ID: d4732483

Studying late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artifacts from an agricultural and domestic site in Texas,
archaeologist Ayana O. Flewellen found that Black women employed as farm workers utilized hook-and-eye closures to
fasten their clothes at the waist, giving themselves a silhouette similar to the one that was popular in contemporary
fashion and typically achieved through more restrictive garments such as corsets. Flewellen argues that this sartorial
practice shows that these women balanced hegemonic ideals of femininity with the requirements of their physically
demanding occupation.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To describe an unexpected discovery that altered a researcher’s view of how rapidly fashions among Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas changed during the period

B. To discuss research that investigated the ways in which Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century Texas used fashion practices to resist traditional gender ideals

C. To evaluate a scholarly work that offers explanations for the impact of urban fashion ideals on Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas

D. To summarize the findings of a study that explored factors influencing a fashion practice among Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas
 ID: 236fee8e
Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese American community in San Jose,
California, provided the first evidence that Asian food products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones
from a freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong–based import/export firms—likely
coordinated the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American markets.
This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora
communities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the previous sentence remain
inconclusive.

B. It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is presented in the following
sentence.

C. It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the previous sentence.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts some doubt on.
 ID: 5f56fdec
The following text is from George Marion McClellan’s 1895 poem “Eternity.”

My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry

For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky.
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,
Just let me drift far out from toil and care,
Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound,
Which mingled with the winds that gently bear
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky,
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker’s desire to escape ongoing hardship by gliding on the ocean

B. To contrast the demands of the speaker’s everyday life with the serenity of being rocked to sleep by the ocean

C. To convey the speaker’s longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility

D. To justify the speaker’s qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet destination
 ID: 2903a041
Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes López-Morales and colleagues measured the
wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar system.
Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements showed the presence of
carbon dioxide (CO₂) in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive evidence of CO₂ in the
atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the potential for future scientific breakthroughs held by the JWST.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it.

B. It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the importance of that discovery.

C. It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study.

D. It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists have challenged that
conclusion.
 ID: b0f7541b
The following text is adapted from Herman Melville’s 1857 novel The Confidence-Man. Humphry Davy was a prominent
British chemist and inventor.

Years ago, a grave American savant, being in London, observed at an evening party there, a certain coxcombical
fellow, as he thought, an absurd ribbon in his lapel, and full of smart [banter], whisking about to the admiration of as
many as were disposed to admire. Great was the savant’s disdain; but, chancing ere long to find himself in a corner
with the jackanapes, got into conversation with him, when he was somewhat ill-prepared for the good sense of the
jackanapes, but was altogether thrown aback, upon subsequently being [informed that he was] no less a personage
than Sir Humphry Davy.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It portrays the thoughts of a character who is embarrassed about his own behavior.

B. It presents an account of a misunderstanding.

C. It offers a short history of how a person came to be famous.

D. It explains why one character dislikes another.

 ID: 190857f0
Why do sand cats purr but lions roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may
be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Sand cats, which are much smaller than lions, have a
rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat’s larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, lions have a somewhat flexible
hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that sand cats lack. These traits allow lions and most
other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. The text presents a theory about two species, then discusses facts that weaken it.

B. The text compares the habitats of two species, then explains how those habitats are changing.

C. The text describes a behavior shared by two species, then discusses other behaviors shared by them.

D. The text poses a question about two species, then presents a possible answer.
 ID: df46a2ee
The following text is from Joseph Conrad’s 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the
London streets on his way to a meeting.
Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy main thoroughfare, uproarious with the
traffic of swaying omnibuses and trotting vans, in the almost silent, swift flow of hansoms [horse-drawn carriages]. Under
his hat, worn with a slight backward tilt, his hair had been carefully brushed into respectful sleekness; for his business
was with an Embassy. And Mr. Verloc, steady like a rock—a soft kind of rock—marched now along a street which could
with every propriety be described as private.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole?

A. It qualifies an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.

B. It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.

C. It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.

D. It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.

 ID: ff97fd53
In 1973, poet Miguel Algarín started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican—a term for New Yorkers of
Puerto Rican heritage—to gather in his apartment to present their work. The gatherings were so well attended that
Algarín soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe was born. Moving to a
permanent location in 1981, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its original scope beyond the written word, hosting art
exhibitions and musical performances as well. Half a century since its inception, it continues to foster emerging
Nuyorican talent.

Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?

