UGC NET

Paper 1
Unit 9: People, Development & Environment
Topic: Pollution
Unit 9 Chapters:

1- Introduction and Key Terminologies of Environment

2- Pollution
3- Resources & their types
4- Natural Hazards and Disasters
5- Environmental Protection Acts

[Link]
Chapter 2: Pollution

Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
 Introduction to Pollution
Meaning of Pollution :
• The word Pollution comes from the Latin word polluere,
meaning “to defile or contaminate.”
• In simple terms, pollution is any undesirable change in the
physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the
environment.
• This change makes the environment harmful for living
organisms (humans, animals, plants, microorganisms) and
damages natural resources.

[Link]
 Introduction to Pollution

In short:

Pollution is the addition of substances (pollutants) or agents

(noise, heat, radiation) into the environment in quantities and
duration that cause harm to human health, living organism or
ecosystems

[Link]
 Types of Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Definition
Air pollution is the presence of solid, liquid, or gaseous
substances in the atmosphere in concentrations that are
harmful to human health, animals, plants, property, or
the environment.

Let’s discuss sources of Air pollution:

[Link]
 Air Pollution

1. Primary Pollutants
Directly emitted into the atmosphere from a source

Pollutant Causes / Sources Major Health Impacts

Vehicles, industries, Asthma, bronchitis,
Particulate Matter (PM10,
biomass burning, cardiovascular diseases,
PM2.5, ultrafine)
construction, road dust premature death
Headache, nausea, binds
Incomplete fuel combustion
with hemoglobin → reduces
Carbon Monoxide (CO) (vehicles, stoves, furnaces),
oxygen → brain & heart
cigarette smoke
damage, even death
Burning coal/oil, smelters, Respiratory irritation,
Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂)
refineries asthma, acid rain effects
Lung irritation, reduced
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx – Vehicle exhaust, power
immunity, contributes to
NO, NO₂) plants, fertilizer industries
ozone/smog
 Air Pollution
1. Primary Pollutants
Directly emitted into the atmosphere from a source

Pollutant Causes / Sources Major Health Impacts

Batteries, smelting, paints, Brain damage in children,
Lead (Pb)
earlier petrol emissions kidney issues, hypertension
Agriculture (fertilizers,
Eye/skin irritation, lung
Ammonia (NH₃) livestock), chemical
damage, precursor of PM
industries
Fossil fuels, deforestation, Indirect: climate change,
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
cement industry heat stress, food insecurity
Indirect: climate change,
Livestock, rice fields,
Methane (CH₄) ground-level ozone
landfills, oil & gas
formation
Natural radioactive gas
Radon (Rn) Lung cancer
(from rocks/soils, indoors)
 Air Pollution
2. Secondary Pollutants
Not emitted directly; formed in the atmosphere by chemical
reactions of primary pollutants.
Health / Environmental
Pollutant Formation
Impacts
NOx + VOCs in sunlight Eye irritation, asthma, chest
Ozone (O₃ – Tropospheric)
(Volatile organic compound) pain, reduces lung capacity
Eye irritation, lung damage,
PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate) VOCs + NO₂ + sunlight
toxic to plants
Reaction of NOx + VOCs + Breathing problems, reduces
Photochemical Smog
sunlight visibility, damages crops
SO₂ + NOx + water vapor → Corrodes buildings, harms
Acid Rain (H₂SO₄, HNO₃)
acids crops, aquatic ecosystem loss
Secondary PM (e.g., Same as PM impacts
ammonium salts, sulphates, Reaction of NH₃, SO₂, NOx (respiratory + cardiovascular
nitrates) diseases)
 Air Pollution
3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Organic compounds that evaporate easily at room temperature; act
as both primary pollutants & precursors of secondary pollutants

VOC Sources Health Impacts

Vehicle exhaust, tobacco Carcinogenic → blood
Benzene
smoke, industrial solvents cancer (leukaemia)
Indoor sources (paints,
Eye/nose/throat irritation,
Formaldehyde adhesives, pressed wood,
carcinogenic
cleaners)
Headaches, dizziness,
Toluene, Xylene Paints, solvents, gasoline
nervous system damage
Nail polish remover, Eye & skin irritation, CNS
Acetone
solvents depression
Natural VOCs (Isoprene, Participate in ozone
Emitted by plants, forests
Terpenes) formation, indirect impacts
 Air Pollution

Particulate Matter (PM)

Definition:
Particulate Matter (PM) refers to tiny solid and
liquid particles suspended in the air that can be
inhaled and cause health/environmental damage.

[Link]
 Air Pollution

Types of Particulate Matter (PM) – Viable & Non-Viable

1. Viable Particulate Matter

These are living microorganisms suspended in the air.
Examples:
Bacteria, Fungi, Moulds, Algae. Viruses
Sources:
Soil, water bodies, and decaying organic matter
Sewage, hospital waste, and damp indoor environments
Health Impacts:
Cause infectious diseases (tuberculosis, influenza, fungal infections).
Allergies, respiratory problems.
Can contaminate food & spread epidemics.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Types of Particulate Matter (PM) – Viable & Non-Viable

2. Non-Viable Particulate Matter

These are non-living solid or liquid particles present in the atmosphere.
Examples (4 major groups):
Smoke: Fine carbon particles from incomplete combustion.
Dust: Sand, cement, fly ash, soil particles.
Fumes: Condensed vapors of metals/solids (e.g., lead fumes, zinc fumes).
Mist/Spray: Tiny liquid droplets (acid mist, pesticide sprays).
Sources:
Industrial processes, mining, smelting, construction.
Vehicles, thermal power plants, fossil fuel burning.
Health Impacts:
Respiratory diseases: asthma, bronchitis, COPD.
Cardiovascular diseases.
Some toxic particulates (lead, asbestos) → cancer, neurological damage.

[Link]
 Air Pollution

Air Quality Index (AQI)

•Composite measure of air quality based on pollutants:

PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb.

•India’s AQI categories:

• 0–50 → Good (Green)
• 51–100 → Satisfactory (Light Green)
• 101–200 → Moderate (Yellow)
• 201–300 → Poor (Orange)
• 301–400 → Very Poor (Red)
• 401–500 → Severe (Maroon)

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Viable & Non-Viable key difference

Category Viable PM Non-Viable PM

Nature Living organisms Non-living particles
Bacteria, fungi, algae, Smoke, dust, fumes,
Examples
viruses mist
Soil, sewage, organic Vehicles, industries,
Sources
waste, hospitals mining, combustion
Respiratory &
Infectious diseases,
Health Impacts cardiovascular
allergies
diseases, cancers

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
What are Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)?

•Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that trap heat (infrared

radiation) and prevent it from escaping into space.

•This natural process keeps Earth warm enough for life — called the
Greenhouse Effect.

•However, excess concentration due to human activities → leads to

Global Warming & Climate Change.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Major Greenhouse Gases

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) → burning fossil fuels, deforestation.

• Methane (CH₄) → cattle, rice paddies, landfills.
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O) → fertilizers, industry.
• Ozone (O₃, tropospheric) → photochemical reactions.
• CFCs, HFCs, PFCs → refrigerants, aerosols.
• Water vapor → natural, amplifies warming as a feedback

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Terminologies Associated with GHGs

Global Warming Potential (GWP):

Ability of a gas to trap heat relative to CO₂ over a given time (usually 100 years).
-The GWP number for other gases shows the warming effect in CO2 terms over time. For
example, the GWP100 for nitrous oxide (N2O) is 273. This means that 1 tonne of N2O causes
the same amount of warming as 273 tonnes of CO2 (in this case over 100 years).
Eg: CO₂ = 1, CH₄ = 25, N₂O = 273, CFCs = thousands.

Carbon Footprint:
Total amount of GHGs (especially CO₂) released directly/indirectly by human
activities.

Carbon Sink:
Natural or artificial reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases (forests,
oceans, soil).
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Terminologies Associated with GHGs

•Radiative Forcing:
•Difference between incoming solar radiation and outgoing
infrared radiation, caused by GHGs or aerosols.

•Decarbonization:
•Reduction of carbon emissions by shifting to renewable
energy, efficiency, and carbon capture

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Terminologies Associated with GHGs

Lifetime (Atmospheric Lifetime)

The average time a greenhouse gas remains in the atmosphere before being removed
by natural processes (chemical reactions, absorption by sinks like forests/oceans).

Examples:
CO₂ → hundreds to thousands of years (very long-lasting).
CH₄ → ~12 years (short-lived but highly potent).
N₂O → ~114 years.
CFCs/HFCs → decades to centuries.

Exam Note: Long-lifetime gases (CO₂, CFCs) are more dangerous because their
warming effect persists for centuries.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Terminologies Associated with GHGs

Carbon Sequestration
Definition:
Process of capturing and storing CO₂ from the atmosphere (or at emission sources) to
reduce its concentration and climate impact.
Examples
•Forests (afforestation/reforestation).
•Oceans (absorb ~25% of human CO₂ emissions).
•Soil carbon (improved agricultural practices)

Importance:
Helps offset unavoidable emissions.
Key tool for achieving carbon neutrality.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Terminologies Associated with GHGs

Carbon Neutrality (Net Zero Carbon)

Definition:
A state where the amount of CO₂ (or GHGs) emitted = the amount removed/offset,
leading to net-zero emissions.

How Achieved:
Reducing emissions (renewable energy, efficiency).
Offsetting residual emissions by carbon sequestration, afforestation, or carbon
credits.
Global Goal:
As per Paris Agreement (2015), most countries are targeting Net Zero by mid-
century (India: by 2070).

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHG Inventory)

Definition

A GHG inventory is a systematic accounting (database/report) of all

emissions and removals of greenhouse gases within a specific boundary
(country, region, sector, or company) over a given time period (usually
annually).
It is like a "balance sheet" of greenhouse gases

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Components of a GHG Inventory

Greenhouse Gases Covered:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Methane (CH₄)
Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
Fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF₆)

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Sources of Greenhouse Gases

(A) Natural Sources

Volcanic eruptions (CO₂, SO₂)

Wetlands (CH₄)
Oceans (CO₂)
Natural decay of organic matter

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Sources of Greenhouse Gases

(B) Anthropogenic Sources

Energy sector: burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) → CO₂, CH₄, N₂O
Industry: cement production (CO₂), chemical processes (HFCs, PFCs)
Agriculture: enteric fermentation in cattle, rice paddies (CH₄), fertilizer
use (N₂O)
Waste management: landfills, sewage (CH₄, N₂O)
Deforestation: loss of carbon sinks → net CO₂ rise

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Effect
Definition

• The greenhouse effect is the natural process by which certain gases

in the Earth’s atmosphere (called greenhouse gases) trap part of the
outgoing infrared radiation (heat) and prevent it from escaping into
space.
• This keeps Earth’s surface warm enough (average ~15°C) to sustain
life.
• Without it, Earth’s average temperature would be -18°C (frozen
planet).
[Link]
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Green house effect Mechanism (Step-by-Step)

Incoming Solar Radiation:

Sunlight (short-wave radiation) enters Earth’s atmosphere.
Some is reflected by clouds/ice, most is absorbed by land & oceans.

Heat Emission by Earth:

Earth’s surface warms and emits infrared (long-wave) radiation.

Absorption by Greenhouse Gases:

GHGs like CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, O₃, and water vapor absorb this heat.
They re-radiate energy in all directions, including back towards Earth.

Warming of Earth’s Surface:

This trapped heat increases surface and atmospheric temperatures
 Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases
Major Greenhouse Gases

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) → burning fossil fuels, deforestation.

• Methane (CH₄) → cattle, rice paddies, landfills.
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O) → fertilizers, industry.
• Ozone (O₃, tropospheric) → photochemical reactions.
• CFCs, HFCs, PFCs → refrigerants, aerosols.
• Water vapor → natural, amplifies warming as a feedback

[Link]
 Air Pollution

Important Greenhouse Gases & Their Uses

[Link] Dioxide (CO₂) – Used in carbonated drinks, fire extinguishers, and refrigeration
(dry ice).
[Link] (CH₄) – Used as natural gas (fuel), in fertilizer production, hydrogen
production.
[Link] Oxide (N₂O) – Used as an anaesthetic gas (“laughing gas”), in rockets, as aerosol
propellant.
[Link] (O₃) – Used for water purification, sterilization, and air purification.

[Link]
 Air Pollution

Important Greenhouse Gases & Their Uses

5. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Used in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol sprays (now

largely banned).
6. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – Used in refrigeration, air conditioning (CFC
replacements).
7. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) – Used in electronics manufacturing, medical imaging.
8. Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF₆) – Used in electrical insulation, circuit breakers, and tracer gas.
9. Water Vapor (H₂O) – Naturally occurring, used in steam engines, power generation.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Ozone Depletion
Ozone & Ozone Layer

1. Ozone (O₃)
•Definition: A molecule made up of 3 oxygen atoms.
•Properties: Pale blue gas, strong oxidant, absorbs harmful ultraviolet
(UV) radiation.
•Types (based on location):
• Stratospheric ozone (“Good Ozone”) → forms the ozone layer,
protects life from UV rays.
• Tropospheric ozone (“Bad Ozone”) → secondary pollutant
formed by NOₓ + VOCs in sunlight, harmful to health and crops.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Ozone Depletion
Ozone & Ozone Layer

2. Ozone Layer
A thin layer in the stratosphere (15–35 km above Earth’s
surface) rich in ozone.
Acts like Earth’s sunscreen, absorbing ~97–99% of harmful UV-
B radiation.
Discovered in 1913 by Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson.
Measured in Dobson Units (DU) (normal thickness = 300 DU)

[Link]
 Air Pollution

3. Ozone Depletion
Definition: The thinning or reduction of the ozone layer due to human-made
chemicals that destroy ozone molecules.

