Measures of Central Tendency

ikaehl;l msitfs;
mwpKfk;
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msitahFk;. juTg; gFg;gha;thdJ jw;fhyj;jpy; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tpQ;Qhd nrad;KiwahFk;. juTg;gFg;gha;tpy; ikaehl;l msitfs;
rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.

xU ikaehl;l msitapd; clikfshf gpd;tUtdtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• Gs;sptpgu khwpapd; ngWkhdq;fspd; myfpidNa> gupkhzj;jpidNa ,JTk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
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tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• vspa fzg;gPl;bidf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> khjpup Vw;w ,wf;fk; (Fluctuation) kpfr;
rpwpjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nghJthf tof;fj;jpy; cs;s ikaehl;l msitfs; %d;W tiffshFk;. mit
fPo;tUkhW.
1. ,il my;yJ ruhrup (Mean or Average)
2. ,ilak; (Median)
3. Mfhuk; my;yJ KfL (Mode)
ikaehl;l msitfspDila tifg;ghl;bd; Nkyjpfkhd tpsf;fj;jpid fPo;tUk;
glj;jpd; %yk; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

1. ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk;

ikag;Nghf;F mstPl;L Kiwfspy; kpfTk; rpwe;j mstPl;L Kiwahf ,t; ,il
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidNa vz;fzpj ruhrup vdTk; miof;fpd;wdu;. ,ilntsp rhu;e;j
juTfs;> tpfpjhrhuk; rhu;e;j juTfis gad;gLj;jp ikag;Nghf;F mstPl;bid fhl;l ,il
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf ,il vd;gJ jug;gl;l juTj;njhFjpapd; ruhrup ngWkhdkhFk;. mjhtJ
xOq;fhfNth> xOq;fpd;wpNah jug;gl;l xU juTj;njhFjpapd; $l;Lj;njhifapid jug;gl;l
nkhj;j juTfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;Fk; NghJ ngwg;gLtjhFk;. ,t;thW ngwg;gLk;
ruhrupia ehk; vz;fzpj ruhrup vdTk; $WNthk;. ,t;tpilahdJ juTj;njhFjpapd;
khjpupf;F Vw;g NtWg;gl; El;gq;fspd;; Clhf ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
juTfs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; ngwg;gLk;. mjhtJ gr;ir juTfs; Neubahf ve;j
KbitAk; vLg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ xg;gpl;L Muha;tjw;Nfh cfe;jitahf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ.
mjdhy; juTfspy; ,il fhZk; El;gjij gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit vy;yhj;

1
JiwfspYk; Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. juTfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjw;fhd
,ilia vz;fzpj ruhrup KiwapYk;> $Ljyhd vz;zpf;if nfhz;l jdpjuTj;
njhFjpiaAk; $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juTj;njhFjpiaAk; #j;jpuq;fis nfhz;L ,il
fhzyhk;.
,J Vida ,U ikaehl;l msitfis tplr; rpwe;jJ. ,jpYk; %d;W tif cz;L.
1. $l;lypil (Arithmetic mean)
2. ngUf;fypil (Geometrical mean)
3. ,ir ,il (Harmonic mean)
$l;lypil
xU vz;njhFjp xd;wpNy fhzg;gLfpd;w cWg;Gf;fspd; nkhj;jf; $l;Lj;njhifia
cWg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; gpupg;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gLtJ ,il my;yJ vz;fzpj
ruhrup vdg;gLk;.
X1 + X2 + X3 + … + Xn vd xU njhFjp ,yf;fq;fs; jug;gl;l epiyapy; $l;lypilahdJ
fPo;tUkhW fzpg;gplg;gLk;.

X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + … + Xn ∑ni=1 X
̅=
X =
n n
cjhuzk; 01 : 5 khztu;fs; tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;jpNy ngw;w Gs;spfs; KiwNa 50> 60> 40>
75> 25 MFk;. ,k; khztu;fs; ngw;w Gs;spfspd; $l;lypilahdJ fPo;tUkhW
50 + 60 + 40 + 75 + 25
̅=
X = 50 Gs;spfs;
5

X1 + X2 + X3 + … + Xk vd;w ,yf;fq;fs; KiwNa F1 +F2 + F3 + … + Fk vd;w kPbwd;fis

nfhz;bUe;jhy; $l;lypil tUkhW mikAk;.

