BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

MODULE 5

TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING (QUALITATIVE):

Muscular and Skeletal Systems as scaffolds (architecture, mechanisms, bioengineering solutions for
muscular dystrophy and osteoporosis), scaffolds and tissue engineering, Bioprinting techniques and
materials, 3D printing of ear, bone and skin. 3D printed foods. Electrical tongue and electrical nose
in food science, DNA origami and Biocomputing, Bioimaging and Artificial Intelligence for
disease diagnosis. Selfhealing Bioconcrete (based on bacillus spores, calcium lactate nutrients and
biomineralization processes) and Bioremediation and Biomining via microbial surface adsorption
(removal of heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic).

MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM AS SCAFFOLDS:

Skeletal muscle architecture is one of the most important properties that determine a muscle’s

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force and excursion capability. In the current review, basic architectural terms first are
reviewed, and then specific examples relevant to upper extremity anatomy are presented.
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Specific examples of anatomic considerations required for surgical reconstruction after radial
nerve palsy also are detailed. Together, these data show not only the wide variety of
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architectural designs in human muscles but the importance of considering architectural design
when making surgical decisions. The relationship between structure and function in skeletal
muscle has been described and probed for more than a century. A classic study has elucidated
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the microscopic and ultrastructural properties of skeletal muscle fibers, yielding great insights

into their function. However, less attention has been given to excellent and insightful studies
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of the macroscopic properties of skeletal, muscle tissues dating back to the 1600s. This
macroscopic arrangement of muscle fibres Is known as a muscle’s architecture.
Architecture:
The musculoskeletal system (Iocomotor system) is a human body system that provides our
body with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad systems.
Muscular system, which includes all types of muscles in the body. Skeletal muscles, in
particular, are the ones that act on the body joints to produce movements. Besides muscle, the
muscular system contains the tendons which attach the muscles to the bones.
Skeletal system, whose main component is the bone. Bones articulate with each other and
form the joints, providing our bodies with a hard-core, yet mobile, skeleton. The integrity and
function of the bones and joints are supported by the accessory structures of the skeletal
system. Articular, cartilage, ligaments, and bursae.
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Besides its main function to provide the body with stability and mobility, the musculoskeletal
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system has many other functions. The skeletal part plays an important role in other
homeostatic functions such as storage of minerals (eg: calcium) and hematopoiesis, while the
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muscular system stores most of the body’s carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.
Mechanism:
The nerve system (body’s command center) controls your voluntary muscle movements.
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Voluntary muscles are ones you control intentionally. Some involve large muscle groups to
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do activities like jumping. Others use smaller movements, like pushing a button.
Movements happen when:
Our nervous system (brain and nerves) sends a message to activate your skeletal (voluntary)
muscles. Our muscle fibers contract (tense up) in response to the message. When the muscle
activates or bunches up, it pulls on the tendon. Tendons attach muscles to bones. The tendon
pulls the bone, making it move. To relax the muscle, your nervous system sends another
message. It triggers the muscles to relax or deactivate. The relaxed muscle releases tension,
moving the bone to a resting position. Hundreds of conditions can cause problems with the
musculoskeletal system. They can affect the way you move, speak and interact with the
world. Some of the most common causes of musculoskeletal pain and movement problems
are:
 • Aging
• Arthritis
• Back problems
• Cancer
• Congenital abnormalities
• Injuries
• Osteoporosis
• Muscular dystrophy
Everyone has pain in their muscles and joints from time to time. One of the most common
musculoskeletal conditions is Osteoporosis. More than 60% of people in the united states
have Osteoporosis at some point in their lives. Arthritis is also very common. More than 54
million adults in the U.S have Muscular dystrophy. Most people recover from these disorders
without long term health problems.

BIO ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

AND OSTEOPOROSIS:
Osteoporosis

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Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens the bones and makes them more likely to
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break (fracture), especially the bones in the hip, spine, and wrist. It occurs when the body
loses bone mass and density more quickly than it can be replaced, leading to fragile bones
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that are prone to fracture.
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(Representing healthy bone and Osteoporosis bone).

 Osteoporosis is a common condition, especially among older women, and it can increase
the risk of falls and fractures, which can result in significant pain and disability. Risk factors for
osteoporosis include being female, older age, having a family history of the condition, smoking,
drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, being thin or having a small body frame, and having
alow calcium intake.
Treatment for osteoporosis aims to slow down bone loss, prevent fractures, and treat
fractures if they occur. Some of the treatments include:
• Medications: Bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide are some of the
medicationsthat can slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures.
• Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation: Calcium and Vitamin D are essential for
healthybones, and taking supplements can help maintain bone mass.
• Exercise: Weight-bearing and resistance exercises can help improve bone density and
reducethe risk of fractures.
• Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and eating a healthy
diet that includes enough calcium and Vitamin D can help maintain healthy bones.
It's important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive

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treatment plan for osteoporosis, as the right approach may vary depending on the individual's
specific needs and medical history.
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Bioengineering solutions for osteoporosis
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Bioengineering solutions for osteoporosis aim to improve bone health and prevent
fractures. Some of the approaches being explored include:
• Tissue engineering: This involves using scaffolds and growth factors to stimulate the
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growth of new bone tissue and promote the repair of damaged bones. The goal is to create
functional bone tissue that can replace the lost bone mass and density in individuals with
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osteoporosis.
• Stem cell therapy: This involves using stem cells to replace the damaged bone cells and
promote the repair and regeneration of bone tissue. Stem cells can be taken from the
patient's own body (autologous stem cells) or from a donor (allogenic stem cells).
• Biomaterials: This involves using synthetic or natural materials to replace or augment
damaged bone tissue. Biomaterials can be designed to mimic the properties of natural bone
and promote the growth of new bone tissue.
• Gene therapy: This involves delivering a functional copy of a gene involved in bone growth
and repair to the affected bone cells. The goal is to restore the production of the missing
protein and improve bone health.
These approaches are still in the early stages of development, but hold promise for the
future treatment of osteoporosis. Clinical trials and further research are needed to determine the
safety and efficacy of these therapies.
In addition, traditional treatments for osteoporosis, such as medication, exercise, and lifestyle
changes, will likely continue to play an important role in preventing fractures and maintaining
healthy bones in individuals with osteoporosis.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Bioprinting Techniques and Materials
Bioprinting is a rapidly growing field that uses various techniques to produce three- dimensional
(3D) structures and functional biological tissues for medical and scientific applications. The main
objective of bioprinting is to mimic the structure and function of human tissues and organs, leading
to the development of replacement parts for damaged or diseased organs.