A. To explain what motivated Algarín to found the Nuyorican Poets Cafe

B. To situate the Nuyorican Poets Cafe within the cultural life of New York as a whole

C. To discuss why the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its scope to include art and music

D. To provide an overview of the founding and mission of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe
 ID: c61a7c4a
Some studies have suggested that posture can influence cognition, but we should not overstate this phenomenon. A
case in point: In a 2014 study, Megan O’Brien and Alaa Ahmed had subjects stand or sit while making risky simulated
economic decisions. Standing is more physically unstable and cognitively demanding than sitting; accordingly, O’Brien
and Ahmed hypothesized that standing subjects would display more risk aversion during the decision-making tasks than
sitting subjects did, since they would want to avoid further feelings of discomfort and complicated risk evaluations. But
O’Brien and Ahmed actually found no difference in the groups’ performance.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It argues that research findings about the effects of posture on cognition are often misunderstood, as in the case of
O’Brien and Ahmed’s study.

B. It presents the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to critique the methods and results reported in previous studies of the
effects of posture on cognition.

C. It explains a significant problem in the emerging understanding of posture’s effects on cognition and how O’Brien and
Ahmed tried to solve that problem.

D. It discusses the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to illustrate why caution is needed when making claims about the
effects of posture on cognition.
 ID: aa5897b8
In Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford causes the
protagonist Fanny Price to blush; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in
which Fanny not only infers Henry’s mental state through his gestures, but also infers that he is drawing inferences about
her mental state—illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls “deep intersubjectivity,” a technique for representing
interactions between consciousnesses through which Austen’s novels derive much of their social and psychological
drama.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It states a claim about Austen’s skill at representing psychological complexity that is reinforced by an example
presented in the following sentence.

B. It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists from other Austen novels
cited in the following sentence.

C. It describes a recurring theme in Austen’s novels that is the focus of a literary scholar’s analysis summarized in the
following sentence.

D. It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept discussed in the following
sentence.
 ID: b4887dae
Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in information theory. His most important
paper, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a
concept called a “binary digit” (shortened to “bit”) to measure the amount of information in any signal and determine the
fastest rate at which information could be transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of
Shannon’s colleagues, said that the bit was “[Shannon’s] discovery, and from it the whole communications revolution has
sprung.”

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how the name of the concept has changed, and shows how the name has
entered common usage.

B. It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and suggests why the work is historically
significant.

C. It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the mathematician’s career at the
company, and provides an example of the recognition he received there.

D. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paper’s findings, and presents a researcher’s commentary on the paper.
 ID: 6f5fc289
The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens’s 1854 novel Hard Times. Coketown is a fictional town in England.
[Coketown] contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another,
inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the
same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year
the counterpart of the last and the next.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To emphasize the uniformity of both the town and the people who live there

B. To explain the limited work opportunities available to the town’s residents

C. To reveal how the predictability of the town makes it easy for people lose track of time

D. To argue that the simplicity of life in the town makes it a pleasant place to live
 ID: 65406d2c
Dubautia carrii is a species in a family of plants known collectively as the silversword alliance, all of which grow only on
the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of phenotypes, with some species
maturing into vines and others into shrubs and trees. All species in the alliance descended from a single ancestral
tarweed plant that arrived on the islands around 5 million years ago. The tarweed’s descendants diversified into distinct
species as they adapted to live in the wide variety of habitats found on the Hawaiian Islands.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To indicate the specific tarweed ancestor of all plants that grow on the Hawaiian Islands and explain why the plants
have such varied physical characteristics

B. To describe the specific habitat where Dubautia carrii are found and identify other plants that share a common
ancestor with them

C. To describe the silversword alliance and explain how the plant family became so varied

D. To advance the claim that all plants on the Hawaiian Islands are part of the silversword alliance and list possible
ancestors of the plants that make up the alliance
 ID: 4ed09415
Vadamalai Elangovan and Ganapathi Marimuthu showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the greater
short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx), a result explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may
not enable the bats to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory owls or
hawks. Most other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to greater short-nosed fruit bats,
but mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in
a different balance of reward and risk.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It discusses two different responses to the same natural phenomenon, explains why one of those responses occurs,
and then suggests that the other response still needs to be explained.

B. It describes and accounts for a finding, characterizes the finding as representative of a general pattern, and then
describes and accounts for an exception to that pattern.

C. It presents and explains a study result, indicates that the result is similar to the results of many other studies, and
then attributes a conflicting study result to a difference in that study’s methods.

