UPGRADING OF AN EXISTING DEPARTMENTAL

SOLAR SYSTEM

OLUFEMI SAMUEL OPEOLUWA F/ND/22/3110001.

ABIODUN ESTHER DAMILOLA F/ND/22/3110003.

LAWAL ADESEWA ABIBAT F/ND/22/3110004.

ADEFUYE HABEEB IFEOLUWA F/ND/22/3110009.

DANIEL ADEBISI OLUWAFEMI F/ND/22/3110012.

OMOSUA OLASUMBO F/ND/22/3110019.

AMBALI KHODIJAT OLADUNNI F/ND/22/3110023.

OLETU KENNEDY RUKUME F/ND/22/3110024.

DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURALAND BIO-ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, YABA, LAGOS

APRIL, 2025
 DECLARATION

This is to declare that this project “Upgrading of an existing departmental solar

system” was written by; OLUFEMI SAMUEL OPEOLUWA, ABIODUN ESTHER,

DAMILOLA ADESEWA ABIBAT, ADEFUYE HABEEB IFEOLUWA, DANIEL

ADEBISI OLUWAFEMI, OMOSUA OLASUMBO, AMBALI KHODIJAT OLADUNNI,

OLETU KENNEDY RUKUME, and it has not been presented in any previous

application for the award of the NATIONAL DIPLOMA of this college and any other

institution of higher learning

 i

CERTIFICATION

We the undersigned hereby certify that this project work is an original work done
by

OLUFEMI SAMUEL OPEOLUWA F/ND/22/3110001.

ABIODUN ESTHER DAMILOLA F/ND/22/3110003.

LAWAL ADESEWA ABIBAT F/ND/22/3110004.

ADEFUYE HABEEB IFEOLUWA F/ND/22/3110009.

DANIEL ADEBISI OLUWAFEMI F/ND/22/3110012.

OMOSUA OLASUMBO F/ND/22/3110019.

AMBALI KHODIJAT OLADUNNI F/ND/22/3110023.

OLETU KENNEDY RUKUME F/ND/22/3110024.

To meets the requirements and regulations governing the award of National

Diploma (ND) in

the Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Yaba College

of

Technology, Epe.

It is approved for its clarity and quality of facts.

Engr. Patrick Dickson. DATE

Project Supervisor

Engr. H.L Ladapo

DATE
Project Coordinator

Engr. Patrick Dickson. DATE

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated first and foremost to the Almighty God for his sustenance
and

protection over the years and also the entire members of the OLUFEMI,
ABIODUN, ADESEWA, ADEFUYE, ADEBISI, OMOSUA, AMBALI and OLETU
families and loved ones. “People who succeed have momentum.

The more they succeed, the more they want to succeed, and the more they find a
way to

succeed. Similarly, when someone is failing, the tendency is to get a downward

spiral that can

even become a self-fulfilling prophecy.”

 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we wish to acknowledge the almighty God who has granted us
unlimited

grace and favor and through his unfailing love which has brought us out of nothing
to this far.

We give all praise to him. To our supervisor and HOD, Engr. Patrick Dickson, we
are grateful

for our consistent supervision and guidance without which the completion of this
thesis would

have not been possible. Our heart-felt gratitude also goes to the entire lecturers

and staff of Agricultural and Bio-Enviromental Engineering department under the

school of Engineering. A heartfelt Gratitude to DHAN TECHNOLOGIES for a

successful and effective work done. Finally, we wish to express our deepest

appreciation to our entire families for their prayers, financial support and generally

being there at all times. We say a big thank you to you all for we realize that

indeed, the deepest principle of human nature is the desire to be appreciated.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic
solar panel into

a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a battery. It is a
critical

component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered

equipment.

In solar inverter, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons
that are

moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at
home work on

alternate current. This Alternate Current (AC) is created by the constant back and
forth of the

electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity, the voltage can be adjusted

according to

the use of office appliances. As solar panels only produce direct current, the solar
inverter is

used to convert the DC to AC. The office needs continuous power supply for office
appliances

such as printer, scanner, fans, charging of computers, laptops and phones etc.

The electrification is done using the solar inverter for continuous power supply and
also to

measure how long a charged inverter can last.

 v

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Declaration……………………………………………………………………………..i

Certification……………………………………………………………………………ii

Dedication……………………………………………………………………………..iii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..iv

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study………………………………………………………….1

1.2 Important Components for Installation of a Solar System………………………

3

1.2.1 Solar
Panels.......................................................................................................3

1.2.2 Solar Inverters………………………………………………………...3

1.3 Advantages of Solar Inverters……………………………………………….....3

1.4 Disadvantages of Solar Inverters………………………………………..……....7

1.5 Objectives……………………………………………………………………..7

1.6 Justification……………………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Brief History of a Solar System………………………………………………8

2.2 Brief Description of a 1KVA Solar Inverters…………………………….……10

2.3 Types of Solar Panels…………………………………………………………11

 2.3.1 Mono Crystalline Solar Panels………………………………………11

2.3.2 Poly Crystalline Solar panels………………………………………...12

2.3.3 Thin Film Solar Panels……………………………………...……….13

2.4 Types of Solar Inverters…………………………………………………15

2.4.1 String Inverters……………………………………………………….15

2.4.2 Micro Inverters……………………………………………………….16

2.4.3 Central Inverters……………………………………………………...17

2.4.4 Hybrid Inverters………………………………………………………18

2.4.5 Battery Inverters……………………………………………………18

2.4.6 Off-Grid Inverters……………………………………………………19

2.5 Uses of Solar Inverters………………………………………………………..20

2.6 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Solar Inverters………………………......21

