IS 2401
Linear Algebra and
Differential Equations
DMS Bandara
Dept of Interdisciplinary Studies
Faculty of Engineering
University of Ruhuna
1
Lecture # 01
04/11/2025
General Information
• Be punctual
• Actively participate to lessons
• Try to achieve deadline
• Don’t be school minded
• Maintain,
• Attendance - 80% needed for sit END EXAM
• Disciplines during lectures and Lecture Hall
• Be honest – Don’t SIGN for others…
3
About COURSE module
How to SOLVE Differential equations
Going to Learn
• Differential Equations
• Vector Integration ➢ How to EXPLAIN Vector Integrals
• Linear Algebra ➢ How to APPLY important Theorems
➢ How to IDENTIFY special domains
(vector space)
➢ How to FIND important fact in the above domain
(basis, subspace, rank nullity)
➢ How to DESCRIBE large scale data
(eigenvalues and eigen vectors)
4
What YOU should ACHIEVE
• Grading according to the students’ handbook
5
Week Tuesday (2hrs) Friday (2hrs)
Week No
Start End 4.30 - 6.30 pm 1.30 - 3.30 pm
1 3/11/2025 9/11/2025 Lec Lec
2 10/11/2025 19/11/2025 Lec Lec
3 8/12/2025 14/12/2025 Lec Lec
4 15/12/2025 21/12/2025 Lec Lec Take Home Assignment for one week
5 29/12/2025 4/1/2026 Lec Lec
6 5/1/2026 11/1/2025 Lec Lec
7 12/1/2026 18/01/2026 Lec Lec
8 19/01/2026 25/01/2026 Lec Lec
9 26/01/2026 1/2/2026 Lec In Class Assign 30/01/2026 Friday
10 2/2/2026 8/2/2026 Lec Lec
11 9/2/2026 15/2/2026 Lec Lec
12 16/2/2026 22/2/2026 Lec Lec Take Home Assignment for one week
13 23/2/2026 1/3/2026 Lec Lec
14 2/3/2026 8/3/2026 Lec In Class Assign 06/03/2026 Friday
6
Section 01
Differential Equations
7
Differential Equations
•Why we need this?
•What is “Differential Equation”?
8
Why we need this?
• How fast does diseases spread?
• How fast does a population change?
• How fast does he drive?
• How fast does it fall down?
• How much force does it need to move?
• How we explain motion of object?
• How we explain Newton’s second law?
• How we explain flux of magnetic field wok?
• How we describe about liquid flow rate?
• How we describe circuit behavior, Voltage and current change over the
components?
• How we describe maximum load can carry over the bridge?
• How we check damping force over the column?
9
What is “Differential Equation (DE)”?
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒏 𝒚
• Involves derivatives ; ;
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟑
;… 𝒏
𝒅𝒙
Definition of DE
An equation containing the derivatives of one or more unknown functions (dependent variables) with
respect to one or more independent variables.
Examples:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑑 2 𝑦
−𝑥 =0 ; = + sin 𝑡 ; 𝑒𝑥 − = 𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦ሷ + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 2 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
10
Classification of Differential Equations
Order..? & Degree…?
How to solve them..?
11
ODE PDE
12
Order & Degree of a Differential Equation
The Order - The Degree -
highest DERIVATIVE present The power of highest DERIVATIVE in
in the equation. the equation.
Order Degree
𝒅𝒚 1 1
=𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟑 2 1
+ − 𝒙𝟒 =𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟑 𝒙
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 3 2
= + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒕
𝒅𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕
13
Solutions of Differential Equations
A function which satisfies the given differential equation is
called the solution of a differential equation
Example:
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 is a solutions of the differential equation. 𝑨 is an
arbitrary constant.
𝒅𝒚
=𝒚
𝒅𝒙
14
𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 is a general solutions of the differential
equation
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
+𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙
15
Solutions of Differential Equations
Initial Value Problem (IVP)
• Finding a function 𝒚 of 𝒙 , known as Derivatives
• Function value at a particular point called as IVP.
• IVP given for find values for arbitrary constant.
Example:
𝒅𝒚
Solve = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙 ; 𝒚 𝟎 = −𝟏 ← 𝒚 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
16
Initial Value Problem (IVP)
Example: Apply IVP for find value for 𝐶
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙 ; 𝒚 𝟎 = −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝑦 = −1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
By variable separation Equation 𝑦 become;
𝑑𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating, −1 = 0 − 0 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
𝑥2
𝑦 = 10𝑥 − + 𝐶 ; 𝐶- arb. Const. ∴ Particular solution ;
2
This is a General solution
𝑥2
𝑦 = 10𝑥 − −1
2
17