Process:
Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) release chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br)
atoms into the stratosphere.
These atoms react with ozone (O₃), breaking it into O₂ + O, reducing ozone
concentration.
One chlorine atom can destroy ~100,000 ozone molecules before being
neutralized.
Result: Formation of Ozone Hole (seasonal thinning, especially over Antarctica)

[Link]
 Air Pollution
4. Substances that Deplete Ozone (Ozone-Depleting Substances – ODS)

(A) Chlorine-containing compounds:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Refrigerants, aerosol sprays, foam blowing
agents.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄): Solvent, cleaning agent.
Methyl chloroform (CH₃CCl₃): Industrial solvent.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): Transitional substitutes for CFCs (less
harmful but still deplete ozone).

(B) Bromine-containing compounds:

Halons: Fire extinguishers.
Methyl bromide (CH₃Br): Pesticides, fumigant
[Link]
 Air Pollution

5. Consequences of Ozone Depletion

• More UV radiation reaches Earth →

• Skin cancers, cataracts, and immune system suppression.
• Crop damage, reduced productivity in phytoplankton
(base of the aquatic food chain).
• Material degradation (plastics, paints)

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Global Warming vs Global Cooling

Global Warming
Definition:
A long-term rise in Earth’s average surface temperature due
to the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human
activities.

Causes:
Excess greenhouse gases (GHGs) from:
• Burning fossil fuels (CO₂)
• Agriculture & livestock (CH₄, N₂O)
• Industrial emissions (HFCs, CFCs, PFCs, SF₆)
• Deforestation (reduces CO₂ absorption
 Air Pollution
Global Warming vs Global Cooling
Global Cooling

Definition:
Temporary or long-term decrease in Earth’s surface temperature caused
by natural or anthropogenic factors that block or reduce incoming solar
radiation.

Causes:
Volcanic eruptions → ash & aerosols reflect sunlight.
Aerosols & sulphur compounds → industrial emissions forming reflective haze.
Orbital variations (Milankovitch cycles) → natural ice ages.
Large-scale reforestation → more CO₂ absorption (minor impact).

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Global Warming vs Global Cooling

Aspect Global Warming Global Cooling

Increase in Earth’s average Decrease in Earth’s
Definition
temperature average temperature
Greenhouse gases (CO₂, Aerosols, volcanic
Main Driver
CH₄, N₂O, CFCs, etc.) eruptions, orbital cycles
Hotter climate, extreme Cooler climate, possible
Effect on Climate
weather ice-age triggers
Strong (fossil fuels, Mixed (industrial aerosols,
Human Role
deforestation) nuclear activity)
Short-term cooling,
Sea-level rise, biodiversity
Impact reduced sunlight, crop
loss, health risks
loss
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor Air Pollution

Definition
Indoor Air Pollution refers to contamination of air inside
homes, offices, schools, and other enclosed spaces due to
physical, chemical, or biological agents that reduce air quality
and harm human health.
Unlike outdoor pollution, it is often more concentrated
because pollutants get trapped in enclosed spaces with poor
ventilation.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution

Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution

1. Household Combustion Activities

•Cooking & Heating:
• Use of solid fuels (wood, coal, crop residue, cow dung cakes,
kerosene).
• Gas stoves (LPG) also release pollutants.
•Pollutants Released: Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂),
particulate matter (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
•Health Impact: Respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, lung cancer), eye
irritation.
[Link]
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution

Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution

2. Tobacco Smoke (Second-hand Smoke)

Pollutants: Nicotine, tar, CO, VOCs, PM.
Health Impact: Lung cancer, heart disease, asthma, risk to children
(SIDS, bronchitis)

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution
Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution

3. Building Materials & Furnishings

Asbestos (roofing, insulation): Causes asbestosis, lung cancer,
mesothelioma.
Paints, varnishes, adhesives: Release VOCs (formaldehyde, benzene,
toluene).
Pressed wood products: Formaldehyde emissions → eye/nose irritation,
cancer risk.

4. Biological Contaminants
Mould, fungi, bacteria, viruses, dust mites, pollen.
Health Impact: Allergies, asthma, infectious diseases (TB, influenza)
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution
Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution

5. Household Products & Appliances

Cleaning agents, disinfectants, air fresheners: VOCs (benzene, xylene,
formaldehyde).
Pesticides & insecticides: Toxic residues.
Health Impact: Headaches, nausea, neurological problems, cancers (long-
term).

6. Radon Gas (Natural Source)

Radioactive gas from soil and rocks, seeps into buildings through cracks.
Health Impact: Leading cause of lung cancer after smoking.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution
Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution

Respiratory: Asthma, COPD, lung cancer, TB.

Cardiovascular: Stroke, heart disease.
Eye problems: Irritation, cataracts (from smoke).
Children: Low birth weight, pneumonia, impaired lung development.
WHO estimates: ~3.8 million premature deaths/year globally due to indoor
air pollution

•In India, indoor air pollution is a bigger rural problem due to use of
biomass fuels for cooking.
•WHO & Indian government promote Ujjwala Yojana → LPG distribution to
reduce indoor pollution
[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution
Air pollution control requires technological, economic, and social approaches.

1. Control at Source (Preventive Measures)

Switch to cleaner fuels: Use LPG, CNG, electricity, solar, wind instead of
coal/wood/diesel.
Cleaner technologies:
Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid cars.
Renewable power plants instead of coal.
Industrial process modifications:
Low-sulfur fuels, clean combustion techniques.
Desulfurization in thermal power plants.
Maintenance of vehicles: Regular servicing reduces CO, NOx, PM emissions.
Ban on open burning of waste/crop residue.
[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution

2. Technological Control Methods

For Industries:
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP): Remove fine particles (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀).
Cyclone separators: Control large dust particles.
Scrubbers: Remove SO₂, acidic gases.
Fabric filters (Baghouse filters): Trap PM.
Catalytic converters (in vehicles): Reduce CO, NOx, hydrocarbons.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution

3. Urban & Transport Management

Public transport promotion: Metro, electric buses, car-pooling.

Odd-even scheme (Delhi).
Green zones & congestion charges.
Better traffic management → reduce idling emissions.
Urban greenery: Green belts, tree plantation along roads

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution

4. Indoor Air Pollution Control

Use LPG/biogas instead of wood/cow dung.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) → free LPG connections.
Improved stoves (Smokeless chulhas).
Ventilation: chimneys, exhausts, windows.
Ban on indoor smoking.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution

5. Awareness & Behavioral Measures

Educating people about harmful effects.

Reducing personal vehicle use.
Encouraging 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Citizen participation in tree planting, clean energy use.

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Measures to Control Air Pollution

6. Monitoring & Assessment

Air Quality Index (AQI): Regular monitoring in cities.

Pollution Control Boards (CPCB & SPCBs).
Satellite monitoring (ISRO, NASA).

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution in India

Legislative & Regulatory Measures

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 – main law to

control air pollution.
Environment Protection Act, 1986 – umbrella act giving CPCB &
SPCBs wide powers.
Factories Act, 1948 – regulates emissions from industries.
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (amended in 2019) – regulates
vehicular pollution

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution in India
Programmes & Schemes

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), 2019

Target: 20–30% reduction in PM₂.₅ & PM₁₀ by 2024 (base year 2017).
Covers 131 cities (“non-attainment cities”).
Focus on monitoring, public transport, clean fuel, citizen participation.
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP), 1984
Monitors SO₂, NO₂, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀ across 400+ stations.
Air Quality Index (AQI), 2015
Single number system for public awareness.
Categories: Good, Satisfactory, Moderate, Poor, Very Poor, Severe.
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), Delhi-NCR (2017)
Emergency measures when AQI worsens (ban on construction, trucks, etc.).
Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Standards
BS-VI norms (2020) = stricter fuel & vehicle emission norms, equivalent to Euro-VI
 Air Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution in India
Clean Fuel & Energy Initiatives
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), 2016
Free LPG connections to rural women → reduces indoor air pollution.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), 2013 & FAME Scheme
(2015, Phase II in 2019)
Incentives for electric & hybrid vehicles.
Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT) Scheme under National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC).
Improves industrial energy efficiency.
BS-VI norms (2020) = stricter fuel & vehicle emission norms, equivalent
to Euro-VI

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution in India
Urban & Environmental Initiatives

Green India Mission (2014) – enhances carbon sink, improves air quality.
National Electric Bus Programme (E-buses in cities).
Odd-Even Scheme in Delhi (2016, 2019).
Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) – reduces open burning of waste

[Link]
 Air Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution in India
Global Initiatives (India as Signatory)

Paris Climate Agreement (2015) – India pledged to reduce emission

intensity by 33–35% (by 2030 from 2005 levels).
Montreal Protocol (1987) – phase-out of ozone-depleting substances (CFCs).
Kyoto Protocol (1997) & Doha Amendment (2012).
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-13: Climate Action)

[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q1. Which of the following is a primary air pollutant?

a) Ozone (O₃)
b) Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
c ) Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)
d) Smog

Q2. Which gas is the main cause of acid rain?

a) CO
b ) SO₂ and NOx
c) O₃
d) CH₄

Q3. The term “Great Smog of London, 1952” is associated with:

a) Photochemical smog
b ) Sulphur smog
c) Industrial smog
d) PAN smog

[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q1. Which of the following is a primary air pollutant?

a) Ozone (O₃)
b) Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
c ) Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)
d) Smog

Q2. Which gas is the main cause of acid rain?

a) CO
b ) SO₂ and NOx
c) O₃
d) CH₄

Q3. The term “Great Smog of London, 1952” is associated with:

a) Photochemical smog
b ) Sulphur smog
c) Industrial smog
d) PAN smog

[Link]
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q4. Which air pollutant is the major cause of Taj Mahal’s marble
corrosion?
a) NO₂
b) Ozone
c ) SO₂
d) CO

Q5. Ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial because:

a) Absorbs CO₂
b ) Absorbs UV radiation
c) Absorbs visible light
d) Maintains rainfall

Q6. Which pollutant is measured in ppm (parts per million)?

a) Dust
b) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
c ) Gaseous pollutants (SO₂, CO, NOx)
d) Ash
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q4. Which air pollutant is the major cause of Taj Mahal’s marble
corrosion?
a) NO₂
b) Ozone
c ) SO₂
d) CO

Q5. Ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial because:

a) Absorbs CO₂
b ) Absorbs UV radiation
c) Absorbs visible light
d) Maintains rainfall

Q6. Which pollutant is measured in ppm (parts per million)?

a) Dust
b) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
c ) Gaseous pollutants (SO₂, CO, NOx)
d) Ash
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q7. Which one of the following is a greenhouse gas but not an air
pollutant?
a) CO₂
b) CH₄
c) N₂O
d ) Water vapor

Q8. Which pollutant causes blue baby syndrome

(methemoglobinemia)?
a) SO₂
b ) Nitrates in water
c) Lead
d) Ozone

Q9. “PAN” in air pollution stands for:

a) Polyacrylonitrile
b ) Peroxyacetyl nitrate
c) Polyaromatic nitrate
d) Particulate aromatic nitrogen
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q7. Which one of the following is a greenhouse gas but not an air
pollutant?
a) CO₂
b) CH₄
c) N₂O
d ) Water vapor

Q8. Which pollutant causes blue baby syndrome

(methemoglobinemia)?
a) SO₂
b ) Nitrates in water
c) Lead
d) Ozone

Q9. “PAN” in air pollution stands for:

a) Polyacrylonitrile
b ) Peroxyacetyl nitrate
c) Polyaromatic nitrate
d) Particulate aromatic nitrogen
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q10. Photochemical smog is generally formed during:

a) Winter mornings
b) Cloudy days
c ) Sunny days in the presence of NOx + hydrocarbons
d) Rainy season

Q11. Which device is used to control particulate matter in industries?

a) Cyclone separator
b) Electrostatic precipitator
c) Scrubber
d ) All of the above

Q12. Which of the following is the most dangerous particulate size for
human health?
a) PM10
b ) PM2.5
c) PM100
d) PM50
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q10. Photochemical smog is generally formed during:

a) Winter mornings
b) Cloudy days
c ) Sunny days in the presence of NOx + hydrocarbons
d) Rainy season

Q11. Which device is used to control particulate matter in industries?

a) Cyclone separator
b) Electrostatic precipitator
c) Scrubber
d ) All of the above

Q12. Which of the following is the most dangerous particulate size for
human health?
a) PM10
b ) PM2.5
c) PM100
d) PM50
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q13. Air Quality Index (AQI) in India is classified into how many
categories?
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d)8

