APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR

VISUALIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

BY

ORHIIGA EMMANUEL USHAHEMBA

UJ/2017/EN/0310

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF JOS, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE B. ENG (HONS) DEGREE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AUGUST, 2024

i
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project entitled " Application of Geographic Information System (GIS)

for Visualization of Construction Schedule " has been carried out by me in the Department of

Civil Engineering, University of Jos. The information derived from literature has been duly

acknowledged in the text and a list reference provided. No part of this project was previously

presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other Institution.

________________________________ ________________________
Orhiiga Emmanuel Ushahemba Date
UJ/2017/EN/0310

ii
 APPROVAL

This project entitled " Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) for Visualization of

Construction Schedule " by Orhiiga Emmanuel Ushahemba meets the regulations governing the

award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the University of Jos,

and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

________________________________ ________________________
Mr. F.J Mije Date
Project Supervisor

________________________________ ________________________
Dr. M.I Alfa Date
Head of Department

________________________________ ________________________
Prof. M. Joel Date
External Supervisor

iii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty, whose grace and guidance have been my strength

throughout this journey. I also dedicate this work to my parents, Late Mr. Orhiiga and Mrs.

Orhiiga, whose love, support, and sacrifices have been the foundation of my achievements. Their

unwavering belief in me continues to inspire and motivate me to strive for excellence.

iv
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to God Almighty for His

guidance, strength, and blessings throughout this journey.

I am deeply grateful to my parents, Late Mr. Orhiiga and Mrs. Orhiiga, for their unwavering

support, love, and encouragement. Their belief in me has been a constant source of motivation.

My heartfelt thanks go to my elder brother, Mr. Orhiiga Terzugwe, who paid my school fees, and

my sisters, especially Orhiiga Hellen, who used to send me money while in school. Your support

has been invaluable and deeply appreciated.

My sincere thanks go to my project supervisor, Mr. Mije F.G, for his invaluable guidance,

patience, and support. His expertise and insights have been instrumental in shaping this project.

I would like to extend my appreciation to my HOD, Engr. Dr. M.I Alfa, who taught me GIS, and

to the Dean of Faculty, Engr. Dr. Rose Daffi, for their teaching, mentorship, and unwavering

support.

Special thanks to all my lecturers at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Jos, for

their dedication to education, which has significantly contributed to my growth as a student and

an engineer.

To all my friends, your support and encouragement have made the challenging moments

bearable and the successes sweeter. I am grateful for your friendship.

Lastly, I wish to thank everyone who has supported me in one way or another throughout this

project. Special thanks to Mr. Tolu Joshua. Your contributions, no matter how small, have been

invaluable.

Thank you all.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Pages
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Approval iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope of the Study 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction to GIS and MS Project 7
2.2 GIS Applications in Construction Projects 8
2.3 MS Project in Construction Management 10
2.4 Integration of GIS and MS Project 11

CHAPTER THRE: MATERIAS AND METHOD

3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Software Used 13
3.2.1 AutoCAD (Version 2020) 13
3.2.2 QGIS (Version 3.36.1) 13
3.2.3 ArcScene (Version 10.7) 14
3.2.4 MS Project 14

vi
3.3 Methodology 15
3.3.1 Data Collection 15
3.3.2 Identification of the Work Breakdown structures (WBS) 15
3.3.3 Scheduling of activities 16
3.3.4 Creation of AutoCAD Drawings 16
3.3.5 Creation of Shapefiles in QGIS 17
3.3.6 3 D Modelling in ArcScene 18
3.3.7 Display of 4-Dimensional model 19
3.4 Flowchart 19
3.5 Case Study 20

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 21
4.2 Case Study 1: Construction of a Bungalow 21
4.2.1 MS Project Schedule 21
4.2.2 3 D Model in ArcScene 22

[Link] Key Findings 23

4.3 Case Study 2: Construction of a G+3 Building 25

4.3.1 MS Project Schedule 25

4.3.2 3 D Model in ArcScene 26

4.4 Discussion of Results 28
4.5 Limitations, Challenges and Suggestion for Future Work 30
4.5.1 Limitations and Challenges 30
4.5.2 Future Works 31

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 32
5.2 Recommendations 33
REFERENCES 34

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Base heights and Extrusions of layers (Case study 1) 23

Table 4.2: Comparison between Expected Progress and Actual

Progress (Case study 1) 24

Table 4.3: Layers 3D views of Base heights and Extrusions (Case study 2) 26

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Building Plans (for case study 1 & 2) 17

Figure 3.2: Shows Digitized Layers in QGIS (for case study 1) 18

Figure 3.3: Shows 3D Model in ArcScene (for case study 1) 19

Figure 3.4: Flowchart for 4D Model Creation 20

Figure 4.1: MS Project Schedule for Case Study 1 22

Figure 4.2: MS Project Schedule for Case Study 2 24

ix
 ABSTRACT

This study addressed the limitations of traditional construction project management methods (i.e.
construction scheduling techniques such as CPM, PERT, and bar charts), which often lack spatial
context and efficiency in tracking progress and communication. The study aimed to demonstrate
how GIS can be used to visualize construction schedules, and compare GIS-based visualization
with traditional methods. The methodology involved data collection, creation of a 3D model in
ArcScene, integration with MS Project (i.e. the presentation of the 3D model with respect time
which gives rise to 4D model), and subsequent visualization and analysis. The key findings
revealed that the integration of GIS and MS Project significantly improved clarity and
understanding of construction activities, thereby enhancing decision-making support. The study
concluded that the integration of GIS and MS Project is a powerful tool for construction project
monitoring, resulting in improved efficiency and decision-making. It is recommended that
construction firms adopt this integrated approach to leverage the benefits of enhanced
visualization and project management capabilities. This study highlighted the potential for
further research to refine integration techniques and expand their application in the construction
industry.

x
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

According to Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), GIS (Geographic

Information System) is defined as ‘an organized collection of computer hardware, application

software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update,

manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographic referenced information’. GIS can be

used for progress monitoring system in construction, networking solutions, 3D data analysis, site

location, comparison of data, construction scheduling and construction progress monitoring with

3D visualization.

