x, (x + y), . . . 30
(e) (x − y), y, (−x + 3y), . . . 25

3. a1 , n, an , Sn

(a) a1 = 3, a13 = 61,

(b) a1 = 15, a11 = −25,
(c) a1 = 3.14, a22 = 5.68

4.

(a) −9 5
396

(b) 7 25 5
(c) 13 −5 4
(d) 28 −26 8

5. 10 n

(a) 4, 4, 4, 4, . . .
(b) 4, 12, 36, 108, . . .
3
(c) −24, 12, −6, 3, − , . . .
2
(d) 5x3 , 10x2 , 20x, 40, . . . (x ̸= 1)
x
(e) , x, xy, xy 2 , . . . (y ̸= 1)
y
6.

(a) 1, 3, 9, 27, . . . 10
(b) 2, −2, 2, −2, . . . 101
(c) 625, 125, 25, 5, 1, . . . 10
(d) 56, −28, 14, −7, . . . 10
1 9
7.
2 8
8. 100, 95, 90, 85, . . .

7.12 f (x) = 4x3 + 7x2 + 6x + 2 g(x) = x2 + 1

 397

Q(x) = ax + b, R(x) = cx + d

4x3 + 7x2 + 6x + 2 = (ax + b)(x2 + 1)�(cx + d)

4x3 + 7x2 + 6x + 2 = ax3 + bx2 + (a + c)x�b + d



 a=4




b = 7



 a+c=6


b+d = 2

a = 4, b = 7, c = 2, d = −5

f (x) g(x) Q(x) R(x)

Q(x) = 4x + 7, R(x) = 2x − 5

7.13 ax3 + bx2 + cx + d x2 + p ad = bc

a, b, c, d

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, x2 + p
mx + n (m, n

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = (mx + n)(x2 + p)

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = mx3 + nx2 + pmx + pn



 a=m (7.3)



b = n (7.4)

 c = pm (7.5)




d = pn (7.6)
398

m, n p, a, b, c, d

(7.3), (7.4) (7.5), (7.6) (7.5), (7.6)

c d
=m=
a b

∴ ad = bc

an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ≡ bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0

an = bn , an−1 = bn−1 , . . . , a1 = b1 , a0 = b0
an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ≡ bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0

(an − bn )xn + (an−1 − bn−1 )xn−1 + · · · + (a1 − b1 )x + (a0 − b0 ) ≡ 0

an = bn , an−1 = bn−1 , . . . , a1 = b1 , a0 = b0

1. f (x) = x4 − 5x3 + 11x2 + mx + n

x2 − 2x + 1 m, n

2. ax2 + bx + c px + q a, b, c p, q
 399

4.3 9 3x3 − 10x2 + 13

x−2

3x3 − 10x2 + 13 = A(x − 2)3 + B(x − 2)2 + C(x − 2) + D

7.14 (x − 1) 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3 = a(x − 1)3 + b(x − 1)2 + c(x − 1) + d

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3
= ax3 − 3ax2 + 3ax − a + bx2 − 2bx + b + cx − c + d

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3 = ax3 + (b − 3a)x2 + (3a − 2b + c)x − a + b − c + d



 a=2




 b − 3a = −1

 3a − 2b + c = 2




 −a + b − c + d = 3

a = 2, b = 5, c = 6, d=6

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3 = 2(x − 1)3 + 5(x − 1)2 + 6(x − 1) + 6

3.4 9
400

x − 1 = y, x = y + 1,

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3 = 2(y + 1)3 − (y + 1)2 + 2(y + 1) + 3

= 2y 3 + 6y 2 + 6y + 2 − y 2 − 2y − 1 + 2y + 2 + 3
= 2y 3 + 5y 2 + 6y + 6
x−1=y

2x3 − x2 + 2x + 3 = 2(x − 1)3 + 5(x − 1)2 + 6(x − 1) + 6

1. 3x3 − 10x2 + 13 x−2

2. (x + 1) x4 − 1

n x n+1

7.15 f (1) = −1, f (2) = 4, f (3) = −3, f (x)

f (10)