Q14. Which organ of the human body is most affected by air pollution?
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c ) Lungs
d) Stomach

Q15. Which of the following gases is non-toxic but asphyxiant?

a) CO
b ) CO₂
c) NO₂
d) SO₂
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q13. Air Quality Index (AQI) in India is classified into how many
categories?
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d)8

Q14. Which organ of the human body is most affected by air pollution?
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c ) Lungs
d) Stomach

Q15. Which of the following gases is non-toxic but asphyxiant?

a) CO
b ) CO₂
c) NO₂
d) SO₂
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q16. The first Air Pollution Control Act in India was passed in:
a) 1974
b ) 1981
c) 1986
d) 2001

Q17. Which Indian city is known as the most polluted by PM2.5 as per
recent reports?
a ) Delhi
b) Kanpur
c) Ghaziabad
d) Lucknow

Q18. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) was caused by the leakage of:
a) Phosgene
b ) Methyl isocyanate (MIC)
c) Ammonia
d) Hydrogen cyanide
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q16. The first Air Pollution Control Act in India was passed in:
a) 1974
b ) 1981
c) 1986
d) 2001

Q17. Which Indian city is known as the most polluted by PM2.5 as per
recent reports?
a ) Delhi
b) Kanpur
c) Ghaziabad
d) Lucknow

Q18. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) was caused by the leakage of:
a) Phosgene
b ) Methyl isocyanate (MIC)
c) Ammonia
d) Hydrogen cyanide
[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q19. Which of the following initiatives was launched by the

Government of India in 2019 to improve air quality?
a) Swachh Vayu Abhiyan
b ) National Clean Air Program (NCAP)
c) Green India Mission
d) Air Quality Monitoring Mission

[Link]
 Air Pollution Quiz

Q19. Which of the following initiatives was launched by the

Government of India in 2019 to improve air quality?
a) Swachh Vayu Abhiyan
b ) National Clean Air Program (NCAP)
c) Green India Mission
d) Air Quality Monitoring Mission

[Link]
Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Definition

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies

(such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, and reservoirs) by
physical, chemical, or biological agents that:
Alter the natural quality of water,
Make it harmful or unsuitable for human consumption,
agriculture, industry, aquatic life, and other intended uses,
Disturb the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Quality Parameters
Water quality is assessed based on Physical, Chemical, and Biological
parameters.

1️⃣ Physical Parameters

These describe the appearance and physical characteristics of water.
Colour → Indicates presence of dissolved organic matter, industrial effluents, or
algae.
Odor & Taste → Due to decaying organic matter, chlorine, or chemical
discharges.
Turbidity → Caused by suspended solids like silt, clay, or microorganisms.
Temperature → Affects the solubility of oxygen and the metabolic rate of
aquatic organisms.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) → Indicates salts, minerals, and organic matter.
(For drinking water, a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) level between 50-150 mg/L (PPM) is considered excellent for
its balance of minerals and taste, while a range of 150-500 mg/L is generally acceptable and safe)
 Water Pollution
Water Quality Parameters

2️⃣ Chemical Parameters

These indicate the chemical composition of water.

pH → Indicates acidity or alkalinity (safe range: 6.5–8.5).

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) → Essential for aquatic life; <5 mg/L harmful.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) → Amount of oxygen required by microbes
to decompose organic matter (indicator of pollution).
Nitrates & Phosphates → High levels cause eutrophication (algal blooms).
Hardness (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) → Affects domestic/industrial use of water.
Heavy Metals (Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Cr) → Toxic to humans and aquatic organisms.
Chlorides, Sulphates, Fluorides → High concentrations are harmful to health.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Quality Parameters

3️⃣ Biological Parameters

These measure the biological and microbial content in water.

Total Coliforms → Indicator of sewage/faecal contamination.

Faecal Coliforms (E. coli) → Direct evidence of faecal pollution.
Pathogens → Bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), Viruses, Protozoa
Biological Indicators (Bio-indicators) → Presence/absence of aquatic
organisms like algae and insects indicates water quality.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Quality Parameters

pH Value of Water

pH = “potential of Hydrogen” → It measures the concentration of

hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water.
It is expressed on a scale of 0 to 14:
pH < 7 → Acidic
pH = 7 → Neutral
pH > 7 → Alkaline (basic)
For drinking water, WHO recommends a pH between 6.5 – 8.5

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Source of Water Typical pH Range Remarks
Slightly acidic due to
Rainwater (natural) 5.6 – 6.0 dissolved CO₂ forming
carbonic acid.
From SO₂ and NOₓ emissions
Acid Rain < 5.6
→ harmful to life.
Distilled Water (pure) ~7.0 Neutral (in lab conditions).
Slightly acidic to neutral,
River Water 6.5 – 7.5
varies with pollution.
Depends on soil and mineral
Groundwater 6.0 – 8.5
content.
Slightly alkaline due to
Seawater 7.5 – 8.4
dissolved salts.
Drinking Water (WHO std.) 6.5 – 8.5 Safe range for human health.
Wastewater (sewage) 6.0 – 7.0 Slightly acidic to neutral.
Can be highly acidic/alkaline
Industrial Effluents 3.0 – 11.0
depending on industry.
 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution
(a) Source based
(b) Chemical based
(c) Nutrient based
(d) by Oxygen Depletion
(e) by Metals

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution

Water pollution can be classified based on the origin of the pollutant

into “Point Source and Non-point source Pollution”

1️⃣ Point Source Pollution

Pollution that comes from a single, identifiable, and localized source.
Easy to monitor and regulate.
Examples:
Discharge from sewage treatment plants.
Industrial effluents from factories (chemical, textile, and paper mills).
Thermal power plants (hot water discharge).
Oil refineries.
Leaks from oil pipelines
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution

Water pollution can be classified based on the origin of the pollutant

into “Point Source and Non-point source Pollution”

2️⃣ Non-Point Source Pollution

Pollution that comes from diffuse, scattered, and unidentifiable
sources.
Harder to regulate and control.
Examples:
Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides).
Urban runoff (oil, grease, metals, plastics washed by rain).
Sediment erosion from construction sites.
Acid rain (from SO₂, NOₓ emissions).
Atmospheric deposition of pollutants into rivers and lakes
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Bioaccumulation vs. Biomagnification

1️⃣ Bioaccumulation

Definition:
The gradual build-up of toxic substances (like pesticides, heavy metals, and
Persistent Organic Pollutants) in the tissues of a single organism over time.
Happens because the body absorbs more toxins than it can eliminate.
Occurs at the individual level.
Example:
A fish living in a polluted river absorbs mercury from water and plankton.
Over time, mercury accumulates in its tissues.
Effects:
Organ damage, reduced reproductive ability, cancer, and nervous system
damage
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Bioaccumulation vs. Biomagnification

2️⃣ Biomagnification

Definition:
The progressive increase in concentration of toxic substances as they move
up the food chain from one trophic level to another.
Toxins magnify because predators consume many contaminated prey.
Occurs at the ecosystem/food chain level.
Example:
Water has trace DDT(Dichlorodiphenyl-Trichloroethane)
Plankton absorb it → small concentration.
Small fish eat plankton → higher DDT.
Big fish eat small fish → even higher DDT.
Birds (e.g., eagles) eat big fish → maximum DDT concentration
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Biomagnification

Effects:
Top predators (including humans) face the highest risk.
Example: Birds like eagles & falcons → eggshell thinning
(from DDT).
Humans → mercury poisoning, cancer, hormonal disruption

•Bioaccumulation = within one organism

•Biomagnification = across the food chain

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution

Water Pollution by Chemicals - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Definition

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a group of toxic chemical

substances that:
Persist in the environment for long periods (do not break down easily).
Bioaccumulate in the food chain (especially in fatty tissues of living
organisms).
Bio-magnify (concentration increases as they move up the food chain).
Travel long distances through air and water currents.
POPs contaminate rivers, lakes, and oceans, making water unsafe for
humans and ecosystems
 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution

Water Pollution by Chemicals - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Sources of POPs in Water

Agricultural runoff (pesticides, herbicides).

Industrial discharge (chemicals, dyes, solvents).
Improper disposal of toxic waste.
Accidental leaks, spills.
Volatilization and deposition from air → water

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of POPs
1. Pesticides (Agricultural POPs)

Examples: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Mirex,

Toxaphene.
Use: Insecticides, termite control, malaria control.
Impact:
Bioaccumulate in fish → enter human food chain.
Cause cancers, reproductive disorders, immune suppression.
DDT → thinning of bird eggshells (ecological damage)

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of POPs
2. Industrial Chemicals
Examples: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Hexachlorobenzene
(HCB).
Use: Electrical equipment, transformers, solvents, industrial
processes.
Impact:
Carcinogenic, liver and kidney damage.
Persist in sediments → contaminate aquatic life

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of POPs
3. Unintended By-products
Examples: Dioxins, Furans (from incomplete combustion, paper
bleaching, waste incineration).
Use: Not directly produced, but by-products of industrial/thermal
processes.
Impact:
Highly toxic → cause skin diseases (chloracne), cancers, immune
and developmental disorders.
Extremely persistent and harmful even in trace amounts

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Types of POPs
Global Initiative

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001,

enforced 2004):

International treaty to eliminate/restrict the production & use of

POPs.
Initially targeted 12 POPs (called “Dirty Dozen”)

[Link]
 Water Pollution
VOCs vs POPs
Parameter VOCs POPs
Volatile, evaporate Persistent, stable,
Nature
easily, short-lived. remain for decades.
Benzene, Toluene, DDT, PCBs, Dioxins,
Examples
Formaldehyde. Furans.
Bioaccumulate, bio-
Cause smog,
magnify → chronic
Impact respiratory irritation,
diseases (cancer,
some cancers.
endocrine issues).

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

Oxygen in water is essential for aquatic life. When

pollutants (like organic matter, sewage, and industrial waste)
enter water bodies, they consume or reduce dissolved
oxygen (DO), leading to oxygen depletion.

This is measured using DO, BOD, and COD

Let’s understand them:

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

1️⃣ Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Definition: Amount of oxygen present in water (mg/L).

Importance: Required for respiration of fish, aquatic plants,

and microorganisms.
Normal range: >5 mg/L is healthy; less than 3 mg/L causes
fish death.
Oxygen depletion: Occurs due to excess organic waste, algal
blooms, and sewage discharge.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

1️⃣ Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Type of DO Definition Key Point / Use

Real concentration of oxygen present in Measured directly; shows
Actual DO
water at a given time (mg/L). present water quality.

Maximum oxygen water can hold under Higher in cold, fresh water;
Saturation DO
given temperature, pressure, and salinity. baseline for comparison.

Difference between saturation DO and Indicates oxygen shortage; high

Deficit DO
actual DO. deficit = pollution.

Oxygen required by aquatic organisms (fish, Linked with aquatic health and
Biological DO plants, microbes) for respiration and BOD(biochemical oxygen
metabolism. demand).
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

2️⃣ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Definition: The amount of oxygen required by
microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water.
Indicator of: Organic pollution.
Range:
Clean water → BOD < 3 mg/L
Moderately polluted → 3–6 mg/L
Heavily polluted → > 10 mg/L

High BOD = High oxygen consumption → Low DO → Aquatic

death
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

Types of BOD

2️⃣(a) Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) *asked in exam

Oxygen is required for the decomposition of carbon-based
organic matter (e.g., sewage, food waste).
Major contributor to total BOD.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

Types of BOD

2️⃣(b) Nitrogenous BOD (NBOD)

Oxygen required for oxidation of nitrogen compounds (like
ammonia, nitrites).
Starts after CBOD reduces.
Important in wastewaters containing fertilizer runoff,
industrial effluents, or sewage rich in proteins/urea.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

Types of BOD

2️⃣(c) Ultimate BOD (BODu)

Total oxygen demand needed to completely stabilize organic
matter (carbonaceous + nitrogenous).
Gives the true oxygen demand of water.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

Types of BOD

2️⃣(d) BOD₅ (5-day BOD)

The BOD5 test measures the amount of biochemically degradable organic

matter in a water sample by determining the dissolved oxygen (DO)
consumed by microorganisms over five days of incubation at 20°C. A
higher BOD5 value indicates more organic pollution.
• Most common test (standardized at 20°C for 5 days).
• Represents the carbonaceous demand only.
• Used in water quality monitoring worldwide.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

3️⃣ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Definition: The amount of oxygen required to chemically

oxidize both organic & inorganic pollutants in water.

Measures: Total pollution load (biodegradable + non-

biodegradable).
Relation: COD ≥ BOD (always higher, since COD includes all
oxidizable substances)

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Oxygen Depletion

•DO ↓ → Bad for aquatic life.

•BOD ↑ → More organic matter → More oxygen needed
→ Less DO.
•COD ↑ → High pollution load (industrial + domestic)

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

Definition

Water pollution by nutrients occurs when excess nitrogen (N)

and phosphorus (P) compounds (mainly from fertilizers,
sewage, detergents, and animal waste) enter aquatic systems.
This leads to over-enrichment of water bodies

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

Sources

Agricultural runoff – chemical fertilizers, pesticides.