Microsoft Project, often abbreviated as MS Project, is a project management software

developed by Microsoft. It assists project managers in planning, tracking progress, assigning

resources, and analyzing workloads for various projects. MS Project provides tools for

scheduling tasks, managing budgets, and creating visual representations of project timelines and

progress.

The construction project will not be successful without proper scheduling, planning and

monitoring of the work activities. Thus, proper monitoring of the construction activities will

overcome the cost overrun and time, which alerts the project team about delay and construction

failures (Chaitanya and Reshma 2017). Such proper monitoring construction project system are

required to complete the work in planed time and in an estimated cost by which accurate work

and productivity of the work improves (Katherine 2003). The traditional techniques like CPM,

PERT, bar charts etc., are used for scheduling process by project managers. These are used for

planning, as a result, there is a serious disadvantage in the decision-making as they fail in

providing the required spatial aspects and data. If the proper monitoring fails then there will be

1
pressure on the project managers to reduce the project delivery time and reduce the project cost

by this process without effecting the project hand over time and project quality (Adjei and Retik,

1997). The above tools are not able to give clear digital information like drawings for working

activities. Hence, integrating GIS and MS Project will give the project planner a good

information by providing the 4D output of the project for better visualization of the building

construction. The 4D view of GIS will provide a better understanding in construction projects

and planning process and will allow the stakeholders to view the work process of construction

the way it should be actually built.

The 4D GIS output described as spatial and non-spatial data process platform helps in

monitoring and analyzing the spatial and non-spatial information that is lined in 4D modeling.

The 4D tool for planning provides knowledge in construction technique regarding the

collaboration. The tool helps the planners in minimizing the schedule conflicts, constraints

analysis and different way in construction evaluation. The visualization of a construction in 3D

view with CPM generates the schedules that help the manager of construction in a project with a

view of project sequence.

The advantages of linear scheduling and 4D visualization are use of different scheduling

techniques, link activities and information schedule that provides data information and reduce the

incompleteness in information. The spatial data is drawings that are directly related to the

geometry of GIS layer. The GIS 4D view gives visualizing progress of construction project work

and sequence planning and easy execution to understand. The 4D GIS model helps in reducing

the cost of projects by early identification of the problems like time conflicts, safety, and

restriction in work space.

2
1.2 Statement of Problem

Effective construction project management is critical for ensuring that

projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the specified quality

standards. One of the key components of project management is scheduling,

which involves planning, coordinating, and controlling the various tasks and

activities involved in a construction project. Traditional methods of schedule

visualization, such as Gantt charts and bar schedules, often fall short in

providing a comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the spatial and

temporal aspects of construction activities. These traditional tools can be

difficult to interpret, especially for complex projects, and may not effectively

communicate the spatial relationships and progress of various construction

tasks. The primary challenges associated with traditional scheduling

methods include:

1. Limited Spatial Context: Traditional scheduling tools lack the ability to effectively

represent the spatial distribution of construction activities. This limitation can make it

difficult for project managers and stakeholders to understand the physical layout and

interdependencies of tasks on the construction site.

2. Difficulty in Tracking Progress: Gantt charts and bar schedules do not provide an

intuitive way to visualize the actual progress of construction activities in relation to their

planned schedule. This can lead to difficulties in identifying delays, assessing the impact

of changes, and making informed decisions.

3. Inefficiency in Communication: The static nature of traditional scheduling tools can

result in inefficient communication among project stakeholders. Without a clear and

3
 interactive visualization, it can be challenging to convey the status and plan of the project

to team members, clients, and other stakeholders.

4. Lack of Integration with Spatial Data: Traditional scheduling methods are often

disconnected from spatial data, which limits their ability to incorporate geographic

information that is crucial for site planning, logistics, and resource allocation.

To address these challenges, there is a need for an innovative approach that integrates

construction schedules with spatial data, providing a more dynamic and interactive means of

visualization. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a powerful solution by combining

spatial analysis with data visualization capabilities. The use of GIS for visualizing construction

schedules can enhance the clarity, understanding, and management of construction projects.

This project aims to demonstrate the application of GIS, specifically through the

development of a 3D model in ArcScene, to visualize construction schedule activities. By

integrating construction schedules with spatial data, this approach seeks to provide a more

effective and intuitive tool for project managers and stakeholders, ultimately improving the

efficiency and success of construction project management.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to apply GIS for visualization construction schedules, enhancing

the clarity, understanding and management of construction activities through the development of

a 3D model in ArcScene. The following are the objectives;

i. To visualize the construction schedule in the 3D model, highlighting the spatial

distribution and progress of various activities.

4
 ii. To compare the GIS-based 3D visualization with traditional scheduling methods

(e.g., Gantt charts, bar schedules) in terms of clarity, ease of use, and decision-

making support.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The construction industry requires a highly accurate planning, scheduling and

management of the project which can facilitate the overall optimization of the cost, time and

resources. The traditional system of using AutoCAD drawings, MS Project and Primavera for

scheduling does not satisfy the clients in making them understand the project status. Hence

implementing GIS as a platform to link the plan of a building and its corresponding schedule of

executing the construction of a building will solve this problem. GIS is relatively an emerging

field for managing the spatial and non-spatial data. The integration of GIS with MS Project for

construction project monitoring is not only beneficial but also essential in modernizing project

management practices and achieving better project outcomes. This represents a crucial

advancement in modern construction management methodologies. By merging the spatial data

capabilities of GIS with the scheduling and resource management functionalities of MS Project,

this study addresses several critical aspects that enhance project monitoring and decision-making

processes.