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,


 f (1) = a + b + c = −1,


f (2) = 4a + 26 + c = 4,



 f (3) = 9a + 36 + c = −3.

a = −6, b = 23, c = −18

f (x) = −6x2 + 23x − 18

f (10) = −388
 401

7.16 x4 − 9x2 + 12x − 4 = 0 1 2,

1 2 x4 − 9x2 +
12x − 4 (x − 1)(x − 2). x4 − 9x2 + 12x − 4 1,
2
x + ax + b. a, b
x − 9x + 12x − 4 = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x2 + ax + b)
4 2

x = 0, −1,

 −4 = 26
 −24 = 6(1 − a + b)

b = −2, √a=3
−3 ± 17
x + 3x − 2 = 0,
2
x=
√ 2 √
−3 + 17 −3 − 17
2 2

7.17 2x3 − 3x2 − 8x + 12 = 0

a, −a, b

2x3 − 3x2 − 8x + 12 = 2(x − a)(x + a)(x − b)

= 2x3 − 2bx2 − 2a2 x + 2a2 b



 −3 = −2b (7.7)

−8 = −2a2 (7.8)



12 = 2a2 b (7.9)

3
(7.7), (7.8) a = ±2, b= (7.9)
2
3
2, −2,
2
402

1. f (1) = −4, f (0) = −5, f (−1) = −14, f (2) = 1

f (x) f (10)

2. g(1) = g(2) = g(3) = 0, g(0) = 6, g(−1) = 12

g(x)

3. x3 − x2 − 8x + 12 = 0

4. x4 − 6x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 16 = 0 2

5x − 4 1 3
= +
(x − 1)(2x − 1) x − 1 2x − 1
1 3 5x − 4
x−1 2x − 1 (x − 1)(2x − 1)

5x − 4 1 3
+
(x − 1)(2x − 1) x − 1 2x − 1
x−1 2x − 1
a
x−1 2x − 1
x−1
b
a, b
2x − 1
5x − 4 a b
= + (7.10)
(x − 1)(2x − 1) x − 1 2x − 1
a, b
(7.10)
5x − 4 a(2x − 1) + b(x − 1)
=
(x − 1)(2x − 1) (x − 1)(2x − 1)
 403

∴ 5x − 4 = a(2x − 1) + b(x − 1)

5x − 4 = (2a + b)x − (a + b)


 2a + b = 5
a+b = 4

a = 1, b = 3 (7.10)

5x − 4 1 3
= +
(x − 1)(2x − 1) x − 1 2x − 1

A
P Q
PQ
B C B C A
P Q P Q PQ
23x − 11x2
7.18
(2x − 1)(9 − x2 )

2x − 1 (3 + x)(3 − x)

a ex + f
+
2x − 1 (3 + x)(3 − x)

a, e, f

a
ex + f
ex + f b c
= +
(3 + x)(3 − x) 3+x 3−x
23x − 11x2 a b c
+ +
(2x − 1)(3 + x)(3 − x) 2x − 1 3 + x 3 − x

23x − 11x2 a b c
= + + (7.11)
(2x − 1)(3 + x)(3 − x) 2x − 1 3 + x 3 − x
∴

23x − 11x2 = a(3 + x)(3 − x) + b(2x − 1)(3 − x) + c(2x − 1)(3 + x) (7.12)