Domestic sewage – detergents, waste.
Industrial effluents – food processing, chemicals.
Animal waste – poultry, dairy farms

Since all these mostly end up in local lakes, the lakes

become vulnerable to these pollutants

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Eutrophication

Definition

Eutrophication is the process of enrichment of water

bodies with excess nutrients (mainly Nitrogen &
Phosphorus), leading to overgrowth of algae and
aquatic plants, which disrupts the natural balance of the
ecosystem

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Eutrophication
Process (Step-by-Step)

Excess nutrients (N & P) enter water.

Rapid algal growth (algal bloom) occurs.
Algae cover the surface → block sunlight → death of
submerged plants.
Algae die & decompose → decomposers consume oxygen.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) decreases → aquatic organisms
suffocate.
Dead zones form → fish kills, biodiversity collapse.

Eutrophication = excess nutrients (N, P) → algal blooms →

oxygen depletion → biodiversity loss → dead zone
 Water Pollution
Eutrophication
Consequences
Environmental:
Oxygen depletion (hypoxia).
Algal toxins are harming aquatic life.
Loss of biodiversity (sensitive species vanish).
Economic:
Fishery collapse.
Increased water treatment costs.
Tourism decline (bad odour, dead fish, dirty water).
Health:
Toxic cyanobacteria → liver damage, skin irritation.
Nitrate pollution in groundwater → "Blue Baby Syndrome"
(methemoglobinemia)
 Water Pollution
Important Terms Related to Eutrophication
Algal Bloom: Rapid growth of algae due to excess nutrients.
Dead Zone: An Area with extremely low oxygen where aquatic life cannot
survive.
Hypoxia: A Low dissolved oxygen condition.
Anoxia: Complete absence of oxygen in water.
Cultural Eutrophication: Accelerated eutrophication caused by human
activities (fertilizers, sewage, industry).
Natural Eutrophication: Very slow, natural nutrient enrichment over
centuries (lake aging).
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Oxygen needed by microbes to
decompose organic matter – increases during eutrophication.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Amount of oxygen in water – decreases during
eutrophication
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

Types of Lakes w.r.t Nutrient Levels

1. Oligotrophic Lakes

Nutrient status: Very low (poor in N & P).

Water quality: Clear, high transparency.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): High, even in deep layers.
Biodiversity: Often supports cold-water fish like trout

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

2. Mesotrophic Lakes

Nutrient status: Moderate.

Water quality: Medium clarity.
DO: Sufficient in upper layers, may decline in deeper zones.
Biodiversity: Richer than oligotrophic, but stable

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

3. Eutrophic Lakes

Nutrient status: High (rich in N & P).

Water quality: Murky, algal blooms common.
DO: Depleted in bottom waters (due to decomposition).
Biodiversity: Sensitive species decline, hardy species dominate

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients

4. Hypereutrophic Lakes

Nutrient status: Extremely high (severe nutrient pollution).

Water quality: Very poor, thick algal scum, foul smell.
DO: Extremely low → frequent fish kills.
Biodiversity: Collapse of aquatic diversity → "dead zones."

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Nutrients
Dystrophic Lake (also called Humic Lake)

Nutrients: Low availability of usable nutrients (N & P locked in

organic matter).
Water color: Dark brown/yellow due to humic acids.
pH: Usually acidic.
DO (Dissolved Oxygen): Often low in deeper layers.
Source of organic matter: Surrounded by peat bogs, wetlands, or
forests.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Metals
Definition

When toxic heavy metals (like Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic,

Chromium, etc.) contaminate water bodies beyond permissible
limits, it is called water pollution by metals.
These metals are non-biodegradable, accumulate in sediments, and
enter the food chain → causing bioaccumulation &
biomagnification.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Water Pollution by Metals
Sources

Industrial Effluents – mining, tanneries, electroplating, textiles,

battery & paint industries.
Agriculture – pesticides, fertilizers with arsenic or cadmium.
Domestic Wastewater – plumbing with lead pipes, detergents.
Natural Sources – weathering of rocks, volcanic activity (but minimal
compared to anthropogenic)

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Metal Sources Health Effects / Diseases
Batteries, paints, old pipes, Lead poisoning → anemia, kidney damage, neurological issues
1. Lead (Pb)
smelting in children
Coal burning, mining, paper
2. Mercury (Hg) Minamata disease (neurological disorder), kidney failure
industry
Batteries, pigments, plastics,
3. Cadmium (Cd) Itai-Itai disease (bone deformity, kidney damage)
fertilizers
Pesticides, fertilizers, natural
4. Arsenic (As) Arsenicosis → skin lesions, cancer
groundwater
5. Chromium Tanneries, electroplating,
Carcinogenic, liver & kidney damage
(Cr⁶⁺) dyes
Pipes, mining, industry
6. Copper (Cu) GI disorders, Wilson’s disease (Cu accumulation in body)
effluents
Fertilizers, galvanization,
7. Zinc (Zn) Nausea, vomiting, anemia (toxic in excess)
alloys
8. Iron (Fe) Soil leaching, industries Hemochromatosis (iron overload), organ damage
Acid mine drainage, water
9. Aluminum (Al) Linked with Alzheimer’s disease, bone weakness
treatment
 Water Pollution
Metal Sources Health Effects / Diseases
Electroplating, alloys,
10. Nickel (Ni) Skin dermatitis, lung cancer (chronic exposure)
batteries
Electronics, coal Selenium poisoning → hair loss, nervous system
11. Selenium (Se)
combustion, glass issues
Mining, steel industry,
12. Manganese (Mn) Neurological damage (Parkinson-like symptoms)
groundwater
Lung fibrosis, heart problems (Beer drinker’s
13. Cobalt (Co) Batteries, pigments, mining
cardiomyopathy)
Drilling fluids, ceramics,
14. Barium (Ba) Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heartbeat
electronics
Nuclear plants, fertilizers,
15. Uranium (U) Kidney toxicity, radioactive poisoning, cancer risk
groundwater
Flame retardants, smelting,
16. Antimony (Sb) Liver damage, lung diseases, skin irritation
alloys
Mining, fossil fuel
17. Vanadium (V) Respiratory irritation, kidney & liver toxicity
combustion
Electronics, pesticides,
18. Thallium (Tl) Hair loss, nerve damage, and death in high doses
mining
 Water Pollution

Key Exam-Important Diseases

•Minamata disease → Mercury (Hg)

•Itai-Itai disease → Cadmium (Cd)
•Arsenicosis → Arsenic (As)
•Alzheimer’s link → Aluminum (Al)
•Blue Baby Syndrome (Methemoglobinemia) → Nitrates
(not a metal, but often asked with water pollution)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Key Exam-Important Diseases

•Minamata disease → Mercury (Hg)

•Itai-Itai disease → Cadmium (Cd)
•Arsenicosis → Arsenic (As)
•Alzheimer’s link → Aluminum (Al)
•Blue Baby Syndrome (Methemoglobinemia) → Nitrates
(not a metal, but often asked with water pollution)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Water Pollution

1. Waterborne Diseases
Caused by ingestion of contaminated water (with
pathogens or toxic chemicals).

Examples:
Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
Typhoid (Salmonella typhi)
Hepatitis A & E (viruses)
Dysentery (Shigella, Entamoeba histolytica)
Gastroenteritis
Polio
[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Water Pollution

2. Water-Washed Diseases
Caused by poor hygiene and inadequate water for
washing/bathing (not by drinking).
Spread by lack of sanitation & skin contact.

Examples:
Trachoma (eye infection, Chlamydia trachomatis)
Scabies (mites)
Skin infections (fungal, bacterial)
Conjunctivitis
Diarrhoea (due to poor hygiene, not direct contamination)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Water Pollution

3. Water-Based Diseases
Pathogens spend part of their life cycle in aquatic
organisms (snails, copepods, etc.).
Humans are infected through direct contact with
contaminated water or by eating infected hosts.

Examples:
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) – blood flukes (snail intermediate
host).
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) – through water fleas
(Cyclops).
Clonorchiasis (liver fluke – freshwater fish)
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Water Pollution

4. Water-Related (Vector-Borne) Diseases

Spread by insects that breed in or near water
(mosquitoes, flies).
Transmission is indirect.

Examples:
Malaria (Anopheles mosquitoes)
Dengue & Zika (Aedes mosquitoes)
Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, spread by mosquitoes)
Yellow fever (Aedes mosquitoes)
Sleeping sickness (tsetse flies – linked with wetland areas)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Water Pollution

5. Other Water Pollution–Related Diseases

Due to chemical contaminants (toxic metals, nitrates,
pesticides).

Examples:
Minamata disease → Mercury poisoning
Itai-Itai disease → Cadmium poisoning
Arsenicosis → Arsenic poisoning in groundwater
Blue Baby Syndrome (Methemoglobinemia) → Excess nitrates
in drinking water
Fluorosis → Excess fluoride in water

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Category Examples Cause

Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Ingesting
Waterborne
Hepatitis A, Polio contaminated water
Water- Trachoma, Scabies, Lack of water &
Washed Conjunctivitis, Skin infections hygiene
Water- Schistosomiasis, Guinea worm Aquatic intermediate
Based disease, Liver fluke hosts
Water- Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Insects breeding in
Related Yellow fever water
Other Minamata, Itai-Itai, Arsenicosis, Metals, chemicals,
(Chemical) Fluorosis, Blue Baby Syndrome nitrates, fluoride

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Bacterial Diseases

•Cholera → Vibrio cholerae

•Typhoid fever → Salmonella typhi
•Bacillary Dysentery → Shigella dysenteriae
•Leptospirosis → Leptospira interrogans (rat urine in water)
•Gastroenteritis (bacterial) → E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Viral Diseases

Hepatitis A & E → Hepatitis viruses A & E

Polio → Poliovirus
Rotavirus Diarrhoea → Rotavirus
Norovirus infection → Norovirus (major cause of food & water-
borne outbreaks)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Protozoan Diseases

Amoebic Dysentery (Amebiasis) → Entamoeba histolytica

Giardiasis → Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidiosis → Cryptosporidium parvum
Balantidiasis → Balantidium coli

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Helminthic (Parasitic Worm) Diseases

Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) → Schistosoma spp. (snail intermediate

host)
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) → Dracunculus medinensis
(via Cyclops water flea)
Ascariasis → Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm, via contaminated
water/food)
Taeniasis (Tapeworm infection) → Taenia saginata, Taenia solium
Clonorchiasis (Liver fluke) → Clonorchis sinensis (via freshwater fish)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Fungal Diseases (rare in exam, but good to mention)

Mycoses of skin (water-washed, poor hygiene) → Candida,

Aspergillus
Paracoccidioidomycosis → Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
(contaminated water/soil contact)

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Diseases Caused by Different Pathogens

Chemical / Toxic Contaminants (Non-Pathogenic but
Exam Relevant)

Minamata Disease → Mercury poisoning

Itai-Itai Disease → Cadmium poisoning
Arsenicosis → Arsenic in groundwater
Blue Baby Syndrome (Methemoglobinemia) → Nitrate
contamination
Fluorosis → Excess Fluoride in drinking water

[Link]
 Water Pollution

Control Measures
Wastewater treatment – sewage treatment plants (STPs), effluent
treatment plants (ETPs).
Reducing fertilizer & pesticide use – promote organic farming.
Rainwater harvesting & groundwater recharge.
Recycling & reuse of water in industries.
Public awareness & sanitation programs (e.g., Swachh Bharat
Mission).
Legislation & enforcement of pollution control laws.
Bioremediation & phytoremediation – using microbes/plants to
treat polluted water

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India

1. Acts & Legislation

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

➝ First major law to prevent and control water pollution.
➝ Provided for the setting up of Central & State Pollution Control Boards
(CPCB, SPCBs).
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
➝ Industries using water pay a cess (tax), to encourage treatment & reduce
pollution.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
➝ Umbrella Act after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (methyl isocyanite gas release)
➝ Covers water, air, and land pollution.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India

2. Major Programs & Missions

Ganga Action Plan (GAP, 1985)

➝ Reduce the pollution load of the River Ganga.
➝ Created sewage treatment plants, riverfront facilities, crematoria, etc.
National River Action Plan (NRAP, 1995)
➝ Extended river cleaning to other major rivers.
National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP, 2001)
➝ Restoration of polluted and degraded lakes.
National Wetland Conservation Program (NWCP, 1985)
➝ Protect and manage wetlands as natural filters for pollution.
National River Conservation Plan (NRCP, 1995 onwards)
➝ Expanded from GAP, covered 190 towns in 20 states
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India
2. Major Programs & Missions
•Namami Gange Programme (2014 onwards)
➝ Integrated program for conservation, rejuvenation, and cleaning of the
Ganga.
➝ Focus on sewage treatment, river surface cleaning, rural sanitation, and
biodiversity.
•National Water Policy (1987, 2002, 2012)
➝ Focus on sustainable water management, water quality monitoring, and
reuse of wastewater.
•Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019 onwards)
➝ Focus on water conservation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge,
and reducing pollution.
•Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT, 2015)
➝ Urban sewage treatment, water supply, and reducing untreated discharge.
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India
2. Major Programs & Missions
•Namami Gange Programme (2014 onwards)
➝ Integrated program for conservation, rejuvenation, and cleaning of the
Ganga.
➝ Focus on sewage treatment, river surface cleaning, rural sanitation, and
biodiversity.
•National Water Policy (1987, 2002, 2012)
➝ Focus on sustainable water management, water quality monitoring, and
reuse of wastewater.
•Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019 onwards)
➝ Focus on water conservation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge,
and reducing pollution.
•Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT, 2015)
➝ Urban sewage treatment, water supply, and reducing untreated discharge.
[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India

3. Institutional Efforts

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – Monitors water quality,

enforces standards.
National Green Tribunal (NGT) – Judicial body for environmental cases
including water pollution.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) – Implement state-level water
quality monitoring & control.
National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP) – Regular
monitoring of rivers, lakes, groundwater.