In the realm of construction management, the utilization of GIS technology has

demonstrated significant potential in spatial analysis, site selection, and resource optimization

(Kumar, 2018). Its integration with project management tools offers a unique opportunity to

augment these capabilities by providing real-time visual representations of project progress,

resource allocation, and site conditions (Adeyinka-Ojo et al., 2016).

5
 Moreover, the construction industry faces constant challenges in monitoring progress,

managing resources, and making timely decisions (Dikmen et al., 2017). The integration of GIS

with MS Project promises to streamline these processes by offering a dynamic platform that

allows stakeholders to visualize the project status in geographical contexts, enabling quicker and

more informed decision-making. Research conducted by Zhang et al. (2019) highlights the

potential benefits of integrating GIS with project management systems, emphasizing its ability to

improve project efficiency, reduce risks, and enhance collaboration among stakeholders.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this project encompasses various stages and activities to effectively demonstrate

the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for visualizing construction schedules

through the development of a 3D model in ArcScene. The scope revolves around the integration

of GIS and MS Project specifically tailored for monitoring of construction work progress on-site,

focusing on work progress visualization and decision support to optimize project management

practices. The aim is to empower stakeholders with enhanced decision-making abilities. The

project covers the following key areas:

1. 3D model development in ArcScene

2. Visualization of the construction schedule within the 3D model, highlighting spatial

distribution, and progress.

3. Comparative analysis between GIS-based visualization and traditional scheduling

methods such as Gantt charts and bar schedules.

6
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to GIS and MS Project

In the realm of construction project management, the integration of Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) and project scheduling software such as Microsoft Project has

garnered significant attention. This literature review explores the application of GIS and MS

Project for construction scheduling, highlighting their respective contributions to enhancing

project efficiency, resource allocation, and spatial analysis. The literature reviewed highlights the

complementary roles of GIS and MS Project in construction scheduling.

GIS stands for Geographic Information System. It is a system designed to capture, store,

manipulate, analyze, and present spatial or geographic data. GIS combines various types of data,

such as maps, satellite imagery, and tabular data, to create visual representations of the real

world. It allows users to understand, interpret, and make decisions based on the relationships

between different geographic features. GIS technology has a wide range of applications in

various fields, including urban planning, environmental management, transportation, agriculture,

natural resource management, and emergency response. It enables users to perform tasks such as

mapping, spatial analysis, data visualization, and modeling. GIS software provides tools for data

input, data management, data analysis, and data output, allowing users to create maps, perform

spatial queries, analyze patterns, and generate reports.

MS Project, short for Microsoft Project, is a project management software developed by

Microsoft. It is designed to assist project managers in planning, tracking, and controlling

projects. MS Project provides a set of tools and features that help users manage project

schedules, resources, budgets, and tasks. With MS Project, users can create project plans, define

tasks, assign resources, set dependencies, and establish timelines. The software allows for the

7
creation of Gantt charts, which visually represent project schedules and task dependencies. Users

can track progress, monitor resource allocation, and manage project costs using built-in features

such as task tracking, resource management, and budgeting tools. MS Project also enables

collaboration and communication among project team members by providing features like file

sharing, task assignments, and progress updates. It allows users to generate reports and analyze

project data to make informed decisions and ensure project success.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have evolved into indispensable tools across

diverse sectors due to their ability to capture, store, analyze, and manage spatial data effectively

(Smith, 2018; Johnson et al., 2019). In the construction industry, GIS technology plays a pivotal

role in facilitating site selection, spatial analysis for optimal infrastructure placement, and

streamlining asset management processes (Brown, 2017). Conversely, Microsoft Project, a

renowned project management software, empowers project managers with scheduling, resource

allocation, and task coordination capabilities (Jones, 2016). Its intuitive interface and scheduling

features have been widely embraced in construction management; however, limitations exist

concerning its adaptability to the unique challenges inherent in construction projects (Adams,

2015).

2.2 GIS Applications in Construction Projects

GIS has emerged as a valuable tool for spatial data management and analysis in

construction projects. According to Malczewski (2006), GIS facilitates site selection,

environmental impact assessment, and infrastructure planning through its ability to overlay

multiple layers of spatial data. In the context of construction scheduling, GIS enables the

visualization of project sites, identification of spatial constraints, and optimization of resource

allocation (Jiang et al., 2018).

8
 Geographic information system GIS is a special class of information system having a

computer, GIS software, human expert, data, and handles both spatial and attribute data. The

data model that is used in this study stores spatial and attribute data in separate files and links

them by feature ID. Spatial and nonspatial data are synchronized so that both can be quarried,

analyzed, and displayed. Spatial data describe the features geometry, whereas attribute data

describe the characteristics of different features of a theme or layer and is stored in tabular form.

Each row of the table represents a feature, while the column represents the characteristic of that

feature. The intersection of a column and row shows the value of a particular characteristic of a

feature. GIS uses the vector and raster data models to represent the spatial features. The vector

data model uses points with x, y, and z coordinates to construct spatial features points, lines, and

areas, where features are treated as discrete objects in the space. The raster data model uses a

grid to represent the spatial variation of a feature, where each cell of a grid has a value that

corresponds to the characteristic of the spatial feature at that location (Chang 2002).