D. It introduces an observation of a behavioral pattern, presents an explanation for the pattern, and then describes an
exception to the pattern that casts doubt on that explanation.
 ID: 0b5ecf0e
During Rome’s republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries were predominantly owned by wealthy
individuals who tightly controlled access to their book collections. The first public library became available in Rome in 28
BCE and was soon followed by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar Fabio Fernandes notes,
however, these two traditions aren’t as distinct as they seem, as both the emperor and the private library owners viewed
their libraries as extensions of their personal patronage, just on vastly differing scales.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To give a brief overview of public access to libraries throughout Rome’s republican period

B. To contend that early imperial leaders in Rome wielded too much influence over libraries

C. To assert that private and early public libraries in ancient Rome had an essential similarity

D. To call into question the notion that private Roman libraries disappeared during the first century BCE
 ID: c6bd3447
The following text is from Virginia Woolf’s 1919 novel Night and Day. The text describes a gathering of young artists and
intellectuals.

One person after another rose, and, as with an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his conception of art a little
more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone
awry. As they sat down they turned almost invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued
what they had just said in public.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portions in the text as a whole?

A. To demonstrate individuals’ puzzlement over the reputation of a certain artwork

B. To highlight the physical effort involved in individuals’ construction of large-scale works of art

C. To draw attention to individuals’ discontent with the group’s conversation about art

D. To emphasize the extent of individuals’ struggles to articulate thoughts on art

 ID: f2c48e47
The following text is from Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1910 poem “The Earth’s Entail.”
No matter how we cultivate the land,
Taming the forest and the prairie free;
No matter how we irrigate the sand,
Making the desert blossom at command,
We must always leave the borders of the sea;
The immeasureable reaches
Of the windy wave-wet beaches,
The million-mile-long margin of the sea.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. The speaker argues against interfering with nature and then gives evidence supporting this interference.

B. The speaker presents an account of efforts to dominate nature and then cautions that such efforts are only
temporary.

C. The speaker provides examples of an admirable way of approaching nature and then challenges that approach.

D. The speaker describes attempts to control nature and then offers a reminder that not all nature is controllable.
 ID: 34d7bb25
According to Indian economist and sociologist Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968), the Eurocentric concepts that
informed early twentieth-century social scientific methods—for example, the idea that all social relations are reducible to
struggles between individuals—had little relevance for India. Making the social sciences more responsive to Indians’
needs, Mukerjee argued, required constructing analytical categories informed by India’s cultural and ecological
circumstances. Mukerjee thus proposed the communalist “Indian village” as the ideal model on which to base Indian
economic and social policy.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. The text recounts Mukerjee’s early training in the social scientific disciplines and then lists social policies whose
implementation Mukerjee oversaw.

B. The text mentions some of Mukerjee’s economic theories and then traces their impact on other Indian social
scientists of the twentieth century.

C. The text presents Mukerjee’s critique of the social sciences and then provides an example of his attempts to address
issues he identified in his critique.

D. The text explains an influential economic theory and then demonstrates how that theory was more important to
Mukerjee’s work than other social scientists have acknowledged.
 ID: c0e1b70a
The following text is adapted from Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto’s 1925 memoir A Daughter of the Samurai. As a young woman,
Sugimoto moved from feudal Japan to the United States.

The standards of my own and my adopted country differed so widely in some ways, and my love for both lands was
so sincere, that sometimes I had an odd feeling of standing upon a cloud in space, and gazing with measuring eyes
upon two separate worlds. At first I was continually trying to explain, by Japanese standards, all the queer things
that came every day before my surprised eyes; for no one seemed to know the origin or significance of even the
most familiar customs, nor why they existed and were followed.

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?

A. To convey the narrator’s experience of observing and making sense of differences between two cultures she
embraces

B. To establish the narrator’s hope of forming connections with new companions by sharing customs she learned as a
child

C. To reveal the narrator’s recognition that she is hesitant to ask questions about certain aspects of a culture she is
newly encountering

D. To emphasize the narrator’s wonder at discovering that the physical distance between two countries is greater than
she had expected
 ID: f631132b
In the Here and Now Storybook (1921), educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell advanced the then controversial idea that books
for very young children should imitate how they use language, since toddlers, who cannot yet grasp narrative or abstract
ideas, seek reassurance in verbal repetition and naming. The most enduring example of this idea is Margaret Wise
Brown’s 1947 picture book Goodnight Moon, in which a young rabbit names the objects in his room as he drifts off to
sleep. Scholars note that the book’s emphasis on repetition, rhythm, and nonsense rhyme speaks directly to Mitchell’s
influence.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. The text outlines a debate between two authors of children’s literature and then traces how that debate shaped
theories on early childhood education.