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Figure: Schematic representation of bioprinting process

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Schematic representation of 3D bioprinting concept
Comparison between 3D printer and bioprinter
The table provide a concise overview of the comparisons, advantages, and limitations of3D
printers and bioprinters.
Aspect 3D Printers
Printing Purpose General-purpose printing of A
Bioprinters
Fabrication of living tissues and organs
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objects
Materials Plastics, metals, ceramics, Bioinks (hydrogels, extracellular
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resins, matrices, cell aggregates, etc.)

etc.
Applications Manufacturing,engineering, Regenerative medicine,tissue
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product design, architecture, etc. engineering, drug development, etc.

PrintingProcess Additive manufacturing, layer- Precise deposition of bioinks layer-by-
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by-layer deposition layer

Cell NA Bioinks must support cell viability
Compatibility and
function
Challenges NA. Development of suitable bioinks,cell
viability, vascularization, scaling up,
etc.
Advantages Versatile, wide range of Potential for tissue and organ
applicationsEnables rapid transplantation Enables tissue
prototyping Cost-effective for engineering and regenerative medicine
non-biologicalobjects Can create tissue models for studying
diseases Potential for personalized
medicine and drug testing.
Limitations Limited ability to create Complex and rapidly evolving
functional living tissues, limited technology, challenges in developing
choices of materials for certain suitable biolinks and scaling up
applications, lack of cell vascularization and long term
compatibility and tissue functionality of printed tissues.
functionality.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Bioprinting materials
Bioprinting materials, also known as bioinks, are specifically designed to be compatible with living
cells and provide a supportive environment for their growth and organization. Here are some
examples of commonly used bioprinting materials:
Hydrogels:
Hydrogels are water-based polymer networks that closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM)
found in living tissues. They offer excellent biocompatibility, mechanical support, and can be
formulated to have similar physical properties to native tissues. Examples of hydrogels used as
bioinks include:
• Gelatin-based hydrogels
• Alginate hydrogels
• Fibrin-based hydrogels
• Collagen-based hydrogels

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Cell-laden Aggregates:
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In some cases, cells are first aggregated into biomolecules and biomaterials (or microtissues) before
being incorporated into the bioink. These aggregates provide a more physiological environment for
the cells and enhance their viability and functionality.
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Fig:Schematic representation of formation of cell aggregates

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Most Commonly used Bioprinting Techniques
Bioprinting techniques involve the precise deposition of bioinks to create three- dimensional
structures with living cells. Several techniques have been developed to accomplish this, each with
its own advantages and limitations. Here are some of the most commonly used bioprinting
techniques:

Inkjet-based Bioprinting:
Inkjet bioprinting works similarly to standard inkjet printing. The bioink is loaded into cartridges,
and droplets of the bioink are ejected through fine nozzles onto a substrate. The droplets form
layers, and the structure is built by depositing subsequent layers. Inkjet bioprinting allows for high-
resolution printing and precise control over droplet size, but it may be limited by the viscosity of
the bioink and cell viability during the ejection process.

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Representing inkjet-based bioprinting

Extrusion-based Bioprinting:
Extrusion-based bioprinting uses a syringe or a similar mechanism to extrude the bioink through a
nozzle. The bioink is deposited layer-by-layer to create the desired structure. This technique is
versatile and can handle a wide range of bioinks with varying viscosities, including those with
living cells or cell aggregates. It allows for high cell viability and can produce structures with
controlled porosity. However, it may have limitations in achieving high resolution and complex
geometries.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Representing extrusion based bioprinting

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Laser-assisted Bioprinting:
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Laser-assisted bioprinting utilizes laser energy to precisely deposit bioinks onto a substrate. The
bioink is placed on an energy-absorbing layer, and the laser creates a pressure wave that propels
the bioink onto the substrate in a controlled manner. This technique offers high resolution,
precision, and the ability to print complex structures. It can be used with delicate bioinks and
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allows for cell viability. However, laser-assisted bioprinting can be relatively slow and may have
limitations in terms of bioink viscosity.
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
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Fig:Representing the laser based bioprinting

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3D printing of Ear
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3D printing has revolutionized the field of medicine, and one of its applications is the 3D printing
of human ears. This process involves using a 3D printer to create an ear-shaped structure using a
special material, such as a biocompatible polymer or a hydrogel, as the "ink." The printed ear
structure is then seeded with human cartilage cells, which grow and develop into functionalear
tissue over time.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Fig:Representing 3D printing human ear
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The main advantage of 3D printing an ear is that it allows for the creation of an ear that is custom-
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fitted to an individual patient, based on their specific ear shape and size. This can be especially
useful for children with congenital ear deformities or individuals who have suffered ear injuries
or losses.
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Additionally, 3D printing can also be used to create ears that are anatomically and functionally
similar to a patient's normal ear, reducing the risk of complications associated with traditional
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surgical methods.

Materials Used for 3D Printing of Human Ear

The material used for 3D printing of human ears can vary, depending on the specific technique used
and the desired outcome. Some of the most commonly used materials for 3D printing of ears
include:
Hydrogels:
Hydrogels are soft, gel-like materials that are commonly used in bioprinting due to their ability to
mimic the mechanical properties of human tissues. They can be used as the "ink" in 3D printing,
providing a supportive structure for the cells to grow and develop into functional tissue. Examples
of hydrogels used in 3D printing of ears include alginate, gelatin, and collagen. They have been
used in the 3D printing of ear structures due to their ability to mimic the mechanical properties of
human ear tissue.
Biocompatible polymers:

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Biocompatible polymers are synthetic materials that are compatible with human tissues and do not
cause adverse reactions. They are commonly used as the "ink" in 3D printing of human ears
because they provide a stable structure for the cells to grow and develop into functional tissue.
Polylactide (PLA): Polylactide is a biocompatible polymer that has been used in 3D printing of
ear structures. This material is favored for its biocompatibility and ability tosupport cell growth.
Scaffolds:
Scaffolds are structures that provide a supportive framework for the cells to grow and develop. In
the case of 3D printing of ears, scaffolds can be used to create a specific shape or structure for the
ear tissue to grow around.
Cell-embedded materials:
Cell-embedded materials are materials that contain living cells, which can be used to seed the 3D
printed structure. The cells then grow and develop into functional ear tissue over time.
Ceramics:
Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, can be used in 3D printing of ear structures. This material is a

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natural component of human bones and has been shown to be biocompatible and effective in 3D
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printing of bones and other tissues.
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Technological Importance of 3D Printing of Human Ear

Personalized ear prosthesis:
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3D printing allows for the creation of customized ear prostheses that match the uniqueanatomy of
each patient.
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Faster production and lower costs:

Traditional methods of ear prosthesis fabrication can be time-consuming and expensive.
3D printing can reduce the production time and cost of ear prosthesis.
Biocompatibility:
3D printing can use biocompatible materials for the production of ear prostheses, reducing
therisk of adverse reactions and improving patient outcomes.
Medical education:
3D printing of human ears can be used to educate medical students and health care professionals on
the anatomy and treatment of ear defects and injuries

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 3D printing Of Bone
3D printing has revolutionized the field of medicine, and one of its applications is the 3D printing
of bones. This process involves using a 3D printer to create a bone-shaped structure using a
special material, such as a biocompatible polymer or a ceramic material, as the "ink." The printed
bone structure can then be implanted into a patient to replace missing or damaged bone tissue.
There are two main approaches to 3D printing of bones: additive manufacturing andscaffold-
based techniques. Additive manufacturing involves building up the bone structure layer by layer,
whereas scaffold-based techniques involve creating a porous structure that provides a framework
for bone cells to grow and develop.
Additive manufacturing in 3D Printing of Bone
Additive manufacturing involves building up the bone structure layer by layer usingbiocompatible
materials. The layer-by-layer deposition of material enables the creation of complex three-
dimensional structures that mimic the natural bone tissue. The process of additive manufacturing in
3D printing of bone involves several key steps.

Steps involved in additive manufacturing of 3D Printed Bone

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Patient Imaging:
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The process begins with obtaining accurate imaging data of the patient's bone defect or the area
requiring reconstruction. This is typically done using techniques like CT scans or MRI scans.
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Digital Model Generation:

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Using specialized software, the acquired imaging data is processed to create a three-dimensional
digital model of the patient's bone structure. This digital model serves as the basis for designing
the customized bone scaffold.
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Scaffold Design:
With the digital model in place, the next step is to design the scaffold or implant. This involves
determining the appropriate shape, size, and internal structure of the scaffold to match the patient's
anatomy and specific requirements. Software tools are used to create the design, ensuring proper
support, porosity, and structural integrity.
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Material Selection:
Biocompatible materials suitable for bone tissue engineering are chosen for the 3D printing
process. These materials should be capable of supporting cell attachment, growth, and eventual

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 bone regeneration. Common materials include biocompatible polymers, ceramic composites, or
biodegradable materials.
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3D Printing Process:
Once the scaffold design and material selection are finalized, the actual 3D printing process takes
place. The chosen technique, is used to build the scaffold layer by layer. The 3D printer precisely
deposits or fuses the chosen material, following the digital model's specifications.
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Post-processing:
After the 3D printing is complete, post-processing steps may be required. This can include
removing support structures, cleaning the scaffold, and performing any necessary surface
treatments to enhance biocompatibility and optimize the scaffold's properties.
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Sterilization: A
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To ensure the implant is free from contaminants and ready for clinical use, the 3D printed bone
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scaffold undergoes sterilization using appropriate methods. Common techniques include

autoclaving, ethylene oxide sterilization, or gamma irradiation.
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Surgical Implantation:
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The final step involves the surgical implantation of the 3D printed bone scaffold into the patient.
Surgeons carefully position the scaffold in the intended area, ensuring proper alignment and
stability. Over time, the scaffold provides support for bone regeneration and integrates with the
surrounding tissue.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Materials Used for 3D Printing of Bone
Materials used for 3D printing of bones can vary, depending on the specific 3D printing technique
used and the desired outcome. Some of the most commonly used materials for 3D printing of bones
include:
Biocompatible polymers:
Biocompatible polymers are synthetic materials that are compatible with human tissues and do not
cause adverse reactions. They can be used as the "ink" in 3D printing, providing a supportive
structure for the cells to grow and develop into functional bone tissue. Examples: polyethylene,
polycaprolactone, polylactide, and polyvinyl alcohol
Ceramics:
Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, are natural components of human bones and can be used as the
"ink" in 3D printing. Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material that has been shownto be an
effective material for 3D printing of bones. Examples: Hydroxyapatite, Calcium phosphate,
Tricalcium phosphate.
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Scaffolds:
Scaffolds are structures that provide a supportive framework for the cells to grow and develop. In
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the case of 3D printing of bones, scaffolds can be used to create a specific shape or structure for the
bone tissue to grow around. Examples: Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA),
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
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Cell-embedded materials:
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Cell-embedded materials are materials that contain living cells, which can be used to seed the 3D
printed structure. The cells then grow and develop into functional bone tissue over time. Examples:
Gelatine methacryloyl, Alginate.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 3D printing of Skin
3D printing of skin refers to the process of creating three-dimensional human skin tissue using a 3D
printer. The goal of 3D printing skin is to create functional, living tissue that can be used for a
variety of purposes, such as cosmetic testing, wound healing, and drug development. The process
involves the use of bioprinting technology, where a bioink made from living cells and growth
factors is printed in a specific pattern to create the desired tissue structure.

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Figure: 3D image of skin

The Process of 3D Printing of Skin
The process of 3D printing skin typically involves the following steps:
Preparation of the bioink:
A bioink is made by mixing human skin cells, such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes, with a
hydrogel matrix that provides a supportive environment for cell growth.
Design of the tissue structure:
The tissue structure to be printed is designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software,which
is then used to control the dispensing of the bioink.
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Printing:

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 The bioink is printed layer by layer using a 3D printer to create the desired tissue structure.
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Incubation:
After printing, the tissue is incubated in a controlled environment, such as a cell cultureincubator,
to promote cell growth and tissue formation.
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Assessment:
The printed tissue is assessed for its functional properties, such as cell viability, tissue structure,
and tissue function.