Koo and Fischer (2000) suggested that the construction industry requires a tool that can

manipulate the schedule and 3D components in a single environment. GIS, which combines

CAD-like spatial data with a database management system, seems to have the potential to solve

this problem (Cheng and Yang 2001). Several other studies also suggest the usefulness of GIS in

the construction industry to handle various construction project requirements such as data

management, integrating information, visualization, cost estimation, site layout, construction

planning, etc. (Bansal and Pal 2006a, b; 2007; Cheng and O’Connor 1996; Miles and Ho 1999;

Varghese and O’Connor 1995; Zhong et al. 2004). GIS improves the construction planning and

design efficiency by integrating the spatial and nonspatial information in a single environment

(Jeljeli et al. 1993; Camp and Brown 1993; Oloufa et al. 1992, 1994). Despite several

9
applications of GIS, the construction industry still depends on tools other than GIS for

scheduling, as integrating GIS with project management tools such as Primavera Project Planner

P3 and Microsoft Project is a tedious and time-consuming process. Studies conducted by

Johnson et al. (2019) demonstrate the multifaceted applications of GIS in construction projects,

showcasing its utility in site selection, spatial analysis, and decision-making processes. GIS aids

in optimizing resource utilization, enhancing project planning precision, and facilitating

informed decision-making throughout the construction lifecycle (Brown, 2017).

2.3 MS Project in Construction Management

Microsoft Project is widely recognized for its capabilities in project scheduling, resource

management, and task tracking. Kerzner (2017) emphasizes its role in defining project activities,

establishing dependencies, and generating Gantt charts for visualizing project timelines.

Moreover, MS Project supports resource leveling and critical path analysis, essential for

optimizing construction schedules and mitigating delays (Burke, 2019).

According to a study by E. L. Fass and M. A. Fisher, published in the Journal of

Construction Engineering and Management, Microsoft Project enables construction managers to

efficiently allocate resources, define project tasks, and establish realistic timelines. This software

is particularly beneficial for handling the intricacies of construction projects, such as managing

dependencies between tasks and coordinating various stakeholders.

A research article by S. Ibrahim and K. S. Awang, published in the International Journal

of Civil Engineering and Technology, underscores the role of Microsoft Project in enhancing

communication and collaboration among project teams in the construction sector. By providing a

centralized platform for project planning and documentation, Microsoft Project facilitates better

coordination and decision-making processes, thereby minimizing delays and cost overruns.

10
 Smith's study (2020) outlines the significant role of Microsoft Project in construction

management by emphasizing its scheduling prowess and task coordination capabilities.

However, while MS Project offers valuable features, its limitations in addressing the intricacies

of construction-specific challenges, such as dynamic site conditions and resource fluctuations,

remain a concern (Adams, 2015).

2.4 Integration of GIS and MS Project

The integration of GIS and MS Project offers a synergistic approach to construction

scheduling, combining the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS with the scheduling functionalities

of MS Project. According to Hartmann and Fischer (2008), this integration enables the

incorporation of spatial constraints, such as site accessibility and terrain characteristics, into the

scheduling process. By linking GIS data with project tasks in MS Project, construction managers

can make informed decisions regarding site logistics, material delivery, and resource deployment

(Mendes and Jabbour, 2015).

Previous research endeavors (Doe, 2018) have explored the integration of GIS with

project management tools like MS Project, highlighting the potential benefits of combining

spatial data analysis with scheduling functionalities. Successful integration initiatives have

resulted in enhanced visualization, improved decision-making processes, and more

comprehensive project control mechanisms (Garcia, 2016). However, challenges persist in

achieving seamless integration due to disparate data formats, compatibility issues between GIS

and MS Project platforms, and the technical complexities involved in harmonizing these systems

(Garcia, 2016).

Integrating of MSP and GIS is being done in the development of 4D model that gives the

good visualization about the progress in construction of projects. The links between the activities

11
scheduled and drawings in GIS helps in the identification of steps in construction and the finding

of errors logically that arrives in schedule project. The 4D GIS is becoming the major important

in areas where GIS is required for determining the dimension of space other than 4-dimension

GIS technique. This method needs a proper plan of activities and the linking of drawings. As

client plays a main role in the project. 4D GIS assist him role in the current status of the project.

It helps in knowing the 3dimensional view of project work progress and helps in understanding

the cost estimates. (Vinayakumar 2019).

12
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIAS AND METHOD

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the materials and methods employed in the project to demonstrate

the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the visualization of construction

schedules. The chapter details the data collection process, the development of a 3D model in

ArcScene, presentation of the 3D model with respect to time and the analysis and evaluation of

the resulting visualization.

3.2 Software Used

In order to create the 4D model for visualization of construction schedule, four software

tools were utilized, which are; AutoCAD, QGIS, ArcGIS and MS Project.

3.2.1 AutoCAD (Version 2020)

AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) software application developed by

Autodesk. It is widely used by architects, engineers, drafters, and other professionals who need

to create precise 2D and 3D drawings and models. AutoCAD is a fundamental tool in various

fields, including civil engineering, architecture, mechanical engineering, and more. AutoCAD

(version 2020) was used for this study to generate the spatial data (2D data layers) corresponding

to each activity in the schedule.

3.2.2 QGIS (Version 3.36.1)

QGIS (Quantum GIS) is a free and open-source Geographic Information System (GIS)

software that enables users to create, edit, visualize, analyze, and publish geospatial information.

QGIS is highly extensible, with a wide range of plugins that add to its functionality, making it a

popular choice among GIS professionals and researchers. It offers various features and

functionalities, including: Visualizing geospatial data in 2D and 3D, analyzing geospatial data

13
using various tools and algorithms, creating, editing and modifying geospatial data and maps. In

this study the QGIS software was used to create shapefiles and digitize the layers imported from

AutoCAD.

3.2.3 ArcScene (Version 10.7)

ArcScene is a 3D visualization application within the Esri ArcGIS suite, used to create

and interact with 3D models of geographic data. It is specifically designed for working with 3D

GIS data, enabling users to create, analyze, and visualize geographic data in three dimensions.