B. The text summarizes an argument about how children’s literature should be evaluated and then discusses a
contrasting view on that subject.

C. The text lists the literary characteristics that are common to many classics of children’s literature and then indicates
the narrative subjects that are most appropriate for young children.

D. The text presents a philosophy about what material is most suitable for children’s literature and then describes a
book influenced by that philosophy.
 ID: dcd9ad50
The following text is adapted from George Eliot’s 1857 short story “The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton.” Mr. Ely is
a clergyman in the town of Milby.

By the laity of Milby and its neighbourhood [Mr. Ely] was regarded as a man of quite remarkable powers and
learning, who must make a considerable sensation in London pulpits and drawing-rooms on his occasional visit to
the metropolis; and by his brother clergy he was regarded as a discreet and agreeable fellow. Mr. Ely never got into a
warm discussion; he suggested what might be thought, but rarely said what he thought himself; he never let either
men or women see that he was laughing at them, and he never gave any one an opportunity of laughing at him.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It shows that Mr. Ely had originally been held in high regard by his friends and then details the events that caused their
regard for him to subside.

B. It implies that Mr. Ely’s neighbors are more naïve in their estimation of him than people in London are and then
explains why his neighbors have been so easily misled.

C. It stresses the discrepancy between Mr. Ely’s public and private conduct and then alludes to his motivation for hiding
his true personality.

D. It presents the favorable opinion of Mr. Ely that other people hold and then describes the behaviors of Mr. Ely that
enable him to maintain that favorable opinion.
 ID: afec1a70
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural
properties.
Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased,
making the structures stiffer.

The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural
properties.

B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points
where sticks touched one another.

C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer when
pressure was applied.

D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.
 ID: 16631d34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.

B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive
tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
 ID: 6c9df5d1
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured
slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking
plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography,
while Sinclair’s is fictional.

B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

C. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in
part from a book by Sinclair.

D. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed
to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
 ID: b07a7634
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) is a form of additive manufacturing that utilizes light to rapidly cure liquid resin into
high-quality, 3D objects.
Step 1: Ultraviolet (UV) light images are projected up into a pool of liquid resin, where the object’s first layer takes
shape.
Step 2: The partially cured resin object is raised, leaving a thin space (a “dead zone”) beneath it for oxygen and
liquid resin to flow through.
Step 3: The UV light passes through the dead zone—maintaining the flow of resin—and partially cures additional
layers of the object.
Step 4: When the resin object is complete, it is baked in an oven to complete the curing.

The student wants to describe how DLS cures 3D objects. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. DLS is a form of additive manufacturing that creates a “dead zone” in which UV light solidifies layer by layer before
being baked in an oven, creating a high-quality, 3D object.

B. DLS cures 3D objects by passing through a “dead zone,” adding layers to the object, then curing the object in an oven.

C. In DLS, UV light images are projected into a liquid resin pool to cure a 3D object layer by layer; once solidified, the
object is baked in an oven.

D. In DLS, UV light is projected into layers of liquid resin until the resin solidifies and passes through a “dead zone,”
wherein the curing is completed.
 ID: 3fa48bf3
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
British scholar Robert Plot described fossilized dinosaur bones in his 1676 book The Natural History of
Oxfordshire.
Plot earned a reputation for being the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.
In 1990, archaeologists in Lesotho, in southern Africa, discovered a fossilized phalanx of a Massospondylus
carinatus dinosaur in a cave once inhabited by humans.
Indigenous Khoesan and Basotho peoples had inhabited the cave beginning around 1100 CE.
According to paleontologist Julien Benoit, these peoples may have found the phalanx and brought it to the cave
centuries before Plot’s descriptions.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of the 1990 discovery to Plot’s reputation. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Benoit challenged Plot’s reputation for being the first person to have discovered M. carinatus remains.

B. Evidence that Khoesan and Basotho peoples may have found an M. carinatus phalanx as long ago as 1100 CE
suggests that Plot may not have been the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.

C. According to Benoit’s analysis of the 1990 discovery, Indigenous peoples in southern Africa may have brought the
fossilized phalanx to the cave as long ago as 1100 CE.

D. In 1990, more than three centuries after Plot claimed in his book that he had found fossilized dinosaur bones,
archaeologists uncovered evidence in southern Africa that disproved his claims.
 ID: 8fe4f4ab
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere
and translated them into Arabic.
Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.