Materials used for 3D printing of Skin

Hydrogels:
Hydrogels, such as alginate and collagen, are hydrophilic materials that can be used to create 3D

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structures for cell growth. These materials have been used in the 3D printing of skindue to their
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ability to mimic the mechanical properties and water-retaining capacity of human skin.
Polymers:
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Biocompatible polymers, such as polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone, can be usedin 3D

printing of skin. These materials are synthetic and biocompatible, making them suitable for use in
the creation of 3D printed skin structures.
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Cell-laden hydrogels:
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Cell-laden hydrogels are materials that contain living cells and can be used to create 3D printed
skin structures. The cells within the hydrogel will grow and develop into functional skin tissue over
time.
Scaffolds:
Scaffolds are structures that provide a supportive framework for cells to grow and develop. In the
case of 3D printing of skin, scaffolds can be used to create a specific shape or structure for the skin
tissue to grow around.
These materials can be used alone or in combination with other materials to create the desired
structure and properties for 3D printing of skin. The choice of material will depend on
several factors, including the specific 3D printing technique used, the desired outcome, and the
intended use of the 3D printed skin.

3D printed Foods

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 3D printed food refers to food items that are created using 3D printing technology. This technology
allows for the creation of food items with intricate shapes and designs, which can be customized
based on individual preferences and dietary needs. The process of 3D printing food involves the use
of edible materials, such as pastes, gels, and powders, which are combined and printed layer by
layer to create the final product.
The use of 3D printing in the food industry has the potential to revolutionize the way food is
produced, as it allows for the precise control of portion sizes and ingredients, which canbe
beneficial for individuals with specific dietary needs or restrictions. Additionally, 3D printing
technology can be used to create unique and customized food items that would be difficult to
achieve using traditional cooking methods.

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Fig:A sample image of 3D printed food

Materials used for 3D Printing of Food
Edible pastes:
Edible pastes, such as pureed fruit, chocolate, and cream cheese, can be used in 3D printing of
food. These materials are easily printable and can be used to create intricate shapes and designs.
Edible gels:

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Edible gels, such as agar and gelatin, can be used in 3D printing of food. These materials are
flexible and can be used to create 3D structures that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional.
Edible powders:
Edible powders, such as flour and sugar, can be used in 3D printing of food. These materials can be
combined with liquids to form a printable mixture that can be used to create 3D structures.
Examples of 3D Printed Food
Sweet and savory snacks:
3D printed snacks, such as crackers, cookies, and chips, can be customized to includeintricate
shapes and designs.
Pastries:
3D printing technology can be used to create intricate and aesthetically pleasing pastries,such as
cakes and cupcakes.
Decorative garnishes:

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3D printing technology can be used to create unique and attractive garnishes for dishes,such as
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cheese and fruit designs.
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Electrical Tongue in food Science

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The Human Tongue

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Fig: Map of human tongue with taste buds section

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 The human tongue plays a crucial role in the sense of taste, allowing us to perceive and distinguish
various tastes. Here's an overview of how the human tongue functions in sensing tastes:
Taste Buds:
The surface of the tongue is covered with tiny structures called taste buds. Taste buds contain
specialized cells called taste receptor cells, which are responsible for detecting different taste
qualities.
Taste Receptor Cells:
There are five primary taste qualities recognized by taste receptor cells: sweet, salty, sour, bitter,
and umami (savory). Each taste receptor cell is sensitive to specific taste compounds associated
with these qualities.
Taste Pores:
Taste receptor cells have small openings called taste pores that are in direct contact with the oral
cavity. Through these pores, taste compounds dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste
receptor cells.
Binding of Taste Compounds: A
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When taste compounds enter the taste pores and come into contact with the taste receptor cells,
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they bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cells. Each taste receptor cell is specialized to
detect a particular taste quality.

Neural Signals:
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The binding of taste compounds to the taste receptor cells triggers an electrical signal in the form
of action potentials. These signals are then transmitted to the brain via the cranial nerves,
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specifically the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve.

Taste Processing in the Brain:
The neural signals from taste receptor cells reach the brain, specifically the gustatory cortex, where
the signals are processed and interpreted. The brain combines the information from different taste
receptor cells to create the perception of taste.
Taste Perception:
The brain's interpretation of the signals from taste receptor cells allows us to perceive and
differentiate various tastes. The combination and intensity of signals from different taste qualities
give rise to the complex flavors we experience when we eat or drink.

The Electrical Tongue

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 The electrical tongue is a device used in food science to analyze the taste and flavor of food and
beverages. It works by measuring the electrical conductivity, impedance, and capacitance of a
food or beverage sample, which are related to the concentration of ions in the sample and the
texture of the sample.
This technology allows for the rapid and non-invasive analysis of food and beverages, asit does
not require human taste testers. Instead, the electrical tongue provides a numerical representation of
the taste and flavor of the sample, which can be used to compare and analyze different food and
beverage products.

Materials Used in Electrical Tongue Technology

Examples of biomaterials used in Electrical Tongue technology include:
Polymers: Polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO), are often
used as the substrate or matrix material in electrical tongue sensors, as they have high sensitivity to
changes in ion concentration and are flexible.

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Metal Oxides: Metal oxides, such as tin dioxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), are commonly used
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in electrical tongue sensors because of their high sensitivity to changes in ion concentration and
ability to undergo changes in electrical conductivity in response to different tastes.
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Carbon Nanotubes: Carbon nanotubes are small tubes made of carbon atoms that have high
electrical conductivity and sensitivity to changes in ion concentration, making them an attractive
material for use in electrical tongue sensors.
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Dendrimers: Dendrimers are synthetic, branched nanostructures that can be functionalized with
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specific receptors or enzymes to target specific tastes. They are being explored as potential
materials for use in electrical tongue sensors.
Microfluidic Devices: Microfluidic devices, which are small devices that can manipulate small
volumes of fluid, are being used in the development of electrical tongue sensors. These devices
can be made from a variety of materials, including silicon, glass, and polymers, and can be
functionalized with specific receptors or enzymes to target specific tastes.