404

1 35 35
• x= (7.12) =a·
2 4 4
∴ a=1

• x = −3 (7.12) −168 = (−42)b

∴ b=4

• x=3 (7.12) −30 = 45c

2
∴ c=−
3
23x − 11x2 1 4 2
∴ = + −
(2x − 1)(3 + x)(3 − x) 2x − 1 3 + x 3(3 − x)
4x2 + 3x − 1
7.19
(x − 1)(x2 + x − 2)
x−1 x2 + x − 2
4x + 3x − 1
2
(x − 1)2 x+2
(x − 1)2 (x + 2)
a bx + m
+
x + 2 (x − 1)2

bx + m b(x − 1) + b + m
=
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
b(x − 1) b+m
= +
(x − 1) 2 (x − 1)2
b b+m
= +
x − 1 (x − 1)2
b, m b+m c b+m
a b c
+ +
x + 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
4x2 + 3x − 1 4x2 + 3x − 1
=
(x − 1)(x2 + x − 2) (x − 1)2 (x + 2)
4x + 3x − 1
2
a b c
= + +
(x − 1)2 (x + 2) x + 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
4x2 + 3x − 1 = a(x − 1)2 + b(x − 1)(x + 2) + c(x + 2)
x

• x = 1, 6 = 3c, ∴ c=2

• x = −2, 9 = 9a, ∴ a=1

• x = 0, −1 = a − 2b + 2c, ∴ b=3
 405

4x2 + 3x − 1 4x2 + 3x − 1
=
(x − 1)(x + x − 2)
2 (x − 1)2 (x + 2)
1 3 2
= + +
x + 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2

2x2 − x + 1
7.20
(x − 1)3
2x2 − x + 1 = a(x − 1)2 + b(x − 1) + c = [a(x − 1) + b](x − 1) + c
a b c

2 −1 +1 1
+2 +1
2 +1 +2 c
+2
a 2 +3 b

∴ 2x2 − x + 1 = 2(x − 1)2 + 3(x − 1) + 2

2x2 − x + 1 2(x − 1)2 + 3(x − 1) + 2

=
(x − 1)3 (x − 1)3
2 3 2
= + +
x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3

2x2 − x + 1 a b c
• + +
(x − 1)3 x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
•
42 − 19x
7.21
(x − 4)(x2 + 1)
x2 + 1 x−4
42 − 19x a bx + c
= + 2
(x − 4)(x + 1)
2 x−4 x +1
∴ 42 − 19x = a(x2 + 1) + (bx + c)(x − 4)
x=4 a = −2
a = −2

42 − 19x = (b − 2)x2 + (c − 4b)x − (4c + 2)

406



 b−2=0 (7.13)

c − 4b = −19 (7.14)



−(4c + 2) = 42 (7.15)

(7.13), (7.14) b = 2, c = −11 (7.15)

42 − 19x 2 2x − 11
=− + 2
(x − 4)(x2 + 1) x−4 x +1

1. ax + b
A
A a ̸= 0
ax + b
2. (ax + b)n (n > 1), n

A1 A2 An
+ 2
+ ··· +
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b)n

A1 , A2 , . . . , An

3. ax2 + bx + c b2 − 4ac < 0,

mx + n
m, n a ̸= 0
ax2 + bx + c

(ax2 +bx+c)n (n > 1),

b − 4ac < 0,
2
n
m1 x + n1 m2 x + n2 mn x + nn
2
+ 2 2
+ ··· +
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + c)n

m1 , n1 , m2 , n2 , . . . , mn , nn a ̸= 0
 407

1. A B C
4x + 1 A B
(a) = +
x(x + 1) x x+1
46 + 13x A B
(b) = +
12x2 − 11x − 15 3x − 5 4x + 3
4 − 7x Ax + B C
(c) = 2 +
(x2 + 1)(x − 2) x +1 x−2
2. (a) x3 − 6x2 − 4x + 8 = A(x − 1)3 + B(x − 1)2 +
+C(x − 1) + D A, B, C, D
(b) x−2 3x3 − 8x2 + 10

3.