[Link]
 Water Pollution
Government Initiatives to Control Water Pollution in India

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 – set up CPCB & SPCBs.
Water Cess Act, 1977 – industries taxed for water use.
Environment Protection Act, 1986 – umbrella law for pollution.
Ganga Action Plan (1985) – Clean Ganga.
National River Conservation Plan (1995) – other rivers.
National Lake Conservation Plan (2001) – protect lakes.
Namami Gange (2014) – integrated Ganga rejuvenation.
Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) – sanitation & waste management.
AMRUT (2015) – urban sewage & water supply.
Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019) – water conservation & pollution control

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
1. Which of the following is the primary source of organic pollution in water
bodies?
A) Industrial effluents
B ) Sewage and domestic waste
C) Agricultural runoff
D) Thermal power plants

2. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) indicates:

A) The total dissolved solids in water
B ) The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic
matter
C) The presence of heavy metals
D) The alkalinity of water

3. Which of the following is NOT a method to control water pollution?

A) Aeration
B) Filtration
C ) Afforestation
D) Bioremediation [Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
1. Which of the following is the primary source of organic pollution in water
bodies?
A) Industrial effluents
B ) Sewage and domestic waste
C) Agricultural runoff
D) Thermal power plants

2. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) indicates:

A) The total dissolved solids in water
B ) The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic
matter
C) The presence of heavy metals
D) The alkalinity of water

3. Which of the following is NOT a method to control water pollution?

A) Aeration
B) Filtration
C ) Afforestation
D) Bioremediation [Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
4. Eutrophication in water bodies is mainly caused by:
A) Heavy metals
B ) Nutrient enrichment (Nitrates & Phosphates)
C) Thermal pollution
D) Radioactive waste

5. Which of the following acts was passed to control water pollution in India?
A) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
B ) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

6. Which parameter measures the dissolved oxygen depletion in water?

A) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
B ) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
C) TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
D) pH

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
4. Eutrophication in water bodies is mainly caused by:
A) Heavy metals
B ) Nutrient enrichment (Nitrates & Phosphates)
C) Thermal pollution
D) Radioactive waste

5. Which of the following acts was passed to control water pollution in India?
A) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
B ) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

6. Which parameter measures the dissolved oxygen depletion in water?

A) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
B ) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
C) TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
D) pH

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
7. Common heavy metals found as water pollutants include:
A ) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic
B) Sodium, Potassium, Calcium
C) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
D) Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen

8. Thermal pollution mainly affects:

A) pH of water
B ) Dissolved oxygen content
C) Nutrient level
D) Heavy metal concentration

9. Which of the following is a point source of water pollution?

A) Agricultural runoff
B ) Industrial effluent discharge pipe
C) Acid rain
D) Urban stormwater

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
7. Common heavy metals found as water pollutants include:
A ) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic
B) Sodium, Potassium, Calcium
C) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
D) Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen

8. Thermal pollution mainly affects:

A) pH of water
B ) Dissolved oxygen content
C) Nutrient level
D) Heavy metal concentration

9. Which of the following is a point source of water pollution?

A) Agricultural runoff
B ) Industrial effluent discharge pipe
C) Acid rain
D) Urban stormwater

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
10. The eutrophication process leads to:
A) Increased fish population
B ) Oxygen depletion and death of aquatic organisms
C) Reduction in nutrient content
D) Neutralization of acidic water

11. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) measures:

A ) Oxygen consumed by organic matter via chemical oxidants
B) Total alkalinity of water
C) Dissolved oxygen in water
D) Presence of pathogens

12. Bioaccumulation refers to:

A) Accumulation of nutrients in water
B ) Accumulation of chemicals in an organism over time
C) Dissolution of gases in water
D) Growth of aquatic plants

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
10. The eutrophication process leads to:
A) Increased fish population
B ) Oxygen depletion and death of aquatic organisms
C) Reduction in nutrient content
D) Neutralization of acidic water

11. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) measures:

A ) Oxygen consumed by organic matter via chemical oxidants
B) Total alkalinity of water
C) Dissolved oxygen in water
D) Presence of pathogens

12. Bioaccumulation refers to:

A) Accumulation of nutrients in water
B ) Accumulation of chemicals in an organism over time
C) Dissolution of gases in water
D) Growth of aquatic plants

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
13. Biomagnification refers to:
A) Increase in nutrient content in water
B ) Increase of pollutant concentration at higher trophic levels
C) Sedimentation in water bodies
D) Self-purification of water

14. Which of the following is a major source of nitrate pollution in water?

A) Industrial effluents
B ) Agricultural fertilizers
C) Plastic waste
D) Thermal power plants

15. Which of the following is a natural purification process in water bodies?

A) Sedimentation
B) Filtration through sand
C) Aeration
D ) All of the above

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
13. Biomagnification refers to:
A) Increase in nutrient content in water
B ) Increase of pollutant concentration at higher trophic levels
C) Sedimentation in water bodies
D) Self-purification of water

14. Which of the following is a major source of nitrate pollution in water?

A) Industrial effluents
B ) Agricultural fertilizers
C) Plastic waste
D) Thermal power plants

15. Which of the following is a natural purification process in water bodies?

A) Sedimentation
B) Filtration through sand
C) Aeration
D ) All of the above

[Link]
Water Pollution Most Important MCQs (Expected)

[Link] of the following is a major contributor to non-point source water pollution?

A) Industrial effluents
B ) Agricultural runoff
C) Sewage treatment plants
D) Wastewater discharge pipes

2. The primary purpose of measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in water is to:
A) Determine the pH level
B) Assess the presence of heavy metals
C ) Evaluate the organic pollution level
D) Measure the temperature

3. Eutrophication in water bodies is primarily caused by an excess of:

A) Heavy metals
B ) Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus
C) Organic matter
D) Pathogens

[Link]
Water Pollution Most Important MCQs (Expected)

[Link] of the following is a major contributor to non-point source water pollution?

A) Industrial effluents
B ) Agricultural runoff
C) Sewage treatment plants
D) Wastewater discharge pipes

2. The primary purpose of measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in water is to:
A) Determine the pH level
B) Assess the presence of heavy metals
C ) Evaluate the organic pollution level
D) Measure the temperature

3. Eutrophication in water bodies is primarily caused by an excess of:

A) Heavy metals
B ) Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus
C) Organic matter
D) Pathogens

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs

4. Which of the following is a government initiative aimed at controlling water pollution in

India?
A ) National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP)
B) National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)
C) National Green Tribunal (NGT)
D) National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

5. The presence of which of the following in water indicates contamination by sewage?

A) High levels of dissolved oxygen
B ) Presence of coliform bacteria
C) Low levels of nitrogen
D) High pH levels

[Link]
 Water Pollution Most Important MCQs

4. Which of the following is a government initiative aimed at controlling water pollution in

India?
A ) National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP)
B) National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)
C) National Green Tribunal (NGT)
D) National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

5. The presence of which of the following in water indicates contamination by sewage?

A) High levels of dissolved oxygen
B ) Presence of coliform bacteria
C) Low levels of nitrogen
D) High pH levels

[Link]
Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of point source water pollution?
A) Diffuse and widespread
B ) Originates from a single identifiable source
C) Difficult to control
D) Associated with agricultural runoff

7. The process of removing suspended solids from wastewater is known as:

A) Filtration
B ) Sedimentation
C) Chlorination
D) Aeration

8. Which of the following is a consequence of thermal pollution in water bodies?

A) Increased dissolved oxygen levels
B ) Decreased metabolic rates of aquatic organisms
C) Enhanced biodiversity
D) Reduced evaporation rates

9. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in India in:
A) 1972
B ) 1974
C) 1986
D) 1992
[Link]
Water Pollution Most Important MCQs
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of point source water pollution?
A) Diffuse and widespread
B ) Originates from a single identifiable source
C) Difficult to control
D) Associated with agricultural runoff

7. The process of removing suspended solids from wastewater is known as:

A) Filtration
B ) Sedimentation
C) Chlorination
D) Aeration

8. Which of the following is a consequence of thermal pollution in water bodies?

A) Increased dissolved oxygen levels
B ) Decreased metabolic rates of aquatic organisms
C) Enhanced biodiversity
D) Reduced evaporation rates

9. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in India in:
A) 1972
B ) 1974
C) 1986
D) 1992
[Link]
Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
Soil Pollution

Definition

Soil pollution is the degradation of the natural

quality and fertility of soil due to the presence of
toxic chemicals, pollutants, and waste materials
that adversely affect living organisms, soil
properties, and the environment.

Before going forward with soil pollution, let’s

explore the types, horizons and parameters of soil :

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Soil Type Distribution (States/Regions) Properties Major Crops
Indo-Gangetic plains (Punjab, Haryana,
Fertile, rich in potash & lime; Wheat, rice, sugarcane,
Alluvial Soil UP, Bihar, WB, Assam, Gujarat,
poor in nitrogen & humus pulses
Rajasthan)
Clayey, moisture-retentive,
Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, AP, TN Cotton, sugarcane, wheat,
Black Soil (Regur) rich in CaCO₃ & Mg; poor in
(Deccan Plateau) groundnut
nitrogen & phosphorus
Red due to iron oxides; poor
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, AP, Odisha, Pulses, groundnut, millets,
Red Soil in humus; fertile with
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand potato
irrigation
Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Odisha, WB, NE Formed by leaching; rich in
Laterite Soil Cashew, tea, coffee, rubber
states iron & Al; poor fertility
Sandy, saline, poor humus, Barley, millets, maize (with
Desert Soil Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat
low moisture retention irrigation)
Mountain/Forest Himalayas (J&K, HP, Uttarakhand, NE Coarse on slopes, loamy in
Tea, coffee, spices, fruits
Soil states) valleys, rich in organic matter
Saline & Alkaline Excess salts (Na, Ca, Mg); Rice, wheat, barley (after
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar
Soil infertile unless treated gypsum treatment)
Peaty & Marshy High organic matter, acidic,
Kerala, WB, Odisha, coastal regions Rice, jute, paddy
Soil waterlogged
 Soil Pollution

• “Cotton Soil” → Black Soil.

• “Leaching Soil” → Laterite Soil.
• “Most fertile soil” → Alluvial Soil.
• “Problem soil with salts” → Saline/Alkaline Soil

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Soil Horizons (Soil Profile Layers).
Horizon Name Key Features
O Organic layer Decomposed litter, humus, dark, nutrient-rich
A Topsoil Minerals + humus, fertile, roots, microbes
E Eluviation layer Leaching zone, pale, nutrient-poor
B Subsoil Illuviation zone, mineral-rich, less humus
C Parent material Weathered rock, little organic matter
R Bedrock Solid unweathered rock

•“Which horizon is richest in humus?” → A horizon.

•“Which horizon is called the zone of leaching?” → E horizon.
•“Which horizon is parent material?” → C horizon

[Link]
 Soil Pollution

Soil Quality Parameters

1. Physical Parameters
•Texture → proportion of sand, silt, clay.
•Structure → arrangement of soil particles into aggregates.
•Porosity → volume of pore spaces (affects aeration & water).
•Bulk Density → mass of soil per unit volume (indicator of
compaction).
•Water Holding Capacity → soil’s ability to retain water.
•Soil Depth → thickness of soil available for roots.
•Colour → indicates organic matter and mineral content.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution

Soil Quality Parameters

2. Chemical Parameters
pH → acidity or alkalinity (ideal: 6–7.5 for most crops).
Electrical Conductivity (EC) → measure of salinity.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) → ability to hold & exchange nutrients.
Organic Carbon Content → fertility indicator.
Nutrients:
Primary: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K).
Secondary: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S).
Micronutrients: Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Boron
(B).
Contaminants → heavy metals, pesticides, toxic chemicals.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Soil Quality Parameters

3. Biological Parameters
Microbial Biomass → bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes.
Soil Respiration → CO₂ release (indicator of microbial activity).
Earthworm Population → natural soil fertility indicator.
Organic Matter Decomposition Rate.

•“Which parameter indicates soil salinity?” → Electrical Conductivity

(EC).
•“Which parameter shows nutrient holding capacity?” → Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC).
•“Biological indicator of soil fertility?” → Microbial biomass &
earthworms.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Sources / Causes

Industrial Waste – chemicals, fly ash, slag, heavy metals.