F1 X 1 + F2 X2 + F3 X 3 + … + Fk X k ∑ki=1 FX
̅=
X = ∑F
F1 +F2 + F3 + … + Fk

cjhuzk; 02: fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapy; 10 ehl;fs; gjpthfpa ntg;gepiy 0C

,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ

ntg;gepiy (X) ehl;fs; (f) fx

12 4 48
15 3 45
18 2 36
20 1 20
10 149

2
 ∑ki=1 FX
∑F
149
=
10
=14.9

cjhuzk; 03: fPo;tUk; juTj;njhFjpapd; ,ilapid fzpg;gPLf

1, 1, 0,1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3,0, 3, 3, 0,2, 2, 2, 1, 1,4, 1, 1,0,3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4,1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3,3,0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1,0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1,2, 2, 2,4, 5, 5, 4, 4,
1, 1, 1, 4,1, 1, 1,3, 3, 5,3, 3, 3, 2,3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1,3, 1, 0, 0, 0,1, 1, 3,1, 1, 1

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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,jidtplTk; cj;Njr ,ilapid (Assumed Mean) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L $l;lypil

fzpg;gplg;gLfp;d;w vz;zf;fUTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ VjhtJ xU ngWkhdj;jpid
vLnfhz;l ,ilahff; nfhz;L mjdbg;gilapy; ,ilapidf; fhZjy; MFk;.

3
cjhuzk; 04: fPNo xU ml;ltizapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTf;F cj;Njr ,ilapid
fhZk; KiwahdJ jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
cj;Njr ,il
∑ fd
X=X+
n

kPbwd; tpyfy;
tFg;G kPbwd; (f) eLg;gs;sp (x) tpyfy; (d) (fd)
00-09 10 4.5 -40 -400
10-19 15 14.5 -30 -450
20-29 20 24.5 -20 -400
30-39 30 34.5 -10 -300
40-49 50 44.5 00 0
50-59 35 54.5 10 350
60-69 25 64.5 20 500
70-79 20 74.5 30 600
80-89 15 84.5 40 600
n = 230 2050 – 1550 =
500

∑ fd
X=X+
n
500
= 44.5 +
230
= 44.5 + 2.17
= 46.67

cjhuzk; 05: fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapidg; gad;gLj;jp cj;Njr ,il

kiotPor
; ;rpapidf; fzpg;gL
P f
kiotPor ; ;rp 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75
([Link])
ehl;fs; 4 6 10 3 1 2 2 1 1

ngUf;fypil (Geometric Mean)

ngUf;fw; #j;jpuj;jpdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gLk; ruhrupfs; ngUf;fy; ,ilahFk;. mjhtJ xU
vz;njhFjpnahd;wpNy fhzg;gLfpd;w cWg;Gf;fspdJ ngWkhdq;fspd;>
ngUf;Fj;njhifapd; n MtJ tu;f;f %yNk ngUf;fypilahFk;. Gs;sptpgu khwpfs; xd;wpy;
xd;W rhuhj NghJ $l;lypilAk;> rhUk; NghJ ngUf;fypilAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

4
cjhuzk; 07: xU khwpapd; nkhj;j tsu;rr
; pf;Fg; gjpyhf tpfpj tsu;r;rp jug;gLk; NghJ
ngUf;fypiliag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
kPbwdw;w guk;gypy; ngUf;fypilahdJ gpd;tUkhW fzpg;gplg;gLk;.
𝟏
𝐧 𝒏
̅ = 𝒏√x1 +x2 + x3 + … + xk = (∏ 𝐗𝐢)
(𝐆𝐌)X
𝐢=𝟏
Neu;g;ngWkhd Gs;sptpguq;fSf;F ngUf;fy; ,ilahdJ mg;Gs;sptpguq;fspd;
klf;ifg;ngWkhdq;fspd; $l;lypilapd; Kuz;klf;ifahFk;.
𝐧
𝟏
̅ = 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐗)
(𝐆𝐌)X
𝐧
𝐢=𝟏