Comparison of Functioning of Human Tongue and Electronic Tongue

Aspect Human Tongue Electronic Tongue
Sensing Taste buds on the tongue detect Electronic sensors detect chemical
Mechanism taste compounds properties or patterns
The electronic tongue can beprogrammed
Humans perceive basic taste
Taste to detect various taste qualities, but it
qualities: sweet, salty, sour, bitter,
Perception may not perceive tastes
umami
in the same way humans do
Human taste buds are sensitive to Electronic sensors can have high
Sensitivity low concentrations of taste sensitivity to detect minute differences
compounds in chemical properties

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Perception of taste is subjective Electronic tongue provides objective
Subjectivity
and can vary among individuals and standardized measurements
Human taste perception can be
Electronic tongue may not fully capture
influenced by factors like smell,
Limitations the complexity and nuances of human
temperature, texture, and personal
taste perception
preferences
Electronic tongue can analyze multiple
Human tasting is a relatively slow
Throughput samples simultaneously, providing fast
process
and high-throughput analysis
Electronic tongue requires calibration to
Maintenance No maintenance or calibration
ensure accuracy and consistency of
and Calibration required for the human tongue
sensor responses
Human taste testing is commonly Electronic tongue is used in various
used in food and beverageindustries applications, including food and
Application
for sensory evaluation beverage analysis, quality control, and
and quality control flavor profiling

Electrical Nose in Food Science

The human Nose in Food Science A
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Figure: Representing the olfactory system

The Electronic Nose

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 The electrical nose, also known as an electronic nose, is a technology used in food science for the
analysis and characterization of food and beverage aromas and flavors. The electrical nose typically
consists of a sensor array that is capable of detecting and quantifying volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in food and beverage samples.
Technology behind the Electronic Nose
The sensors in the electrical nose work by measuring the changes in electrical resistanceor
capacitance that occur when the sensors are exposed to volatile organic compounds. Each sensor in
the array is designed to respond to a specific range of volatile organic compounds, and the
combination of signals from all of the sensors allows for the analysis of the overall aromaand
flavor profile of a sample.
Materials Used in Electrical Nose Technology
Examples of biomaterials used in Electrical Nose technology include:
Polymers: Polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), are often used as the matrix or substrate
material in electrical nose sensors, as they are flexible and have a high sensitivity to volatile
organic compounds.
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Carbon Nanotubes: Carbon nanotubes are small tubes made of carbon atoms that have high
electrical conductivity and sensitivity to volatile organic compounds, making them an attractive
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material for use in electrical nose sensors.

Metal Oxides: Metal oxides, such as tin oxide (SnO2) or zinc oxide (ZnO), are commonly used in
electrical nose sensors because of their high sensitivity to volatile organic compounds and ability
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to undergo changes in electrical conductivity in response to different aroma compounds.

Dendrimers: Dendrimers are synthetic, branched nanostructures that can be functionalized with
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specific receptors or enzymes to target specific aroma compounds. They are being explored as
potential materials for use in electrical nose sensors.
Microfluidic Devices: Microfluidic devices, which are small devices that can manipulate small
volumes of fluid, are being used in the development of electrical nose sensors. These devices can
be made from a variety of materials, including silicon, glass, and polymers, and can be
functionalized with specific receptors or enzymes to target specific aroma compounds.

Comparing the functioning of human nose and electronic nose

Aspect Human Nose Electronic Nose
Sensing Olfactory receptor cells in the nasal Electronic sensors detect and analyze
Mechanism cavity detect odor molecules chemical properties of odor molecules

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Electronic nose can identify and
Humans can perceive a wide range differentiate various odors, but may not
Odor Perception
of distinct odors perceive them in the same way as
humans
Human sense of smell is highly Electronic sensors can have high
Sensitivity sensitive to trace amounts of odor sensitivity to detect and quantify odor
molecules compounds
Perception of odors can vary among Electronic nose provides objective
Subjectivity individuals due to personal measurements, eliminating subjective
preferences and experiences variations
Human perception of odors can be
Electronic nose may not fully capture
influenced by factors like adaptation,
Limitations the complexity and nuances of human
context, and individual
olfaction
differences
Electronic nose can analyze multiple
Human olfaction is relatively slow
Throughput samples simultaneously, providing fast
and limited in throughput
and high-throughput analysis
Electronic nose requires periodic
Maintenance No maintenance or calibration
and Calibration required for the human nose
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maintenance and calibration to ensure
accurate and consistent results
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Human olfaction is used in various Electronic nose is used in diverse
industries, including fragrance, food applications, such as quality control,
Application
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and beverage, and environmental environmental monitoring, and product

monitoring development

DNA Origami
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DNA Origami is a technique in nanotechnology that involves folding DNA molecules into
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specific shapes. The process involves using a long, single strand of DNA, called the scaffold, to
guide the folding of short, complementary DNA strands, called staples, into a desired shape.
The first DNA origami structures were developed in the mid-2000s and since then, the technique
has been widely used in a variety of applications, including the creation of nanoscale structures, the
study of molecular interactions, and the development of new drug delivery systems.

Technological Importance of DNA Origami

The technological importance of DNA origami lies in its potential to be used in a wide range of
applications, including nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine. Some of the key
ways in which DNA origami can impact technology include:
Nanoscale manufacturing: DNA origami can be used as a template for the precise assembly of
nanoscale structures, which have applications in areas such as electronics, photonics, and materials
science.
Drug delivery: DNA origami can be used to develop new approaches for drug delivery, as it can be
designed to carry therapeutic agents directly to specific cells or tissues.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Biosensors: DNA origami can be used to develop new biosensors that can detect specific
biological molecules and signals in real-time.
Biomedical imaging: DNA origami can be used as a tool for biomedical imaging, as it can be
designed to target specific cells or tissues and provide high-resolution images.
Gene therapy: DNA origami can be used as a delivery vehicle for gene therapy, as it can be
programmed to target specific cells and deliver therapeutic genes to those cells.
Biocatalysis: DNA origami can be used to develop new approaches for biocatalysis, as it can
be designed to perform specific chemical reactions and act as a catalyst.
Nanopatterning: DNA origami can be used as a tool for nanopatterning, as it can be
programmed to arrange and position nanoscale structures with precise control.