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area……………………………………………………………………24

3.2 The Materials Used…………………………………………………………..24

3.2.1 Mono Crystalline Solar Panel………………………………………24

3.2.2 Inverters…………………………………………………………….24

3.2.3 Battery……………………………………………………………...25

3.2.4 Charge Controller……………………………………………………27

3.2.5 Circuit Breaker………………………………………………………27

3.3 Installation procedure………………………………………………………..28

3.4 Circuit Diagram of the Battery Solar Inverter……………………………….30

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result………………………………………………………………………31

4.2 Discussion…………………………………………………………………...21

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..33

5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………….33

5.2.1 Maintenance………………………………………………………...33

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..36

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………37
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1.0: A Battery Inverter…………………………………………………………

Plate 2.0: Mono Crystalline Solar Panel…………………………………………….

Plate 3.0: A Shoer Inverter…………………………………………………………

Plate 4.0: The Battery……………………………………………………………….

Plate 5.0 The Charge Controller…………………………………………………….

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0: Charging Instruction Of The

Battery……………………………………………….

Table 2.0: Connected Electrical Loads (i)……………………………………………………

Table 3.0: Connected Electrical Loads (ii)……………………………………………………

Table 4.0: Total Costs Of The Project………………………………………………………….

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0: A Mono Crystalline

Panel……………………………………………………………

Figure 2.0: A Poly Crystalline

Panel……………………………………………………………..

Figure 3,0: A Thin Film Solar Panel……………………………………………………………..

Figure 4.0: A String Inverter…………………………………………………………………….

Figure 5.0: A Micro Inverter……………………………………………………………………..

Figure 6.0: A Central Inverter……………………………………………………………………

Figure 7.0: A Hybrid Inverter……………………………………………………………………

Figure 8.0: An Off Grid Inverter…………………………………………………………………

Figure 90: Circuit Breaker………………………………………………………………………

Figure 10.0: Circuit Diagram Of a Battery Solar

System…………………………………………
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

With the depleting of fossil fuel reserves, it becomes necessary to identify viable
renewable

energy resources like solar that can decrease the dependency on fossil fuels as
well as reducing

the high demands of power supply. Solar energy is the most abundant form of
energy available

to us. It is approximated that 10000KW worth of solar energy is incident on earth’s

surface in a

day.

One of the major hindrances to the penetration of information and communication

technology

(ICT) devices in underserved areas in the developing nations is the absence and
inadequacy of

electricity to power technological devices. Inadequate supply from the national

grid, land and

water pollution from oil spillage in the oil producing communities among other
factors have led

Nigeria and indeed the world to look for alternative power supply such as solar
energy.

(Adeyoyin, [Link]., 2019).

It is a known fact that electric power supply is not reliable in most African countries
especially

in Nigeria. There is a significant electrical power supply interruption. Consequently,

many

electrical instruments develop faults or even stopped working entirely. Therefore

crippling

many businesses and affecting the economy. Also there is increased occurrence of
power

supply disturbance, which can be viewed as a form of power pollution. High

voltage spikes and
momentary voltage drops are therefore common.

This power disturbance often affect the performance of sensitive equipment in

private and

public organization causing loss of data, loss of man hour and even damage to
equipment. Also,

1
over the years there has been an increase in the earth’s population which is
directly proportional

to the energy used as well.

The general objective of the system is to provide efficiency, steadiness in the use
of power

appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the

absence of mains.

Uninterruptible of the system made it possible to eliminate all suspense from

mains outage

during the execution of an important and urgent assignment as may be required.

For better

production of the system, the system was operated at a fully charged condition of
the battery.

The project was rated 2000W, DC 12V to AC 220V. It was expected that at this
condition, it

was favorable to carry load of the stipulated power. Loads of low power factors are
not helpful

since they produce spikes. Overloading is not potent to provide zero change over
time and the

inverter had LEDs which indicates mains failure and battery discharge and system
fault.

Nigeria receives about 3.5-7.0KWh/m2of sunlight per day which gets us to an

average of about

1885 hours of sunlight per year. It is sunny 43% of daylight hours. The remaining
57% of

daylight hours are likely cloudy or with shade, haze or low sun intensity.

Solar power, also known as solar electricity, is the conversion of energy from
sunlight into

electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV) or indirectly using concentrated

solar power.

Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic
effect.
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking
systems to focus a

large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.

2
1.2 Important Components for Installation of a Solar System

The solar inverter consists of different components to make a complete system.

The main

components of a solar inverter are as follows: Solar Panel, Inverter, Battery,

Charge controller

and Circuit breaker

 Solar Panels

Solar panels are usually made from silicon, or another semiconductor material
installed in a

metal panel frame with a glass casing. When this material is exposed to photons
of sunlight

(very small packets of energy) it releases electrons and produces an electric

charge. Therefore,

a solar panel is a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
generating

electricity or heating.

 Solar Inverters

An inverter is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a solar energy

system. It's a

device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which is what a solar panel
generates, to

alternating current (AC) electricity, which the electrical grid uses.