Gs;sptpgukhwp N ,d; ngWkhdq;fs; X1 + X2 + X3 + … + Xn vd;w ,yf;fq;fs; KiwNa

F1 +F2 + F3 + … + Fn cld; kPbwd; guk;gyhfj; jug;gbd; ngUf;fypil gpd;tUkhW
tiuaWf;fg;gLk;.
𝟏
𝐧 𝒏
𝐧
𝐆𝐌 = √(𝒇𝐗 𝟏 + 𝐟𝐗 𝟐 + 𝐗 𝟑 … … 𝐟𝐗 𝐧 ) = (∏ 𝐟. 𝐗𝐢 )
𝐢=𝟏
cjhuzk; 08:
1983 Mk; Mz;L xUepyj;jpd; ngWkjp 475 nlhyu; MFk;. ,J 1998Mk; Mz;L 1850 nlhyu;
Mf ,Ue;jJ tUlhe;j mjpfhpg;G tPjj;jpDila ,ilia (ngUf;fypiliaf;) fhz;f.
𝐧
𝟏
̅(𝐆𝐌) = (𝐗 𝟏 × 𝐗 𝟐 × 𝐗 𝟑 × … × 𝐗 𝐧 )𝟏⁄𝐧 = 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐗)
𝐗
𝐧
𝐢=𝟏

𝐧
𝟏
𝐇𝐌 = 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ∑ 𝐟. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐗)
𝐍
𝐢=𝟏

Kiw - 01
̅(𝐆𝐌) = (𝐗 𝟏 × 𝐗 𝟐 × 𝐗 𝟑 × … × 𝐗 𝐧 )𝟏⁄𝐧
𝐗
1⁄
= (475 × 1850 ) 2

1⁄
= (878750 ) 2

1⁄
= (878750 ) 2

= 937.42
5
 937.42
/ tUlhe;j mjpfupg;G tPjk; = = 62.49%
15

2, 8, 32 Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fypiliaf; fhz;f.

𝐺𝑀 = (2 × 8 × 32)1/3
= (512)1/3
=8

cjhuzk; 09:
Convert Percentage to Decimal
A town’s population grows:
10% means:
• Year 1: 10%
10
• Year 2: 20% 100
= 0.10

• Year 3: 30%
20% = 0.20
Find the caverage annual growth rate.
30% = 0.30
Convert percentages:
New Value = Original Value + Growth
• 10% → 1.10
If growth is 10%, the new value becomes:
20% → 1.20
30% → 1.30 1 + 0.10 = 1.10

𝐺𝑀 = (1.10 × 1.20 × 1.30)1/3

= (1.716)1/3 Growth % Decimal Growth Factor
= 1.19
10% 0.10 1.10

Average growth rate: 20% 0.20 1.20

1.19 − 1 = 0.19 = 19% 30% 0.30 1.30

cjhuzk; 10:
Suppose population = 1000
Rainfall change ratios:
If it grows 10%:
• 0.8
Increase = 1000 × 0.10 = 100
• 1.2 New population = 1100

• 1.5 Now check:

𝐺𝑀 = (0.8 × 1.2 × 1.5)1/3 1000 × 1.10 = 1100

= (1.44)1/3

6
= 1.13

So average rainfall change = 13% increase

ngUf;fypilapd; mD$yq;fs;

• ruhrup rjtPj khw;wq;fis mstplKbAk;.

• ,J tpguq;fis njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fzpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
• vy;yh cWg;Gf;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
ngUf;fypilapd; gpujp$yq;fs;

• ngUf;Fr; ruhrup kjpg;Gj; njhifapy; ,lk;ngwhj xd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

• njhFjpapy; VjhtJ xU cWg;G G+r;rpakhf ,Ue;jhy; ngUf;Fr; ruhrupAk; G+r;rpakhf
mikAk;.
• ey;y gpujpepjpj;Jtr; ruhrupahf ,y;iy.

cjhuzk; 08: 1950 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jf;f Fbj;njhif 7>945>977 Mf

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J 2020 Mk; Mz;L Fbj;njhif 21>773>441 Mf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,t;
mjpfupg;G tpjj;jpDila ,iliaf; (ngUf;fy; ,il) fhz;f.