Bio Computing
Bio-computing refers to the use of biological systems, such as cells, enzymes, and DNA, for
computing and information processing. This field combines the principles of computer science,

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biology, and engineering to create novel systems for computing and data storage.
Technological Importance
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The technological importance of bio-computing lies in its potential to provide new and
innovative solutions for computing and information processing. Here are some of the key
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waysin which bio-computing can impact technology:

• Computational power: Bio-computing systems have the potential to provide new levels
of computational power, as they can perform complex tasks and calculations using
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biological processes.
• Data storage: Bio-computing systems can be used to store and process large amounts of
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data, as DNA has a high information density [consider that a single gram of DNA can
theoretically store up to 215 petabytes (1 petabyte = 1 million gigabytes) of data] and can
be easily synthesized and amplified.
• Medical applications: Bio-computing systems can be used to develop new diagnostic and
therapeutic approaches in medicine, such as biosensors and gene therapies.
• Environmental monitoring: Bio-computing systems can be used to monitor and track
environmental conditions, such as air and water quality, in real-time.
• Energy efficiency: Bio-computing systems are energy-efficient, which is becoming
increasingly important as we face the challenge of climate change and the need to reduce
our energy consumption.
• Robustness: Bio-computing systems are highly robust, as they are less susceptible to errors
and failures compared to traditional electronic systems.
• Versatility: Bio-computing systems can be programmed and reprogrammed to perform
different tasks, which makes them highly versatile and adaptable.

Advantages of Bio-computing:
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 • Biocompatibility: Bio-computing systems are made from biological components, which
are biocompatible and less likely to cause an immune response compared to traditional
electronic devices.
• Energy efficiency: Bio-computing systems use significantly less energy than traditional
electronic computers, as they rely on biological processes that occur naturally and do not
require external power.
• Scalability: Bio-computing systems can be easily scaled up or down, as they are
based onbiological processes that can be repeated and multiplied.
• Robustness: Bio-computing systems are often more robust and reliable than traditional
electronic systems, as they are less susceptible to errors and failures.
• Flexibility: Bio-computing systems can be programmed and reprogrammed to perform
different tasks, which makes them highly flexible and adaptable.

Limitations of Biocomputing:
• Speed: Bio-computing systems are generally slower than traditional electronic
computers, asthey rely on biological processes that occur over time.
•
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Complexity: Bio-computing systems can be complex and challenging to design and
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build,requiring specialized knowledge and expertise.
• Reliability: Bio-computing systems can be unreliable, as they are subject to the
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fluctuationsand errors inherent in biological systems.

• Cost: Bio-computing systems can be expensive to produce, as they require specialized
materials and equipment.
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Bioimaging for Disease Diagnosis

Bio-imaging is the use of imaging technologies to visualize biological processes and
structures in living organisms. It plays a crucial role in disease diagnosis by providing
detailed
images of the body's internal structures and functions, and can help healthcare professionals to
identify and diagnose a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Examples of Bioimaging Techniques

Some examples of bioimaging techniques used for disease diagnosis include X-rays, CT
scans, MRI, PET scans, ultrasound, and optical imaging. These technologies can be used to
visualize a wide range of structures and functions, including bones, tissues, organs, blood
vessels, and more.
Table: Comparing the analyses performed by few important techniques
Imaging Analyzed
Advantages Limitations
Technique Structures/Conditions

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Quick, widely Limited soft tissue
Bones, fractures, lung
X-rays available, relatively detail, exposure to
conditions, etc.
low cost radiation
Exposure to radiation,
CT scans (computed Organs, bones, blood Detailed images, good
not suitable for some
tomography scans) vessels, tumors for trauma cases
patients
MRI (Magnetic Long scan times,
Soft tissues, organs, Excellent soft tissue
Resonance restricted for some
brain, tumors contrast
Imaging) patients
PET (Positron Limited anatomical
Metabolic activity, Detects diseases at
Emission detail, requires
cancer, brain cellular level
Tomography) scans radioactive tracer
Organs, fetus, blood Real-time imaging, no Limited penetration,
Ultrasound
flow radiation exposure operator-dependent
Limited depth
Cellular and molecular Non-invasive, high-
Optical Imaging penetration, restricted to
processes resolution imaging
surface

Artificial intelligence for Disease diagnosis

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize the field of disease diagnosis
by providing healthcare professionals with more accurate and efficient tools for identifying and
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treating various conditions.

Advantages
Some of the key ways in which AI is being used in disease diagnosis include:
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• Image analysis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans,
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and MRIs, to detect signs of diseases. For example, AI algorithms can identify patterns
in medical images that may indicate the presence of a particular condition, such as a
tumor or an injury. This type of image analysis is known as computer-aided diagnosis
(CAD).
• Data analysis: AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of patient data, such as
electronic health records, to identify patterns and trends that may indicate a disease.
This type of data analysis is known as predictive analytics.
• Diagnosis: AI algorithms can be used to diagnose diseases by evaluating symptoms, test
results, and other patient information. AI algorithms can help healthcare professionals
make faster and more accurate diagnoses, reducing the risk of misdiagnosis.
• Personalized medicine: AI algorithms can be used to create personalized treatment
plans for patients based on their specific medical histories, lifestyles, and other factors.
For example, AI algorithms can analyze a patient's medical history, lifestyle habits, and
genetic information to recommend the best course of treatment for their condition.
• Clinical decision support: AI algorithms can be integrated into electronic health
records to provide healthcare professionals with real-time decision-making support. For
example, AI algorithms can provide physicians with information about the best

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 diagnostic tests to order, the most effective treatments to consider, and the best ways to
manage patient care.
Limitations
In addition to these advantages, there are also some limitations to the use of AI in
diseasediagnosis. Some of these limitations include:
• Lack of understanding of the underlying algorithms: AI algorithms can be complex
and difficult to understand, making it difficult for healthcare professionals to interpret
the results. This can lead to confusion and mistrust of AI-based tools, particularly among
healthcare professionals who are not familiar with AI technology.
• Bias: AI algorithms may be biased, leading to inaccurate or unfair diagnoses. For
example, if an AI algorithm is trained on data from a predominantly male population, it
may not accurately diagnose conditions that affect women differently.
• Regulation: The use of AI in healthcare is heavily regulated, and it can be challenging
to get approval for new AI technologies. In many countries, AI algorithms must undergo
a rigorous evaluation process before they can be used in healthcare.
•