A solar inverter or photovoltaic inverter is a type of power inverter which converts

the variable

direct current output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency

alternating current

that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network.
1.3 Advantages of Solar Inverter

Solar inverters play a crucial role in a solar power system by converting direct
current (DC)

generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC), which is used to power
household

appliances and feed excess energy into the grid. Here are some advantages of
solar inverters:

3
 Energy Conversion: Solar inverters enable the efficient conversion of
DC electricity

produced by solar panels into AC electricity, which is the standard form

used in

homes and businesses.

 Grid Connectivity: Inverters facilitate the connection of solar power

systems to the

electrical grid. This allows users to draw electricity from the grid when
solar

production is low and sell excess energy back to the grid when there's a
surplus.

 Optimization and Monitoring: Advanced solar inverters often come

with

monitoring features, allowing users to track energy production, system

performance,

and identify issues promptly for maintenance, optimizing the overall

efficiency of

the solar power system.

 Grid Support Functions: Some inverters offer grid support functions,

such as

reactive power control and voltage regulation. These capabilities

contribute to grid

stability and reliability.

 Safety Features: Inverters have safety mechanisms, including the

automatic

shutdown of the system in case of a grid outage. This protects utility

workers and

prevents back feeding of electricity into the grid during maintenance.

 Modularity and Scalability: Solar inverters are modular, allowing for

system

scalability. Users can easily expand their solar power systems by adding
more panels

and inverters to meet growing energy demands.

 Hybrid Systems Integration: Inverters are essential components in

hybrid solar
systems that incorporate energy storage solutions like batteries. They
manage the

flow of electricity between the solar panels, batteries, and the grid,
providing

flexibility and resilience.

4
  Maximizing Power Output: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
technology

in inverters optimize the power output from solar panels by adjusting the
operating

point to the most efficient level, especially in varying sunlight conditions.

 Environmental Benefits: Solar inverters contribute to reducing

greenhouse gas

emissions by enabling the use of clean and renewable solar energy, thus
promoting

environmental sustainability

1.3 Disadvantages of Solar Inverters

While solar inverters are essential components in solar power systems, they come
with some

disadvantages:

 Initial Cost: The upfront cost of purchasing and installing a solar inverter
can be

relatively high. This expense is in addition to the cost of solar panels and
other

system components.

 System Complexity: Solar inverters add complexity to a solar power

system. More

components mean more points of potential failure, requiring careful

design and

maintenance.

 Maintenance Requirements: Inverters may require regular

maintenance to ensure

optimal performance. Dust, dirt, and other environmental factors can

affect their

efficiency, necessitating periodic cleaning and inspections.

 Limited Lifespan: Solar inverters have a finite lifespan, typically ranging
from 10

to 15 years. After this period, replacement or significant repairs may be

necessary,

adding to the overall cost of the solar power system.

5
 Energy Losses: In the process of converting DC to AC, some energy is
lost as heat.

While modern inverters are designed to be highly efficient, there are still
inherent

losses in the conversion process.

 Dependence on Sunlight: Solar inverters depend on sunlight to

generate electricity.

During periods of low sunlight or at night, when solar panels are not
producing

power, the solar inverter is inactive. This intermittency necessitates

alternative power

sources or energy storage solutions.

 Size and Weight: Inverters can be bulky and heavy, requiring

dedicated space for

installation. This factor is especially important for residential installations

with

limited space.

 Inverter Compatibility: Compatibility issues can arise between solar

inverters and

specific solar panel technologies. It's crucial to ensure that the chosen
inverter is

suitable for the type and configuration of solar panels in use.

 Technology Obsolescence: Rapid advancements in solar technology

may lead to the

obsolescence of older inverter models. Upgrading or replacing inverters

to take

advantage of newer features and improved efficiency may be necessary

over time.

 Environmental Impact: The manufacturing and disposal of solar

inverters have

environmental implications. While solar energy itself is clean, the

production and

disposal processes of the associated equipment can contribute to

environmental
 impact.

Despite these disadvantages, continuous advancements in solar inverter

technology aim to

address these issues, improving efficiency, durability, and overall system

performance. Careful

consideration of these factors during the planning and installation phases can help
mitigate

potential drawbacks.

6
 1.4 Objectives

The major objectives of this project are to;

(i) To upgrade 12v DC to 220v AC voltage enough to power the HOD’s

office

(ii) To determine the power capacity of the solar system

1.5 Justification
The capacity of the existing solar system is low thereby creating a need to increase the capacity.

To increase the load recharge form and the time taken for the battery to run down. In the light of

this there arise a need to increase the number of solar panels , charge controller and cables to

increase the capacity

7
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Brief History of a Solar System

Inverters first made their appearance in the late 19th century and their
development continued

through the middle of the 20th century. The year 2000 brought the advent of
residential solar

when scientists at Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, invented the

modern

inverter.

The first modern inverter was invented by Sandia Laboratories' scientists in

Albuquerque, New

Mexico, in the year 2000. This device was called a “non-islanding inverter.” Before
this final

invention, the maintenance of solar panel kits was considered dangerous.

From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-
to-AC power

conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-

G sets). In

the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes began to be used
as switches in

inverter circuits. Advancement in solar panels and improvement in power

production with

indoor applications”. In this paper the implementation of solar panels in indoor

application with

the consideration of effective utilization of the waste energy from lighting sources
in household

areas are considered. (Hemalatha et. al 2014).

The use of the sun’s energy is nothing new and dates back to the beginning of
time. In recent
years however, the focus on energy consumption worldwide rapidly spurred
growth in the

research and development of ‟ green” alternative fuel source including the sun,
wind, hydro,

wave, geothermal, hydrogen and other forms of energy. And today, because of
that focus, the

use of solar energy is expanding by leaps and bounds especially since sunlight is
free,

unlimited, readily available, clean and reliable. A solar power system is one which
is capable of

converting the absorbed sun energy; store it in a lead acid cell to be used on the
load. In our

8
part of the world, where power supply is not effective and efficient, the use of solar
power

supply is of immerse value and advantage considering the fact that we are
blessed or rich in sun

light i.e. high degrees of temperatures which is the main thing that feeds a solar
power supply

unit for uses. It is low cost compared to other alternative sources of power supply
in this

society e.g. the use of generators which consume fuel or diesel and are really
expensive, and its

life span is better and reliable when used under or within or above the stipulated
rating of the

solar power device.

Solar photovoltaic system: A case study of Akure Nigeria; The authors assessed
the level of

awareness, adoption and barriers as related to solar PV system in Akure by

assessing one

hundred and fifty residential buildings randomly with a structured questionnaire

administered

to the occupants/ owners. The findings revealed that 75% of the residential
buildings make use

of diesel/petrol generating set as an alternative to the national grid, that the level
of awareness

of solar photo voltaic is significantly low, the willingness to adopt is high but it’s
hindered by

cost implication of the system. The study findings contribute to the growing
literature in the

adoption of renewable energy for electricity generation, highlighted the major

barriers

hindering this effective solution to be proffer. It also provides a prospective market

for those

interested in the solar energy market. (Abdullah [Link]., 2017).

A simple technique for sustaining solar energy production in active convective

coastal regions”.
This paper seeks to solve the challenges of solar radiation irregularities due to
solar shading in

the coastal region. It examines a comparative functional analysis of two types of

photo voltaic

solar panel randomly chosen. The photo voltaic panel was tested in a changing
solar radiation

noticed in the south west region of Nigeria. A model was propounded to

mathematically

represent the challenges of solar energy operators in coasted areas. It was

analytically and

numerically proven that climatic factors influence solar radiation in coastal regions.
This means

9
that solar photo voltaic efficiency would be greatly affected. The practical solution
for

enhancing solar photo voltaic efficiency in the coastal areas was suggested via the
introduction

of electronic concentrated pillars in a proposed solar farm. (Emetere, 2016)

it generates free energy from the sun, it has no moving part to break down thus
requiring

minimal maintenance, it is a non-polluting energy because it reduces emissions

(has no direct

impact on the environment), the cells are modular, giving room for expansion
from small

systems, it has long life and its very durable as the cells last up to 25 years, it can
be installed

and operated anywhere including areas of difficult access and remote locations
and it makes no

noise and give off no exhaust among others. (Zarma et al., (2017)

2.2 Brief Description of a 1kva Solar Inverter

A 1kVA (kilo-volt-ampere) solar inverter is a compact and versatile device

designed to convert

direct current (DC) electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current
(AC). This

particular inverter has a capacity of 1 kilo volt-ampere, indicating its power

handling capability.

Suitable for small-scale solar installations, such as residential setups or small

businesses, the

1kVA solar inverter is often chosen for its efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Typically equipped with advanced features like Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT)

technology, these inverters optimize energy production by ensuring solar panels

operate at their
maximum efficiency, even in varying sunlight conditions. Many 1kVA solar
inverters also offer

monitoring capabilities, allowing users to track energy production and system

performance in

real-time.

10

These inverters facilitate the seamless integration of solar power into the electrical
grid,

enabling users to draw electricity when solar production is low and feed excess
energy back to
the grid during surplus conditions. Additionally, they play a crucial role in hybrid
systems,

supporting the integration of energy storage solutions like batteries for increased
energy

independence.

The compact design of a 1kVA solar inverter makes it suitable for installations with
limited

space, and its modularity allows for easy scalability if energy needs grow over
time. Overall,

these inverters contribute to the widespread adoption of clean and renewable

solar energy by

efficiently converting sunlight into usable electricity for various applications.

2.3 Types of Solar Panels

There are three types of solar panels;

2.3.1 Mono-crystalline Solar Panels

They are made from single-crystal silicon, these panels are known for their
high
 efficiency and sleek appearance. They perform well in low light conditions
and have a

long lifespan. (Haven hill synergy ltd 2018).

[Link] Advantages:

High Efficiency: Mono crystalline panels generally have the highest efficiency
rates,

meaning they can generate more electricity in a smaller space.

Durability: They typically have a longer lifespan compared to other types of

panels.

Better Performance in low light: Mono crystalline panels perform well even in low
light

conditions, making them suitable for areas with frequent cloud cover.

11

[Link] Disadvantages:

 Higher Cost: Mono-crystalline panels are often more expensive than

polycrystalline and

thin film panels due to their manufacturing process.

 Manufacturing Process: Producing mono-crystalline silicon involves a more

complex and

energy-intensive process.
 FIG. 1.0 Mono-crystalline Panel

2.3.2 Poly Crystalline Solar Panels: These are panels made from multiple
silicon crystals

and are generally less expensive than mono crystalline panels. While they
are slightly

less efficient, they still offer good performance and durability. (Haven hill
synergy ltd

2018).

[Link] Advantages:

 Lower cost: Poly crystalline panels are generally more affordable than mono
crystalline

panels.

 Moderate efficiency: While not as efficient as mono crystalline panels, poly

crystalline

panels still offer good performance at a lower cost.

12
 Simple manufacturing process: The manufacturing process for poly crystalline
panels is

less complex than that of mono crystalline panels, which can help reduce
production costs.

[Link] Disadvantages:

 Lower efficiency: Poly crystalline panels typically have lower efficiency rates
compared to

mono crystalline panels, meaning they may require more space to generate the
same amount of

electricity.

 Larger footprint: Because of their lower efficiency, poly crystalline panels may
require

more space for installation.

FIG. 2.0 Poly Crystalline Panel

2.3.3 Thin-Film Solar Panels: Made from materials like amorphous silicon,
cadmium telluride,

or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), thin-film panels are light-weight and
flexible,

making them suitable for various applications such as building-integrated

photovoltaic (BIPV)

and portable solar chargers. However, they typically have lower efficiency and
degrade faster
than crystalline silicon panels. (Havenhill synergy ltd 2018)

13
[Link] Advantages:

 Lightweight and flexible: Thin-film panels can be easily integrated into various
surfaces

and structures, making them suitable for unconventional installations.

 Lower cost: Thin-film panels are generally less expensive to manufacture

compared to

crystalline silicon panels.

 Better performance in high temperatures: Thin-film panels tend to perform

better at higher

temperatures compared to crystalline silicon panels.

[Link] Disadvantages:

 Lower efficiency: Thin-film panels typically have lower efficiency rates

compared to

crystalline silicon panels, meaning they may require more space for installation.

 Shorter lifespan: Thin-film panels generally degrade faster over time compared
to

crystalline silicon panels, leading to a shorter lifespan.

 Less suitable for residential installations: Due to their lower efficiency and
higher

degradation rate, thin-film panels are often not the preferred choice for residential
rooftop

installations where space is limited and long-term performance is crucial.

14
 FIG. 3.0 Thin-Film Solar Panel

2.4 Types of Solar Inverters

There are several types of solar inverters, each designed for specific applications
and system

configurations. Here are some common types:

2.4.1 String Inverters:

Most common for residential and small commercial systems.

How They Work: Strings of solar panels are connected in series, and the inverter
converts DC

to AC for the entire string.

(i) Advantages: Cost-effective for small installations, simple design.

(ii) Disadvantages: Performance of the entire string is affected if one panel under
performs.

15
 FIG. 4.0 A String Inverter

2.4.2 Micro Inverters:

Typically used in residential systems.

How They Work: Each solar panel has its own micro inverter, converting DC to AC
at the panel

level.

(i) Advantages: Individual panel optimization, shading on one panel doesn't

affect the

entire system.

(ii) Disadvantages: Higher initial cost, complexity in maintenance.

16
 FIG.5.0 A Micro Inverter

2.4.3 Central Inverters

Common in large utility-scale solar installations.

How They Work: Multiple strings of solar panels are connected to a central
inverter.

(i) Advantages: Cost-effective for large installations, higher efficiency.

(ii) Disadvantages: Performance of the entire system can be impacted by

issues in one part.

FIG. 6.0 A Central Inverter

17
2.4.4 Hybrid Inverters

Used in systems with energy storage (batteries).

How They Work: Can manage solar panels and energy storage, providing backup
power during

grid outages.

(i) Advantages: Enables grid independence and use of stored energy.

(ii) Disadvantages: Additional complexity and cost.

FIG. 7.0 A Hybrid Inverter

2.4.5 Battery Inverters

Specifically designed for systems with energy storage.

How They Work: Manage the charging and discharging of batteries, converting DC
from the

batteries to AC for use in the home.

(i) Advantages: Optimized for battery integration.

(i) Disadvantages: Limited to systems with energy storage.

18
 Plate 1.0 A Battery Inverter

2.4.6 Off-Grid Inverters

Used in standalone, off-grid solar systems.

How They Work: Convert DC from solar panels or batteries to AC for powering
appliances in

off-grid locations.

(i) Advantages: Suited for remote locations without access to the grid.

FIG. 8.0 An Off-Grid Inverter

 19

Selecting the appropriate type of solar inverter depends on factors such as system
size, shading

conditions, budget, and the need for grid connectivity or energy storage.

2.5 USES OF SOLAR INVERTER

Solar inverters have various uses in a solar power system, contributing to the
efficient

generation and utilization of solar energy. Here are the primary uses of solar
inverters:

2.5.1 DC to AC Conversion: Solar inverters convert the direct current (DC)

produced by

solar panels into alternating current (AC), which is the standard form of
electricity used

in homes, businesses, and the power grid.

2.5.2 Grid Connectivity: Solar inverters enable the connection of solar power
systems to the

electrical grid. This facilitates the two-way flow of electricity, allowing users
to draw

power from the grid when solar production is low and feed excess energy
back to the

grid when there is a surplus.

2.5.3 Grid Support Functions: Some advanced solar inverters provide grid
support

functions such as reactive power control and voltage regulation. These

capabilities

contribute to grid stability and reliability.

2.5.4 Energy Monitoring and Optimization: Solar inverters often include

monitoring

features that allow users to track energy production in real-time. This

information helps

optimize system performance, identify issues promptly, and maximize

overall energy
 efficiency.

2.5.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): Inverters with MPPT

technology optimize

the power output from solar panels by adjusting the operating point to the
most efficient

level, especially in varying sunlight conditions. This ensures that the solar
panels

operate at their maximum efficiency.

20
2.5.6 Hybrid Systems Integration: Solar inverters play a crucial role in hybrid
solar systems

that incorporate energy storage solutions like batteries. They manage the
flow of

electricity between solar panels, batteries, and the grid, providing flexibility
and

resilience.

2.5.7 Backup Power Supply: Some solar inverters are designed to work in
conjunction with

energy storage systems, providing backup power during grid outages. This
ensures a

continuous power supply for critical loads.

2.5.8 Off-Grid Applications: In remote or off-grid locations, solar inverters are

essential for

converting solar energy into usable electricity, allowing for independent

power

generation without reliance on the grid.

2.5.9 Modularity and Scalability: Solar inverters are modular, allowing for the
scalability of

solar power systems. Users can easily expand their systems by adding more
panels and

inverters to meet increasing energy demands.

2.5.10 Electrical Safety: Inverters contribute to electrical safety by providing

features such as

automatic shutdown during grid outages. This helps prevent accidents and
ensures the

safety of maintenance personnel.

Understanding the diverse uses of solar inverters is crucial for designing and
implementing

effective solar
2.6 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of a Solar Inverter

The efficiency of a 1kVA solar inverter, like any other inverter, is influenced by
various factors.

Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing the performance of the solar
power system.

Here are key factors affecting the efficiency of a 1kVA solar inverter:

21
2.6.1 Load Characteristics: The type and characteristics of the load connected
to the

inverter impact its efficiency. Inverters may operate less efficiently at low
loads or high

loads outside their rated capacity.

2.6.2 Inverter Design: The design and quality of the inverter significantly
influence its

efficiency. Modern inverters often incorporate advanced features like

Maximum Power

Point Tracking (MPPT) and improved circuitry for higher efficiency.

2.6.3 Temperature: Inverters are temperature-sensitive, and their efficiency

decreases as

temperatures rise. Adequate ventilation and cooling mechanisms are crucial

to maintain

optimal operating temperatures.

2.6.4 DC-to-AC Conversion Efficiency: The efficiency of the DC-to-AC

conversion process

affects overall Inverter efficiency. Higher-quality inverters can achieve bett

er
conversion efficiency.

2.6.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): Inverters with MPPT

technology optimize

the performance of solar panels by ensuring they operate at their maximum

power point.

The effectiveness of MPPT influences the overall efficiency of the solar power
system.

2.6.6 Voltage Range: Inverters are designed to operate within specific voltage
ranges. The

efficiency can be affected if the input voltage from the solar panels falls
outside the

inverter's optimal range.

2.6.7 Cable and Wiring Quality: The quality and size of cables and wiring used
in the solar
 power system impact energy losses during transmission. Properly sized and
high-

quality conductors contribute to better overall efficiency.

2.6.8 Battery Efficiency: For solar power systems with energy storage, the
efficiency of the

battery bank influences the overall efficiency of the system. High-quality

batteries with

efficient charge and discharge characteristics contribute to better

performance.

22
2.6.9 Shading and Obstructions: Shading or obstructions on solar panels can
reduce their

output, affecting the overall efficiency of the solar power system and,
consequently, the

inverter's efficiency.

2.6.10 Aging and Wear: Over time, electronic components may age or wear,
potentially

leading to a decrease in efficiency. Regular maintenance and timely

replacement of

components can mitigate this factor.

2.6.11 Firmware and Software Updates: Manufacturers may release

firmware or software

updates to improve inverter performance. Keeping the inverter's software

up-to-date can

contribute to maintaining or enhancing efficiency.

2.6.12 Installation Quality: The quality of the overall installation, including

proper wiring,

grounding, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines, is critical. Poor

installation

practices can lead to increased losses and reduced efficiency.

Understanding and addressing these factors during the design, installation, and
maintenance

phases can help maximize the efficiency of a 1kVA solar inverter and ensure
optimal

performance over the system's life cycle.

23
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 The Materials Used

The materials used in this project includes;

3.1.1 Mono-Crystalline Solar Panel

Three (3) mono crystalline solar panels of 200 watts each was added to the existing

150 watts panel from the department of Agricultural and bio-environmental

engineering. It was at the middle of the roof of the L shape II building. It was installed

and nailed to the top of the roof to prevent it from falling off the roof and also to avoid

vandalism from wind. The 200 watts panels absorb direct current from the sun to

charge the battery at 10amps amps per hour each and the 150 watts at 8amps per

hour, therefore giving 38amps per hour.

Plate 2.0 Mono

3.1.2 Inverter

For the project carried out, A “SHOER” inverter of 1000watts was upgraded to

a 2000watts inverter. It was sourced from a local market at Nigeria Army

Shopping Arena, Oshodi. This inverter converts direct current (DC) maximum
of 12V into an alternating current (AC) of 220V electrical energy that can be

used to power office appliances.

24
 It also known as Dc to AC booster. It converts direct current to alternating
current with

an inbuilt stabilizer that gives out 220 volts uninterruptedly. The “SHOER”
inverter is

made up of a cooler which blows air to cool the system in order to avoid
overheating.

Inverter system in rated in watts that is, power

Power = current x voltage

P=IxV

P = IV

The inverter and charge controller was mounted to the wall above the
battery.