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,ilak;- Median
ikaehl;lj;ij mstPL nra;Ak; msTfspy; ,ilaKk; xd;whFk;. ,ilaj;jpd;
ngWkhdj;ijf; fzpf;f Kd; juTj; njhFjpia xU xOq;fpy; VWtupirapy; my;yJ
,wq;Ftupirapy; xOq;FgLj;jp gpd;G mjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; eLg;ngWkhdNk ,ilak;
MFk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cWg;Gf;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ eL cWg;G xd;W ,uhJ.

7
,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; eLtpy; cs;s ,U cWg;Gf;fspd; ruhrupNa ,ilakhff;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfSf;F ,ilaj;jpid fPo;tUk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; fzpg;gPL

nra;ayhk;.

n+1 th
Median = ( ) item
2

cjhuzk; 09:
3, 4, 4, 5, 8, 8, 10 vd;fpd;w juTf;$l;lj;jpy; ,ilak; gpd;tUkhW fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

n+1 th
Median = ( ) item
2
7+1 th
=( ) item
2
8 th
= ( ) item
2
th
= 4 item
=5

/ ,ilak; 5 MFk;.

cjhuzk; 10: fPo;tUk; juTj;njhFjpapd; ,ilaj;jpid fzpg;gPLf

1, 1, 0,1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3,0, 3, 3, 0,2, 2, 2, 1, 1,4, 1, 1,0,3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4,1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3,3,0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1,0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1,2, 2, 2,4, 5, 5, 4, 4,
1, 1, 1, 4,1, 1, 1,3, 3, 5,3, 3, 3, 2,3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1,3, 1, 0, 0, 0,1, 1, 3,1, 1, 1

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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,ilaj;jpDila mD$yq;fs;

8
 • njhFjpapy; rpy cWg;Gf;fs; tpLgl;L ,Ue;jhy; $l ,ilaj;ijf; fzpg;gplyhk;.
• njhFjpapy; cs;s kpfr; rpwpa kpfg;ngupa vz;fshy; ,ilak; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
• vy;yh cWg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
• gz;gpd; tpguq;fisf; fzf;fplTk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
,ilaj;jpDila gpujp$yq;fs;

• ,ilaj;ij fzpg;gpLtjw;F Kd; njhFjpia tupirg;gLj;JtJ rw;W rpukkhd

xd;whf cs;sJ.
• mjpf cWg;Gf;fs; cs;s njhFjpapy; ,ijf; fzpg;gJ rpukkhFk;.
• tupirg;gLj;jhky; ,ilaj;jpidf; fzpf;Fk; NghJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
mw;wjhfptpLfpd;wJ.

Mfhuk;
Mfhuk; vd;Dk; ikag;ngWkhdk; juTf;$l;lg;ngWkhdq;fspy; vJ mjpf
vz;zpf;ifAilajhf cs;sNjh mjhtJ mjpAau; kPbwidf; nfhz;Ls;sNjh mJNt
vd tiuaWf;fg;gLk;. kPbwd; tisapapy; cr;rpapid ,J jUtjhy; KfL vdTk;
nrhy;yg;gLk;. NkYk; tFg;ghapilfshf mikf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gypy; ve;j tFg;ghapil
mjp$ba ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sNjh mjhtJ mjpAau; kPbwid cilaNjh mJNt
Mfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdTk; nrhy;yg;gLk;. juTf; $l;lg; ngWkhdq;fspy; Mfhuk;
,y;yhkYk; fhzg;glyhk;. NkYk; <uhfhuNkh my;yJ gy;yhfhuNkh fhzg;glyhk; vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
fpuhf;];ld; kw;Wk; nfsldpd; tiuaiwg;gb “Xu; gutyhFk; cWg;igNa ikag;gLj;jp
mij Rw;wpNa kw;w cWg;GfSk; mjpfkhf mike;jpUg;gij Mfhuk; rhu;e;j guk;gyhFk;”
vd;fpwhu;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gfis Rw;wp kPbwd;fs;; mjd; ikag;gFjpapy;
mlu;ej; pUf;fpd;wd; vd;gij ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Mifahy; mjpf mlu;j;jp cila Gs;spia
fhz ,tw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. re;ij Ma;Tfspd; NghJ xU Efu;Nthu; nghUl;fspd;
ve;j msT mjpf mlu;Ts;sjhf cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa Mfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
cjhuzkhf : ghjzpfs;> kw;Wk; ijj;j Milfis jahupf;Fk; NghJ Mfhuk; kw;Wk;
mjid xl;ba msTfSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
juTf;$l;lg; ngWkhdq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; ntt;Ntwhditahapd; Mfhuk; tiuaWf;f
KbahJ. ,t;tifj; juTf;$l;lq;fs; tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;l njhlu;r;rpahd
tiffshf khw;wp Mfhuk; fzpf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dfg; guk;gy;fSf;F mjpAau; kPbwidj; jUk;
Gs;sptpgu khwpapd; ngWkhdk; MfhukhFk;.
Mfhuj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;