Agricultural Activities – excessive fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides, and herbicides.
Urban Waste – plastics, glass, rubber, e-waste, sewage sludge.
Mining & Quarrying – spoil heaps, toxic dust, acid mine drainage.
Deforestation & Overgrazing – loss of topsoil and soil erosion.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Types of Soil Pollutants

Inorganic: Heavy metals (Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium).

Organic: Pesticides (DDT, BHC), hydrocarbons, solvents.
Radioactive: Uranium, Thorium wastes.
Biological: Pathogens from sewage and waste disposal.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Impacts

Soil Fertility Loss – imbalance in the NPK ratio, decline in

productivity.
Food Chain Contamination – Bioaccumulation and
Biomagnification.
Groundwater Pollution – leaching of chemicals and nitrates.
Health Hazards – cancer, neurological damage, and skin diseases.
Ecological Impact – loss of soil microorganisms and biodiversity.

[Link]
 Soil Pollution
Control & Management

Bioremediation & Phytoremediation – using microbes and

plants to clean soil.
Waste Management – segregation, recycling, treatment of
hazardous waste.
Eco-friendly Agriculture – organic farming, biofertilizers,
biopesticides.
Legislation & Policies –
Hazardous Waste Management Rules (India)
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q1. Soil pollution is mainly defined as:

a) Decrease in soil fertility due to natural erosion

b ) Accumulation of toxic substances in soil reduces its productivity
c) Mixing of sand and silt in clay soils
d) Conversion of fertile land into desert

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q1. Soil pollution is mainly defined as:

a) Decrease in soil fertility due to natural erosion

b ) Accumulation of toxic substances in soil reduces its productivity
c) Mixing of sand and silt in clay soils
d) Conversion of fertile land into desert

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q2. Which of the following is the major source of soil pollution in

India?
a ) Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers
b) Natural erosion
c) Soil compaction
d) Grazing of animals

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q2. Which of the following is the major source of soil pollution in

India?
a ) Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers
b) Natural erosion
c) Soil compaction
d) Grazing of animals

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q3. Which heavy metal in polluted soil can cause neurological

disorders like Minamata disease?

a) Lead
b) Cadmium
c ) Mercury
d) Chromium

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q3. Which heavy metal in polluted soil can cause neurological

disorders like Minamata disease?

a) Lead
b) Cadmium
c ) Mercury
d) Chromium

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q4. The process of using plants to remove, stabilize, or degrade

soil pollutants is called:

a) Bioremediation
b ) Phytoremediation
c) Composting
d) Vermiculture

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q4. The process of using plants to remove, stabilize, or degrade

soil pollutants is called:

a) Bioremediation
b ) Phytoremediation
c) Composting
d) Vermiculture

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q5. Which Indian legislation deals with soil pollution through

hazardous waste management?

a ) Environment Protection Act, 1986

b) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
c) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
d) Biodiversity Act, 2002

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q5. Which Indian legislation deals with soil pollution through

hazardous waste management?

a ) Environment Protection Act, 1986

b) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
c) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
d) Biodiversity Act, 2002

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q6. A major health impact of arsenic contamination in soil and

groundwater is:

a) Fluorosis
b ) Blackfoot disease & skin lesions
c) Blue baby syndrome
d) Cancer due to radiation

[Link]
 Soil Pollution – Important MCQs

Q6. A major health impact of arsenic contamination in soil and

groundwater is:

a) Fluorosis
b ) Blackfoot disease & skin lesions
c) Blue baby syndrome
d) Cancer due to radiation

[Link]
Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Definition

Noise pollution is the presence of unwanted or harmful

sound in the environment that disturbs human health,
comfort, and ecological balance.
Measured in decibels (dB).
The unit of sound intensity: dB(A) (A-weighted decibels).
Sounds above 85 dB are harmful with prolonged
exposure.

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Measurement of Noise

Noise is measured mainly in terms of intensity, frequency, duration,

and exposure levels.

1. Intensity (Sound Pressure Level)

Measured in Decibels (dB).
Unit: dB(A) (A-weighted decibel) → adjusts for human ear sensitivity.
Reference sound pressure: 20 µPa (micropascals) (threshold of
human hearing)

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Measurement of Noise

2. Frequency
Number of vibrations per second.
Unit: Hertz (Hz).
Human hearing range: ~20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Noise sensitivity:
The human ear is most sensitive to 1,000–5,000 Hz.
Below 20 Hz → Infrasound (e.g., earthquakes).
Above 20,000 Hz → Ultrasound (e.g., industrial use, bats).

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Measurement of Noise

3. Duration / Exposure Time

Short-term exposure: Loud, sudden sounds (explosions,
horns).
Long-term exposure: Continuous industrial or traffic noise.
Safe exposure guidelines (WHO / OSHA):
85 dB for 8 hours exposure is the maximum safe limit.
Each +3 dB increase → safe exposure time halves.

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Measurement of Noise

Threshold of Hearing
Minimum sound pressure detectable by human ear.
0 dB = 20 µPa.

Threshold of Pain
Sound level where hearing becomes painful.
Around 120–140 dB.

Sonic Boom
Sudden shock wave produced when an aircraft travels faster
than sound (Mach 1).
Produces explosive noise (~200 dB near source).
[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Measurement of Noise

•“Unit of sound intensity?” → Decibel (dB).

•“Human ear sensitivity range?” → 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz.
•“Safe exposure to 85 dB?” → 8 hours
•“0 dB corresponds to?” → Threshold of hearing (20 µPa).
•“Unit of perceived sound measurement?” → dB(A).
•“Sonic boom is associated with?” → Aircraft crossing the speed of sound.

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Sources of Noise Pollution

Industrial → factories, heavy machinery, generators.

Transport → road traffic, railways, airports.
Urban Activities → loudspeakers, construction, markets, festivals.
Domestic → TV, music systems, appliances.
Natural → thunder, volcanic eruptions (rare, less harmful).

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Impacts

On Humans:
Hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress, hypertension.
Reduced concentration, productivity, irritation.
On Animals:
Disturbs communication, migration, breeding.
Example: Dolphins & whales affected by ship noise.
On Environment:
General deterioration of quality of life in urban areas.

[Link]
 Noise Pollution

Permissible Noise Levels in India (CPCB norms, dB(A))

Industrial Area: 75 (day), 70 (night)

Commercial Area: 65 (day), 55 (night)
Residential Area: 55 (day), 45 (night)
Silence Zone (hospitals, schools): 50 (day), 40 (night)

[Link]
 Noise Pollution
Control Measures
At Source: Proper maintenance of vehicles, machinery silencers.
Transmission Path: Soundproof walls, tree plantation as barriers.
At Receiver’s End: Earplugs, zoning (residential away from industries).
Legislation in India:
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

•“Unit of sound intensity?” → Decibel (dB).

•“Which act controls noise pollution in India?” → EPA, 1986 & Noise
Rules 2000.
•“Permissible limits of noise in silence zones?” → 50 dB (day), 40 dB
(night)

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q1. The unit of measurement of sound intensity is:

a) Hertz (Hz)
b) Watt (W)
c ) Decibel (dB)
d) Newton (N)

Q2. According to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules,

2000, the permissible noise limit during daytime in residential areas is:
a ) 55 dB
b) 45 dB
c) 65 dB
d) 75 dB

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q1. The unit of measurement of sound intensity is:

a) Hertz (Hz)
b) Watt (W)
c ) Decibel (dB)
d) Newton (N)

Q2. According to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules,

2000, the permissible noise limit during daytime in residential areas is:
a ) 55 dB
b) 45 dB
c) 65 dB
d) 75 dB

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q3. Which of the following is NOT a source of noise pollution?

a) Industrial machinery
b) Transportation (road, rail, air traffic)
c) Construction activities
d ) Ozone depletion

Q4. The lowest sound that human ear can normally perceive is known
as:
a ) Threshold of hearing
b) Noise floor
c) Sound attenuation
d) Reverberation

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q3. Which of the following is NOT a source of noise pollution?

a) Industrial machinery
b) Transportation (road, rail, air traffic)
c) Construction activities
d ) Ozone depletion

Q4. The lowest sound that human ear can normally perceive is known
as:
a ) Threshold of hearing
b) Noise floor
c) Sound attenuation
d) Reverberation

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q5. Which of the following methods is NOT used to control noise

pollution?
a) Use of silencers in automobiles
b) Use of acoustic zoning
c) Planting trees and green belts
d ) Increasing urban traffic

Q6. The maximum permissible noise level in industrial areas during

night time in India is:
a) 55 dB
b) 65 dB
c ) 70 dB
d) 75 dB

[Link]
 Noise Pollution – MCQ Quiz

Q5. Which of the following methods is NOT used to control noise

pollution?
a) Use of silencers in automobiles
b) Use of acoustic zoning
c) Planting trees and green belts
d ) Increasing urban traffic

Q6. The maximum permissible noise level in industrial areas during

night time in India is:
a) 55 dB
b) 65 dB
c ) 70 dB
d) 75 dB

[Link]
Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution

Definition

Radioactive pollution refers to the contamination of air,

water, soil, or living organisms by radioactive substances
that emit harmful ionizing radiations like alpha (α), beta
(β), and gamma (γ) rays.
These radiations damage living tissues, cause mutations,
cancers, and long-term ecological imbalance.

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Types of Radiation
1. Ionising Radiations

Definition: Radiations that have enough energy to remove

tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions.
Dangerous: Yes, because they can break DNA, cause mutations,
and cancer.
Examples:
•Alpha (α) particles – Heavy, +2 charge, low penetration.
•Beta (β) particles – Electrons/positrons, moderate penetration.
•Gamma (γ) rays – High-energy photons, strong penetration.
•X-rays – High-energy photons, medical uses but harmful in excess.
•Neutrons – Neutral, highly penetrating, produced in nuclear fission.

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Types of Radiation
2. Non-ionising Radiations
Definition: Radiations that do not have enough energy to ionize
atoms, but can excite electrons or cause heating.
Dangerous: Comparatively less harmful, but prolonged exposure
can still damage tissues (e.g., skin cancer, eye damage).
Examples:
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (lower range) – Can cause skin tanning,
burns, cancer.
Visible light – Safe, essential for life.
Infrared (IR) radiation – Heat radiation, used in remotes/thermal
cameras.
Microwaves – Cooking, communication, can heat body tissues.
Radio waves – Communication, least harmful.

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Types of Radiation

•“Which radiation is used in radiotherapy?”

→ Gamma rays.
•“Which has maximum ionising power?” →
Alpha particles.
•“Which has maximum penetration?” →
Gamma / Neutron

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Types of Radiation

Parameter Ionising Radiation Non-ionising Radiation

Energy High Low
Ability to ionise
Yes No
atoms

UV (low), visible light, IR,

Examples α, β, γ, X-rays, neutrons
microwaves, radio waves

Penetration Very high (esp. γ,

Low–moderate
power neutrons)

DNA damage, cancer, Heating, burns, eye damage, skin

Health effects
mutations effects
[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Major Sources
[Link] Sources
1. Cosmic rays (from space).
2. Radioactive minerals in the earth’s crust (uranium, thorium, radon gas).

[Link] (Human-made) Sources

1. Nuclear power plants (accidents/leakage → e.g., Chernobyl 1986,
Fukushima 2011).
2. Nuclear weapon testing (radioactive fallout).
3. Medical applications (X-rays, radiotherapy, isotopes).
4. Industrial uses (uranium mining, nuclear research).
5. Radioactive waste disposal (spent fuel rods, isotopes).

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Effects
On Humans:
Short-term: Nausea, burns, radiation sickness.
Long-term: Cancer, genetic mutations, and infertility.
High exposure: Death.
On Environment:
Soil infertility.
Water contamination (caesium, strontium, iodine isotopes).
Bioaccumulation in food chains (e.g., fish, crops near radiation zones).

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution
Control Measures

Proper storage & disposal of radioactive waste (deep geological storage).

Use of lead shields and protective gear in labs/industries.
Strict safety norms in nuclear power plants.
International monitoring (IAEA guidelines).
Promote non-nuclear renewable energy sources.

“Unit of radioactivity?” → Curie (Ci) / Becquerel (Bq).

“Chernobyl disaster year?” → 1986.
“Fukushima disaster year?” → 2011.
“Which radiation has the highest penetration?” → Gamma rays (γ).