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Cost: The development and implementation of AI algorithms can be expensive, which
may limit access to these technologies for some patients and healthcare facilities. This is
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particularly true in low- and middle-income countries, where access to healthcare is
already limited.
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Despite these limitations, AI has the potential to revolutionize the field of disease
diagnosis, providing healthcare professionals with new and more accurate tools for identifying
and treating a wide range of conditions.
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Self-Healing Bio- Concrete

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Self-healing bio-concrete is a type of concrete that incorporates microorganisms, such

as Bacillus fragments, into the mixture, along with calcium lactate as a nutrient source. The
microorganisms are activated when the concrete cracks, and they produce calcium carbonate,
which fills in the cracks and repairs the concrete. This process is known as bio-mineralization.
The benefits of self-healing bio-concrete include increased durability, reduced
maintenance costs, and improved sustainability, as the concrete is able to repair itself without
the need for human intervention. Additionally, because the microorganisms used in the concrete
are naturally occurring and non-toxic, self-healing bio-concrete is considered to be
environmentally friendly.
Self-healing bio-concrete is still a relatively new technology and is currently in the
research and development phase. However, initial studies have shown promising results and
have demonstrated the potential for self-healing bio-concrete to be a viable alternative to
traditional concrete in certain applications.
Self-healing Process
Process Flow Chart

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Mix Bacillus bacteria and calcium lactate with concrete
↓
Bacteria remain dormant within the concrete
↓
Concrete cracks
↓
Water and oxygen enter the crack
↓
Bacteria become activated
↓
Activated bacteria produce calcium carbonate
↓
Calcium carbonate fills in the cracks
↓
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Concrete is repaired and structural integrity is restored
Self-healing bio-concrete works by incorporating Bacillus bacteria into the concrete mixture, along
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with calcium lactate as a nutrient source. The bacteria are dormant within the concrete and do not
become active until the concrete cracks.
When the concrete cracks, water and oxygen enter the crack and activate the Bacillus bacteria. The
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bacteria then produce calcium carbonate, which is a type of mineral that is commonly found in
natural stone. The calcium carbonate acts as a binder and fills in the cracks, repairing the concrete
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and restoring its structural integrity. This process is known as biomineralization.

The Bacillus bacteria used in self-healing bioconcrete are naturally occurring and non- toxic, so
they are considered to be environmentally friendly. They are also able to survive in a wide range of
temperatures and pH levels, making them well-suited for use in concrete.
In addition to repairing cracks, self-healing bioconcrete also has the potential to improve the overall
durability of concrete by reducing the amount of water that is able to penetrate the surface. This can
help to prevent the development of further cracks and increase the longevity of the concrete.

Technological Importance of Self-Healing Bioconcrete

Self-healing bioconcrete has several important technological advancements that make it
a promising alternative to traditional concrete:
• Increased durability: Self-healing bioconcrete has the ability to repair itself, which can
help to increase its overall durability and reduce the need for maintenance.
• Improved sustainability: By using naturally occurring and non-toxic microorganisms,
self-healing bioconcrete is considered to be a more environmentally friendly

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 alternative to traditional concrete.
• Reduced maintenance costs: Because self-healing bioconcrete is able to repair itself, it
has the potential to reduce the need for costly maintenance and repairs over time.
• Increased longevity: By repairing cracks and reducing the amount of water that is able
to penetrate the surface, self-healing bioconcrete can help to extend the lifespan of
concrete structures.
• New applications: The ability of self-healing bioconcrete to repair itself may open up
new applications for concrete that were not possible with traditional concrete.
• Reduced carbon footprint: The biomineralization process used in self-healing
bioconcrete has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete
production, as it eliminates the need for concrete to be transported and replaced when
it becomes damaged.

Bioremediation and Biomining via Microbial Surface Adsorption

Bioremediation and biomining are two related but distinct processes that utilize living organisms

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to clean up contaminated environments or extract valuable minerals, respectively.
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Bioremediation refers to the use of microorganisms, plants, or animals to clean up contaminated
environments, such as soil, water, or air. This process occurs naturally over time, but can also be
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accelerated through the addition of specific microorganisms or other bioticagents. The goal of
bioremediation is to remove contaminants from the environment and restoreit to a healthy state.
Biomining, on the other hand, refers to the use of microorganisms to extract valuable minerals
from ore deposits. This process involves the use of microorganisms to dissolve minerals from ore,
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creating a solution that can be separated and purified to obtain the valuable minerals. Biomining
is often used in the extraction of metals such as copper, gold, and nickel, and has several
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advantages over traditional mining methods, including lower energy costs, reduced waste, and
increased metal recover.

Table: Comparing bioremediation via microbial surface adsorption and biomining via microbial
surface adsorption
Bioremediation via Microbial Biomining via Microbial
Aspect
Surface Adsorption Surface Adsorption
To remove or neutralize
To extract valuable metals or
Objective pollutants/contaminants from the
minerals from ores
environment
Microorganisms adsorb and degrade Microorganisms adsorb and
Process
pollutants/contaminants extract metals from ores
Targeted Focuses on organic pollutants or Focuses on desired metals or
Contaminants/Metals contaminants minerals
Diverse range of microbial strains Specific microbial strains with
Microorganisms
with pollutant-degrading capabilities metal adsorption capabilities

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Surface Adsorption Microorganisms attach to pollutant
Microorganisms attach to metal
Mechanism surfaces surfaces
Environmental Can restore ecosystems and improve
Can potentially cause some
Impact environmental quality environmental disturbances
Quicker results for metal
Timeframe for Can take months to years for
extraction in controlled
Results significant remediation
conditions
Waste Generation Waste generation and disposal
May generate waste that requires
and Disposal considerations in mining
proper disposal
Considerations operations
Applications Soil, water, and air pollution Mining operations for metal
remediation extraction

Bioremediation and biomining via microbial surface adsorption is a process that utilizes
microorganisms to remove heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic from
contaminated environments or ore deposits, respectively.