• juTj;njhFjpapy; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; mstPL nra;ayhk;.

• juTj; njhFjpapd; cau;T ,opT gFjpfspdhy; xU NghJk; ghjpg;gilahJ.
• juT njhFjp xd;wpy; xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mfhuq;fs; fhzg;glyhk;.

cjhuzk; : 15 khzth;fs; nghUspaypy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; tUkhW.

9
 29> 22> 32> 32> 44> 45> 46> 48> 48> 48> 52> 54> 55> 59> 60
,q;F 48 vd;w Gs;spNa $ba jlitfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Mfhuk; 48 MFk;.
cjhuzk; : 2 xU kUj;Jtu; 9 Nehahspfs; FUjpr; Nrhjidapy; rf;fiu msit
fPo;fz;lthW fhz;fpd;whu;.
80 > 112 > 110 > 115 > 124 > 130 > 100 > 90 > 150 > 180
,q;F xt;nthU msTk; xU Kiw kl;LNk epfo;e;jpUg;gjdhy; Mfhuk; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
cjhuzk; : 3
2> 7> 10> 12> 10> 19> 2> 11> 3> 12
,q;F 10 > 12 Mfpa ,U cWg;GfSk; 2 Kiw ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. vdNt 10 > 12
Mfpa 2 k; Mfhuq;fs; Mfpd;wd.
NkYk; kPbwd; cs;s guk;gy;fSf;F MfhukhdJ NtWgl;l tifapy; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; :
X F
2 3
5 4
8 2

,q;F 5 vd;fpd;w ,yf;fkhdJ Mfhukhff; fUjg;gLk;. Vnddpy; ,j;jutpy; 4 vd;fpd;w

kPbwd; cau;e;j ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt mjw;Fupajhd <l;L 5
MFk;. MfNt Mfhuk; 5 MFk;.
mD$yq;fs;

• ,J kpfTk; vspikahd KiwahFk;.

• kpfg;ngupa kjpg;Gf;fshy; KfL ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
• Njit Kd;fzpg;Gr; nra;a KfL gad;gLfpd;wJ.
• KfL tpQ;Qhdj;JiwfspYk; mjpfk; gad;gLfpwJ.
• rpy ,lq;fspy; ghu;j;j mstpNy Mfhuj;ij fhz ,aYk;.
• jpwe;j gpupT ,ilntspia nfhz;l guk;gYf;Fk; ,jid fzf;fpl KbAk;

gpujp$yq;fs;
• Kfl;il Jy;ypakhf tiuaWg;gjpy;iy.
• miyntz;fs; nrwpe;j ghjpf;F kl;Lk; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J kw;iwa
gFjpfis ,J Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wJ.
• xOq;fw;w guty; mikg;Gila ngupa njhFjpfspy; KfL gpujpepjpj;Jtj;
jd;ikapid ,of;fpd;wJ.
• xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ vij Mfhukhf Nju;e;njLg;gJ
vd;gJ fbdkhFk;.
• rpy juTj; njhFjpapy; Mfhuk; ,y;yhJ Nghfyhk;.
• vy;yh kjpg;Gf;fisAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
10
• fzpj nraw;ghLfs; midj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;

11