Plate 3.0 A Shoer inverter

3.1.3 Battery

A DEKA POWER American Standard, High Performance Gel Battery was

sourced

locally at a market. It has a capacity of 12V and 100AH (1200watts). The

battery

charges at a minimum temperature of 200C and store energy generated

during the day.
A positive and negative battery clamps is attached to the cathode and
anode of the

battery. It transfers direct current to the inverter whilst the inverter converts
the power

25
From DC to AC. The battery of was placed on a doubled carton paper to avoid self-

Discharging of the battery if placed on a normal ground.

Plate 4.0 the Battery

Table 1.0 Charging Instruction of the battery

APPLICATION VOLTAGE INITIAL CURRENT

REGULATION

STANDBY USE 13.5-13.8V 30.0A Max

CYCLE USE 14.4-15.0 30.0A Max

26
3.1.4 Charge Controller

A pulse width modulator (PWM) solar charge controller of model BSC6048

PWM was

sourced from a market locally. It has a rating of 12V and [Link] solar
charge

controller regulates the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn

from electric

batteries. It prevents overcharging and may protect against overvoltage,

which can

reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk.

Plate 5.0 The Charge Controller

3.1.5 Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker of 15amps double port sourced from The Nigeria Army
Shopping

Arena, Oshodi. The circuits breaker helps solar electrical system save while
preventing

damage to equipment for efficient maintenance. They work with solar

panels, inverter,

and more to create a reliable solar system. By using a circuit breaker, a

solar energy

system can be protected from overload or short circuit.

27
 Fig 9.0 Circuit
Breaker

3.2 Installation Procedure

Solar system is an ultra-modern renewable source that functions with the aid of
photo-voltaic

cells which are arranged in an aluminum panel known as solar panel. The photo
voltaic-cells

converts sun rays to electrical energy.

When power is generated from the solar panels, as sun rays begin to strike the
photo-voltaic

cells, it is connected straight to the charge controller which regulates the current
generated from

the solar panel to prevent over charging of the battery when the battery is
completely charged.

The following are the procedures we took for the installation of the solar system;

The manufacturer's installation guidelines was followed and local electrical

codes to

properly mount the inverter in a well-ventilated and dry location.

Three (3) Solar Panels of 200watts were added to the existing 150 watts solar

panel on top of the roof of L-shape building at the center of the L-shaped II roof.
The Solar cables were used to replace the existing 4mm wires and properly

connected inside the roof till the location of the HOD’s office. 20 yards of 6mm

Solar cables were used.

28
The charge controller was replaced at the edge of the office whilst the cable
from the

solar panel was connected ensuring polarity.

Proper connection was ensured between the inverter and the battery bank. A
battery

clamp of negative and positive charges was clamped on the battery with
the other end to

the inverter. This is done for the purpose of converting DC (Direct Current)
into AC

(Alternate Current).

We confirm the correct polarity (positive to positive, negative to negative).

Three bulbs of 15watts each was connected for electrical loads.

The inverter settings was configured based on the manufacturer's guidelines.

We adjust

parameters such as output voltage, frequency, and battery type as

required.

After the upgrade, the panel was left to charge the battery for about 4 hours.

We connected electrical loads to the solar system’s output terminals after the
battery

was fully charged. We also ensure that the total load does not exceed the
inverter's rated

capacity to maintain optimal efficiency.

29
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE BATTERY SOLAR INVERTER

The diagram below shows the basic components of the circuits of an installed
battery solar

system installation;

Fig 10.0 Circuit Diagram of a Battery Solar System

30
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Solar System Test Results

The inverter was tested on the 7 of April 2024 whilst the panel is charging the
th

battery

Temperature 29o

Precipitation – o

Humidity 79%

Wind 6km/hr.

Table 2.0 Connected Electrical Loads

NO OF ITEM ITEM LOAD (Watts) TOTAL

( W)
1 STANDING FAN 65 65

1 LAPTOP CHARGER 130 130

1 PHONE CHARGERS 211 211

1 ANDROID CHARGER 10 10

3 FLUORESCENT BULB 15*3 45

Total = 461W

Therefore, back up time on load of 461watts was loaded on the inverter at 320, zero

precipitation when the battery was fully charged

The system has the following capacity;

1. 750 watt panel

2. 2000 watt inverter

31
3. 100amps battery

4. 60amps charge controller

The solar lasted for 5 hours with load of 461.

The inverter lasted for 5 hours, the solar panel is still connected to battery.

4.2 Testing the Capacity of the Battery at Constant Power

A circuit breaker is added to the inverter for the purpose of disconnecting the
inverter from the

panel, during this process the panel does not charge the battery.

This test was done on the 7TH OF APRIL 2025, meeting battery percent at 80.5%.
The following

table consist the items and the power they consumed.

Table 3.0 Connected Electrical Loads

NO OF ITEM ITEM LOAD (Watts) TOTAL

1 STANDING FAN 65W 65W

1 LAPTOP CHARGER 130W 130W

1 PHONE CHARGERS 211W 211W

1 ANDROID CHARGER 10W 10W

3 FLUORESCENT BULB 15*3W 45W

TOTAL= 461 Watts

P = IV

P = 100*12 = 1200Watts of the battery

32
The battery was at 80.5% before the test,

Hence, 0.805*1200watts = 966Watts

Therefore, the power of the battery was at 966Watts before the test.