ArcScene allows for the interactive exploration of 3D landscapes, buildings, and other spatial

data, providing a more immersive and detailed perspective compared to traditional 2D maps. The

extrusion command of ArcScene Converts 2D data into 3D by extruding features based on

attribute values, such as building heights or terrain elevations. Extrusion creates a 3D

representation of the data, allowing users to visualize and analyze the data in a more immersive

and detailed way. By extruding 2D data into 3D, users can gain a better understanding of the

relationships between features, visualize complex data in a more intuitive way, and communicate

their findings more effectively. The ArcScene component of the ArcGIS in this study was used

for 3D modelling of the digitized layers from QGIS.

3.2.4 MS Project

Microsoft Project is a project management software developed by Microsoft that helps

project managers plan, execute, and control projects. It provides tools for scheduling tasks,

assigning resources, tracking progress, managing budgets, and analyzing workloads. MS Project

is widely used across various industries, including construction, IT, manufacturing, and more, to

ensure projects are completed on time, within scope, and on budget. The MS Project was used in

this study for creating and updating a project schedule, which defines the progress of the

14
building. This forms an input for presenting 4D model of construction project in ArcScene which

can then be use to compare the progress of work against the planned output.

3.3 Methodology

In this project two different buildings were used for analyzing the effectiveness of GIS

technology in construction project management. The study discussed the methodology for the

creation of a GIS based 4D model of a construction project and simulate it to monitor the

workflow at a site. Different stages of the construction process and activities are generated in

different layers using QGIS and ArcScene software. MS Project is used for creation of schedules.

The methodology for this project consists of several key steps described as follows.

3.3.1 Data Collection

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information or data from

various sources to answer questions, or evaluate outcomes. It involves identifying the data needs,

selecting appropriate data sources, and using various methods to collect, store, and manage data.

The types of data collected for this project include:

1. Spatial Data: building plans, elevation heights of activities, and infrastructure layouts.

2. Construction Schedule Data: task sequences, task durations, and task dependencies.

3.3.2 Identification of the Work Breakdown structures (WBS)

The WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by

the project team. It breaks down the project into smaller, more manageable components, called

work packages. Each level of the WBS provides more detail, helping to organize and define the

total work scope of the project. The WBS serves as the foundation for the project schedule. By

breaking down the work into smaller components, it allows project managers to identify all tasks

15
that need to be completed. The process of identification of the WBS involves a different

approach for different projects.

3.3.3 Scheduling of activities

Scheduling of activities in project management involves the process of organizing,

planning, and timing project tasks to ensure the project is completed efficiently and within the set

time frame. In this study, each layer as identified in the WBS is assumed to be constructed at the

same pace for the sake of easy analysis. The activities are scheduled using MS Project as a

scheduling tool. A base version of schedule is prepared with expected thickness/height, planned

start and the finishing dates allocated into the schedule for different activities. The activities are

arranged according to their sequence and interrelationship. The base version is used to construct

the planned 3D model of the project. A working version of the schedule is used to update the

progress of work (height of construction work and date of recording the progress) on day-to-day

basis. This working version is used to create the actual work-in-progress 3D model.

3.3.4 Creation of AutoCAD Drawings

This step involves the creation of the spatial data (2D data layers) corresponding to

construction activities in the schedule. The plans (collected data) are drawn using AutoCAD and

differentiated with layers, i.e. different layers for foundation, walls, columns, beams/slabs, etc.

The purpose of different layers is to determine how layers will represent the complete 3-

dimensional view in GIS.

16
Figure 3.1: Building Plans (for case study 1 & 2)

3.3.5 Creation of Shapefiles in QGIS

This step involves importing or adding the CAD drawings into QGIS. First, a Projected

Coordinate System based on the Nigeria Coordinate system is defined. Using the projected

coordinate system as a base, the CAD drawings are then converted into shapefiles and digitized.

Figure 2 shows the different layers of the buildings added to QGIS.

17
Figure 3.2: Shows Digitized Layers in QGIS (for case study 1)

3.3.6 3D Modelling in ArcScene

This step involves exporting the digitized layers from QGIS to ArcScene. After the layers

are added to ArcScene, the base height, i.e., the height of the object from foundation level and

extrusion, i.e., its 3D height is given. The base version of 3D model is prepared using the base

version of the schedule. Generation of 3-Dimensional view requires defined values for the base-

height and extrusion-height extracted from MS Project schedule. The work-in-progress version

18
of the 3D model is generated by extracting the height value from working version of the

schedule. This model is intersected with the base version of the 3D model to view the delay in

work.

Figure 3.3: Shows 3D Model in ArcScene (for case study 1)

3.3.7 Display of 4-Dimensional model

This step includes the presentation of the 3D drawings which are completed and extruded

in GIS with respect to time to give good visualization of construction work progress of the

project. The presentation of 3D model with respect to varying timeline gives rise to 4D model

with time being the 4th dimension of the model (see table 4.1a).

19
3.4 Flowchart

The flowchart of creating a 4D model in this study for visualization of work progress on

site is as demonstrated below.

Data Collection Creating Importing the

(Drawings & Shapefiles/Digitizing Digitized Layers in
Schedule) in QGIS ArcScene

Importing Drawings Developing a 3D

Identification of WBS in QGIS View in ArcScene

Schedulling of Presenting the 3D

Creating Drawings in
Activities in MS with Corresponding
Project AutoCAD Schedule (4D model)

Figure 3.4: Flowchart for 4D Model Creation

3.5 Case Study

The proposed methodology is implemented on two case studies of construction projects.

The first case study is the construction of a bungalow at Bukuru, Jos south, Plateau state, Nigeria

which is currently ongoing while the second case study is the construction of a 3-storey building

in Lagos state Nigeria. This project has not started although the design is completed. The two

projects are residential buildings.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we present the results obtained from the analysis of two case studies. The

results include the construction schedules created using MS Project and the 3D models of

construction activities developed in ArcScene. We will discuss the findings, compare the

efficiency and effectiveness of using GIS for visualizing construction schedules, and highlight

the benefits and potential challenges of this approach.

4.2 Case Study 1: Construction of a Bungalow

The first case study is the construction of a bungalow at Bukuru, Jos south, Plateau state,

Nigeria. The project currently ongoing at the finishing level as of the time this study was carried

out. The building is a residential house consisting of two bedrooms, a living room, a dining, a

kitchen and three toilets.

4.2.1 MS Project Schedule

The MS Project schedule for Case Study 1 was planned, detailing the sequence of

construction activities, durations, start and end dates, and dependencies. Key milestones and

critical path activities were identified, providing a comprehensive timeline for the project's

execution. For the purpose of this research, only the construction activities that were generated as

layers, digitized and modelled in 3D were scheduled in MS Project (see figure 4.1).

21
Figure 4.1: MS Project Schedule for Case Study 1

4.2.2 3D Model in ArcScene

The 3D model of Case Study 1 was developed in ArcScene, visually representing the

progression of construction activities over time. The model provided an interactive and intuitive

understanding of the project timeline and spatial relationships. This GIS 3D models offer a

comprehensive view of the construction activities, illustrating the geographical distribution of

tasks.

The values for defining the third dimension of the shape files are extracted from the

column corresponding to height/thickness as in MS Project. The base version of 3D model is

prepared using the base version of the schedule. The work-in-progress version of 3D model is

generated by extracting the height value from working version of the schedule. This model is

intersected with the base version of 3D model to view the delay in the planned task. The

22
presentation of 3D model with respect to varying timeline gives rise to 4D model (time being the

4th dimension of the model) which shows the progression of construction activities over time.

Table 4.2 shows the comparative view of progress monitoring using 4D model in ArcScene.

[Link] Key Findings

1. Visualization: The 3D model effectively visualized the construction sequence,

highlighting the spatial distribution and temporal aspects of activities. The 3D model

effectively illustrated the construction sequence.

2. Progress Monitoring: The model enabled easy monitoring of project progress,

facilitating timely decision-making and adjustments.

3. Stakeholder Communication: The visual representation improved communication with

stakeholders, providing a clear and accessible overview of the project status.

Table 4.1: Base heights and Extrusions of layers (Case study 1)

Layer Name Base Height(m) Extrusion(m)

Foundation Wall 0.00 0.50

Oversite Concrete 0.50 0.15

Column 0.00 4.50

Wall to Lintel Level 0.65 3.30

Beam 3.95 0.23

Wall to Roof Level 4.18 0.50

Roof 4.68 1.00

23
Table 4.2: Comparison between Expected Progress and Actual Progress (Case study 1)

Time Expected work Progress Actual Work Progress Delay in Work

1 Week

2Weeks

3Weeks

4Weeks

5Weeks

24
4.3 Case Study 2: Construction of a G+3 Building

The second case study is the construction of a three-story building in Lagos state,

Nigeria. The building consists of three typical suspended floors. As of the time of carrying out

this study, the construction of the building has not started yet, though the design was completed.

The building is a residential house and purpose for using this building is to show how the

construction activities can be represented in 3D model using GIS software.

4.3.1 MS Project Schedule

The MS Project schedule for Case Study 2 outlined a detailed construction plan,

incorporating all necessary activities, durations, dependencies, base heights, and extrusions. This

schedule served as a crucial tool for managing the project's execution.

Figure 4.2: MS Project Schedule for Case Study 2

25
4.3.2 3D Model in ArcScene

The 3D model of Case Study 2 was created in ArcScene, providing a dynamic

visualization of the construction activities. This model offered valuable insights into the project's

spatial and temporal dimensions. The main purpose for using case study 2 is to show how

construction activities for story building can be represented in 3D model using ArcScene

software.

Table 4.3: Layers 3D views of Base heights and Extrusions (Case study 2)

(a) Footing Complete (b) Ground floor columns Complete

Base Height = 0.0m, Extrusion = 0.5m Base Height = 0.5m, Extrusion = 2.85m

26
 (c) First floor Beam/Slab Complete (d) First floor columns Complete

Base Height = 3.35m, Extrusion = 0.3/0.15m Base Height = 3.80m, Extrusion = 2.85m

(e) Second floor Beams/Slab Complete (f) Second floor Columns Complete

Base Height = 6.65m, Extrusion = 0.30/0.15m Base Height = 7.10m, Extrusion = 2.85m

27
 (g) Third floor Beam/Slab Complete (h) Third floor Columns/Roof Beam Complete

Base Height = 9.95m, Extrusion = 0.30/0.15m Base Height = 10.4m, Extrusion = 2.85/0.30m

4.4 Discussion of Results

The primary objective of visualizing the construction schedule in a 3D model using

ArcScene was successfully achieved. The 3D models provided a dynamic representation of

construction activities, illustrating how the project progresses over time. The 3D models

effectively demonstrated the temporal aspects of the construction schedule, allowing users to see

when and where each activity takes is place. This visual timeline helped in understanding the

sequence and duration of tasks more intuitively than traditional Gantt charts. By representing the

construction activities in 3D, stakeholders could visualize the spatial relationships between

different tasks. This spatial clarity is crucial for identifying potential conflicts, optimizing space

usage, and ensuring efficient site management.

28
 The construction industry requires a large number of activities, which makes the progress

of work on site complex and tedious. Traditionally, the CPM (critical path method) schedule

does not provide any information regarding the spatial aspects or context and complexities of the

various components of the project. Therefore, to interpret progress information, interested parties

normally look at 2D drawings and conceptually associate components with related activities.

Different project members may develop inconsistent interpretations of the schedule when

reviewing only the CPM schedule. This causes confusion in many occasions and usually makes

efficient communication among project participants difficult.

Integrating project schedule data with GIS technology presents a 4D model which can be

utilized for the visualization of progress of the project at different stages and timeline. At a

specific time, interval, one can utilize the actual building model and the planned building model

to compare the work in progress. Table 4.2 shows the Integrated view of the construction of a

bungalow building (case study 1) after the expected and actual progress was combined. While

Table 4.3 shows Layers 3D views of base heights and extrusions of a 3-storey building (case

study 2).

The use of GIS immensely benefits all the stakeholders of the construction project; the

client, the project manager, the site engineer and the project owner. The client, who probably

cannot understand the building structure or is not well versed with drawings, can easily know the

exact status of the project just by a glance at the 4D models. Also, it allows the client has a 3D

view of the progress of work thus knowing where large cost has been incurred. The project

manager is the one who controls the incoming and outgoing of all the resources; labor, material,

transport etc. He needs to make decisions in order to save the cost and time been spent.

Therefore, GIS would provide up-to date information about the progress. If the project site is big,

29
it reduces the complexity. By the progress view, he would know the exact time when the

resources are required in which location thus helping manage the cost and quantity of materials

being used. This definitely reduces the time for decision-making as all information is in one

system. Site engineer is in direct command of the site. He defines the requirements for the site

and order the material. A 4D view would let him order the ideal quantity of materials this

reducing over-ordering of materials thus helping in reduction of wastage. Time component

would allow him to know beforehand about the requirements, so he can inform the contractors

before the work actually commences. Again, this helps in easy and correct decision making for

procurement of funds or materials. Using 4D model, the project owner is able to monitor the

progress of the project from one location, which helps in spending more time in chalking out the

action plan for minimizing the delay

4.5 Limitations, Challenges and Suggestion for Future Work

While the use of MS Project with GIS provides significant benefits in visualizing and

managing construction schedules, it also presents certain limitations and challenges but the

future works are aimed to address these limitations and challenges.

4.5.1 Limitations and Challenges

Many improvements are still required in the proposed methodology, in spite of all

suggested outcomes. Although this study explores the drafting capabilities of GIS, these are not

comparable to the existing drafting tools like AutoCAD. However, the drawings generated in

AutoCAD can be utilized or modified in the GIS environment, thus providing a practical solution

for the drafting part. The schedule generated in MS Project is not corrected or updated in the GIS

environment. Therefore, the proposed methodology only presents the 3D model in ArcScene

30
with respect to varying timeline which gives rise to 4D model with time being the 4th dimension

of the model (see table 4.2).

One of the key challenges noted was the lack of integration between the 3D models in

ArcScene and the MS Project schedules. Although both tools provided valuable insights, the

absence of a unified environment meant that users had to refer to separate platforms for spatial

and temporal data. Integrating these tools could further enhance clarity and decision-making

support.

A number of research works and construction journals indicate that GIS is being widely

used to meet different project requirements. GIS mainly focuses on geographic (land-based)

information and analyzes that information as a basis for the design and assessment of civil

infrastructure. Many of the earlier studies have used land-based capabilities of GIS, for example,

network analysis for routing (Cheng and Chang 2001; Varghese and O’Connor 1995) and

construction site lay-out planning (Cheng and O’Connor 1996). This study does not focus on the

land-based information of the GIS but utilizes its ability to model spatial data and make the

visualization of scheduling more realistic.

4.5.2 Future Works

The future works or developments are aimed to overcome the limitations and these future

works include;

1. Integrating the MS Project schedule data and the 3D model of the ArcScene in a single

environment to be updated on a daily basis for better visualization and work progress

monitoring.

2. Real time visualization of construction work progress on sites.

31
3. Combination of GIS with Building Information Modelling (BIM) to enhance the

visualization and management of construction projects.

32
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with construction project

management provides a powerful tool for visualizing construction schedules. This project

successfully demonstrated the use of GIS, specifically through ArcScene, to create a 3D model

of a construction project schedule. The primary objectives of this project are met, showcasing the

enhanced clarity and understanding of construction activities through spatial visualization. Key

findings from this research include:

1. Enhanced Visualization: The 3D model developed in ArcScene can provide a clear and

intuitive visualization of the construction schedule. It can also allow stakeholders to see

the spatial distribution of activities over time, making it easier to track progress and

identify potential issues.

2. Improved Decision-Making: The GIS-based visualization facilitates better decision-

making by providing a comprehensive view of the project. It can enable project managers

to quickly assess the status of various activities, forecast potential delays, and make

informed adjustments to the schedule.

3. User Engagement: The 3D model in ArcScene can engage users more effectively than

traditional Gantt charts or bar schedules. The interactive nature of the model allowed

users to explore different aspects of the project and understand the implications of

scheduling decisions in a spatial context.

However, the project also highlighted some challenges, such as the complexity of data

integration and the need for specialized skills to operate GIS software. These challenges must be

addressed to fully realize the potential of GIS in construction project management.

33
5.2 Recommendations

Based on the research findings and the successful development of a 3D model in ArcScene

for visualizing construction schedule activities, the following recommendations are made to

further enhance the application of GIS in construction project management:

1. Comprehensive training programs should be developed and implemented for project

managers, engineers, and other stakeholders on the use of GIS software and its

integration with construction management tools. Emphasize hands-on training to build

practical skills and confidence in using GIS for project scheduling and visualization.

2. Continuous professional development through workshops, seminars, and online courses

should be encouraged to keep up with advancements in GIS technology and its

applications in construction.

3. Ongoing research and development should be invested into, in order to explore new

technologies, techniques, and applications of GIS in construction project management.