2x + 11 x2 − 3x − 1
(a) (d)
(x − 2)(x + 3) (x − 2)2
6x − 1 x2 + x − 1
(b) (e)
(2x + 1)(3x − 1) (x2+ 1)(x − 2)
x x2 + 6x − 1
(c) (f)
x2 − 2x − 3 (x − 3)2 (x − 1)

p √
c+2 b
p √
c+2 b

p √
7.22 8 + 2 12
p √ √ √
8 + 2 12 = x + y x, y

√ √ √
2 √
8 + 2 12 = x + y = (x + y) + 2 xy

®
x+y =8 (7.16)
xy = 12 (7.17)

(6.16) (6.17) x2 − 8x + 12 = 0
408

x1 = 2, x2 = 6
(6.16), y1 = 6, y2 = 2
p √ √ √ √ √
∴ 8 + 2 12 = 2 + 6(= 6 + 2)
p √ √ √ p √
8 − 2 12 = 6 − 2 8 − 2 12 =
√ √ √ √ p √
2− 6 2 6, 8 − 2 12

√
a±2 b a, b b
p √ √ √
x y, a±2 b = x± y
x y x>y
√ √
a ± 2 b = (x + y) ± 2 xy
®
a=x+y (7.18)
b = xy (7.19)
x, y
 √
 x = a + a − 4b
 2

√2

 y = a − a − 4b
2

2
√
a±2 b a2 − 4b > 0,
√ √
x± y

7.23 0.01
√ √ √
1. 3 + 2 2 2. 9 + 4 5 3. 6 − 20

»√ √
1. = ( 2 + 1)2 = 2 + 1 ≈ 2.41
x+y =3 xy = 2 x = 2, y=1
√ √
2. ∵ 9 + 4 5 = 9 + 2 20
p √ √ √
∴ 9 + 2 20 = x + y
√ √
9 + 2 20 = (x + y) + 2 xy


x+y = 9
 xy = 20
 409

x = 5, y = 4
p √ √ √
∴ 9 + 4 5 = 5 + 4 ≈ 2.24 + 2 = 4.24
p √ p √ √ √
3. 6 − 20 = 6 − 2 5 = x − y
√ √
6 − 2 5 = (x + y) − 2 xy
∴ x + y = 6, xy = 5 x = 5, y=1
p √ √
∴ 6 − 2 5 = 5 − 1 ≈ 1.24

0.01
p √ p √
1. 5+2 6 3. 10 + 4 6
p √ p √
2. 10 − 2 21 4. 11 − 120

7.24

(1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25) 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 = 55

55
n 12 , 22 , 32 , . . . , n2
410

12 + 22 + · · · + n2 = S(n) S(n) n

S(0) = 0
S(1) = 1
S(2) = 12 + 22 = 5
S(3) = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
············
S(n) = 12 + 22 + · · · + n2
S(n + 1) = 12 + 22 + · · · + n2 + (n + 1)2

S(n + 1) − S(n) = (n + 1)2 = n2 + 2n + 1

S(n) n

1. S(0) = 0

2. S(n + 1) − S(n) = n2 + 2n + 1 n

S(x),
S(0) = 0, S(x + 1) − S(x) n
x=n S(x) S(n)
S(x)
S(x) m

S(x) = axm + bxm−1 + · · · + cx + d (a ̸= 0)

S(x + 1) = a(x + 1)xm + b(x + 1)xm−1 + · · · + c(x + 1)x + d

S(x + 1) = a(xm + mxm−1 + · · · + 1) + b[xm−1 + (m − 1)xm−2 + · · · + 1]

+ · · · + c(x + 1) + d
= axm + (b + am)xm−1 + · · · + (c + · · · )x + (a + b + · · · + c + d)

∴ S(x + 1) − S(x) = (b + am − b)xm−1 + · · · = amxm−1 + · · ·

am ̸= 0, S(x + 1) − S(x) m−1
 411

S(x) m S(x + 1) − S(x) m−1

S(x + 1) − S(x) S(x)