Load of 461watts on 870Watts of battery capacity lasted for 5hours and

counting...
33
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The project was completed and tested using three bulbs of 15watts each and
three charge output

extension are the items added. The system was tested and lasted for effective
hours that will be

used at the office. This project will offer many advantages for the HOD’s office
because there

will be constant power supply for the office appliances

However, they also have some disadvantages, including high upfront cost, limited
capacity,

maintenance requirement, and safety concerns

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The Solar system can be upgraded by increasing the power storage to 220 amps with the

respective connecting cables to attain firmness of the determinants of the battery. The battery

can be upgraded to a 220amps battery.

5.2.1 Maintenance

Maintaining a solar inverter is essential to ensure its optimal performance and

longevity. Here

are some general maintenance tips:

1. Regular Cleaning: Dust and dirt can accumulate on the inverter, affecting its
cooling

efficiency. Clean the inverter's surface with a soft brush or cloth. Avoid using water
or abrasive
materials.

33

2. Check for Physical Damage: Inspect the inverter for any visible damage or
loose

connections. Visually inspect the inverter regularly. If you notice any damage or
loose

components, consult a professional for repairs.

3. Ensure Proper Ventilation: Inverters generate heat during operation, and

proper

ventilation is crucial for cooling. Ensure that there is adequate space around the
inverter for

airflow. Avoid placing objects on or near the inverter that could block ventilation.

4. Monitor Performance: Keep an eye on the inverter's performance to identify

any issues

promptly. Utilize any monitoring features provided by the inverter to track energy
production

and check for error messages. Investigate and address any unexpected drops in
performance.

5. Check Connections: Loose or corroded connections can lead to inefficiencies

and

potential failures. Periodically inspect all electrical connections, including DC and

AC wiring.

Tighten any loose connections and clean terminals if necessary.

6. Update Firmware: Manufacturers may release firmware updates to improve

the
inverter's performance and address potential issues. Follow the manufacturer's
instructions to

update the firmware. This may involve connecting the inverter to a computer or
using a

dedicated monitoring system.

7. Perform System Tests: Regular testing ensures that the inverter is

functioning correctly.

Conduct periodic system tests, including functional checks and verification of

automatic

shutdown and startup procedures.

34

8. Keep the Area Free from Debris: Objects or debris near the inverter can
obstruct

ventilation and cause overheating. Maintain a clean and clutter-free environment

around the

inverter. Remove any debris or objects that could impede proper airflow.

9. Review and Follow Manufacture Guidelines: Manufacturer provide specifi

r s c
guideline for maintenanc and operation. Refer to the manufacturer' manual for
s e s
recommended maintenance procedures and follow the guidelines to ensure the
warranty

remains valid.

10. Professional Inspection: Schedule periodic professional inspections to assess

the overall

health of the solar power system. Hire a qualified technician to perform a

comprehensive

inspection, especially if you encounter persistent issues or suspect a more

complex problem.

11. Perform routine maintenance tasks such as cleaning the inverter surface,
checking for
loose connections, and inspecting overall system health. Address any issues
promptly to

maintain efficiency.

12. If energy demands increase, the 1kVA solar inverter system can be easily
expanded by

adding more solar panels and inverters. Ensure that the expansion is within the
system's design

parameters.

13. Regular and proactive maintenance helps maximize the efficiency and
lifespan of your

solar inverter, ensuring that your solar power system continues to generate clean
and

sustainable energy.

35
 REFERENCE

Abdullah Saka, Timothy O. Olawumi and Adekunle James Omoboye (2017): “Solar

photovoltaic system: A case study of Akure Nigeria”. Aug 2017 Moses E Emetere,
etal (2016):

“A simple technique for sustaining solar energy production in active convective

coastal region”,

International Journal of Photo energy, Volume 2016, Article ID 3567502, 11 Pages.

Adeyoyin, S. O., Alawiye, M. K., and Ewolu, O. R., (2019). Awareness and use of
solar energy

as alternative power source for ICT facilities in Nigerian university libraries and
information

centers.

Emetere Moses, Marvel L. Akinyemi, and Etimbuk B. Edeghe (2016) “ A simple

techniques for

sustaining solar energy production in active convective coastal regions”., Article ID

3567502

[Link]

Havenhill Synergy limited Feb. 14 2018 “three major types of solar panel
(monocrystalline,

polycrystalline, and thin-film solar panel)”

[Link]

Hemalatha, A. Archana, and [Link] (2014): “Advancement in solar panels

and

improvement in power production with indoor application”, IJAREEIE, Vol-3, Issue-

4, Apr-

2014).

Srinivasan Chinnammai (2014): “A study on energy crisis and social benefit of

solar energy”

International Journals of Environment Science and Development, Vol-5, No-4,

August 2014.
Zarma, I. H., Dioha, I. J., Tijjani, N., and Alhassan, M. (2017). Benefits of solar power
in igerian rural communities. 35th National Solar Energy Forum (NASEF), 2017 13-
16

November 2017, Abuja – Nigeria

36
APPENDIX: Cost of the materials used

Table 4.0 Total Costs of the project

S/N ITEMS SPECIFICATION UNIT TOTAL COST

COST

1. SOLAR INVERTER 2KVA 60,000 60,000

2. 3 MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR 200Watts 40,000 120,000-

3 units
PANEL

3. CABLES,CLIPS AND WIRES 6mm 3500*25 87,500

BULBS AND SOCKETS - - -

4. BATTERY 12V 100AH 120,000 120,000

6. MISCELLANEOUS - 20,000 20,000

7. CHARGE CONTROLLER 12V 60 A -- 60,000

8. CIRCUIT BREAKER - -

TOTAL 467,500

37