The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece,
India, and China.

B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.

C. Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House
of Wisdom.

D. The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied
and shared.
 ID: 964c6055
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Two opposing theories of vision divided scholars for many centuries.
The ancient Greek mathematician Euclid (circa 300 BCE) supported the extramission theory.
This theory held that the eyes emit a form of radiation that illuminates objects in its range.
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE) supported the intromission theory.
This theory held that objects emit a form of radiation that reaches the eyes.
In the eleventh century, Arab mathematician Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040 CE) largely settled the debate with the
first conclusive experiments supporting intromission.

The student wants to provide a historical overview of the two theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Scholars were divided between the extramission and intromission theories of vision until Ibn al-Haytham’s eleventh-
century experiments largely settled the debate in support of intromission.

B. Through two opposing theories of vision—extramission and intromission—Euclid, Aristotle, and Ibn al-Haytham held
that a form of radiation is emitted either from objects or from the eyes.

C. While Ibn al-Haytham largely settled the debate in the eleventh century, Aristotle supported the theory of intromission
centuries before.

D. Before the eleventh century, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle supported the intromission theory, which held
that objects emit a form of radiation that reaches the eyes.
 ID: 64e88c58
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”
Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation
XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

B. In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for participants to
make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.

C. “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s
Sonic Meditations.

D. While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation
V instructs participants to “walk.”
 ID: af88c47a
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High
School.

B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects,
and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a
Producers Guild Award.

D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.
 ID: 5fa51c86
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
The city’s population is 907,802.
Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
The city’s population is 7,781,631.
Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.

The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most effectively uses
information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?

A. Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631
people.

B. Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of
Mongolia’s.

C. Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for
more of its country’s population.

D. The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi),
respectively.
 ID: fdd9a360
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another
via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated
dozens of CMN studies.
They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent
claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”

The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources with one another
in 1997.

B. In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks “have
captured the interest of broad audiences.”

C. After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims about common
mycorrhizal networks are “disconnected from evidence.”

D. Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory
remains popular.
 ID: 10cd0327
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it.
In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants.
Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their
absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.

The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.

B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely composed of helium and hydrogen.

C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which
may reside in the planets’ upper atmospheres.

D. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the
layer beneath it, researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion.
 ID: 5b8b69a2
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the
Americas.
Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix
of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.

The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial
resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.

B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon
Erlandson and colleagues.

C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and
subsisting on a variety of resources.

D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were submerged.
 ID: 5222ffab
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain’s
olfactory system.
They devised a study using mathematical models.
They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.
In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at a
given moment.
In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.

The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan
and Chen devised a study using mathematical models.

B. Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in the piriform cortex, where the
perception of odor forms.

C. Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better understand the workings of the
brain’s olfactory system.

D. According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing olfactory information at a given
moment and tracking changes in that information over time.
 ID: 3dcc7140
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having
at least 50 permanent residents.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists, scientists
who study islands.

B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.

C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent residents.

D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of Sweden
shows.
 ID: 622a351d
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway
that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.

B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.

C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a result of the
Alta conflict.

D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to
lands, waters, and resources.
 ID: 5645f119
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In a 2023 study, environmental scientist Jazmin Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues tested the use of floating
treatment wetlands (FTWs) in Florida.
FTWs are artificial floating platforms of plants used to remediate polluted or nutrient-imbalanced water.
Finding: FTWs using marigold flowers removed 52% more total phosphorus than the control.
Finding: The test yielded 65 market-quality blooms per square meter.
The authors concluded marigolds showed “promising potential as a commercially viable remediating crop
cultivated on FTWs in South Florida.”

The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The authors concluded that marigolds grown on FTWs were “commercially viable,” having produced 65 blooms per
square meter of market-quality blooms in a 2023 study.

B. In a 2023 study, Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found that marigolds cultivated on FTWs produced 52% more
market-quality flower blooms than the control.

C. Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found that FTWs using marigolds not only helped remove phosphorus from the
water but also yielded market-quality blooms.

D. FTWs using marigolds, Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found, yielded 65 flower blooms and removed 52% of
phosphorus from the water.
 ID: db3ad406
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.

The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.

B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.

C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.

D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.
 ID: c34d6bff
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963
March on Washington.
Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for
President Truman.
Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.
Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the
march.
Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.

The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example, delivered a brief but memorable
address.

B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a journalist and school desegregation
advocate.

C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, Bates was the sole
woman to speak at the march.

D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but only one spoke at the
march.