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ
Q1. Radioactive pollution is mainly caused by:
a) Carbon monoxide emissions
b ) Release of ionizing radiation from nuclear materials
c) Vehicular noise
d) Excessive use of pesticides

Q2. Which of the following is a naturally occurring radioactive element?

a) Plutonium (Pu)
b ) Uranium (U)
c) Cesium-137
d) Strontium-90

Q3. Ionizing radiation can cause damage to living organisms mainly by:
a) Increasing oxygen levels
b ) Breaking DNA strands
c) Reducing water pollution
d) Neutralizing acids
[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ
Q1. Radioactive pollution is mainly caused by:
a) Carbon monoxide emissions
b ) Release of ionizing radiation from nuclear materials
c) Vehicular noise
d) Excessive use of pesticides

Q2. Which of the following is a naturally occurring radioactive element?

a) Plutonium (Pu)
b ) Uranium (U)
c) Cesium-137
d) Strontium-90

Q3. Ionizing radiation can cause damage to living organisms mainly by:
a) Increasing oxygen levels
b ) Breaking DNA strands
c) Reducing water pollution
d) Neutralizing acids
[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a source of radioactive pollution?
a) Nuclear power plants
b) X-ray machines
c ) Use of fertilizers
d) Nuclear weapons testing

Q5. The unit of radioactivity is:

a ) Becquerel (Bq)
b) Sievert (Sv)
c) Gray (Gy)
d) Decibel (dB)

Q6. Long-term exposure to radioactive materials can cause:

a) Skin burns only
b ) Genetic mutations and cancer
c) Temporary hearing loss
d) Vitamin deficiency

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a source of radioactive pollution?
a) Nuclear power plants
b) X-ray machines
c ) Use of fertilizers
d) Nuclear weapons testing

Q5. The unit of radioactivity is:

a ) Becquerel (Bq)
b) Sievert (Sv)
c) Gray (Gy)
d) Decibel (dB)

Q6. Long-term exposure to radioactive materials can cause:

a) Skin burns only
b ) Genetic mutations and cancer
c) Temporary hearing loss
d) Vitamin deficiency

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ

Q7. Which of the following methods is used to control radioactive pollution?

a ) Proper disposal of nuclear waste in deep geological repositories
b) Increasing use of fossil fuels
c) Excessive pesticide spraying
d) Urban noise zoning

Q8. Chernobyl and Fukushima are famous examples of:

a) Water pollution disasters
b ) Nuclear/radioactive pollution disasters
c) Oil spill accidents
d) Chemical pesticide accidents

[Link]
 Radioactive Pollution – MCQ

Q7. Which of the following methods is used to control radioactive pollution?

a ) Proper disposal of nuclear waste in deep geological repositories
b) Increasing use of fossil fuels
c) Excessive pesticide spraying
d) Urban noise zoning

Q8. Chernobyl and Fukushima are famous examples of:

a) Water pollution disasters
b ) Nuclear/radioactive pollution disasters
c) Oil spill accidents
d) Chemical pesticide accidents

[Link]
Outline of the Chapter

- Introduction to Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- E-waste

[Link]
Environmental Waste

Definition

Environmental waste refers to all unwanted, discarded,

or by-products of human activities that are released into
the environment and adversely affect air, water, soil,
and living organisms.
It includes both natural wastes (like dead biomass) and
man-made wastes (industrial, municipal, hazardous).

[Link]
Environmental Waste

Types of Environmental Waste

1. Solid Waste
Household garbage (plastic, food, paper, e-waste).
Industrial solid waste (scrap, metals, packaging).
Municipal solid waste (MSW).

2. Liquid Waste
Domestic sewage.
Industrial effluents (chemicals, dyes, oil).
Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides).

3. Gaseous Waste
Air pollutants (CO₂, SO₂, NOx, CFCs).
Greenhouse gases causing climate change.
[Link]
Environmental Waste

Types of Environmental Waste

4. Hazardous Waste
Toxic, flammable, corrosive, or radioactive.
Examples: Nuclear waste, heavy metals (lead, mercury), and
hospital biomedical waste.

5. E-waste
Discarded electronic items: computers, mobiles, batteries.
Contains heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic).

6. Biomedical Waste
Hospital waste: syringes, bandages, surgical disposables.
Risk of infections and spread of diseases.
[Link]
Environmental Waste

Sources of Solid Waste

1. Domestic / Residential Sources
Household garbage: food waste, paper, plastics, glass, metals,
cloth, e-waste.
Packaging materials, old furniture, appliances.

2. Commercial Sources
Shops, offices, restaurants, hotels, markets.
Packaging, plastics, cardboard, leftover food.

3. Institutional Sources
Schools, colleges, hospitals, government buildings.
Paper, stationery, laboratory waste, biomedical waste.
.
[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Sources of Solid Waste

4. Municipal Sources
Street sweepings, park waste, and roadside litter.
Construction and Demolition debris (C&D waste).

5. Industrial Sources
Factories and manufacturing units.
Metals, chemicals, plastics, fly ash, slag.
Hazardous waste (toxic, corrosive, flammable).

6. Agricultural Sources
Crop residues, husks, manure, pesticides/fertilizer containers.
Organic waste from dairy and poultry farms.

[Link]
Environmental Waste

Sources of Solid Waste

7. Mining and Quarrying Sources
Stones, sand, coal residues, and overburden soil.
Mineral processing waste.

8. E-Waste Sources
Discarded computers, mobiles, TVs, batteries.
Contains heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury).

9. Biomedical Sources
Hospitals, clinics, labs, pharmacies.
Syringes, bandages, expired medicines, and surgical
disposables.
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Type of Solid Waste Source Examples
Food scraps, vegetable
Households, agriculture,
Biodegradable Waste peels, garden waste,
food industry
manure
Non-Biodegradable Households, industries, Plastics, metals, glass,
Waste packaging synthetic fabrics
Syringes, bandages,
Biomedical Waste Hospitals, clinics, labs cotton, human tissues,
expired medicines

Computers, mobiles,
E-Waste Discarded electronics
TVs, batteries

Construction debris, fly

Others (Special Construction, mining,
ash, radioactive waste,
Category) hazardous industries
chemical residues
 Environmental Waste

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

1. Open Dumping (Obsolete/Traditional)

•Waste dumped in open areas without treatment.
•Causes pollution & health hazards.
•Not recommended (but still practiced in some areas).

2. Sanitary Landfilling
•Waste buried in scientifically engineered sites.
•Layers of soil + liners prevent groundwater contamination.
•Controlled and safer than open dumping.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

3. Incineration (Burning)
High-temperature burning of waste.
Reduces volume, generates energy (waste-to-energy plants).
Expensive, releases harmful gases if not controlled.

4. Composting
Biological decomposition of organic (biodegradable) waste.
Produces manure (compost).
Low-cost, eco-friendly.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

5. Vermicomposting
A special type of composting using earthworms.
Produces nutrient-rich vermicompost.

6. Recycling
Reprocessing of waste materials into new products.
Examples: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Reduces demand for raw materials.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

7. Reuse
Directly using items again without processing.
Example: Using bottles, containers, and old clothes.
Part of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).

8. Pyrolysis / Gasification
Thermal decomposition of waste at high temperature in the
absence of oxygen.
Produces syngas, oil, and char.
Useful for plastic & hazardous waste.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

9. Plasma Arc Treatment

An advanced method using plasma torches at extremely
high temperatures.
Breaks waste into basic molecules.
Expensive but effective for toxic & hazardous waste.

10. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Plants

Converts waste into electricity, heat, or fuel.
Uses incineration, gasification, or anaerobic digestion.
Helps in sustainable energy generation.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

Biomethanation
Anaerobic bacteria decompose organic waste without oxygen.
Produces biogas (CH₄ + CO₂) and nutrient-rich slurry.
Feedstock: food waste, sewage, dung, agricultural residues.
Benefits: Renewable energy, reduces landfill load, slurry as organic
fertilizer, cuts methane emissions.

Bioremediation
Uses microbes, fungi, algae, or plants to remove pollutants.
Cleans contaminated soil, water, and air naturally.
Works through in-situ (on-site) and ex-situ (off-site) methods.
Benefits: Eco-friendly, cost-effective, restores ecosystems, useful for oil
spills & heavy metal removal.
[Link]
 Environmental Waste

• Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

•Best method for biomedical waste disposal?” →

Incineration.
•“Best method for organic waste disposal?” →
Composting/Vermicomposting.
•“Which method is obsolete & harmful?” → Open
dumping.
•“Which method generates biogas?” → Anaerobic
digestion / Composting.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Liquid Waste

Definition

Liquid waste refers to wastewater generated from

households, industries, agriculture, and institutions that is
discharged into the environment.
It mainly includes sewage, industrial effluents, stormwater,
agricultural runoff, and contaminated liquids.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Liquid Waste

Sources of Liquid Waste

Domestic sources – Sewage, greywater (bath, kitchen, laundry),

blackwater (toilet).
Industrial sources – Chemicals, dyes, oils, heavy metals, thermal
discharges.
Agricultural sources – Fertilizer and pesticide runoff, animal slurry.
Commercial sources – Hotels, hospitals, markets (liquid food waste,
cleaning water).
Stormwater runoff – Rainwater carrying oil, sediments, and
contaminants

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Liquid Waste

Characteristics of Liquid Waste

Physical: Colour, odour, temperature, turbidity, solids (suspended,

dissolved, total).

Chemical: pH, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical

Oxygen Demand), nutrients (N, P), heavy metals, toxins.

Biological: Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths).

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Processes of Treatment of Liquid Waste

1. Primary Treatment (Physical)

Removal of large solids by screening, grit chambers, and sedimentation tanks.
Objective: Reduce suspended solids.

2. Secondary Treatment (Biological)

Microbial degradation of organic matter.
Methods:
Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
Trickling Filters
Oxidation Ponds
Objective: Reduce BOD & COD.

3. Tertiary Treatment (Advanced/Chemical)

Removes nutrients, pathogens, and remaining toxins.
Methods: Chlorination, Ozonation, UV disinfection, Reverse Osmosis, Adsorption, and
Ion Exchange.
Objective: Produce water safe for reuse or discharge.
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Wastewater Treatment Methods

1. Physical Methods (Primary Treatment)

Objective: Remove large suspended solids and floating matter.

Based on physical forces like gravity, screening, filtration, etc.
Screening → Removes large floating objects (rags, plastics, sticks).
Sedimentation → Settling of heavier solids under gravity.
Grit Chamber → Removes sand, gravel, stones.
Floatation → Removes lighter materials like oil, grease.
Filtration → Through sand, gravel, or membranes.
Equalization → Balances variations in flow and composition.
Importance: Reduces solid load on secondary treatment.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Wastewater Treatment Methods

2. Biological Methods (Secondary Treatment)

Objective: Remove organic matter using microorganisms.

Based on biodegradation (aerobic & anaerobic).
Aerobic Treatment:
Activated Sludge Process (ASP) → Air + microbes degrade organic matter.
Trickling Filters → Wastewater is sprayed over microbial film on stones.
Oxidation Ponds → Natural sunlight, algae + bacteria symbiosis.
Anaerobic Treatment:
Septic Tanks → Microbes decompose sewage without the need for oxygen.
UASB Reactors (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) → Used in India for sewage.
Bio-methanation → Converts organic waste → Methane (biogas).
Importance: Reduces BOD, COD, and pathogens effectively.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Wastewater Treatment Methods

3. Chemical Methods (Tertiary / Advanced Treatment)

Objective: Remove dissolved impurities, pathogens, nutrients, and toxic

chemicals.
Based on chemical reactions (precipitation, oxidation, disinfection).
Coagulation & Flocculation → Alum, ferric salts used to remove colloidal particles.
Neutralization → Acids or bases added to adjust pH.
Chemical Precipitation → Removes heavy metals, phosphates.
Oxidation/Reduction → Chlorination, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes.
Disinfection → Chlorine, ozone, UV used to kill pathogens.
Ion Exchange & Adsorption → Removes dissolved salts, organics (activated carbon).
Importance: Produces water safe for reuse or discharge.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Wastewater Treatment Methods

•Physical = Removal of solids

•Biological = Removal of organic matter (BOD/COD)
•Chemical = Removal of pathogens, nutrients, toxins
•A complete treatment system = Physical + Biological + Chemical

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Plastic Waste

Definition

Plastic waste refers to discarded products made of synthetic polymers

(bags, bottles, packaging, microplastics, etc.) that are non-biodegradable
and persist in the environment for hundreds of years.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Plastic Waste

Effects of Plastic Waste

1. Environmental Effects

Soil pollution → Plastics block soil pores, reduce fertility.

Water pollution → Rivers & oceans get clogged; microplastics harm
aquatic organisms.
Air pollution → Burning plastics releases toxic gases (dioxins, furans).
Wildlife hazard → Animals ingest plastic bags/bottles → choking, death.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Plastic Waste

Effects of Plastic Waste

2. Human Health Effects

Microplastics enter the food chain → affect the liver, kidneys, and
endocrine system.
Release of carcinogenic substances (BPA, phthalates).
Clogging of drains → waterlogging → breeding of mosquitoes (malaria,
dengue).

3. Economic & Social Effects

The cost of cleaning cities and rivers increases.
Tourism is affected in polluted beaches & landscapes.
Agricultural productivity drops due to soil contamination
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Government Initiatives to Control Plastic Waste (India)

Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Rules, 2016 (amended in 2018, 2021):

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Manufacturers are responsible
for collection & recycling.
Ban on plastic carry bags < 75 microns (2021), later < 120 microns.

Single-Use Plastic Ban (from July 1, 2022):

Ban on items like straws, cutlery, sticks, and packaging films.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):

Focus on plastic waste segregation, recycling, and awareness.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Government Initiatives to Control Plastic Waste (India)

State-level bans: Several states (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Himachal

Pradesh) banned single-use plastics earlier.
Awareness Campaigns:
Plastic Free India initiative.
“Beat Plastic Pollution” campaigns are linked with World Environment
Day.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Biomedical Waste (BMW)

Definition:

Biomedical Waste (BMW) refers to any waste generated during

diagnosis, treatment, immunization of humans/animals, or
research activities involving biological material.