S(x + 1) − S(x)
S(x)
n

7.25 12 + 22 + · · · + n2

12 + 22 + · · · + n2 = S(n)
S(n) n S(0) = 0, S(1) = 1,
S(2) = 5, S(3) = 14 0 S(n)
∴

S(n) = n(an2 + bn + c)

a b c
S(1) = 1, S(2) = 5, S(3) = 14
 
 


 1=a+6+c 
 a+b+c=1
  5
5 = 2(4a + 26 + c) ⇒ 4a + 2b + c =

 
 2

 14 = 3(9a + 36 + c) 
 14
 9a + 3b + c =
3
1 1 1
a= , b= , c=
3 2 6
 
1 2 1 1
S(n) = n n + n+
3 2 6
n
= (2n2 + 3n + 1)
6
1
= n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

13 + 23 + · · · + n3
412

7.2
1. x4 + 4x3 + 6px2 + 4qx + r x3 + 3x2 + 9x + 3 p q
r

2. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c b2 −
4ac = 0

3. f (x) = 3x3 − 10x2 + 13 (x − 2)

4. x4 − 2x2 − 2 x2 − x + 1

5. x3 − x2 − 8x + 12 = 0

6. x3 − 4x2 + x + k = 0 −1,

7. x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 p, q, r

8.

3x − 4 2x2 + 1
(a) (e)
x − 3x + 2
2
x3 − 1
x2 + x − 3 21x − 14
(b) (f)
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) (x − 3)2 (2x + 1)
x2 − 2 8x
(c) (g)
x3 − 3x2 + 2x (x + 1) (x2 − 1)
x3 − 6x2 + 4x + 8 x2 + x + 1
(d) (h)
(x − 3)4 (x2 + 1) (x2 + 2)

9.
p √ p √
(a) 5+2 6 (c) 11 + 4 7
p √ p √
(b) 15 − 2 56 (d) 26 − 8 10

10. n 14 , 24 , 34 , . . . , n4 , . . .
 413

1.

a1 , d, n, an n
Sn ,

an = a1 + (n − 1)d
n n
Sn = [2a1 + (n − 1)d] = (a1 + an )
2 2

a1 , an , n, d, Sn

2. a, b n
a, b n + 2,

a1 , q, n, an , n
Sn ,

an = a1 q n−1
a1 (1 − q n )
Sn =
1−q
q a1 > 0(
< 0)

• q>1

• 0<q<1

• q<0
414

•
√
• a±2 b

• 1b , 2b , 3b , . . . , nb , . . . n b 1

1. 10 n

(a) 0, −2, −4, −6, . . .

1 1 1 1
(b) , − , , − , . . .
2 4 8 16
(c) −0.1, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 . . .
1 1
(d) 9, 3, 1, , . . .
3 9
2. n , n
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , . . .
2 4 8 16
(b) 1.3, 1.03, 1.003, 1.0003, . . .
1 1 1 1
(c) , , , ,...
1×2 2×3 3×4 4×5
3. , , ,
?

4. 100, −10

5. a, b, c p, q, r ,

aq−r · br−p · cp−q = 1

t, a , b, c q −p+1
r−p+1
1 2 3 4 n
6. Sn = + 2 + 3 + 4 + ··· + n
2 2 2 2 2
1
Sn − Sn
2
 415
 
10 1
7. f (−1) = 0, −5f (0) = − f (−2) = f (−3) = −20 f −
  3 2
5
f −
2
8. ℓ m x4 + 4x3 − 2x2 + ℓx + m = 0

9. x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 p, q, r

10.
a a a
+ + ··· +
x(x + a) (x + a)(x + 2a) [x + (n − 1)a](x + na)

a 1 1
= −
[x + (n − 1)a](x + na) x + (n − 1)a x + na
6x3 + 5x2 − 7
11.
3x2 − 2x − 1
12. a, b, c

(a2 + b2 )x2 − 2b(a + c)x + b2 + c2 = 0

a, b, c b2 = ac