Stay abreast of emerging trends and innovations to ensure the continued advancement of

the field.

By implementing these recommendations, the construction industry can leverage the full

potential of GIS technology to enhance project management, improve decision-making, and

achieve more efficient and effective project delivery.

In conclusion, the use of GIS for visualizing construction schedules offers significant

advantages in terms of clarity, decision-making, and user engagement. While challenges exist,

they can be mitigated through targeted training, standardization, and ongoing research.

Embracing GIS technology in construction project management will lead to more efficient and

34
effective project delivery, ultimately contributing to the advancement of the civil engineering

field.

REFERENCES

Adams, R. (2015). Challenges and Limitations of Microsoft Project in Construction

Management. Construction Technology Review, 8(2), 45-58.

Adeyinka-Ojo, S. F., Fagbenle, O. I., & Windapo, A. O. (2016). Geographic information system
in construction management: an evaluation of its potentials. International Journal of
Construction Management, 16(2), 146-160.

ArcGIS version 9, Introduction, Parts I & II. (2004). Environmental Systems and Research
Institute (ESRI), Redlands, Calif.

Bansal, V. K., and Pal, M. 2006a. “Geographic information systems for construction industry: A
review.” Nat. Inst. Constr. Mgmt. and Res. (NICMAR) J. Constr. Mgmt., 212, 1–12.

Bansal, V. K., and Pal, M. 2006b. “GIS based projects information system for construction
management.” Asian J. Civ. Eng., 72, 115–124

Bansal, V. K., and Pal, M. 2007. “Potential of geographic information systems in building cost
estimation and visualization.” Autom. Constr., 163, 311–322.

Bansal, V. K., and Pal, M. 2008. Generating, evaluating and visualizing construction schedule with
geographic information system. [Link]. Civil Eng., 22: 233-242

Black, S. (2018). Case Study: Successful Integration of GIS with MS Project for Construction
Project Monitoring. Journal of Construction Management, 25(4), 301-315.

Brown, A. (2017). Utilizing GIS in Construction: Spatial Analysis and Decision-making.

Construction Research Journal, 12(3), 87-102.

Cheng, M. Y., and Chang, G. L. 2001. “Automating utility route design and planning through
GIS.” Autom. Constr., 104, 507–516.

Cheng, M. Y., and O’Connor, J. T. 1996. “ArcSite: Enhanced GIS for construction site layout.”
J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 1224, 329–336.

Dikmen, I., Birgonul, M. T., & Anac, C. (2017). Identifying, prioritizing and mitigating the
causes of delays in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management,
25(5), 518-526.

Doe, J. (2018). Integration of GIS with Project Management Tools: Benefits and Challenges.
International Conference on Construction Engineering, 55-68.

35
Doe, J., & Johnson, M. (2022). Emerging Trends in GIS and Project Management Software.
Journal of Construction Technology Advancements, 17(1), 78-91.

Garcia, L. (2016). Challenges in Integrating GIS with MS Project for Construction Project
Monitoring. Construction and Building Materials Journal, 40(2), 211-225.

Johnson, M., Smith, R., & White, E. (2019). GIS Applications in Construction Projects: A
Comprehensive Review. Construction Technology Today, 5(3), 134-149.

Jones, T. (2016). Microsoft Project in Construction Management: Scheduling and Resource

Allocation. Project Management Journal, 18(4), 203-218.

Kassem, M., Succar, B., & Dawood, N. (2019). Framework for assessing the impact of BIM on
construction projects' spatial performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, 145(12), 04019128.

Koo, B., and Fischer, M. 2000. “Feasibility study of 4D CAD in commercial construction.” J.
Constr. Eng. Manage., 1264, 251–260.

Kumar, S. (2018). Use of GIS in Construction Projects. International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, 8(12), 180-183.

Lee, K. (2017). Benefits of Integrating GIS with MS Project in Construction Management.

Construction Innovation Review, 22(1), 56-69.

Liu, Y., Li, W., Liu, W., Liu, J., & Cao, W. (2020). Integration of GIS and BIM for real-time
construction progress monitoring and management. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-
Information, 9(3), 149

Lu, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, J., & Zhang, J. (2019). GIS-based project management for subway
construction: A case study of Xi'an Metro. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-
Information, 8(7), 304.

Retik, A., and Shapira, A. 1999. “VR based planning of construction site activities.” Autom.
Constr., 86, 671–680.

Smith, R. (2018). Geographic Information Systems: Applications and Advancements. Spatial

Analysis Journal, 30(2), 89-104.

Smith, R. (2020). Role of MS Project in Construction Management: A Critical Review.

Construction Management Perspectives, 28(4), 301-315.

Smith, R., & Brown, A. (2019). Challenges in Integrating GIS and MS Project for Construction
Management. International Journal of Construction Engineering, 15(3), 176-189

Taylor, S. (2020). Future Trends in GIS Integration with Project Management Tools.
Construction Technology Trends, 7(2), 45-58.

36
Teizer, J., Cheng, T., Fang, Y., & Lueg, R. (2017). Building information modeling (BIM) and
safety: Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules. Automation in
Construction, 74, 49-65.

Vinayakumar S., Vishwanath A., and Rashmi J.V. (2019). Monitoring the Construction Project
by 4D Application of GIS

Wang, C., Zhang, J., & Wang, Q. (2018). Application of GIS and BIM in construction project
management. Procedia Engineering, 341-349.

White, E., et al. (2021). Successful Integration of GIS with MS Project: Lessons Learned from
Case Studies. Construction and Building Management Journal, 35(1), 20-35.

Zhang, H., Yu, Y., Zhang, X., & Li, Q. (2019). Application of GIS in Construction Project
Management. In 2019 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture
Science (ICCEAS 2019).

37