As per Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (latest simplified classification):

Yellow Category (Infectious & Hazardous Waste)
• Human anatomical waste (body parts, tissues, organs, foetus)
• Soiled waste (items contaminated with blood/body fluids, such as dressings,
cotton swabs, plaster casts)
• Expired or discarded medicines and drugs
• Chemical waste used for disinfection or in production
• Microbiology & Biotechnology lab waste
• Contaminated sharps after disinfection/autoclaving
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Biomedical Waste (BMW)

Red Category (Contaminated, Recyclable Waste)

Tubes, catheters, syringes (without needles), gloves, urine bags, and
other related items.
All plastic waste can be disinfected and recycled.
White Category (Sharps Waste)
Needles, syringes with fixed needles, scalpels, blades, or any other
sharps.
Must be sterilized and disposed of in puncture-proof, leak-proof
containers.
Blue Category (Glassware & Metallic Implants)
Glass vials, broken or discarded ampoules, glass bottles, slides, and
test tubes.
Metallic implants are used in treatment.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Biomedical Waste (BMW)

Measures to Control Biomedical Waste

Segregation at Source – Separate waste at the point of generation using color-

coded bins.
Proper Collection & Storage – Use leak-proof, labeled containers; store for < 48
hours.
Safe Transportation – Transport in closed trolleys/vehicles as per CPCB norms.
Treatment Methods – Incineration, autoclaving, shredding, and deep burial for
different categories.
Waste Minimization – Reduce disposables, avoid unnecessary medicine
wastage.
Training & Awareness – Educate hospital staff and waste handlers.
Monitoring & Legislation – Follow BMW Rules 2016, reporting to SPCB, and
audits.
Personal Safety Measures – PPE, vaccination, and first aid for waste handlers.
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Biomedical Waste (BMW)

Important Initiatives to Control Biomedical Waste

Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 1998
India’s first law on biomedical waste.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Guidelines – 2003 onwards
Issued detailed protocols for collection, storage, transport, treatment, and monitoring.
Updated periodically along with the BMW Rules.
Swachh Bharat Mission – 2014
National sanitation campaign, including scientific handling of hospital and biomedical
waste.
Promotes segregation, safe disposal, and awareness.
WHO Guidelines on Safe Management of Waste from Healthcare Activities – 1999 (2nd
edition in 2014)
Global standard for segregation, treatment, and disposal of healthcare waste.
Focuses on infection prevention, worker safety, and environmental protection.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Definition:
Electronic waste, or E-waste, refers to discarded electrical and electronic
equipment (EEE) such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, refrigerators,
batteries, and other devices that have become obsolete, broken, or unwanted.

Sources of E-Waste:
Households → Old TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, mobile phones.
Offices/Institutions → Computers, printers, scanners, photocopiers.
Industries → Industrial electronics, medical equipment, telecommunication
devices.
Informal recycling sector → Burning wires, dismantling electronics.
.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Classification of E-Waste (in terms of goods)

Green Goods (Environment-Friendly Goods)
IT and Telecom equipment that is designed for recyclability or energy
efficiency.
Example: Laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, routers.
Brown Goods (Durable Consumer Electronics)
Typically, entertainment or communication devices.
Example: TVs, radios, music systems, DVD players, cameras.
White Goods (Large Household Appliances)
Heavy electrical appliances are used for household functions.
Example: Refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, microwaves.
.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Classification of E-Waste (in terms of goods)

Grey Goods (Small Household Appliances & Peripherals)
Smaller electronic goods are often replaced frequently.
Example: Mixers, irons, toasters, printers, scanners, fax machines.

Black Goods (Office/Industrial Equipment, sometimes overlapping with brown)

Photocopiers, professional audio/video systems, and servers.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Found In (E-waste
Element Impact / Value
part)
High economic value –
Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Printed circuit boards,
recovered in “urban
Platinum, Palladium connectors, microchips
mining”
Valuable recyclable
Wires, cables, printed
Copper (Cu) metal; leaching
circuit boards
pollutes water
Casings, frames, hard
Aluminium (Al) Lightweight, recyclable
disks
Solders on circuit Useful base metal but
Tin (Sn)
boards can contaminate soil
Recyclable but excess
Zinc (Zn) Circuit parts, batteries
causes soil toxicity
[Link]
 Environmental Waste

Found In (E-waste
Element Impact / Value
part)
Rechargeable batteries, Carcinogenic in dust
Nickel (Ni)
plating form; recyclable
CRT glass, solder, Highly toxic; damages
Lead (Pb)
batteries brain, nervous system
Switches, relays, LCD Neurotoxin; dangerous
Mercury (Hg)
screens, lamps in water ecosystems
Rechargeable batteries, Carcinogenic; causes
Cadmium (Cd)
semiconductors kidney & lung damage
Chromium (Cr, esp. Metal plating, Toxic; skin & respiratory
Cr⁶⁺) pigments, data tapes problems

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)
Major Dustbin Colour Codes

Colour Code Waste Type Examples

Kitchen waste, food scraps, garden
Green Biodegradable Waste
waste
Paper, cardboard, plastics, metals,
Blue Dry / Recyclable Waste
glass
Hazardous / Domestic Hazardous Sanitary pads, diapers, paints,
Black
Waste batteries
Human/animal tissues, soiled
Yellow Infectious Biomedical Waste
dressings, expired medicines
Contaminated Recyclable Biomedical IV tubes, syringes (without
Red
Waste needles), gloves
White
Sharps Waste Needles, blades, scalpels
(Translucent)
[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

-Waste Generation

•India generates ~3.2 million tonnes of e-waste annually

(2022 report).
•Top 5 states generating the most e-waste: Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.
•Urban areas contribute ~70–80% of e-waste due to high IT
& telecom use.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Government Initiatives on E-Waste

1.E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2011

1. First dedicated rules for e-waste in India.
2. Introduced the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR) – producers responsible for collection & recycling.

2.E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016

1. Expanded scope to include compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs),
other mercury-containing products.
2. Made it compulsory for producers, dealers, refurbishers,
dismantlers, and recyclers to register.

[Link]
 Environmental Waste
Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Government Initiatives on E-Waste

3. E-Waste (Management) Amendment Rules, 2018

1. Strengthened collection targets for producers under EPR.
2. Simplified procedures for dismantlers & recyclers.

4. E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022

1. Latest framework, fully operational from April 1, 2023.
2. Introduced a digital E-Waste Management Portal.
3. Set stricter EPR targets, penalties, and encourage formal
recycling industries…………

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section A: Environmental & Plastic Waste

Q1. Plastic waste is primarily composed of:
a) Cellulose
b ) Polymers derived from petrochemicals
c) Heavy metals
d) Organic acids

Q2. Which of the following is a major environmental effect of plastic waste?

a) Depletion of ozone
b ) Microplastic pollution in water bodies
c) Acid rain
d) Global warming

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section A: Environmental & Plastic Waste

Q1. Plastic waste is primarily composed of:
a) Cellulose
b ) Polymers derived from petrochemicals
c) Heavy metals
d) Organic acids

Q2. Which of the following is a major environmental effect of plastic waste?

a) Depletion of ozone
b ) Microplastic pollution in water bodies
c) Acid rain
d) Global warming

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section A: Environmental & Plastic Waste

Q3. Biodegradable plastics are mainly made of:

a) Polystyrene
b ) Starch, cellulose, or plant-based polymers
c) Polyvinyl chloride
d) Polypropylene

Q4. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in plastic management aims to:

a) Penalize consumers
b ) Make producers responsible for the collection and recycling of plastic
c) Ban all plastic
d) Reduce air pollution

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section A: Environmental & Plastic Waste

Q3. Biodegradable plastics are mainly made of:

a) Polystyrene
b ) Starch, cellulose, or plant-based polymers
c) Polyvinyl chloride
d) Polypropylene

Q4. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in plastic management aims to:

a) Penalize consumers
b ) Make producers responsible for the collection and recycling of plastic
c) Ban all plastic
d) Reduce air pollution

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section B: Biomedical Waste

Q5. Biomedical waste does NOT include:

a) Hospital syringes
b) Expired medicines
c ) Kitchen waste from the hospital canteen
d) Used surgical gloves

Q6. The Biomedical Waste Management Rules in India were first notified in:
a) 1998
b ) 2003
c) 2016
d) 2018

Q7. Colour coding of biomedical waste bins in India: The Red bin is used for:
a) Glass and metallic sharps
b ) Infectious waste like tubing, catheters
c) Paper and cardboard
d) Hazardous chemicals
[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section B: Biomedical Waste

Q5. Biomedical waste does NOT include:

a) Hospital syringes
b) Expired medicines
c ) Kitchen waste from the hospital canteen
d) Used surgical gloves

Q6. The Biomedical Waste Management Rules in India were first notified in:
a) 1998
b ) 2003
c) 2016
d) 2018

Q7. Colour coding of biomedical waste bins in India: The Red bin is used for:
a) Glass and metallic sharps
b ) Infectious waste like tubing, catheters
c) Paper and cardboard
d) Hazardous chemicals
[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section B: Biomedical Waste

Q8. Incineration is primarily used for treating:

a) Plastic waste
b ) Pathological and infectious biomedical waste
c) Electronic waste
d) Organic kitchen waste

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a common hazard of biomedical waste?

a) Spread of infectious diseases
b) Chemical burns
c) Water contamination
d ) Soil erosion

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz

Section B: Biomedical Waste

Q8. Incineration is primarily used for treating:

a) Plastic waste
b ) Pathological and infectious biomedical waste
c) Electronic waste
d) Organic kitchen waste

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a common hazard of biomedical waste?

a) Spread of infectious diseases
b) Chemical burns
c) Water contamination
d ) Soil erosion

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section C: Hazardous Waste

Q1. Hazardous waste is defined as waste that is:

a) Only biodegradable
b ) Potentially dangerous to health or the environment
c) Only radioactive
d) Only plastic-based

Q2. The main law governing hazardous waste management in India is:
a) Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974
b ) Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
c) Air (Prevention & Control) Act, 1981
d) Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Rules, 2016

Q3. Which of the following is an example of hazardous waste?

a ) Battery acid
b) Food waste
c) Paper waste
d) Garden waste
[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section C: Hazardous Waste

Q1. Hazardous waste is defined as waste that is:

a) Only biodegradable
b ) Potentially dangerous to health or the environment
c) Only radioactive
d) Only plastic-based

Q2. The main law governing hazardous waste management in India is:
a) Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974
b ) Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
c) Air (Prevention & Control) Act, 1981
d) Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Rules, 2016

Q3. Which of the following is an example of hazardous waste?

a ) Battery acid
b) Food waste
c) Paper waste
d) Garden waste
[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section C: Hazardous Waste

Q4. Which process is commonly used to treat liquid hazardous waste?

a) Composting
b ) Neutralization and chemical treatment
c) Open dumping
d) Landfilling without treatment

Q5. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are considered hazardous because they:
a) Decompose quickly
b ) Bioaccumulate and persist in the environment
c) Produce electricity
d) Increase soil fertility

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section C: Hazardous Waste

Q4. Which process is commonly used to treat liquid hazardous waste?

a) Composting
b ) Neutralization and chemical treatment
c) Open dumping
d) Landfilling without treatment

Q5. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are considered hazardous because they:
a) Decompose quickly
b ) Bioaccumulate and persist in the environment
c) Produce electricity
d) Increase soil fertility

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section D: Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Q6. E-waste mainly includes:

a) Kitchen utensils
b ) Computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices
c) Plastic bags
d) Hospital waste

Q7. The hazardous components in e-waste include:

a ) Lead, mercury, cadmium
b) Water and sand
c) Cellulose and starch
d) Oxygen and nitrogen

Q8. E-Waste Management Rules in India were first notified in:

a) 2008
b ) 2011
c) 2016
d) 2020

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section D: Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Q6. E-waste mainly includes:

a) Kitchen utensils
b ) Computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices
c) Plastic bags
d) Hospital waste

Q7. The hazardous components in e-waste include:

a ) Lead, mercury, cadmium
b) Water and sand
c) Cellulose and starch
d) Oxygen and nitrogen

Q8. E-Waste Management Rules in India were first notified in:

a) 2008
b ) 2011
c) 2016
d) 2020

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section D: Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Q9. The “3R” principle applied to e-waste management stands for:

a ) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
b) Reclaim, Rebuild, Replace
c) Reduce, Restore, Rehabilitate
d) Reuse, Reduce, Reprocess …….

[Link]
 Environmental Waste & Pollution – Quiz
Section D: Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

Q9. The “3R” principle applied to e-waste management stands for:

a ) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
b) Reclaim, Rebuild, Replace
c) Reduce, Restore, Rehabilitate
d) Reuse, Reduce, Reprocess …….

[Link]
 Final Word

- People, Development & Environment is a

lengthy unit with a lot of terminology, concepts,
and memory-based data, which can only be
done through constant revision.
- Break down this unit into chapters and practise
as many questions as you can to get a command
of this unit.
- Paper 1 is as important as Paper 2.

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]

JC Academy

[Link]