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
The process of removing polluting heavy metals using bioremediation or biomining via
microbial surface adsorption
Identification of heavy metal-contaminated site:
Identify the site or area contaminated with heavy metals, such as soil, water, or industrial
wastesites.
↓
Isolation and characterization of metal-resistant microbial strains:
Select and isolate microbial strains that have demonstrated resistance to heavy metals. These
caninclude bacteria, fungi, or archaea.
↓
Culturing and enrichment of microbial strains:
Culture and propagate the selected microbial strains in a suitable growth medium under
laboratory conditions. This step aims to obtain a sufficient quantity of active microbial
biomassfor subsequent applications.
↓
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Preparation of microbial suspension:
Harvest the microbial biomass and prepare a suspension by suspending the biomass in a
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carrier solution, such as water or a nutrient broth. This suspension will serve as the delivery
system forthe microbes during application.
↓
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Application of microbial suspension to the contaminated site:

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Apply the microbial suspension to the heavy metal-contaminated area. This can be done
throughspraying, injection, or soil/water mixing, depending on the specific site conditions.
↓
Microbial adsorption and sequestration of metal:
The applied microbial strains adsorb to the surfaces of metal particles or form biofilms.
Throughtheir metabolic activity, the microbes produce extracellular compounds such as
organic acids or biofilm matrix components that have an affinity for binding metal ions.
↓
Separation or removal of metals from the contaminated site can be achieved through
different methods

Methods used for the Separation or Removal of Metals

After the steps of microbial adsorption and sequestration of heavy metals, the subsequent
separation or removal of metals from the contaminated site can be achieved through different

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 methods. Here are a few common approaches:
Phytoremediation:
In this method, plants are used to remove heavy metals from the soil or water. The metal-
accumulating ability of certain plant species, called hyperaccumulators, allows them to take up
metals from the environment and store them in their tissues. After the plants have absorbed the
metals, they can be harvested and disposed of properly, effectively removing the metals from
the site.
Chemical extraction:
Chemical agents can be applied to the contaminated area to facilitate the release of heavy
metals from the microbial biomass or the surrounding matrix. Chelating agents, such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or citric acid, can be used to form complexes with the
metals, increasing their solubility and facilitating their removal.

Biosorption:
In this method, the metal-loaded microbial biomass or biofilms can be harvested and separated from

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the site. The biomass can then be processed to recover the metals through techniques such as acid
leaching or thermal treatment. The metals can be further purified or recycled for various industrial
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applications.
Physical removal:
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In some cases, physical methods such as sedimentation, filtration, or membrane separation

can be employed to separate the metal-loaded microbial biomass or biofilms from the surrounding
environment. These techniques rely on the physical properties of the biomass or biofilms, such as
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size, density, or adsorption capacity, to separate them from the water or soil.
Electrochemical methods:
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Electrochemical techniques, such as electrokinetic remediation or electrocoagulation, can be

utilized to remove heavy metals from the contaminated site. These methods involve the application
of an electric field or the generation of metal precipitates through electrochemical reactions,
resulting in the migration or precipitation of metal ions, which can then be collected and removed.

Advantages of Bioremediation and Biomining

• Environmentally friendly: The use of microorganisms to remove heavy metals from
contaminated environments or ore deposits is an environmentally friendly alternative to
traditional methods such as chemical leaching, which can produce toxic waste products.
• Cost-effective: Bioremediation and biomining using microbial surface adsorption is
often less expensive than traditional methods for removing heavy metals, as it does not
require the use of costly chemicals or equipment.
• Selective: Microorganisms can be selected based on their ability to remove specific
heavy metals, which allows for the removal of specific contaminants in a targeted
manner.
• Effective: Microorganisms can effectively remove high levels of heavy metals from

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 contaminated environments or ore deposits, making this process a useful tool for
environmental remediation and mining.
• Sustainability: The microorganisms used in bioremediation and biomining can be
cultured and reused, making the process sustainable over the long term.

Limitations of Bioremediation and Biomining

• Slow process: The process of removing heavy metals via microbial surface adsorption
can be slow, as it may take several months or even years for the microorganisms to
adsorb the heavy metals.
• Incomplete removal: While microbial surface adsorption is effective in removing high
levels of heavy metals, it may not be able to remove all of the contaminants, leaving
some heavy metals behind.

• Microbial inhibition: Some environmental conditions, such as high levels of other

heavy metals or low pH, can inhibit the growth and activity of the microorganisms,

•
reducing their ability to remove heavy metals.
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Difficulty in harvesting: Harvesting the microorganisms that have adsorbed the heavy
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metals can be difficult, as the microorganisms may form dense biofilms or be difficult to
separate from the contaminated environment or ore deposit.
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• Limited application: The effectiveness of microbial surface adsorption for removing

heavy metals is limited by the ability of the microorganisms to adsorb specific heavy
metals. Some heavy metals, such as mercury, may not be effectively removed using this
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process.
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 QUESTION BANK MODULE 5

1. Give a comparison between 3D printer and bioprinter

2. Write a note on bioprinting materials and explain different types of bioprinting techniques.
3. What are different types of material used for 3D prints of human ear and write
technological importance of 3D printing of human ear.
4. Write steps involved in additive manufacturing of 3D printed bone.
5. What are the different types of material used for 3D printing of Bone.
6. Explain the process of 3D printing of skin and write different material used for 3D printing
of skin.
7. What are different types of material used for 3D printing food and write examples of 3D
printed foods.
8. Explain human tongue with its different taste buds section.
9. What are different types of material used in electrical tongue technology and write the
comparison between human tongue and electric tongue.
10. Explain the technology behind the electronic nose and different materials used in
electrical nose technology.
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11. Compare the functioning of human nose and electric nose.
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12. Briefly explain DNA origami with its technological importance.
13. Explain the technological importance and advantages of bio computing.
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14. Explain Bioimaging and its importance.

15. Write applications and limitations of artificial intelligence works in disease diagnosis.
16. Write a brief note on Self-healing bio concrete.
17. Write a note on Bioremediation and Biomining via Microbial Surface Adsorption
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18. Compare the Bioremediation and Biomining.

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY